June 2006

Bitmap or Vector Image... Which Do You Choose? raphic images – such as photographs, illustrations, drawings, logos, and Graphics clip art – are a great addition to any Gprinted piece. When combined with text, images Printing measurably increase reader comprehension, retention, and interest when compared to text only. Mailing In printing and publishing, graphic images are Under One Roof two-dimensional (2D), while on the World Wide Web, images can be two- or three-dimensional TechneGraphics, Inc. (3D) or multimedia. Park 50 TechneCenter 2002 Ford Circle software includes Adobe Illustrator, CorelDRAW, Milford, OH 45150 How graphic images are formed and Macromedia Freehand. (513) 248-2121 There are two ways to form graphic images: pixel Fax (513) 248-5141 by pixel in a grid (called a bitmap or raster image) A metafile is classified as a vector file format, or mathematically from geometric objects such as though it contains both bitmap and vector Web site: information (an object – the vector – is filled with www.techgra.com points, lines, curves, and polygons (called vector images). Digital photographs and all images that a bitmap pattern). Computer Graphics Metafile File Transfer site: have been scanned are bitmap images; vector (CGM) and Windows Metafile (WMF) are both www.tgidirect.net images originate primarily from illustration or examples of this graphics file format. FTP site: drawing software programs or from plotters used ftp.techgra.com Both screen displays and graphics on the World in technical drawing. Wide Web use bitmap image files, and GIF and Email: [email protected] Examples of bitmap file formats are Tagged Image JPG are the most widely used file formats in this File Format (TIF); Joint Photographic Experts application. Print projects can use either bitmap Group (JPG or JPEG); Graphics Interchange or vector images; the preferred file formats are TIF Format (GIF), Adobe Photoshop (PSD); bitmap (bitmap) or EPS (vector). Would you like (BPM); Windows Paint (PCX); and pixel image more tips? format for Macintosh (PICT). Photo editing or Characteristics of bitmap images Try our weekly email image editing software such as Adobe Photoshop, A bitmap image is a matrix of individual dots newsletter – Tuesday Corel Paint Shop Pro or Microsoft Paint all work (called picture elements or pixels), each having its Tips. To be added to on bitmap files. own color. Because pixels are so tiny, the human the mailing list, send eye is unable to distinguish them individually, any email message to Examples of vector file formats are Encapsulated and so perceives the image as having smooth [email protected] Postscript (EPS); Adobe Illustrator (AI); and gradations. Only when a bitmap image is greatly CorelDRAW (CDR). Popular vector drawing enlarged are we able to see the individual pixels. Bitmap or Vector Image... Which Do You Choose? (continued)

Although bitmaps images can be any color, there when many new pixels must be created, often are four common categories describing how results in a blurry image. color is used: Characteristics of vector images • Line art images contain only two colors A vector image is created from many individual, – black or white. The computer has to use “Computer screens scalable objects (lines, curves and shapes) that are only one bit to assign color to each pixel: defined by mathematical equations. Instead of and the World Wide on=black; off=white. using individual pixels, a vector image describes Web require fewer • Grayscale images contain various shades of a series of points to be connected. There can be dots...” gray as well as pure black and white. many points to be connected or just a few control points connected with Bézier curves. Bézier curves • Multitone images contain shades of two or were widely publicized in 1962 by Pierre Bézier, more colors. A well-know multitone is the a French engineer who used them to design duotone usually consisting of black and automobile bodies. one other color. The objects in a vector image may be assigned • Full color images use a color space such as attributes (such as color, fill, or outline) without RGB or CMYK to assign colors to each affecting the object itself. A vector image can be pixel. altered (enlarged, reduced, rotated, stretched, etc.) without losing resolution, and any object in the A bitmap does not need to contain a bit of vector image can be altered independently of other color-coded information for each pixel on objects in the image. Finally, an object can be every row; it only needs to contain information modified by changing its attributes or by shaping indicating a new color as the display scans along and transforming it. A font is an example of a a row. Thus, an image with much solid color will “A vector image is vector image. tend to require a small bitmap (and smaller file created from many size). All these characteristics mean that a vector image individual, scalable can be changed without affecting its resolution, Bitmap images are resolution dependent. objects...” making it resolution independent. This makes a (Resolution is a measure of the number of pixels vector image a good choice for logos which must used to create the image and is usually stated as be re-sized frequently. And because a vector image dots per inch or pixels per inch.) Computer screens file consists of points rather than bits, it tends to and the World Wide Web require fewer dots per be much smaller than a bitmap image file. inch (dpi) to render an image than a printing device; hence an image that has sufficient Despite its many advantages, a vector image has resolution for a screen display or web application one disadvantage: it cannot create a photorealistic may have insufficient resolution for printing. image. Compared to bitmap images, the objects and lines of vector images may look artificial. In addition, because bitmap images are resolution dependent, it is difficult to alter the Which image file format is best? size without changing image quality. To make Given the many choices for image files, what is an image smaller, it is downsampled by throwing the best choice? The answer depends on your out pixels. Upsampling is used to make an image application. If you are using images for screen larger by adding new pixels through a process display or for your company’s web site, you may called interpolation. Interpolation assigns a color want to optimize on file size. In this case, GIF or to the new pixel based on the color values of JPG is the best choice. surrounding pixels. Interpolation, particularly Bitmap or Vector Image... Which Do You Choose? (continued)

But when you are selecting images to include within a Postscript document. EPS files may also in a document you are providing to us to print, include a preview picture of the content for screen we ask that you use either TIF or EPS. TIFF is display. “TIFF is the leading the leading professional image file standard; Checking the resolution of graphic images is professional image is supported by Mac, Windows, and Unix one of the steps in preflighting any document you file standard...” platforms; supports RGB, CMYK, and other submit to us for printing. For more information color spaces; stores data with bytes in either Mac about preflighting or graphic image files, contact or PC order; and offers several compression us at 513-248-2121. formats. EPS is a Postscript file that also satisfies some additional restrictions that are intended to make it easier for software to embed an EPS file

Suggestions for altering clip art A clip art graphic image in vector format can application. Remove elements you don’t easily be modified to better fit your document. want or don’t need. Disassemble the clip art Here are some suggestions for altering clip art for and use a few pieces. IIIDEA greater interest: CORNER • Combine two or more images into one: • Reorient: clip art that is facing the wrong Create a new image out of several other way can be flopped creating a mirror image pieces of clip art, or pull out elements and “... vector format or rotated to achieve the orientation you combine them in a new way. can easily be need. • Change the color: Convert colored clip art modified to better fit • Use only a portion: crop the clip art to to gray scale or black and white, or add color your document.” reveal only the important part for your to black and white clip art..

bytes per pixel. And a TIFF file compressed with lossless compression means no pixels are thrown out in the compression algorithm. Therefore Should I use you can always recover each bit of data without Q. corruption. & TIFF or JPEG for my photo Qquestions andA answers The JPEG file format is intentionally designed as lossy to make the file compression efficient and image files? produce relatively small files. To do this, JPEG “... you can always modifies the color values of the pixel. Tiny detail such as minor color details are not retained – in recover each bit other words, are lost. This produces a substantial of data without file size reduction but also means that when you re-open the file it no longer contains the same corruption.” Although JPEG files are data as before. Moreover, every time the JPEG much smaller, you’ll probably be happier with A. file is compressed and saved again, pixels (and your photographs as TIFF files. Uncompressed therefore quality) are lost. Before you exchange file TIFF files for photo images are often very large, size for quality, be sure the tradeoff is worth it. meaning the image contains much detail – lots of 513-248-2121 PRSRT STD Fax 513-248-5141 US Postage PAID 2002 Ford Circle www.techgra.com Permit #271 [email protected] Milford, OH Bitmap or Milford, OH 45150 Vector Image... Which Do You Choose?

Please Route to the Printing Buyer Graphics Tricks & Tips & Tricks Graphics bitmap file suchbitmap file asJPEGor TIFF;for stock photography, thiswillmeana the form inwhich itwas created. For W method may bequite different from re-saved. compressed Afile with a lossy isopened,edited, and time thefile because pixels are thrown outevery means “withlosses”to imagequality, a archival JPEGuses copy ofthefile. to saveidea first ahighresolution using JPEGformat, itisalsoagood If you are creating imagesfor theweb make themodifications. can revert back to thenative format to resample, save inother formats –you if you later must–resize, editthefile programsoftware you are using.Then the native format ofthegraphics always archive imagein thegraphic imageforEPS graphic your document, Even thoughwe request aTIFFor metafile. avectorclip art, format such asEPSor lossy compression algorithm.Lossy

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