The Metro Project
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THE METRO PROJECT Final report Haukur Ingason, Mia Kumm, Daniel Nilsson, Anders Lönnermark, Alexander Claesson, Ying Zhen Li, Karl Fridolf, Rolf Åkerstedt, Hans Nyman, Torkel Dittmer, Rickard Forsén, Bo Janzon, Gero Meyer, Anders Bryntse, Tobias Carlberg, Lindy Newlove-Eriksson & Anders Palm 2nd printed edition, errata conducted RESEARCH REPORT 2012:8 STUDIES IN SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY Studies in Sustainable Technology inbju- Studies in Sustainable Technology invites der lärare och forskare att publicera resultat teachers and researchers to publish results från forsknings- och utvecklingsarbeten. Det from research and development work. It can kan exempelvis handla om teoretiska fråge- e.g. be about theoretical topics, carried out ställningar, genomförda experiment, rappor- experiments, reports from cooperation/co- tering från samverkans-/samproduktions- production projects or from external assign- projekt eller från externa uppdrag. ments. Skriftserien omfattar forskningsrapporter, The publication series includes research, arbetsrapporter och studentrapporter. Forsk- work and student reports. Research reports ningsrapporter är på en högre vetenskaplig are at a higher scientific level and should nivå och ska därför granskas av behörig therefore be examined by a research director forskningsledare eller professor. Arbetsrap- or professor within the research field of the porter kan t.ex. utgöras av beskrivningar av study. Work reports may e.g. consist of de- delförsök och utredningar som kan ligga till scriptions of pilot studies or studies as a basis grund för kommande paper eller forsknings- for future papers or research reports. Student rapporter. Studentrapporter kan t.ex. utgöras reports may e.g. consist of master thesis for av examensarbeten med extern uppdragsgi- external principals. Work and student reports vare. Arbets- och studentrapporter ska semi- should undergo a seminar prior to publica- nariebehandlas före publicering. tion. Manuskript lämnas till redaktören, som Report scripts are to be submitted to the ombesörjer slutlig granskning och redigering editor for a final review and editing before inför publicering. Varje författare är dock publication. The author, though, is solely re- själv ytterst ansvarig för skriftens vetenskap- sponsible for the scientific quality of the re- liga kvalitet. port. STUDIES IN SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY Research Report: 2012:8 (2nd printed edition, errata conducted) Title: The Metro Project Subtitle: Final Report Authors: Haukur Ingason, Mia Kumm, Daniel Nilsson, Anders Lönnermark, Alexander Claesson, Ying Zhen Li, Karl Fridolf, Rolf Åkerstedt, Hans Nyman, Torkel Dittmer, Rickard Forsén, Bo Janzon, Gero Meyer, Anders Bryntse, Tobias Carlberg, Lindy Newlove-Eriksson & Anders Palm Keywords: Fire, metro, tunnels, explosions, fire control, fire fighting Language: English ISBN: 978-91-7485-145-8 Copy Editor: Mikael Gustafsson, [email protected] Publisher: Mälardalen University Print: Mälardalen University Mälardalens högskola Mälardalen University Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknik- School of Sustainable Development of utveckling Society and Technology Box 883 P.O. Box 883 721 23 Västerås SE-721 23 Västerås www.mdh.se Sweden www.mdh.se © Copyright Mälardalen University and the authors, 2014. The Metro Project Contents LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 8 PREFACE.................................................................................................................................................... 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 10 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. 11 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 12 2 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................. 14 3 WP1 – DESIGN FIRES ..................................................................................................................... 17 Model scale fire tests (1:3) .............................................................................................................. 18 Laboratory tests with 1/3 of a train carriage mock-up .............................................................. 20 Carried fire load ............................................................................................................................... 22 The influence of carried fire load at earlier occurred accidents ............................................. 22 Consequences of left luggage ...................................................................................................... 23 The Swedish field study ............................................................................................................... 24 Laboratory luggage fire tests ....................................................................................................... 26 Discussion and results .................................................................................................................. 27 Full scale fire tests in the Brunsberg tunnel ................................................................................. 28 Correlations between model and full scale fire tests .................................................................. 32 4 WP2 – EVACUATION ....................................................................................................................... 34 Literature review of accidents and empirical research ................................................................ 34 Questionnaire study ........................................................................................................................ 35 Small scale experiments .................................................................................................................. 36 Medium scale experiment ............................................................................................................... 38 Full scale experiment ....................................................................................................................... 40 Engineering tools for evacuation modelling ................................................................................ 41 Mälardalen University 3 The Metro Project 5 WP3 – INTEGRATED FIRE CONTROL ........................................................................................... 42 Questionnaire and literature review regarding the interaction between technical and organizational fire safety ................................................................................................................. 42 Technical visits ................................................................................................................................. 42 Learning from incidents and accidents ......................................................................................... 43 Implementation of results after the METRO project ................................................................ 43 6 WP4 – SMOKE CONTROL ............................................................................................................... 44 Smoke control systems for underground stations ...................................................................... 44 Model scale fire ventilation tests ................................................................................................... 45 CFD calculations of smoke control in single exit stations ........................................................ 45 7 WP5 – EXTRAORDINARY STRAIN ON CONSTRUCTIONS ........................................................... 49 Occurred explosions in mass transport systems from a social science perspective ............... 49 Technical analysis of some explosion incidents in mass-transport systems ............................ 55 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 55 Method ........................................................................................................................................... 55 Previous incidents ......................................................................................................................... 55 Consequences of the terroristic attacks ..................................................................................... 55 Discussion and Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 58 Model scale explosion tests ............................................................................................................ 59 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 59 Test object ..................................................................................................................................... 59 Results and comparisons with