Figure S1. Delimitation of richness regions for races with more than 30 collections. Exam‐ ple: Cristalino de Chihuahua race. a) Geographic distribution of collections. b) Genetic richness region obtained through DivaGis. c) Genetic richness region that considers the four class intervals with highest concentration of collections (31 to 59, 60 to 89, 90 to 118 and 119 to 148).

Figure S2. Spatial delimitation of the buffer zones for each collection of the races with less than 30 records. a) Geographic distribution of the collections of races with less than 30 records. b) Spatial representation of a buffer zone of 5 km radius. C) Spatial representation of the buffer zones of 5 km radius for each collection of races with less than 30 records.

Agronomy 2021, 11, 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040672 www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy Agronomy 2021, 11, 672, doi:10.3390/agronomy11040672 2 of 9

Figure S3. Spatial representation of the teosinte collections with the genetic richness re‐ gions of the 49 races with more than 30 collections and buffer zones of 5 km radius for the collections of the 15 races with less than 30 records.

Agronomy 2021, 11, 672, doi:10.3390/agronomy11040672 3 of 9

Figure S4. Spatial delimitation of specific richness indexes (A: Margalef and Menhinick) and structure indexes (B: Shannon, Brillouin and Simpson) for the geographic distribu‐ tion of the 64 races cultivated in .

Agronomy 2021, 11, 672, doi:10.3390/agronomy11040672 4 of 9

Figure S5. Spatial delimitation of the centers of origin and domestication of maize estab‐ lished by Kato in the book Origen y diversificación del maíz: una revisión analítica [38].

Figure S6. Spatial distribution of environmental units and ethnic groups in Mexico.

Table S1. Description of the principal grain and plant uses of the 64 native maize races cultivated in Mexico.

Uses Description Elote (A) Tender ear of maize that is boiled and prepared warm with cheese, mayonnaise, lime and piquín chili pepper. Esquite (B) Grains from the ear fried in oil or boiled with árbol chili pepper, epazote and onion. They are served with salt, lime, piquín chili pepper, mayonnaise and cheese. Nixtamal Process by which maize is cooked with water and live lime, then ground and used to make the nixta‐ (C) mal dough that is used for the preparation of different dishes.

Agronomy 2021, 11, 672, doi:10.3390/agronomy11040672 5 of 9

Pozole (D) It is a broth made from maize grains, to which chicken or pork meat is added as secondary ingredient. (E) Thick beverage based on cacao and maize that is consumed primarily in southern Mexico. Tamal (F) Food made from nixtamal dough filled with meats, vegetables, chili peppers, fruits, sauces and other ingredients. They are wrapped in plant leaves and cooked in water or vapor. Tortilla (G) Flat and circular food made from nixtamal dough that is cooked over low heat and eaten alone or filled with various ingredients. (H) Sweet maize beverage in water that is cooked with moderate viscosity and served as hot as possible. (I) Toasted maize flour that is sweetened to be consumed as candy or else to prepare cold and hot bever‐ ages. Tejuino (J) Fermented maize beverage that is consumed mainly in northern Mexico. Confection‐ Elaboration of cookies, home‐made bread and cakes based on sweet maize grains. ery (K) Fodder (L) The maize plant serves as feed, mainly for ruminant animals, whether once the plant has dried or by chopping it and making ensilage with green plants. It is common for the maize grain to also be used as fodder. Fuel (M) In some rural regions in Mexico, the dry maize plant is a substitute for natural gas or tree firewood as fuel to generate fire that is used in food cooking. Totomoxtle Dry, coarse and brittle leaves that wrap the ear of maize. Due to their resistance, they are used to wrap (N) . Fertilizer The residues that remain on the maize plant once the grain and the plant are harvested are incorpo‐ (O) rated to the soil as organic matter. Prepared by authors based on what was reported in [4,10]. A to K correspond to uses of the maize grain. L to O corre‐ spond to uses of the maize plant.

Table S2. Relationship of the principal maize races cultivated in each environmental unit with specific uses of grain and plant, and the ethnic groups associated territorially to the geographic distribution of maize races.

Environmental Principal maize races Uses* Secondary maize races Ethnic groups

units (% Records) Grain Plant (% Records)

Name % A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Name %

North Pacific Harinoso de Ocho 100.00 1 1 1 1 1 Bofo 18.92 Cora

Chapalote 74.19 1 1 1 1 1 Tabloncillo 16.11 Guarijio

Blando 70.45 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elotero de Sinaloa 14.29 Huichol

Dulcillo del Noroeste 70.27 1 1 1 1 Mayo

Onaveño 56.25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pima

Tabloncillo Perla 48.98 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tarahumara

Reventador 43.33 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tepehuán

Tarahumara Azul 93.94 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cónico Norteño 25.08 Pima

Sierras Cristalino de Chihuahua 92.01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tablilla de Ocho 22.73 Tarahumara

Palomero de Chihuahua 83.33 1 1 Dulcillo del Noroeste 10.81 Tepehuán

Gordo 81.16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ratón 10.28

Apachito 75.38 1 1 1

Northeast Tuxpeño Norteño 25.69 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tuxpeño 4.81 Ninguna

Ratón 21.20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Center Complejo Serrano de 100.00 1 1 1 Pepitilla 30.67 Chocho

Palomero de Jalisco 100.00 1 1 1 Elotero de Sinaloa 15.58 Cora

Uruapeño 100.00 1 1 Vandeño 11.39 Huichol

Mushito de Michoacán 92.59 1 1 1 Blando 11.36 Matlatzinca

Cacahuacintle 86.76 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mazahua

Arrocillo Amarillo 85.76 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mazateco

Agronomy 2021, 11, 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040672 www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy Agronomy 2021, 11, 672, doi:10.3390/agronomy11040672 7 of 9

Chalqueño 85.26 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mixteco

Zamorano Amarillo 85.19 1 1 Náhuatl‐Altiplano

Jala 81.40 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Náhuatl‐Veracruz

Elotes Cónicos 79.72 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Náhuatl‐Zongolica

Cónico 79.50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Otomí

Palomero Toluqueño 79.25 1 1 1 1 1 Pame

Coscomatepec 78.15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Popoloca

Dulce 76.19 1 1 1 1 1 Purépecha

Ancho 72.84 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tepehua

Bofo 67.57 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tepehuán

Celaya 66.35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Totonaca

Tablilla de Ocho 59.09 1 1 1 1 1 1 Zapoteca

Mushito 57.59 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Elotes Occidentales 56.58 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Mountain Yellow 50.00 1 1 1

Cónico Norteño 43.18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Tabloncillo 40.22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

South Pacific Choapaneco 100.00 1 1 Reventador 38.89 Amuzgo

Mixteco 100.00 1 1 1 Mushito 38.22 Chatino

Serrano 100.00 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elotes Occidentales 36.08 Chinanteco

Serrano Mixe 96.77 1 1 1 1 Mountain Yellow 37.50 Chocho

Chiquito 88.37 1 1 1 1 1 Zapalote Grande 29.76 Chontal‐Oaxaca

Bolita 80.11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ancho 23.77 Cuicateco

Mixeño 75.00 1 1 1 Onaveño 21.88 Mazateco

Negrito 75.00 1 1 1 Nal‐tel 20.27 Mixe

Conejo 73.11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Olotillo 20.24 Mixteco

Pepitilla 65.50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tabloncillo 17.59 Náhuatl‐Michoacán

Nal‐tel de Altura 52.63 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Olotón 16.64 Náhuatl‐Altiplano

Agronomy 2021, 11, 672, doi:10.3390/agronomy11040672 8 of 9

Elotero de Sinaloa 51.95 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tabloncillo Perla 13.78 Náhuatl‐Zongolica

Vandeño 50.32 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elotes Cónicos 11.54 Popoloca

Tepecintle 49.43 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Celaya 10.86 Purépecha

Tlapaneco

Triqui

Zapoteco

South East Motozinteco 100.00 1 1 1 Nal‐tel de Altura 36.84 Chinanteco

Quicheño 100.00 1 1 Tepecintle 35.98 Chol

Comiteco 95.31 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Vandeño 20.25 Chontal‐Oaxaca

Tehua 91.11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Coscomatepec 19.33 Chontal‐Tabasco

Cubano Amarillo 90.77 1 1 1 Mountain Yellow 12.50 Chuj

Zapalote Chico 82.86 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ratón 10.28 Cuicateco

Olotón 80.10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Huave

Zapalote Grande 55.95 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Jacalteco

Negro de Chimaltenango 50.00 1 1 1 Kanjobal

Olotillo 41.86 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mame

Tuxpeño 41.60 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mazateco

Mixe

Mixteco

Náhuatl‐Huasteca

Náhuatl‐Zongolica

Popoloca

Popoluca

Quiché

Tojolabal

Totonaca

Tzeltal

Tzotzil

Agronomy 2021, 11, 672, doi:10.3390/agronomy11040672 9 of 9

Zapoteco

Zoque

Yucatan Peninsula Dzit Bacal 62.07 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tuxpeño 11.38 Chol

Nal‐tel 45.95 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mame

Maya

Quiché

Tzotzil

*A: Elote, B: Esquite, C: Nixtamal, D: , E: Pozol, F: Tamal, G: Tortilla, H: Atole, I: Pinole, J: Tejuino, K: Confectionery, L: Fodder, M: Fuel, N: Totomoxtle, O: Fertilizer