Figure S1. Delimitation of richness regions for races with more than 30 collections. Exam‐ ple: Cristalino de Chihuahua race. a) Geographic distribution of collections. b) Genetic richness region obtained through DivaGis. c) Genetic richness region that considers the four class intervals with highest concentration of collections (31 to 59, 60 to 89, 90 to 118 and 119 to 148).
Figure S2. Spatial delimitation of the buffer zones for each collection of the races with less than 30 records. a) Geographic distribution of the collections of races with less than 30 records. b) Spatial representation of a buffer zone of 5 km radius. C) Spatial representation of the buffer zones of 5 km radius for each collection of races with less than 30 records.
Agronomy 2021, 11, 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040672 www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy Agronomy 2021, 11, 672, doi:10.3390/agronomy11040672 2 of 9
Figure S3. Spatial representation of the teosinte collections with the genetic richness re‐ gions of the 49 races with more than 30 collections and buffer zones of 5 km radius for the collections of the 15 races with less than 30 records.
Agronomy 2021, 11, 672, doi:10.3390/agronomy11040672 3 of 9
Figure S4. Spatial delimitation of specific richness indexes (A: Margalef and Menhinick) and structure indexes (B: Shannon, Brillouin and Simpson) for the geographic distribu‐ tion of the 64 maize races cultivated in Mexico.
Agronomy 2021, 11, 672, doi:10.3390/agronomy11040672 4 of 9
Figure S5. Spatial delimitation of the centers of origin and domestication of maize estab‐ lished by Kato in the book Origen y diversificación del maíz: una revisión analítica [38].
Figure S6. Spatial distribution of environmental units and ethnic groups in Mexico.
Table S1. Description of the principal grain and plant uses of the 64 native maize races cultivated in Mexico.
Uses Description Elote (A) Tender ear of maize that is boiled and prepared warm with cheese, mayonnaise, lime and piquín chili pepper. Esquite (B) Grains from the ear fried in oil or boiled with árbol chili pepper, epazote and onion. They are served with salt, lime, piquín chili pepper, mayonnaise and cheese. Nixtamal Process by which maize is cooked with water and live lime, then ground and used to make the nixta‐ (C) mal dough that is used for the preparation of different dishes.
Agronomy 2021, 11, 672, doi:10.3390/agronomy11040672 5 of 9
Pozole (D) It is a broth made from maize grains, to which chicken or pork meat is added as secondary ingredient. Pozol (E) Thick beverage based on cacao and maize that is consumed primarily in southern Mexico. Tamal (F) Food made from nixtamal dough filled with meats, vegetables, chili peppers, fruits, sauces and other ingredients. They are wrapped in plant leaves and cooked in water or vapor. Tortilla (G) Flat and circular food made from nixtamal dough that is cooked over low heat and eaten alone or filled with various ingredients. Atole (H) Sweet maize beverage in water that is cooked with moderate viscosity and served as hot as possible. Pinole (I) Toasted maize flour that is sweetened to be consumed as candy or else to prepare cold and hot bever‐ ages. Tejuino (J) Fermented maize beverage that is consumed mainly in northern Mexico. Confection‐ Elaboration of cookies, home‐made bread and cakes based on sweet maize grains. ery (K) Fodder (L) The maize plant serves as feed, mainly for ruminant animals, whether once the plant has dried or by chopping it and making ensilage with green plants. It is common for the maize grain to also be used as fodder. Fuel (M) In some rural regions in Mexico, the dry maize plant is a substitute for natural gas or tree firewood as fuel to generate fire that is used in food cooking. Totomoxtle Dry, coarse and brittle leaves that wrap the ear of maize. Due to their resistance, they are used to wrap (N) tamales. Fertilizer The residues that remain on the maize plant once the grain and the plant are harvested are incorpo‐ (O) rated to the soil as organic matter. Prepared by authors based on what was reported in [4,10]. A to K correspond to uses of the maize grain. L to O corre‐ spond to uses of the maize plant.
Table S2. Relationship of the principal maize races cultivated in each environmental unit with specific uses of grain and plant, and the ethnic groups associated territorially to the geographic distribution of maize races.
Environmental Principal maize races Uses* Secondary maize races Ethnic groups
units (% Records) Grain Plant (% Records)
Name % A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Name %
North Pacific Harinoso de Ocho 100.00 1 1 1 1 1 Bofo 18.92 Cora
Chapalote 74.19 1 1 1 1 1 Tabloncillo 16.11 Guarijio
Blando 70.45 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elotero de Sinaloa 14.29 Huichol
Dulcillo del Noroeste 70.27 1 1 1 1 Mayo
Onaveño 56.25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pima
Tabloncillo Perla 48.98 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tarahumara
Reventador 43.33 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tepehuán
Tarahumara Azul 93.94 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cónico Norteño 25.08 Pima
Sierras Cristalino de Chihuahua 92.01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tablilla de Ocho 22.73 Tarahumara
Palomero de Chihuahua 83.33 1 1 Dulcillo del Noroeste 10.81 Tepehuán
Gordo 81.16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ratón 10.28
Apachito 75.38 1 1 1
Northeast Tuxpeño Norteño 25.69 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tuxpeño 4.81 Ninguna
Ratón 21.20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Center Complejo Serrano de Jalisco 100.00 1 1 1 Pepitilla 30.67 Chocho
Palomero de Jalisco 100.00 1 1 1 Elotero de Sinaloa 15.58 Cora
Uruapeño 100.00 1 1 Vandeño 11.39 Huichol
Mushito de Michoacán 92.59 1 1 1 Blando 11.36 Matlatzinca
Cacahuacintle 86.76 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mazahua
Arrocillo Amarillo 85.76 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mazateco
Agronomy 2021, 11, 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040672 www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy Agronomy 2021, 11, 672, doi:10.3390/agronomy11040672 7 of 9
Chalqueño 85.26 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mixteco
Zamorano Amarillo 85.19 1 1 Náhuatl‐Altiplano
Jala 81.40 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Náhuatl‐Veracruz
Elotes Cónicos 79.72 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Náhuatl‐Zongolica
Cónico 79.50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Otomí
Palomero Toluqueño 79.25 1 1 1 1 1 Pame
Coscomatepec 78.15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Popoloca
Dulce 76.19 1 1 1 1 1 Purépecha
Ancho 72.84 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tepehua
Bofo 67.57 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tepehuán
Celaya 66.35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Totonaca
Tablilla de Ocho 59.09 1 1 1 1 1 1 Zapoteca
Mushito 57.59 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Elotes Occidentales 56.58 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mountain Yellow 50.00 1 1 1
Cónico Norteño 43.18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Tabloncillo 40.22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
South Pacific Choapaneco 100.00 1 1 Reventador 38.89 Amuzgo
Mixteco 100.00 1 1 1 Mushito 38.22 Chatino
Serrano 100.00 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elotes Occidentales 36.08 Chinanteco
Serrano Mixe 96.77 1 1 1 1 Mountain Yellow 37.50 Chocho
Chiquito 88.37 1 1 1 1 1 Zapalote Grande 29.76 Chontal‐Oaxaca
Bolita 80.11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ancho 23.77 Cuicateco
Mixeño 75.00 1 1 1 Onaveño 21.88 Mazateco
Negrito 75.00 1 1 1 Nal‐tel 20.27 Mixe
Conejo 73.11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Olotillo 20.24 Mixteco
Pepitilla 65.50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tabloncillo 17.59 Náhuatl‐Michoacán
Nal‐tel de Altura 52.63 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Olotón 16.64 Náhuatl‐Altiplano
Agronomy 2021, 11, 672, doi:10.3390/agronomy11040672 8 of 9
Elotero de Sinaloa 51.95 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tabloncillo Perla 13.78 Náhuatl‐Zongolica
Vandeño 50.32 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elotes Cónicos 11.54 Popoloca
Tepecintle 49.43 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Celaya 10.86 Purépecha
Tlapaneco
Triqui
Zapoteco
South East Motozinteco 100.00 1 1 1 Nal‐tel de Altura 36.84 Chinanteco
Quicheño 100.00 1 1 Tepecintle 35.98 Chol
Comiteco 95.31 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Vandeño 20.25 Chontal‐Oaxaca
Tehua 91.11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Coscomatepec 19.33 Chontal‐Tabasco
Cubano Amarillo 90.77 1 1 1 Mountain Yellow 12.50 Chuj
Zapalote Chico 82.86 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ratón 10.28 Cuicateco
Olotón 80.10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Huave
Zapalote Grande 55.95 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Jacalteco
Negro de Chimaltenango 50.00 1 1 1 Kanjobal
Olotillo 41.86 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mame
Tuxpeño 41.60 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mazateco
Mixe
Mixteco
Náhuatl‐Huasteca
Náhuatl‐Zongolica
Popoloca
Popoluca
Quiché
Tojolabal
Totonaca
Tzeltal
Tzotzil
Agronomy 2021, 11, 672, doi:10.3390/agronomy11040672 9 of 9
Zapoteco
Zoque
Yucatan Peninsula Dzit Bacal 62.07 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tuxpeño 11.38 Chol
Nal‐tel 45.95 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mame
Maya
Quiché
Tzotzil
*A: Elote, B: Esquite, C: Nixtamal, D: Pozole, E: Pozol, F: Tamal, G: Tortilla, H: Atole, I: Pinole, J: Tejuino, K: Confectionery, L: Fodder, M: Fuel, N: Totomoxtle, O: Fertilizer