Technical Requirements for Figures

For the best reproduction quality, follow the technical requirements pathology specimens, label any rulers with unit of measure. If a outlined below for figures in submitted and accepted manuscripts. figure contains multiple parts, please provide a brief, introductory A glossary of terms is provided at the end. sentence that explains the entire figure. For example, “Figure. Inferior break in patient 5. A, Fundus photograph ... .” Avoid writing Requirements at Submission “Figure. A, Case 5. Fundus photograph ... .”.

For initial manuscript submissions, figures must be of sufficient Number of Figures. Refer to Categories of Articles as there may digital quality for editorial assessment and peer review. Please be a limit on the number of figures for the type of manuscript. note, however, if the manuscript is accepted, authors will be asked to provide figures that meet the Requirements at Acceptance. Requirements at Acceptance

Acceptable Figure File Size. To reduce the time that it takes to Print reproduction of an accepted manuscript requires all figures upload files to the submission site and for reviewers to download to be submitted at a higher level of quality than figures reproduced files from the site, we recommend that the file size of figures be for electronic media. Figures may be represented on a variety compressed before uploading them. This can be done by using of materials: digital files, glossy high-resolution prints, positive compression software or by decreasing the resolution of individual or negative film, or laser prints. The minimum print reproduction files. Each file should be no larger than 1 MB. standard for each method varies according to the type of figure. Follow the “Table of Figure Types” to ensure good print Acceptable Figure File Formats. At submission, the following reproduction. All graphs, charts, diagrams, labels, and indicators file formats are acceptable: AI, BMP, DOC, EMF, EPS, JPG, will be edited and typeset according to JAMA-Archives style and PDF, PPT, PSD, TIF, WMF, or XLS (see glossary). Figures may standards prior to publication. be embedded at the end of the manuscript text file or loaded as separate files for submission purposes. Statistical Graphs, Charts, and Simple Diagrams Files created by vector programs are best for accurately plotting and Figure Legends (Captions). Include a legend for each figure maintaining data points. Although we are unable to use file at the end of the manuscript (maximum length, 40 words). formats native to statistical software applications to prepare For photomicrographs, include the type of specimen, original figures for publication, many of these applications allow users magnification or a scale bar, and staining technique. For gross to save or export files in digital vector formats that we can use.

Table of Figure Types

Required Typical File Acceptable Resolution Size* File Formats

Examples

Line 1200 ppi TIF, EPS, BMP, 200kb - 5MB Illustration or higher PDF, JPG, AI

300 ppi TIF, EPS, PSD, Photo/ 800kb - 5MB Color Illustration or higher PDF, JPG

5.0

4.0

100 000 3.0 2.5

2.0

10 000 1.5

1.2

Combination 1 000 1.0

Expressio n 0.9 600 ppi TIF, EPS, PSD, 0.8 100 0.7 1MB - 5MB (halftone with text, 0.6 0.5 Expression of PBMCs Rats With Acute Pancreatitis or higher PDF, JPG, AI 10 0.4

0.3 graph and/or line art) 0.2 1 0.1 1 10 100 1 000 10 000 100 000 0.0 Expression of PBMCs of Normal Rats

Patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis 20 1.0 Before intervention Any readable First Artecoll injection 18 After intervention (N = 96) 0.8 Insulin 16 Type 2 resistance/ resolution and Obesity Prediabetes diabetes 14

ival β-cell Observation without mellitus further intervention 0.6 failure 12 Spontaneous recovery (n = 46 [48%]) 72 ppi file format. (n = 10 [10%]) 10 Graph/Diagram 0.4 Latency period from onset of obesity to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus 15kb - 800kb Removal of Artecoll 8 Cumulative Su rv

n = 1 Patients, No. or higher Medialization thyroplasty (n = 1 [1%]) These are (n = 4) 0.2 6 Treated with simvastatin Duration Degree 4 Untreated of obesity of obesity redrawn n = 3 Second Artecoll injection 0.0 (n = 38 [40%]) 2 120 150 180 0 Days Post Infection Skin Breakdown Embarrassment Choking in-house. Third Artecoll injection (n = 4 [4%])

*For reference only. File size is not an adequate assessment of resolution Copies of graphs, charts, and diagrams may be imported into mixing equal amounts of cyan, magenta, yellow and black inks will applications such as Word or PowerPoint for the addition of produce a dark black color. labels and indicators; however, these must be accompanied by DOC: Microsoft Word native file format. It is part of the Microsoft the original file used to generate the figure saved in one of the Office suite. preferred vector formats (AI, EMF, EPS, PDF, WMF, or XLS). dpi/ppi: dpi stands for dots per inch; it refers to a measurement of output device resolution (printers, imagesetters, etc.); ppi stands for Photographic Images and Illustrations pixels per inch, it refers to units of measurement for digital images. The terms dpi and ppi are often used interchangeably. Digital Image Size: Minimum electronic image width of 5 in EMF: Enhanced MetaFile, 32-bit file format created by Microsoft. (depth is not important) at a minimum resolution of 350 ppi. EPS: Encapsulated postscript, the file format created by Adobe Adequate resolution of an appropriately sized image is essential with vector (line art data only; therefore, it can be scaled with no to producing an excellent image in print. Each component of a loss of quality) and raster (bitmap data that cannot be scaled or composite image must meet the minimum resolution requirement. edited) options; EPS files normally include a low-resolution screen Digital photographs and illustrations are most frequently preview used in other programs (for faster processing speeds) then unsuitable for print publication because of inadequate resolution. substituted with the high-resolution file at output. Images created digitally (as with a digital camera or illustrations GIF: Graphics Interchange Format, a lossy compression algorithm, created electronically) must meet the minimum resolution supports 1- to 8-bit depth; suitable primarily for electronic images requirement at the time of creation. Digital files created from with 256 colors or less. prints or slides (images that were originally non-digital) may be Glossy prints: Any image output on photographic stock at high- acceptable if scanned at a resolution of 600 ppi. Electronically resolution. Caution: While most laser printers can output onto increasing the resolution of an image after creation causes a photographic stock, the resolution can still be grainy and contain breakdown of detail and will result in a poor-quality image. Labels streaks of uneven ink coverage that does not reproduce well. It is and indicators should be added to electronic images only on a best to use a service bureau with high resolution output capabilities separate layer or by importing into applications such as Word, for glossy photographic prints. PowerPoint, or Illustrator; however, original image files must also Grayscale: A continuous tone image comprising black, white, and be submitted. Digital alteration of photographic images must be gray data only. clearly identified in the legend as electronically enhanced JPG (or JPEG): Joint Photographic Expert Group, a lossy or manipulated. compression algorithm that allows you to adjust the amount of loss, trading between compression and quality. Color Mode Profiles: Color is highly subjective to each viewer. Lossy: Image compression that functions by removing minor Factors such as ambient lighting in the room, paper color, and tonal and/or color variations, causing visible loss of detail at high monitor brand can cause images to appear to have unwanted compression ratios. colors. The RGB colors viewed on screen are very different LZW compression: Lempel-Ziv-Welch (not a file format): Non-lossy from the CMYK colors needed to print. Successful remapping compression algorithm that allows for compression of image data of color to a printable gamut requires extensive expertise in without loss of quality. color management. The safest way for an author to be assured Non-lossy: Image compression without loss of quality. that color will be clinically correct when reproduced (as in photomicrographs) is to provide the image printed on glossy PDF: Portable Document Format is an open standard for document photographic stock with color you have approved in addition to exchange. It is used for representing documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating the digital file. If this is not possible, the image will be reproduced systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a according to color densities mapped to printable CMYK. Color fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, and photographs should be submitted in RGB mode using profiles other information needed to display it. such as Adobe RGB (1998), CIE RGB, or Colormatch RGB. Digital cameras capture images in RGB. Do not change any PPT: Microsoft PowerPoint native file format. It is part of the Microsoft Office suite. color settings once the file is on the computer. Black-and- white photographs such as radiographs, ultrasound images, PSD: Photoshop’s native format, stores an image with support for CT [computed tomographic] scans, MRI [magnetic resonance most imaging options available in Photoshop. imaging] scans, and electron micrographs can be submitted in RGB: The RGB color model is an additive color model in which red either RGB or grayscale modes. (R), green (G), and blue (B) light is added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors. Adding equal amounts of red, green and blue will produce white. Contact Information TIF: Tagged Image File Format. A file format used for still-image bitmaps, stored in tagged fields. For additional questions regarding figure quality, please contact: Chris Meyer (312) 464-4826 [email protected] WMF: Windows Metafile is a graphics file format on Microsoft Windows systems, originally designed in the 1990s. Windows Metafiles are intended to be portable between applications and may Glossary contain both vector graphics and bitmap components. AI: Native file format of Illustrator (Adobe). XLS: Microsoft Excel native file format. It is part of the Microsoft Office suite. BMP: Windows bitmap, the file format built into Windows and native to Microsoft Paint; supports 1- to 24-bit depth and index color. Compression: Minimizing the size in bytes of a graphics file without degrading the quality of the image. See also lossy, non-lossy, and LZW compression. CMYK: A subtractive color model based on cyan (C), magenta (M), yellow (Y), and black (K) inks; CMYK is used for print reproduction;