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Roodenburg01.Pdf Eric L Ball 1t19 ttîiî lrilhin lts sonss Athens i""',;ï::"' stor^J lron Human Roodenburg Paniva¡ P4402óÌ' îå1"' J;î*"' ì compacL disc t.,no1ï.' thymno. åî",'fiï, ø î,¿¿. Re N Y: Merissa (hete New Rochelle' Making an Island in Time: Dutch tä¿l^{*m:: Distiths ol sete¿ted Louo Folklore Studies, Painting, Tourism, N{edia Associates tîäXt"ïï Atherìs: Dorikos and Craniometry around 1900 ï';: t-' dseartiher: Mûntina¿¿s a n : ;: t d o ra r i r ":,i,^ u:l;:":: :' ""åi;'Ievó ï::1:* uw'+ :::' :l] lJ;'^[l, J'1"fl -i "'Bour- ß,. qp, u \ n n:.o:t; ;:í"-chos 2u5-22 l:,P;:"åli:ï"ii; IN THE LAST decades of the nineteenth century a colorful group of '.i:î:¿:iil''ilii'3 ; :::' painters, travelers, and scholars became fascinated with the island of rheorl (1 I I 8' on rhøir Litoarr Marken, a small fishing community some ten miles north of 'tu'' ?ix*;'" - :Y." !:::î;'Jï:.î:!:a'¿t Amsterdam. Marken was "different," they agreed. For most of them, ot0) Amstcrdam:t ,{oo I ns the island evoked images of Holland's Golden Age, of its robust and ed ] Athe ns: BiblioPoleion tltf,,it'ijÍ*'"' to sel¿ris lGreek : Îront Llomer glorious seventeenth century. Others perceived a "Teutonic" past, Estras imagined themselves as having landed among a "primitive tribe," or Fro tokrito s Mønlinarlo¡rrozz tl";t" t oJ th¿ cxelan even construed the islanders as direct descendants of Neanderthal "¡j"f*;; drhe Ae5th¿tir sÍrúctltre man. Written and illustrated sources from the period offer a surpris- rnlil lot'lal Athens ing palette of national glorifrcation, primitivism, and race. Mass tour- tl"rîî^t¿;tT;ffi \rakrero' üntut es and' R|rynes ism soon entered the scene, fostered by convenient transportation. As of 1885, one could take the steam tram to the smalì town of - ":ü;,"iä.:-" "'\ t::, :r. )îÌ,);i',,-:Ï:'::*',1 i:'il]li:;;:"''å:i;ii Monnickendam, where the boat to Marken was moored. Around 1900 i^ì'*" .''" ; ÍíÍi:ii"å:Ïf i;:'Jl"j"il " a direct ferry service (the "Marken Express") was even established Havet' co''n : Amsterdam ttre island. By 1905, a travel guide could u"¿ y::lî:i:,ä, ¿rzd Pl¿¿¿ Nerv between and vi,"r., wiirìu-' L:l on coñmunxt) 1ooñ Rool\¿ i th¿ Lana: already lament, '\Arhat is wrong with Marken is that for the most part Pr ess' Yalt UniversirY it consists ofsightseers" (Lucas 1905:196). n ¿ noil:lJ joined -lxl,ll'JJiÌI",' rorr, o," u fr:î"' 1! The image of open-air painters being by a first wave of åìilïîl;î,'ùi:1 I e-Ss r ¿r li rr 6:8 travel writers, paving the way for ever greater waves of tourists, is a )''' iì a'¡ "' "' '" "''' #ill;ii.nlÏÎ'Ë ., familiar one in late-nineteenth-centurv Europe. Artists were often itiîÌ'iï;'l wiesbaden: (I<r elas voth't¿i¿¿') to appear in isolated farming or fishing jlÏi:rìrí PÚ:¿rbs the first outsiders villages, "ll;tìl #'ä'j:Ï:ïf t sometimes-following the example of Barbizon-starting colonies Sandig RePrinteo like the ones in Pont-Aven, Concarneau, Skagen, Worpswede, St. Ives, of Folhùru Rzsearch,I/oL 39, Nos. 2/3, 2002 lbpyright @ 2002 FoÌklore Institute, Indiana University 173 Herman Roodenburg Møki.ng øn Island, i.n Time Marken ventionist accounts. Nor did they construe their field work tradi- or (in the Netherlands) the fishing village of Volendam too severe' tion as a mark of disciplinary distinction, preferring in fact other ,rrah a colony; the conditions were probably ,r..ra, tlr"* ethnographic methods over "open-air" ethnography and priding ButitnevefthelessattractednumerousPaintels,includingthe..colo- historians have empha- themselves on a tradition of philological scholarship. As a conse- .rirtr" *tto settled in nearby Volendam Art instance' how the urban quence, travel writers became much less of a disciplinary "other" to sizecl the many ironies of the colonies: for of the twentieth-century folklorists than they did to socio-cultural anttrro- their quest for simplicity and the ir-rejection .".ìÇa.-i" pologists. Nevertheless, the discipline of folklore studies was cer- .on,"åpo.u.y processes of urbanizadon and industrialization- of lransport' tainly informed by eighteenth- and nineteenth-century travel writing. co.rld alo proåt i--.,-tt"ly from improved means 1985) Re- A well-known exarnple isWilhelm Heinrich Riehl's Wønd.erbuch,borh .ro..t^ttn the rapidly expanding railway tracks (facobs Europe's folklore study and travelogue, published in 1869. At a more general *. n.ri 1",. uuåot tnt ãrst scholars setting offfor -lroìoir1, Marken-even level, we may point to the search for authenticity shared by paint- ¡u.t *uá enclaves: folklorists, linguists or-as on wandered ers, travel writers, and folklorists alike (Bendix I997; Buzard 1993). ifru.i.uf urraf,.opologists \À4rile the painters and tourists with rulers No less important (and quite different from what contemporâry ;;;;.;th. t,o.'r... ,"ttt anthropologists came equipped are there many sources ethnographers studying cultures far outside the western world were meãsure the skulls of the islanders Nor to confronted with), travel writing had an impact on the newly discov- abouthowartistic,tlavel,andscholarlydiscoursesactuallyimpli ered farming and fishing communities that folklorists, if they did cated one anothel. --'-Ir't have not simply look the other way, had a hard time dealing with. The ..."n, y.urs, social anthropologists and literary historians wdtjng ând ethnogra- Netherlands around 1900, with its growing tourist and heritage in- noted the many correspondences between travel revolution" in frelrlwork dustry, is a case in point. piy. i*y perceive the 'Malinowskian "" such as travelogues or tle accounts L á ¿ir,irr., ¡t"ut"itger with older genres' themselves from the welÌ-known oi r"ttl"r. un¿ -l.sionaries' Distancing in almost a1l i*"11 "-"r. travelers" or "casual observers" found 'üulirro*rtiun (o.Boasian) ethnographies' they inst€ad explore the com- Clifford argues'- since the mon ground betwe.n tt'e genrti' As James "a professionaì body has early of the Mentieth century, disciplined iart andjournalistic b.en articulat.d ulong a changing borderwith Iiterary that is constantþ renego- ouu"f fru.,i...." ft is in unstable border' one 1986)' tiated (Clitrord 1997:186;Porter 1991' ch l0;Pratt all the folklorism Folklorists now also study tourism' including realize how Folklore and heritage industry it may entail They also "disciplined pro- ü"ut.r, t"",n" p.ocess ofdefining itselfas another all purPortedly amateur fessional bod¡" has strategically discarded a shortage of studies accoutts of iis object Howeve¡ there is still histori- ,f-t".. produled by social anthropologists and literary if*. and ,ttu,.*t-i"e the úorder between the emerging discipline 1930s "nri,h.'ota., g..tr", of travel triting Folklorists of the 1920s an<1 "science" that (in the Tourism and hsher folk united: the beach at Scheveningen. Wood engraving never con'ceived of freld observation as the all amateur and inter- after a drawing by F¡itz Hollenberg (Eigen Haard,7883) heroic phrasing of Malinowski) would "kill" Møhing an Island in Time r77 Herman Roodenburg 771) described, and, wh e¡her 01 t"Lot ¿n si¿u, presented for public viewing. They became part of regional or national patrimony and were awarded a sec- T at ond life (Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 1998:161-62). This process clearly oc- start When it frnally surfaced Folklore Studies had a late curred on Marken, even though contemporaries used a different Dutch . "long ethnographic leth- turn of the ninereenth ..rl,iry 1.r,.t terminology. Alarmed by the impact of tourism on the fishing villages of the on th€ equally late develop- arss," to quote Christian uto"tUJtg"t Scheveningen, Volendam, and Marken, in 1912 several Dutch intellec- it would discover mãnt of folklore ...tai"' it-' ¡'*t)] i :tÌ:-Ttttu" tuals expressed their concern that the entire country might fall prey to *ì,. .,p.. i u' v' ü:î:,']ìi" iil 'Volendammerij": to toudsts looking everywhere for the quaint an.l tra- ^' l'tounsls ï:::ï attKC:,ïl;H:;r: t:'"'"ï.:-; ä"1'l;'i¿ -c"^- vored by artists and ,t'" 1880s on ditional. In the intellecnrals' view, the archaizing mechanism was already ä.tJi .i-ir'" .1-'111'-,11'.ïi,3:::J. shifting fiom the local to the national level, and they cautioned that numo"* Jj:Lit".i'liiil'"''. should be shown more thaljust "fossilized fame, Volendam- ever growing "j.^'.):l;i;*'ri-- ,n. unired srates. foreigners but also, and lr'ìcreasurts'/' -"1 (te 1992:255). Folklorist Schrljnen and France ';;; ;--,- hocn .escribed mers, and Marken fishermen" Velde 'î;;;;oi";"'"n:l:u'::lî;Lîï:,ä,Aiï:i".:ii:'n-.. was no less concerned, but chose to ignore the phenomenon. Reverting in the history.or ulti':'"1:î;;;,nl'.d as a key moment and-aczacademic to tlìe botanical arrd geoÌogical imagery so cherished by the Brothers protiteration of insritutions was characterized by the tt?1^11'1 Grimm ald other adherents of romantìc nationalism, he styled folk ìife V'ã"i'"d¿was established tl endeavors: the FI"-i'n¡ot"ltui as "the delicate flowe¡ that at the slightest touch folds up" (Schrijnen ;ïä;;;;;'*uÑ:l-::",î$,"1;JJ;"""*'$JTi:i:: l9l5-17:v-vi). Together with most ofhis fellow folklorists, he preferred to steer away from all interventionist accounts, leaving the border be- study of farmhou*:..pp"*";;;;ã and the rirst introduc- < ,í rrrz, seum, modeled on Skansen' * tween their discipline and other archaizing perceptions of peasant's ancl n d s ch e s N e d ert a "" ;o' sttt'il'""' ^vo'u:'! iyo''tirst aca- frsher folk largely unexamined.
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