1. Pamela V. Sing * Franco-Canadian and Franco-Métis memory and imagination. The case of werewolves and rougarous **

Abstract simply to frighten people, the stories tell of Further reading This study examines the question of evolving the transformation of a Native or Métis Sing, P. (2009, paru en 2010) « Le loup-garou character, who of course personifies the vagabond : du Québec au XIXe siècle au Far- imagination, based on a corpus including otherness necessary for representing a Ouest franco-métis au XXe siècle », The national identity. The absence of such racism Canadian Review of Comparative Literature/ folktales, anecdotes and other short written in oral werewolf stories recorded and Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée, and oral narratives about the Franco- preserved in archives throughout Canada Numéro spécial avec les rédacteurs invités strongly suggests that these practices have Albert Braz and Marie Carrière, 36, 1, p. 60-79. Canadian werewolf (loup-garou) and the been influenced by a literature in the process Sing, P. (2010) «Mission mitchif : Courir le of becoming institutionalized. Rougarou pour renouveler ses liens avec la Franco-Métis rougarou, in a particular geo- tradition orale», Revue internationale d’études cultural space: Western Canada and the In Western Canada today, francophones canadiennes / International Journal of Canadian usually do not remember much about the Studies, 41, 2010.1, p. 193-212. American states of Montana and North werewolf. On the other hand, Métis of Sing, P. (paru à l’automne 2010) “J’vous djis enne francophone ancestry know that this is a cho’, lâ : Translating Oral Michif French into Dakota. character representing their heritage. Written English”, Quebec Studies, volume 50, p. However, although older Métis people are 57-80. Most of the research was carried out in familiar with this character and have some memory of various werewolf stories, few of archives and with storytellers and writers them can really tell the stories. At the most, they give summaries of stories. I must from these communities. The oral tales were emphasize that this is related to the fact that transcribed and, together with the written the old stories were told in Michif, whereas narratives, make up a corpus that allows us the researchers from the community who are now interested in recovering such stories are to study the evolution of an imaginary figure generally unilingually anglophone. As a result, the younger literary artists do not that is still important in popular culture. know any werewolf or rougarou stories.

North Dakota and Montana writers of Métis Results descent, especially those who have had Study of a corpus consisting of literary relations with the Turtle Mountain * Pamela V. Sing, Ph.D., Campus Saint-Jean, narratives of werewolves published in Reservation, show that the oral tradition University of Alberta Quebec in the nineteenth and early twentieth there has remained alive and dynamic longer centuries shows an imagination strongly than was the case with their cousins who ** Project subsidized through the 2006 CRFM influenced by the “purist” ideology of the remained in Canada; the rougarou still has a Grant Competition time. Except where the werewolf is used place in their imagination. 2. Marianne Cormier * Perceptions of minority-language high school students about the use of language as a learning tool in science **

Abstract Results Further reading Francophone minority-language students The results show that students routinely use Melanson, S. and Cormier, M. (2010). both English and French, as well as a “Représentations linguistiques d'élèves du face different languages and language language variety called chiac, in their secondaire à l'égard de la langue dans les contextes familier, scolaire et en sciences.” registers every day. While their family and everyday activities. Some of them clearly identify the language or variety that they use Éducation francophone en milieu minoritaire, volume 5, number 1, 1-18. social context calls for a more familiar in a particular context, and can choose the appropriate register to express themselves. register, school favours a more formal and For others, the boundaries are uncertain specialized register, especially in science between the different languages or the chiac variety, and they do not seem to be aware of courses. The objective of this study is to different language registers. describe and understand how students Each student has his or her own experience perceive language in these various contexts. with language, and thus is aware of language in a particular way. Some students evaluate Fourteen students in a grade 10 science class their own language skills positively and are were asked about their linguistic perceptions at ease in expressing themselves, while others seem to feel a linguistic insecurity and were observed during language activities which may cause difficulties for them. For activities integrating language in the in the classroom. The results indicate that sciences, the students appear not to have the students have different perceptions of developed the skills necessary to differentiate these activities from other the languages and registers that they use in everyday activities in class. As they are not different contexts. They do not seem to be accustomed to scientific literacy activities, they seem unable to recognize the aware of the role of language activities in advantages and the importance of such activities for their learning. their learning of science. The repercussions These results indicate that more efforts are * Marianne Cormier, Ph.D., Université de of these results on teaching are discussed necessary to make teachers aware both of Moncton briefly. linguistic representations and of the ** Project subsidized through the 2008 CRFM integration of literacy activities in the Competition sciences.

3. Amal Madibbo * Racial and ethnic identity of first-generation francophone African immigrants **

Abstract social context surrounding the immigrants, such as the new migratory context. It Further reading This study explores identity choices and develops to overcome barriers, including the social conflicts that occur within the Madibbo, A. (2010). “L'identité raciale et ethnique practices of the first generation of des immigrants africains francophones.” Cahier immigrant community. Associations create francophone Africans in Alberta. We examine de la recherche actuelle sur l’immigration activities in the immigrant community to francophone au Canada, Le Centre Metropolis how immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa reinforce intra-ethnic solidarity among du Québec – immigrations et métropoles immigrants and their collective identity. (Montréal), 15-17. define themselves in relation to their Identification with the francophone world is shown by the desire to be part of the communities of origin, to the francophone francophone milieu and to live in French in community in general, and to Canadian Canadian society. However, linguistic discrimination from Canadian society and a society as a whole. Another object of the certain racism in the francophone community decrease the desire to identify as study is to examine the effect of social francophones. Immigrants affirm their factors, such as race and language, on identity by promotion of linguistic duality in Canadian society and by reinforcement of identity construction among immigrants. We racial equity within the francophone milieu. explore possible solutions that could Belonging to Canada is viewed positively strengthen the sense of belonging and the because of the legal rights offered by this country, the social values related to socio-economic integration of immigrants in multiculturalism, and the duties of the francophone milieu and in the larger citizenship such as civic participation. However, racism towards racialized groups Canadian society. in Canadian society leads to the perception that they are not considered as full Canadian

citizens. This shows us that a sense of

Results belonging to the new society must be reinforced. This process will occur in a social Immigrants build many kinds of project in which the State and the identification, including a collective community will work together to make the belonging to the ethnic community of their * Ph.D., University of Calgary principles of multiculturalism and linguistic country of origin, to the francophone duality a reality. ** Project subsidized through the 2009 CRFM community, and to the larger Canadian Competition society. Membership in the ethnic community takes the form of attachment to the culture of the country of origin. It is not fixed, but rather changes depending on the 4. Monica Heller and Mary Richards * Franco-Ontarian schools and young people from immigrant backgrounds **

Abstract differences, and affect access to networks Further reading and to school and institutional activities. We This qualitative ethnographic study Richards, M. (forthcoming, 2011). “Carrefour have chosen to concentrate on the discursif: L’école franco-ontarienne et les jeunes examines immigrant young people’s experience of young people of immigrant issu-e-s de l’immigration”. Unpublished doctoral background because of their particular dissertation. Ontario Institute for Studies in experiences of inclusion and exclusion in a status and because they are most at risk of Education (University of Toronto). French-language high school in Toronto, and not corresponding to the type of student favoured by school policies. in community spaces related to it. In the eighteen months that we spent in the Ethnocultural diversity is a reality for field at “École Carrefour”, we observed who did or did not participate in school activities, minority francophone communities, and why. The question of how to maintain and promote the French language and particularly in urban areas, which challenges francophone culture in schools is not new. the linguistic and ethnocultural ideologies What is seen as "new" is how to show oneself on which the political legitimation of the inclusive of the multiplicity of linguistic and cultural practices of the school clientele. Franco-Canadian minority and its How can one establish a sense of “us” in a context of diversity? We studied the question institutions is based. We have identified of resources and identities that are social practices and discourses related to the mobilized, contested, defined and evaluated, by whom, and how. We examined the construction of social difference and of consequences of participation and of categorization, and access to institutions, practices in relation to the circulation of ethnocultural and ethnolinguistic identities social networks and resources. and also to access to symbolic and material

resources.

Analysis of the data showed two main kinds Results of questions: Today the dominant discourse of 1) implementation of ministerial and school * Monica Heller, Ph.D., (Principal Investigator), francophone schools faces new ideologies of University of Toronto, and Mary Richards, Ph.D., “francophonie” brought by mobility and board policies dealing with language, culture, and identity construction as well as the (Research Assistant) immigration or migration. Tensions develop in processes of the new economy, where consequences of these policies at the school ** Project subsidized through the 2005 CRFM identities and linguistic and cultural level; Competition practices are valued and commodified in 2) processes for selection and access to local and international markets. They are schools and to resources that are seen in the construction of social (re)produced and circulated there. 5. Maryse Lemoine * Housing trajectories of francophone immigrants in Toronto: the case of French and Congolese immigrants **

Abstract housing. Congolese respondents also face Further reading more obstacles, because of discrimination, This study deals with housing trajectories of Lemoine, M. (2008). “Housing Trajectories of racism or other barriers related to poor Francophone Migrants in Toronto: The Case of linguistic minorities, specifically French and credit management. French immigrants often French and Congolese Migrants.” Master’s thesis live in popular central areas. Some benefit (York University). Congolese immigrants in Toronto, and from favoritism, which makes the search for housing easier, but does not protect them describes their housing history and from all kinds of discrimination. Among socioeconomic status. These two groups are French and Congolese immigrants, French tenants and Congolese owners face dispersed throughout the Toronto region. accessibility problems: the French because of The conclusions show that the different their decision to live in an area of their choice but beyond their means, and the trajectories are caused by the economic and Congolese because of the high costs of buying a house. racial differences between members of the same language group. The French and Congolese respondents are generally satisfied with their housing and their area. French respondents are more likely to say that they are very satisfied, Results while the Congolese are less so, often This case study of French and Congolese because of specific problems such as safety, immigrants in Toronto explores their poor conditions, etc. French immigrants have a more positive housing trajectory than do different trajectories, and the way in which membership in the official minority language Congolese. Congolese immigrants face more group, income and race determine their obstacles and are less satisfied with their housing trajectories. The study examines choice. Their current residence does not their migratory trajectory and their meet all their expectations. The economic socioeconomic situation. The spatial and racial differences between French and dispersion of French and Congolese Congolese immigrants are the main causes corresponds to the model proposed by the of their differing experiences.

“heterolocalism” theory. * M.A., York University Although the two groups show a similar level ** Project subsidized through the 2007 CRFM of dispersion, they follow different housing trajectories and have settled in specific Competition areas. The low income of Congolese immigrants makes it hard to find affordable

6. Colin M. Coates * Francophone utopias of Western Canada **

Abstract Lake socialists and the Trochu aristocrats faced the same difficulties. Both Doctor This study on utopian experiments in Adalbert Tanche from Sylvan Lake and Western Canada is part of a larger project on Armand Trochu wrote to Prime Minister Laurier, calling for a railroad. Both Further reading utopias in Canadian history. The present communities struggled to adapt to the Public lecture “Les utopies francophones de l’Ouest canadien” by Colin Coates at the Institut study focuses on experiments, such as those Alberta climate and to establish profitable economic activities. The socialist phalanstery français, University of Regina, 25 November 2010. of Sylvan Lake and Trochu, Alberta, that also had internal divisions. Finally, the Sylvan Lake socialist utopia and the Trochu have been described as utopian by other conservative community faced the same historians. difficulties as many other European pioneers in Western Canada. This study leads to two publication projects: Results a study of Sylvan Lake, a socialist utopian This project examines utopian experiments colony in Alberta, and a study of the French by francophones in Western Canada. conservative migration (a joint project with Audrey Pyée, whose doctoral dissertation is Historians Anthony W. Rasporich and about French immigration in Manitoba). Douglas Francis have described the cases of Trochu and Sylvan Lake, Alberta, and of La Rollanderie (Saint Hubert), Saskatchewan, as “utopias”. After studying manuscript and published sources, we consider that Trochu and La Rollanderie do not really constitute utopias, but rather fairly conservative acts of colonization, because the leaders tried to establish an aristocratic vision on the

Canadian Prairie. Several classical elements of a utopia are missing: a social separation between the colony and its neighbours, communal sharing of property, and a perfectionist vision of society. These * Colin M. Coates, Ph.D., Canada Research Chair elements, however, are found in the French in Canadian Cultural Landscapes, Glendon socialist phalanstery founded near Sylvan College, York University Lake in 1906. ** Project subsidized through the 2006 CRFM A comparative analysis of the Sylvan Lake Competition and Trochu cases shows that, despite their political and social differences, the Sylvan

7. Lynne Bowker * Does machine translation have anything to offer the Fransaskois community? **

Abstract Results Further reading This study is intended to determine to what Owing largely to budgetary pressures, Bowker, L. (2009). “Can Machine Translation Meet official language minority communities in the Needs of Official Language Minority extent machine translation can meet the Canada have a great number of unmet Communities in Canada? A Recipient Evaluation,” Linguistica Antverpiensia, volume translation needs of official language translation needs. The use of machine translation presents the possibility of a cost- 8, 123-155. minority communities. The main objective is effective solution, but only if members of Bowker, L. (2008). “Official Languages Minority these communities are willing to accept this Communities, Machine Translation, and to answer the following questions: What form of translation. This study involved an Translator Education: Reflections on the Status Quo and Considerations for the Future.” TTR – kinds of documents need to be translated? experiment in which members of one official Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction, volume 21, language minority community—the number 2, 15-61. Among those documents, which ones would Fransaskois—were surveyed to measure their

opinion of machine translation. be suitable for machine translation? Are texts produced with a machine translation Results show that, while many Fransaskois are receptive to using post-edited machine system useful to official language minority translation, language professionals are communities? extremely opposed to the use of any form of machine translation.

This finding prompts a reflection on whether the way in which translators are trained in

the use of automated tools could be an

underlying factor in their reaction to machine translation use, which in turn leads to a proposal for a new approach to integrating technology more fully into translator training programs.

* Lynne Bowker, Ph.D., University of Ottawa

** Project subsidized through the 2005 CRFM Competition

8. Danielle de Moissac, Leslie Corbett and Stéfan Delaquis * Study of the health of young Franco-Manitoban adults living in a minority situation **

Abstract one and five times. Students under the age of 20 drink heavily more often than those This study explores the risk behaviours over the age of 20. Students living with their Further reading likely to adversely affect the health of the parents (55% of respondents) drank alcohol The summary report (in French) of this survey is more often than those living with friends or available from the researchers and from CRFM. young adults attending Université de Saint- other. Boniface. The goal of this project was to take Alcohol use can lead to risk behaviour when stock of the situation in order to more driving a motor vehicle. Over 52% of young adults have gotten behind the wheel after effectively prevent unhealthy lifestyles. The having used alcohol, and this behaviour was more common among young men between results were used to raise awareness among the ages of 20 and 24. In addition, over 38% young adults of some prevalent behaviours, of respondents indicated they got into a vehicle in which the driver had been such as alcohol use, drinking and driving, drinking, but the majority had only had this and speeding. Furthermore, experience between one and three times in their life. Speeding is also common. Over recommendations were made to the 70% of students speed. In the month

preceding the survey, 26% of respondents community health centre and student reported speeding six times or more, and counselling services to help them better most of these students were under the age of 20. address students’ needs. * Danielle de Moissac, Ph.D. (Principal With regard to mental health, a quarter of Investigator), Leslie Corbett (Co-investigator) and students reported having felt sad or Stéfan Delaquis, Ph.D. (Co-investigator), Université Results discouraged every day for a period of two de Saint-Boniface weeks or more, to the point where they The most prevalent risk behaviour among stopped engaging in their usual activities. In ** Project subsidized through the 2005 CRFM young adults attending Université de Saint- the 12 months preceding the survey, 7% of Competition Boniface is alcohol use. Over 85% of students admitted having seriously thought respondents indicated that they had used of committing suicide, whereas 5% had alcohol in the month prior to the survey, actually attempted suicide. with about half having used alcohol between 9. Robert A. Papen * The French Michif dialect: systematicity and variability **

Abstract this variety of French in Western Canada by Mougeon, R., Hallion Bres, S., Papen R. and Bigot, the Métis (isolation of the Métis from other D. (2010). “Convergence vs divergence: variantes The objective of this study is to transcribe francophone communities, general absence morphologiques de la première personne de l’auxiliaire ALLER dans les variétés de français and digitize the Guy Lavallée corpus of education, mostly oral transmission between generations), Michif-French differs laurentien du Canada,” in Leblanc, C., Martineau, concerning the Michif-French of the Saint- F. and Frenette, Y. (dir.), Vues sur les français in many ways (vocabulary, phonology, d’ici, Presses de l’Université Laval, p. 131-184. Laurent community in Manitoba. The corpus, morphosyntax) from other varieties of Laurentian French. Papen, R. (2010). “Langue(s) et identité(s) des Métis de l’Ouest canadien,” in Charbonneau, A. established in 1986-87 by Father Guy Analyses carried out so far show that Michif- and Turgeon, L. (dir.), Patrimoines et identités Lavallée, consists of about fifty interviews French does indeed share the great majority en Amérique française, Presses de l’Université Laval, p. 211-249. of its structural traits with the other with members of the Saint-Laurent Métis Laurentian varieties, but at the same time it Papen, R. and Bigot, D. (2010). “Sontaient, shows some difference from them. For ontvaient et fontsaient en français mitchif: community. When the interviews are variation et systématicité,” in Leblanc, C., example, the use of grammatical variants transcribed and digitized, analyses of Martineau, F. and Frenette, Y. (dir.), Vues sur les most peculiar to the variety is much more français d’ici, p. 201-225. common in Michif-French than in other various morphosyntactic aspects will be varieties. For example, the use of “m’as + carried out to compare them to other French infinitive” to express the future is much more frequent at Saint-Laurent than dialects in Canada and elsewhere. elsewhere. This is also true for the use of certain verb forms, such as “sontaient” for “étaient”. In addition, certain forms such as

“ontvaient” for “avaient”, relatively rare

Results elsewhere, are very frequent among Saint- Laurent speakers, especially among young Le corpus «Guy Lavallée» du français mitchif people, for whom these forms have become de Saint- The Guy Lavallée corpus of Michif- symbols of their identity and their culture. French from Saint-Laurent, Manitoba, was digitized and transcribed electronically. It can thus be used for purposes of linguistic and sociolinguistic analysis. The working hypothesis guiding our research is that the * Robert A. Papen, Ph.D. Université du Québec à Michif-French spoken in Saint-Laurent is part Montréal of the larger family of Laurentian French, that is, the French that developed in the ** Project subsidized through the 2006 CRFM Saint Lawrence Valley and spread widely in Competition western North America. However, given the nature of implantation and development of Further reading 10. Lace Marie Brogden * (Auto)ethnographic drift: The (re)production of linguistic standards among (student) teachers working in minority language situations **

Abstract studies and field experience. In these Further reading different contexts, language standards may The objective of this study was to examine Brogden, L.M. (2009). “François, f/Fransask-qui? sometimes seem arbitrary, even Franco-quoi? Constructions identitaires d’un certain student teacher perceptions within contradictory. enseignant en formation en situation linguistique minoritaire” in Canadian Modern the Programme du Baccalauréat en éducation The data were collected over two sessions Language Review/Revue canadienne des langues with two groups of students (nine case vivantes, volume 66, issue 1, 73-79. (Le Bac) at the University of Regina (Canada) studies out of a total of 35 students, with a with regard to the reproduction of everyday response rate of 38.88%) to protect the anonymity of participants. Data were language norms in three areas: university collected through a series of semi-structured interviews and teaching artefacts, such as courses, internships, and the sociocultural student teacher professional journals (e.g., thoughts, lesson plans and feedback) and the environment. This study analyzed the results from high-stakes testing. Overall, the multiple discourses participants encountered case studies carried out as part of this study during their studies to become teachers in helped to better determine student teacher perceptions with regard to the reproduction minority language environments, taking a of everyday language norms and to illustrate the linguistic subjectivities experienced by special look at the language requirements of people who wish to teach in minority their education program. language situations.

This study showed the unique characteristics

of learning to teach (and learning the language) in minority language situations, Results while underscoring the importance of avoiding linguistic subjectivities, which are This study examined the so-called both complex and multiple, from teachers “language” experiences associated with third-year (pre-internship) and fourth-year working in these environments. (internship) field experience. In the eighteen months during which they receive field experience, student teachers must fulfil * Lace Marie Brodgen, Ph.D., University of Regina standard language requirements (measured through high-stakes testing, using both ** Project subsidized through the 2008 CRFM norm-referenced and criterion-referenced Competition tests) while living a variety of language experiences as part of their university 11. Carol Léonard * Corpus of toponyms of French origin or influence in Saskatchewan **

Abstract the symposium “Le statut du français dans Further reading l’Ouest canadien: La cause Caron” at the This study is part of the more general Léonard, C. (2010) «Mémoire des noms de lieux Institut français, University of Regina. It was d’origine et d’influence françaises en research program to collect and record then launched on February 22, 2010, at Mgr Saskatchewan», Éditions GID, 648 pages. de Laval school, in Regina, since this book is

French place names (past and present) in also intended for school kids. The third what is known today as Western Canada. The launch was on September 23, 2010, during the book fair at Campus Saint-Jean, purpose of this research was to complete a University of Alberta. The corpus was also presented at various events elsewhere in project to make the results of a 25-year Canada and abroad in 2010. It was presented study accessible. It was completed in 2010 under the title “The Elaboration of an All- Encompassing Corpus: A Complex of with the publication of the book Mémoire Toponymic Issues Specific to Minorities” at the “Trends in Toponymy 4 “ symposium, at des noms de lieux d’origine et d’influence the School of Literatures, Languages and françaises en Saskatchewan – répertoire Cultures (University of Edinburgh), which was held June 28 to July 1, in Edinburgh, toponymique. The corpus describes about Scotland. The corpus was later presented in

2,500 French place names assigned to sites late May 2010 at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Names in Saskatchewan. during the Congress of Humanities and Social Sciences. Finally, it was presented at the international symposium "Langue et

territoire/Language and Territory," held August 29 to September 3, 2010, at the Results Laurentian University in Sudbury (Ontario, The Saskatchewan Department of Education Canada). * Carol Jean Léonard, Ph.D. Campus Saint-Jean, adopted this book as a professional resource Universiy of Alberta for teaching the humanities in the Programme Fransaskois. The corpus can be ** Project subsidized through the 2008 CRFM consulted in many school libraries across the Competition province and is available in numerous municipal libraries in the Canadian Prairies as well as in a number of university libraries in Canada and abroad. The corpus had three official launches in Western Canada in 2010. It was initially launched on February 20, 2010, as part of 12. Davy Bigot * French spoken by young adults in Casselman, Ontario **

Abstract - When the speakers have the choice between vernacular variants in favour of standard an English variant and one or more French variants (Mougeon, 2005), unrestricted The primary objective of this study is to variants, words borrowed from English are speakers have lost the standard variants. provide an initial sociolonguistic overview of more common (job and so). the vernacular language of teenagers from - When the speakers have the choice between a vernacular variant from Quebec and more Further reading Casselman, a small community in the United standard variants, they choose the Quebec Bigot, D. (forthcoming). “Le parler des Franco- Counties of Prescott and Russell, in Ontario, variant (char). Ontariens de Casselman (Ontario): éléments Similarities and differences between speakers lexicaux et morphosyntaxiques,” Revue where 80% of the population is francophone. Canadienne de linguistique. from Casselman and those from Hawkesbury My hypothesis is that the vernacular French Bigot, D. (presented at the symposium Les - Significant quantitative differences are français d’ici 2012, University of Sherbrooke, spoken by teenagers in Casselman strongly observed between the two varieties (certainly June 13–15, 2012). “Variation lexicale en français ontarien: le cas des adolescents de resembles that of Quebec teenagers. This due in part to the content of each corpus), which, as demonstrated in Mougeon, Rehner Casselman (Ontario).” study is based on the theory of variationist and Nadasi (2010) and in Mougeon, Nadasdi Bigot, D. (2011). “Le corpus de Casselman and Rehner (2009), shows to what extent the (Ontario): aspects méthodologiques” (paper linguistics, which quantitatively measures use of certain items varies from one French- presented at the symposium Les nouveaux corpus during the congress Methods in how linguistic variables are used and speaking community to another in Ontario. dialectology (14), London (Ontario), held August identifies internal and external factors that - The preferred usage of the variants job and 2–6, 2011). so in Casselman seems to contradict the condition their use. findings of Poplack, Sankoff and Miller (1998) and of Mougeon (2000), who claim

that English variants are more common Results among restricted speakers. In the example of

runnings, running shoes and shoes in The objective of this study is to measure how vernacular French has evolved among Mougeon et al. (2010), the sociolinguistic French-speaking teenagers in Ontario, using corpus is renewed among these speakers. a variationist analysis of their actual The virtual disappearance of alors and the language use. The initial findings obtained absence of any social connotation in travail show that the youth use the following word and d’ouvrage would be replaced by the use variations: char (vs auto vs automobile vs of so and job, both clearly identified as being voiture), job (vs ouvrage vs travail vs emploi) vernacular. * Davy Bigot, Ph.D., Concordia University and ça fait que (vs so vs alors vs donc). The main findings are listed below: - The virtual disappearance of items alors ** Project subsidized through the 2009 CRFM and automobile from each corpus shows Competition In the community of Casselman that, while restricted speakers underuse 13. Danielle Metcalfe-Chenail * The role of the Oblates in First Nation communities in northwestern North America (1840-1910) **

Abstract prophetic movements, and Christian (both Further reading Catholic and Protestant) rites. In 2006-2007, I undertook a study of the D. Metcalfe-Chenail (2007), «Unsettling Times: Theoretically, this project drew on (and Interior D. Metcalfe-Chenail (2007), “Unsettling records of the Missionary Society of the challenged) the concepts of events versus Times: Interior Salish Religious Responses to the 1872 Earthquake in the Inland Northwest,” Oblates of Mary Immaculate as part of my non-events; western rational and scientific Master’s Thesis, University of British Columbia. thought; and authentic native spirituality M.A. thesis research. These records – largely and “Indianness” more generally. D. Metcalfe-Chenail (2008), “Religious Rumblings: the 1872 Earthquake in the Okanagan Valley,” written in French – were available on What also emerged, however, was how B.C.’s Okanagan Historical Society Annual Report, volume 72, 70-77. microfilm at the University of British francophone past has largely been erased by its anglophone present. Present-day D. Metcalfe-Chenail (2007), “Hidden Pasts and Columbia but had mostly been overlooked researchers are not as inclined to go looking Unspoken Histories,” Okanagan Historical Society Annual Report, volume 71, 68-75. by researchers. During the course of this for this history, and if they do find it, they often lack the linguistic tools to read the study, I became particularly interested in the historical record. This led to a paper I delivered at a graduate student conference in Oblates’ work in the Okanagan and its Qualicum Beach, B.C., and later had published in Okanagan History (see “Hidden primary missionary during the mid-to-late Pasts” below). 1800s, Julien M. Baudre. It also led me to a greater realization of the multiple linguistic layers of Canadian places – that la francophonie hors Québec has deep

Results roots even though we cannot always see evidence of that in our day-to-day lives. In Baudre and his colleagues’ letters, I came upon fascinating references to an earthquake in 1872 that was felt throughout the Inland Northwest. I decided to focus on this earthquake as a socio-cultural event, specifically how the Interior Salish – the largest group in the region – experienced it. * Danielle Metcalfe-Chenail, M.A., University of The evidence, from European written sources British Columbia and from published Interior Salish oral histories, suggested that they saw it as a ** Project subsidized through the 2006 CRFM spiritual event and responded to it Competition accordingly: using traditional rituals,

14. Danielle Moore and Cécile Sabatier * Teaching French in Vancouver, B.C.: the case of francophone schools **

Abstract Studying the classroom using an transition from understanding the teaching ethnographic approach allowed us to: practice through observation of experienced This study proposes an ethnographic practitioners in context to examining what is 1) Record the day-to-day practices of French approach to classroom teaching (Cambra in the teacher training program (Cadet and education in British Columbia in a school Causa, 2005; Cambra Giné, 2003). Giné, 2003), in French-language elementary board that had not previously participated in a study; This project has been presented at national schools in the minority context of British and international symposiums (France, 2) Introduce teachers to a collaborative Switzerland and Japan). Columbia. Drawing on a corpus of research rationale; videotapes recorded in four classrooms 3) Develop a sustainable partnership ranging from grades 1 to 3, photographs and between the university and the francophone Further reading school board, in particular by working Moore, D. et Sabatier, C. (2010) «Pratiques interviews, this study provides a detailed together on innovative school projects and littératiées et cultures éducatives en contexte description of the various classroom developing both programs and curricula; francophone minoritaire», Revue canadienne des Langues Vivantes, Volume 66, number 5 practices that make up a typical day in the 4) Examine the relevance of the ethnographic Litalien, R.J., Moore, D. et Sabatier, C. (2012), study of the classroom and how it could fit "Ethnographie de la classe, pratiques plurielles life of students and their teachers and into a research project intended for use in et réflexivité: pour une écologie de la diversité questions the content of the French minority teacher training; en contexte francophone en Colombie- Britannique", Journal of Education/Revue language education program in British 5) Increase the visibility of French-speaking canadienne de l'éducation, 35(2), 192-211 British Columbians both nationally and Columbia. It complements a previous study internationally. conducted in French immersion classrooms. Understanding how discourse develops in school interactions and the role that these

interactions play in teaching experiences Results involving the transfer of knowledge results in a particular focus on discourse in, on and Using an ethnographic approach to observing the classroom, this study around the classroom, in order to a) update identified a wide array of activities, rituals, teaching cultures on which classroom routines and practices that make up a typical practices are based (Beacco, Chiss, Cicurel & * Danielle Moore, Ph.D. (Principal investigator) Véronique, 2005) and b) develop an and Cécile Sabatier, Ph.D. (Co-investigator), Simon day in the lives of students in grades 1 to 3 Fraser University and their teachers in the classroom in understanding of the activity of teaching, in the sense of how the teacher behaves at French-language elementary schools, in ** Project subsidized through the 2008 CRFM particular with regard to teaching reading school, that is, the teacher’s knowledge of how to act in a given situation (Bucheton, Competition and math skills in French in the early years. 2009). With this new focus comes the 15. Nicole Rosen * A comparison of Varieties of Spoken French in Manitoba and Alberta **

Abstract following a transcription protocol created by the research team. The digital transcriptions This project focuses on two main goals: first, are linked to the sound file in .wav format. Further reading to conduct language surveys in order to The corpus can therefore be used for various linguistic studies: syntactical, sociolinguistic Rosen, N. and Lacasse, E. (submitted), “Une create a corpus of Métis and Francophone and phonetic. The recordings highlight a comparaison des voyelles postérieures du français michif et du français franco- number of differences between the speech of speech varieties in Manitoba and Alberta; manitobain,” Collectif sur les français de l’ouest, Métis and non-Métis. directed by Hallion Bres, Sandrine & Robert and second, to analyze the corpus in order Papen, Presses de l’Université Laval. Our particular interest is in the phonetics of to pinpoint shared identity traits of these the varieties of French spoken in Western Canada. The guiding hypothesis of our work varieties of minority French. The surveys will is that contact between languages has a be conducted using the methodology of major influence on the differences between the varieties of French on the prairies.

Labov’s sociolinguistic interview (1984) with Because the Métis are a mixed-race people the goal of obtaining data on the natural and among whom French was in intimate contact with Algonquin languages such as Plains spontaneous spoken language. The data Cree and Ojibwa, it follows that Michif French would be more influenced by these obtained from the investigation will be used languages. to make comparisons and establish links Although our analyses are ongoing, those between Métis and Francophones intra- and carried out to date confirm this hypothesis. We have discovered that the vowel space of inter-provincially. Michif French differs significantly from the vowel space of so-called Laurentian French, and we attribute these differences to the Results influence of the Cree vowel space. The We recorded four Franco-Albertan speakers evolution is so advanced that the /o/ and from St. Paul, AB, five French-Michif speakers /u/ vowels in Michif French seem to have from St. Laurent, MB; and ten Franco- melded into a single vowel, resembling more Manitoban speakers from St. Boniface and the vowel inventory of Plains Cree. The * Nicole Rosen, Ph.D., University of Lethbridge Ste. Anne. These interviews were recorded extent of the Algonquin influence on Michif digitally in .wav format to ensure the French remains to be seen. ** Project subsidized through the 2007 CRFM possibility of acoustical analysis. They were Competition then transcribed using ELAN software (http://www.lat-mpi.eu/ tools/elan/), 16. Geneviève Richer * Between French-Canadien Nationalism, Bon- ententism and Imperialism: Napoléon-Antoine Belcourt’s Contribution to the Identity-building of French Ontario, French Canada and Canada, 1896-1932 **

Abstract worked at the same time to promote the and the Canadian Navy (1910), while construction of Canada as a nation, criticizing the emergency financial A high-profile figure of Ottawa’s French- defending national unity which was shaken contribution to the British Navy proposed by Canadian elite and the Canadian political by the school crises whose victims were the Robert Borden’s government in 1912. Finally, French minorities. In the context of the while promoting the war effort during the scene of the early 20th century, Napoléon- Manitoba school regulations (1897) and at First World War, Belcourt also came to the Antoine Belcourt followed a political and the time of the creation of Alberta and defence of national unity which was put at Saskatchewan (1905), Belcourt accepted the risk by English Canadians’ attacks on French ideological path that has been represented in compromise proposed by Wilfrid Laurier Canadians’ contribution to the war effort, as with the goal of protecting national unity. In well as by the Borden government’s attitude. a variety of ways. While some of his 1912 he argued, again in the interests of contemporaries characterized him as a national unity, in favour of a compromise with respect to Keewatin schools during the French-Canadian nationalist and some as a debate over annexing the territory to Further reading Manitoba. Moreover, Belcourt believed that traitor to the French-Canadian nation, others Richer, G. “L’apôtre infatigable de l’irrédentisme Ontario’s Regulation XVII (1912-1927) was français: la lutte de Napoléon-Antoine Belcourt preferred to see him as a proponent of “bon- damaging to Canadian unity. It was, en faveur de la langue française en Ontario therefore, to rebuild union and promote durant les années 1910 et 1920,” Francophonies ententism” or even as an imperialist. The cooperation between Ontario Francophones d’Amérique, no. 31, p. 87-108. objective of this research, therefore, is to and Anglophones that in 1922 Belcourt helped found the Unity League of Ontario, examine Belcourt’s political engagement and aimed at repealing Regulation XVII. thought with the goal of better Belcourt believed, just as he did with respect understanding his conception of the nation. to the school crises, that the discussions surrounding Canada’s status within the British Empire were detrimental to national unity. Favouring both Canadian autonomy Results and Canada’s participation in the wars of the This research will allow us to show that mother country – only if the British Empire * Geneviève Richer, Ph.D., University of Ottawa Napoléon-Antoine Belcourt advocated a form was in danger –, Belcourt, in the interests of national unity, supported Laurier’s ** Project subsidized through the 2009 CRFM of Canadian nationalism. Although he Competition argued in favour of the rights of French compromise regarding Canadian Canadians throughout Canada, Belcourt participation in the South African War (1899) 17. Mireille McLaughlin * Identity-building and Economics: The Case of Northern New Brunswick **

Abstract workforce is migrating to urban centres, linguistic norm to a recognition of language where their educational and language skills skills based on their authenticity and This research project identified the effects of will be recognized. This is the case with a cosmopolitanism. Francophone workers’ mobility on the large number of young workers who are moving to Moncton, Fredericton, Montreal or restructuring of identity categories in Ottawa. While the local population’s northern New Brunswick. Our starting point workforce is shrinking, the “Franco-mobiles” Further reading continue to transfer economic and symbolic McLaughlin, M. (2010) “L'Acadie Post-Nationale: is that language categories are tied to capital to northern New Brunswick. producing Acadian identity for the global Ideologically, this mobility is playing a role always-specific economic conditions and that economy,” Doctoral thesis, University of in the emergence of a cultural economy Toronto. when the economics change, the significance centered on the production of niche goods: Bell, L., Daveluy, M., Heller, M., McLaughlin, M. and specialized industrial products, cultural Noel, H. (in press), Sustaining the Nation, Oxford of the categories to the social partners and tourism and artistic production aimed at University Press. international markets. their availability and deployment in the McLaughlin, M. (upcoming) “What makes art Acadian?”, Multilingualism and the Periphery, course of their lives are called into question. These transformations, however, are sources Sari Pietikaïnen and Helen Kelly-Holmes, Oxford, of tension for existing political bodies. Oxford University Press. Two series of interviews were conducted to Government, education and healthcare McLaughlin, M. (2012) "Par la brèche de la culture: systems are set up according to an ideology identify the transformations underway in le Canada français et le virage culturel de l'état of place-based governance, centered on a canadien", Revue internationale d'études northern New Brunswick: one with workers continuously-expanding population. The canadiennes, numéro 45-45, p. 141-161. globalization of the economic sector is and entrepreneurs and the other with transforming worker and entrepreneurial economic development officials. skills by creating a shortage of specialized labour, while at the same time disqualifying part of the local labour force. Furthermore, the move to a post-industrial economy is Results leading to a commodification of The diversification of northern New Acadianness. While formerly the Acadian

Brunswick’s economy, a result of the identity was defined by and for Acadians, collapse of big industry, is causing workers now its commodification is bringing new and entrepreneurs to adopt various players into the field of defining strategies to support themselves in the new Acadianness, whether these players are from economy. A significant part of the workforce government economic development bodies * Mireille McLaughlin, Ph.D., University of is becoming mobile, moving between or are consumers of Acadian products. All Toronto northern New Brunswick and regions where these changes are bringing about an their qualifications as industrial workers are ideological transformation of discussions on ** Project subsidized through the 2008 CRFM recognized, in particular the big industry of language: there is a movement from a Competition northern Alberta. Another part of the prescriptivist discourse centered on the 18. Catherine Levasseur * Discourses, representations and identity processes in francization classes in Vancouver **

Abstract ages of six and ten who had taken Further reading francization courses also participated in the The purpose of this qualitative and study. The students all shared the fact that Levasseur, C. (2012) “‘Moi j’suis pas francophone!’ they were bilingual, and several spoke a : paroles d’élèves de francisation à Vancouver,” ethnographic doctoral study in the field of Québec français, No167 on teaching and cultural third language at home. I asked them to diversity. sociolinguistics was to analyze language participate in interactive workshops in small groups, which allowed me to question them practices and discourses on languages and about issues related to language and identity identity in a French minority-language at the French school. I also observed the students during various academic and context. It was particularly focused on extracurricular activities. students enrolled in a francization program Analysis of the data shows that many at a French elementary school in Vancouver. participants reject the term “francophone” as an identity label. Why? Because to them, Bilingual and multilingual students are a three criteria that have to be met in order to be francophone: be born in France or in considerable challenge for the French school Quebec, have French as your mother tongue because in many cases the students speak and speak only French. Yet, the students who participated in the study were born in little to no French at home. The study British Columbia, were bilingual or attempted to determine what it meant to the multilingual and had all learned French at school. students “to be francophone,” taking into The French school therefore continues to account the message conveyed to them by pass on a stereotypical identity model to their parents and teachers. students, resulting in them rejecting the francophone identity because they do not

feel they are represented by this

francophone ideal. These preliminary findings suggest that youth in Vancouver * Catherine Levasseur, Ph.D. student, Université Results will find their place in the francophone de Montreal project through the promotion of a model The data was collected from October 2010 to ** Project subsidized through the 2010 CRFM June 2011 at École Beaulieu (name has been that corresponds to who they are. The Competition changed) in the greater Vancouver area. concept of “francophonie” must be defined Interviews were conducted with the school as being both multicultural and multilingual. principal, teachers, parents and other key informants. Twelve students between the 19. Fangfang Li and Nicole Rosen * Acoustic examination of Alberta French and its interplay with English in the productions of Francophone Alberta bilinguals **

Abstract language-specific fashion, or do they Further reading produce them without much differentiation? The purpose of this research project is to Caramazza, A., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., Zurif, E. B., We recruited 20 Francophone speakers and & Carbone, E. (1973). The acquisition of a new describe the speech production patterns of 20 monolingual English speakers. They were phonological contrast: The case of stop consonants in French-English bilinguals. The Francophone speakers in Southern Alberta asked to read a list of words that begin with Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 54, consonants, such as /t/ and /d/, followed by 421-428. and to investigate the impact of the social vowels. We evaluated the stop consonant Flege, J. E. (1987). The production of "new" and context, in particular the social status of system (including six consonants: /t/, /d/, "similar" phones in a foreign language: evidence /p/, /b/, /k/, and /g/) as well as the shared for the effect of equivalence classification. French, on language production. Most sounds in the vowel system in both Journal of Phonetics, 15, 47-65. languages. Francophone speakers in this Alberta are Fowler, C. A., Sramko, V., Ostry, D. J., Rowland, S. Francophone speakers are maintaining a A., & Halle, P. (2008). Cross language phonetic necessarily bilinguals because English is the influences on the speech of French-English separate system for their English and French, bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, 36, 649-663. dominant language in society. An acoustic but their English is not hitting the VOT targets of monolingual English speakers. measure, called voiced onset time (VOT, Additionally, their French VOT values have Lisker & Abramson, 1964), has been used in drifted significantly from the monolingual French targets, moving more towards their order to capture quantitatively those subtle English, in comparison to previous research differences. on Quebec French speakers. The results on vowels are similar – those speakers are able to maintain two separate systems between English and French, and there exists a Results complicated interaction between their first For this project, we asked two research and second language, again, possibly, due to the influence of English being the dominant questions: 1) Are French sounds produced by Francophone speakers in Alberta language in the society. * Fangfang Li, Ph.D., Université de Lethbridge different from those pronounced by This research illustrates the impact of the (Principal Investigator) and Nicole Rosen, Ph.D., Francophone speakers who reside in University of Lethbridge (Co-investigator) Québec? 2) When producing those larger social-cultural context on bilingualism. The findings of the present study will serve “equivalent” sounds, are these speakers able ** Project subsidized through the 2009 CRFM to largely maintain two different language as the baseline to evaluate the French- Competition systems between English and French such learning experience in children who are that they produce these sounds in a enrolled in French-immersion programs in Southern Alberta. 20. Laurie Carlson Berg * Inclusion of Newly Arrived Immigrants in the Fransaskois School Environment **

Abstract present in the classrooms. In many conscientization with respect to dominant instances, students who belong to a visible discourses and an exploration of other less The goal of this study was to identify the minority group (new arrivals or not) are common perspectives would contribute to main characteristics of newly arrived rarely included and remain on the margins the development of a pluralistic Fransaskois of social networks. On the other hand, newly school environment. immigrants and the challenges facing them, arrived students who are not members of a particularly with respect to education in a visible minority are better integrated into social networks. linguistic minority setting in Saskatchewan. An analysis of the interviews with school Further reading Immigrant students and their parents, and personnel shows an appreciation of the Carlson Berg, L. (2012). Parlons de la diversity among students and obvious francophonie dans toutes ses couleurs : Un later Fransaskois school personnel, were goodwill toward immigrants. Despite a clear projet recherche-action en sciences humaines. Canadian Issues, Thèmes canadiens, interviewed. The interviews were intended to desire to re-examine traditional pedagogical approaches, school personnel do not seem Fall/Automne 2012. identify potential obstacles to the inclusion prepared to question the nature of school Carlson Berg, L. (2012). My journey with inclusion and race. Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin, Winter of immigrant students at school and the systems and their role in the dynamics of power and privilege that are omnipresent in 2012. respective needs of immigrants and school schools and society. In our opinion, this is Carlson Berg, L. (2011). Un regard critique sur les paradoxically related to the goodwill, and initiatives d’éducation inclusive des élèves personnel in this regard. The students also even the benevolence, shown by school immigrants en milieu scolaire fransaskois. Francophonies d’Amérique, 32 (1). responded to a survey conducted in personnel. This kindness prevents us from examining our own beliefs and the shared elementary schools and high schools discourses surrounding us. Failing to regarding the nature of their friendship acknowledge the experiences of students who differ from the prevailing norm keeps groups. us from acknowledging not only inequity,

but also the humanity and value of each

individual.

Results Results were shared with all participating * Laurie Carlson Berg, Ph.D., University of Regina The interviews with immigrant families schools, as well as with the French Education showed, among other things, the Branch of the Saskatchewan Ministry of ** Project subsidized through the 2008 CRFM discontinuity between their previous Education. This research has raised a Competition schooling experiences and their experiences number of issues, particularly with regard to in Canada, as well as racism. Sociograms the nature of discourses relating to inclusion revealed the nature of friendship groups in the Fransaskois community. Facilitating

21. Janique Dubois * Minority Governance: The Development of the Fransaskois Political Project **

Abstract from 40,000 to 492,000 between 1891 and path travelled by the Fransaskois. Along the 1911. During this period of rapid economic way, community members have mobilized to Declared “The Year of the Fransaskois” by growth, English became the primary demand rights protecting the French the Government of Saskatchewan, 2012 language of communication in the West. It language in Saskatchewan. In particular, the was the beginning of what Wilfrid Denis calls demands of the Fransaskois with respect to marks the centenary of the founding of the “Anglophone hegemony” in the region. education have allowed members of the first Francophone political organization in community, spread over a vast area, to articulate shared goals and to mount a Saskatchewan. This research traces the To counter increasing assimilation, some members of the community took steps to common political project. Encouraged by evolution of the Fransaskois political project mobilize the Francophones scattered across political and legal advances, it is these community members, its builders, who are over the last one hundred years. Citing the the province. In 1911, the editors of the French-language newspaper Le Patriote de fashioning the Fransaskois political project. demands of the Fransaskois in the field of l’Ouest, published in Duck Lake in education, this historical survey reveals how northwestern Saskatchewan, put out a “call for unity.” The newspaper’s editor, Father “the builders,” that is, community leaders, Auclair, took advantage of the weekly Further reading contributed to the growth and development editorial to publish a program of political action. More than 450 Francophones Dubois, J. (2014) "Le projet politique fransaskois : Cent ans d’existence," Canadian Ethnic Studies of the Fransaskois community. responded to the Patriote’s call and met in Journal/Études ethniques au Canada 46 (2) Duck Lake in 1912. Results Coming together from all parts of the Before the creation of Saskatchewan, French province for this extraordinary meeting, and English held equal status in the Saskatchewan’s Francophones expressed a

Northwest Territories. Five years after the collective desire to take charge of their founding of the province, there were 23,000 development as a community. To this end, Francophones in a total Saskatchewan they founded the Société du parler français population of almost a half million, de la Saskatchewan in 1912, now known as * Janique Dubois, Ph.D. student , University of representing a higher number than at the Assemblée communautaire fransaskoise. Toronto present. However, the proportion of ** Project subsidized through the 2009 CRFM Francophones in Saskatchewan in the early One hundred years after that meeting of Competition 20th century diminished rapidly with the pioneers in Duck Lake, the Year of the expansion of the population which went Fransaskois allows us to look back at the

22. Suzanne Harrison and Louise Racine * The contribution of Saskatchewan’s school- community centres to the linguistic life of Francophones and to seniors’ wellness (final step in a national survey) **

Abstract Albert, there seem to be two significant made of the challenges facing organizations challenges: to focus activities more working with Francophones (lack of a real Family, school and Church used to be effectively to attract exogamous families, space for seniors and a diversified recognized as the three institutions essential and to deal with the increasing space community). In Prince Albert, the SCC required by the school. Despite the existence provides a room to the Bons Vivants club. to the transmission of language and culture, of an appealing infrastructure in Regina, the School-community centres need but numerous obstacles impede their SCC is still undergoing a “rerooting” phase greater stability with respect to financial, following a number of “difficult years.” In physical and human resources. Fransaskois effectiveness. Collaboration among addition, they are having to adapt their organizations already have a good sharing socializing agents is indispensable in the activities to better meet the needs of a network, but it would be interesting to have growing number of families of international a unified SCC network across the country in battle against assimilation. School- origin. order to benefit from the lessons learned, community centres (SCCs) demonstrate in an The results of the questionnaire successes achieved and innovative methods reveal that language contact takes place used by other SCCs. innovative way the importance of this type more often in English among adults in all life of partnership. areas except in the area of education (bilingual experience). Children’s experience This mixed-method study is the final step in Further reading is predominantly French at the educational a national survey to determine the and psycho-spiritual levels, but bilingual at The complete 30-page report is available from the principal researcher: the cultural level. The SCC makes an almost contribution of SCCs (Regina and Prince [email protected] exclusive contribution to increasing Albert) to the linguistic life of families in children’s contact with the French language.

Participants would like SCCs to increase seven areas, as well as their contribution to * Suzanne Harrison, Ph.D., School of Nursing, contacts with the French language in the University of Moncton (Principal Investigator) and seniors’ wellness. sporting, recreational and psycho-spiritual Louise Racine, Ph.D., College of Nursing, areas, and to form more partnerships with University of Saskatchewan (Co-investigator) Results the public and private sectors. Seniors identify a number of ** Project subsidized through the 2012 CRFM The interviews show that the centres mainly measures taken to stay healthy that could be Competition offer activities in three traditional areas: carried out at the SCC (theatre, volunteering, cultural, educational and social. In Prince community meetings). In Regina, mention is

23. Assemblée communautaire fransaskoise (ACF) * A history of one hundred years of the Assemblée communautaire fransaskoise (ACF) **

Abstract created by the Constitution Act, 1867. The Further reading “Canayens” were seeking better economic Florent Bilodeau (2012), Centième anniversaire du The research deals with one hundred years of conditions, while most Francophone immigrants regroupement de la francophonie de la Saskatchewan organizational life of Saskatchewan’s from Europe wished to escape an antireligious (1912-2012) [Hundredth anniversary of the organization political climate. Francophone community (the Fransaskois), from of Saskatchewan’s Francophonie (1912-2012)], Since the 1867 Act recognized the linguistic Encyclopédie du patrimoine culturel the creation of the Association du bon parler in duality of the young confederation of Canada on de l'Amérique française - a religious basis – Protestants (Anglophones) and http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/fr/article- Duck Lake in 1912, to the declaration of the Year Catholics (Francophones) – it was natural for the 695/Centi%C3%A8me_anniversaire_du_regroupement_d e_la_francophonie_de_la_Saskatchewan_(1912- of the Fransaskois by the Government of preservation of the French language to be the 2012).html basis for the Duck Luck meeting in 1912: a Saskatchewan in 2012. It is a survey of published meeting at which Saskatchewan’s Francophones literary works and newspaper writing concerning adopted a common cause in creating the Société Florent Bilodeau (2013), Gestion scolaire francophone en du Parler Français de Saskatchewan. Some Saskatchewan: 1867 à 2013 [Francophone school administration in Saskatchewan: 1867 to 2013], Second Francophone organizations dedicated to the months later, the standing committee, given the talk organized by the Langevin Council of the Knights of development of this Francophone minority mandate to “see to the creation of a major Columbus no. 5476 and Saint-Jean-Baptiste Parish, provincial organization,” recommended that the community, as well as biographies of the leaders Regina, 2013-2014 group be known as the Association Franco- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUu9BZCvd9I#t=29 who have been central to the accomplishments Canadienne de la Saskatchewan (ACFC). and struggles of an official community in pursuit Florent Bilodeau (2014), L’œuvre des sœurs de la In 2012, this provincial association is still alive Présentation de Marie, of its rights. The survey also includes short and well and remains the spokes-organization of Province de Prince Albert (Saskatchewan) - D’hier à the Fransaskois community. Through the years, aujourd’hui : ministères axés sur les signes des temps essays and articles published on the Internet its name has changed to reflect the trends of the [The work of the Sisters of the Presentation of Mary, dealing with historical events that have marked era. Thus it became the Association catholique Prince Albert Province, Saskatchewan – From yesterday franco-canadienne de la Saskatchewan (ACFC) in to today: ministries focused on the signs of the times], Revue historique, Société historique de la Saskatchewan, the Fransaskois community’s achievements. 1913, the Association culturelle franco-canadienne March 2014 de la Saskatchewan (ACFC) in 1964, and today is Results called the Assemblée communautaire fransaskoise * Florent Bilodeau, M. Ed. (Maîtrise en Éducation, (ACF). University of Ottawa in partnership with the Bac The research reveals the will and determination of Although the ACFC’s main goal in 1912 was the program of the University of Regina and Collège Francophones – both those who immigrated to right to French education, its leadership quickly Mathieu), independent researcher for the Assemblée Canada to settle in Saskatchewan, and the came to understand that, in order to maintain a communautaire fransaskoise (ACF) “Canayens” (French-Canadians from eastern language and a culture, it required a complete th ** Project subsidized through the 2010 CRFM Canada) who migrated to the West in the 18 and network of services, which the community has th Competition 19 centuries – to preserve their mother tongue in been committed to building throughout the first this officially bilingual young country 100 years of its existence.

24. Toni Lietchy, Nuno F. Ribeiro and Frédéric Dupré * Ma culture, où est-elle sur le campus? Cultural identity, integration and well being of Fransaskois and Métis youth in university environments (ACF) **

Abstract freely chosen by the participants but that The findings suggest that Fransaskois and Métis nonetheless reinforced their ties to what they minority students might be better served by The present study sought to 1) explore if and how perceived was a minority culture on campus (i.e., providing more culturally-appropriate leisure Fransaskois and Métis minority students perceive Fransaskois, French, Métis). These findings activities and through more efficient use of parallel what Walker and colleagues (2008), along physical spaces on campus. One point of interest themselves to be part of a distinct culture in a with Stodolska and Yi (2003), found in regard to was that several participants identified as being higher education setting, and 2) investigate how leisure activities being determinant in francophone as well as international students. establishing cultural ties and identity(ies). These students have unique needs, perspectives and where they feel comfortable to express their and challenges that should be considered when culture within the physical space of the university While the majority of participants were generally seeking to serve Francophone minority students. satisfied with the provision of physical spaces on during their leisure time. The study adopted a campus wherein they felt comfortable expressing mixed-methods approach (including online their culture (strongly agree = 26%, somewhat agree = 40%, somewhat disagree = 28%, strongly Further reading quantitative data collection and photo-voice disagree = 6%), many stated that such spaces were Ribeiro, N. F., Liechty, T., & Dupré, F. (under qualitative data collection) to allow for under-,over-, or misused. While generally satisfied review). Ma culture, où-est-elle sur le campus? with their own individual usage of such leisure Leisure and cultural identity of Fransaskois and participation from a larger sample as well as rich, spaces, several participants remarked that what Métis youth in university environments. in-depth data from a smaller sub-sample. was lacking was a communal usage of the same, Leisure/Loisir. as well as culturally-specific events. Interestingly, Results the majority of photos provided by the participants were of spaces where they expressed * Toni Lietchy, Ph.D., Kinesiology and Health Findings from this study revealed the existence of their culture individually, be it studying at La Studies, University of Regina (Principal strong “minority cultures”, centered around Rotonde, reading books in French, or praying, for investigator); Nuno F. Ribeiro, Ph.D., Kinesiology distinct cultural beliefs/cognitive elements. instance. These findings lend support and extend and Health Studies, University of Regina (Co- Interestingly, the majority of culturally-defining existing leisure research that contends that, while investigator) and Frédéric Dupré, Institut français, items were, directly or indirectly, related to culture undoubtedly influences behaviour, such University of Regina (Community co-researcher) leisure activities, such as music, traditions, feasts, behaviour is also individualistic in nature, food, etc. What is more, participation in culturally particularly in regard to leisure activities (e.g., ** Project subsidized through the 2012 CRFM determined activities (e.g., speaking French, eating Chick, 1998; Kyle & Chick, 2007; Ribeiro, 2011). Competition certain foods, going to festivals, etc.), were intrinsically perceived to be leisure activities,

25. Yamina Bouchamma * Best practice and school interveners’ sense of efficacy in the inclusion of immigrant students: What lessons can be drawn from practices of the Fransaskois and rural Quebec Francophone communities? **

Abstract • developing closer ties with parents, informing We also note the lack of human and financial them and involving them in the life of the This study, carried out by means of interviews resources, the lack of training received by school school; and questionnaires involving parents, guidance staff, and failings with respect to communication • preparing members of society to welcome due to cultural misalignment, values and cultural immigrants into their communities. counsellors, teachers and school administrators, referents. was intended to identify their best practices and However, given the various challenges, actions Some teachers mentioned that they prepared will be more effective collectively than to assess their sense of efficacy with respect to themselves to receive these young immigrants individually, meaning the necessary mobilization the inclusion of immigrant students in the even before their arrival. “We practiced welcoming of all concerned stakeholders to ensure the them without overwhelming them through role- integration of these students. Fransaskois and rural Quebec Francophone playing (pre-school class).” communities. The interviews dealt with the Some parents say they appreciate invitations to challenges encountered, strategies used and make their country known but emphasize the solutions advocated for better adaptation. For its danger of falling into a folkloric view. Further reading part, the questionnaire was aimed at identifying To follow The challenges are similar between the the perceptions of these interveners with respect Francophone minority and rural majority environments. Some parents of immigrant to the students and their parents, to assess their children noted teachers’ and administrators’ lack sense of efficacy, and to define winning practices of understanding of the reality of the racial micro-aggressions that their children experience and skills to be acquired. on a daily basis.

In summary, participants emphasize the Results importance of ensuring better integration of Overall, the obstacles that exist are related to immigrant students by: francization and a lack of preparation on the part • training on interculturality and by teachers’ of school interveners, students from the host availability; society and immigrants (students and parents) to • informing, involving and drawing on the live in diversity. The obstacles are attributable to differences of children in the classroom and a lack of school/family connection, as well as to in the school; * Yamina Bouchamma, Ph.D., Faculty of Science the gap between classroom practices and Education, University Laval parents’ expectations, cultural misalignment, ** Project subsidized through the 2010 CRFM values, cultural referents and the sense of time. Competition 26. René Blais, Yves de Champlain and Danielle Nolin * The Construction of Identity Among Francophone Youth of New Brunswick: The Example of the Edmunston Region *

Abstract complexity of the practices and places that

characterize identity, hence the importance of The construction of identity includes an Furthermore, our results also tend to confirm that qualifying these results. In our opinion, this territorial identity does not evolve separately important spatial dimension. This study reveals reality deserves closer attention on the level of from other aspects of identity construction. In the interactions between everyday life and the places of significance to New Brunswick teenagers fact, it is in the family that an individual first environment. acquires a sense of belonging to a group and that and aims to understand how their identity space identity is formed, because in a sense the family is constructed. By using an original method – a is the first agent of social, linguistic and cultural guided tour relating to life histories – we have reproduction. Further reading identified four continuums that allow us to The study also reveals the role that the peer To follow chronicle the types of identity relationships that group plays in the formation of identity of the young people who took part in our study, as well teenagers construct in relation to territory: from as the school context which is inseparable from it. the individual to the collective, from the past to School also fulfills this role, but plays other roles the future, from nature to construct, and from the as well from the point of view of required utilitarian to the existential. These axes allow us attendance, and its roles of forming and constructing the individual and opening doors to to integrate the generally recognized components the future. of identity construction into its territorial In summary, the research program aimed to functions. better understand how the process of identifying

with a language and cultural group is articulated among teenagers from the point of view of place. Results The guided tours reveal a continual back-and-

The axes we have identified form continuums forth from one place to another from which we observe a phenomenon of shift in Gérin-Lajoie’s * René Blais, Ph.D., Université de Moncton, between their hubs, since we have been able to Edmunston Campus (Principal investigator), Yves sense (2001). observe that participants could situate de Champlain, Ph.D., Université de Moncton, themselves, by their way of relating to various This phenomenon, with regard to the various Shippagan Campus and Danielle Nolin, Ph.D., places, at varying degrees from these axes. We Université de Moncton, Moncton Campus (co- also observed a certain interdependence between positionings of individuals with respect to language and cultural, has a profound impression investigators) these axes from the fact that some relationships on their process of identity-building. It is in this mentioned by participants could account for more ** Project subsidized through the 2012 CRFM context that we should examine the Francophone than one axis at a time. Competition minority reality. However, we must recognize the

27. Sathya Rao, Louise Ladouceur and Learry Gagné * Structuring of the field of Francophone theatre in Alberta from 1970 to present **

Abstract The tensions that existed in the Edmonton theatre field from 1970 to 1990 can be explained in part effects by means of a survey on how surtitles are Our research attempted to offer a sociological by the ambivalence of the concept of community received at Unithéâtre; model that would allow for an understanding of theatre; - we have developed a model of the theatre field the dynamics at work in the field of Francophone - we have been able to demonstrate the close in Edmonton based on the sociological theory of theatre in Alberta. The model is inspired by the interweaving of professional theatre, community Pierre Bourdieu as well as on the work of François theatre and amateur theatre through a survey of Paré in the area of Francophone minority work of Pierre Bourdieu in the area of the more than 20 Francophone practitioners in communities. sociology of culture, as well as by the work of Alberta. This confusion – which seems inevitable because of the limitations inherent in minority These results were published in the form of François Paré in the area of Francophone minority contexts – is often the source of tension and articles and presentations (see final report – communities. Using this model, we have aimed to dissatisfaction in the view of numerous available on request from the CRFM). practitioners; understand the conditions in which so-called “community” theatre emerges; to grasp the - we showed that the emergence of theatre with community content is a complex phenomenon Further reading tensions within the Francophone theatre that results both from pressure from federal Rao, Sathya & Learry Gagné: Les visages du théâtre establishment in Edmonton, particularly during funding entities and from the action of a local communautaire francophone à Edmonton entre les intellectual-artistic elite led by people such as années 1970 et 1990 : une confusion des genres? the key period of 1970-1990; and finally to Roger Parent and France Levasseur-Ouimet ; [The faces of Francophone community theatre in measure the impact of recent practices such as Edmonton between 1970 and 1990: A confusion - we demonstrated the complexity of the political of genres?] to be published in Theatre Research in using surtitles for French-language plays. and aesthetic issues connected with the use of Canada, Spring 2016, no 37.1. surtitles which opens up the French-language stage to English-speaking audiences at the risk of Results alienating a certain more conservative segment of the audience, while at the same time presenting * Sathya Rao, Ph.D., Université de l’Alberta In the context of our research, the translator/surtitler with new and sometimes (Principal investigator), Louise Ladouceur, Ph.D.,

creative prospects for involvement. The practice Campus Saint-Jean, Université de l’Alberta and - we carried out a genealogy of the notion of of using surtitles as well as the emergence of Learry Gagné, Ph.D., Campus Saint-Jean, community theatre in the Franco-Albertan context local bilingual dramaturgy penned by writers such Université de l’Alberta (co-investigators) and demonstrated that this covers a number of as Marc Prescott are liable to have a significant different meanings (participative theatre, theatre impact on the field of Franco-Albertan theatre. In ** Project subsidized through the 2013 CRFM with community content, improvisation leagues). collaboration with our student Milane Pridmore- Competition Franz, we are presently working to evaluate these 28. Fédération de la jeunesse franco-ontarienne (FESFO) * The Legacy and Impact of FESFO’s Work **

Abstract for activist work‡ among former members who become its employees. With a view to maintaining This research is intended to assess the legacy and its expertise in training and cultural animation, in impact of FESFO’s work. It underscores winning the mid-2000s FESFO launched a coaching process for its leaders, including part-time animators and Further reading practices which have led to activism on the part full-time employees (Dallaire, Normand, Houle of people who were employed by the Federation. and Prévost, in press). Dallaire, C., Couillard, G. and Houle, M.F. (submitted in 2015): Legs du travail à la FESFO : This inward-focused research allows us to Analysis of this leadership renewal strategy apprentissage en emploi pour un engagement identify moments which were central to the reveals that the training and documentation francophone ultérieur au-delà du réseau jeunesse. organization activities which members and (Legacy of the work at FESFO: Work-based professional development of some former FESFO employees make use of today are beneficial to learning for later Francophone engagement employees. both FESFO and the community (Dallaire, Prévost beyond the youth network). Invited contribution and Houle, in press). These actors sustain to Gratien Allaire, Peter Dorrington and Mathieu productive action, which in turn motivates them Wade (eds.): Penser la francophonie au prisme de la résilience, de la résistance et des alliances Results to continue their community engagement and expand their participation in Franco-Ontarian (Rethinking the Francophonie through the lens of The Fédération de la jeunesse franco-ontarienne political action. resilience, resistance and alliances). French (FESFO)* prepares young people for community American Culture Collection. Quebec City: Laval action within the Francophone minority. Since The organization and transmission of knowledge University Press 1975, this organization representing 25,000 and know-how to FESFO foster not only direct students from 97 French-language high schools in participation in community action on the part of Ontario has worked to foster the engagement of young people, but also solid and sustainable teenagers by strengthening their Francophone Franco-Ontarian involvement – seasoned citizens awareness and guiding their political and able to work positively within the Francophone facilitation activities.† community, thus contributing to its resilience. * Research conducted by Christine Dallaire, Ph.D., They cement young people’s Francophone University of Ottawa, Geneviève Couillard, FESFO FESFO contributes to the resilience of the engagement and sense of belonging while and Magalie-France Houle, FESFO Francophone minority community not only by strengthening their capacity for action and their equipping and mobilizing students as youth feeling of being able to effect change (Dallaire, ** Project subsidized through the 2013 CRFM leaders, but also by developing skills Prévost and Houle, in press). However, this Competition assessment does not allow us to state the broader or long-term scope of these effects.

* Originally called the Fédération des élèves du secondaire franco-ontarien, the organization adopted the name Fédération de la jeunesse franco-ontarienne in April 1994 but retained the FESFO acronym. ‡ By “activist work” we mean the engagement † See fesfo.ca for more information on FESFO’s practices supervised by collectives which mobilize mission and programming. for a cause. 29. Michelle Landry * Governance Structure and Inclusion of Diversity: A Comparative Study of the Assemblée communautaire fransaskoise and the Société de l’Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick **

Abstract wish to have an actual government, while the Inclusion is thus viewed as accessibility to a Acadians, who have asserted their position as a democratic system on one hand, and on the other This research project dealt with the issue of the people since the 19th century, see an advantage in as designated seats for organizations and relationship between the governance models of operating on a membership model. Inclusion individuals representing diverse segments of the within these representative organizations is population. These two approaches raise their own organizations representing Francophones in therefore based on divergent foundations. issues. minority settings and the inclusion of diversity. The two organizations claim to represent all the These organizations represent the main pillar of Francophones of their province, whatever their Further reading and information the governance structure of Francophone social categories or origins. In New Brunswick, Publications following up on this project are they believe that activists (members) are in the forthcoming. communities and we wanted to explore to what best position to direct the SANB. Because some Here are two radio interviews (in French) related extent these models foster participation by seats on the board of directors are reserved for to this research: sectoral organizations, a youth representative and http://ici.radio- various categories of stakeholders, what an immigrant representative, most of the canada.ca/emissions/point_du_jour/2014- principles underlie the place given to various stakeholders believe that this model allows for 2015/chronique.asp?idChronique=353063 representation by diverse interests and groups. In http://ici.radio- sectors of the population, and what measures are Saskatchewan, stakeholders are unanimous when canada.ca/regions/saskatchewan/2014/06/23/00 taken to represent them. The cases of the it comes to abandoning the membership model. 6-acf-fonctionnement-sociologue-universite- The organization’s political role is much stronger. moncton-recherche.shtml Assemblée communautaire fransaskoise (ACF) and They speak of a “governing body” and of having Regarding the Acadians of New Brunswick, see: the Société de l’Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick wanted to adopt “a government.” Inclusion is Landry, Michelle (2015). L’Acadie politique. viewed through the lens of democracy, modelled Histoire sociopolitique de l’Acadie du Nouveau- (SANB) were examined. on governments, by giving voting rights to all Brunswick. (Political Acadia. A sociopolitical Francophones aged 16 and up who have lived in history of New Brunswick.) Quebec City: Laval the province for at least 6 months. University Press. Results The Fransaskois have moved from an associative Participation in the governance mechanism is * Michelle Landry, Ph.D., Université de Moncton, model to a community assembly model. New therefore much more accessible in Saskatchewan Shippagan Campus Brunswick’s Acadians did consider the assembly since it does not require attendance at the annual model ten years ago, but stakeholders opted general meeting nor membership. Participation is, ** Project subsidized through the 2013 CRFM Competition instead for a model that combines both the however, more direct in the New Brunswick federative and associative models. Paradoxically, associative model. On one side, inclusion is the Fransaskois, who constitute a smaller group targeted by the citizenship principle, and on the proportionally and population-wise, express a other by a diversified recruitment of members. 30. Catherine Léger, Matthieu LeBlanc, Laurence Arrighi and Isabelle Violette * Language usage, discourse and ideology in the Canadian Francophonie: Sociolinguistic perspectives **

the service of the French language in Quebec examine current ideologies with respect to Abstract and its use in the IT field” In Canada’s Francophone communities, practices of the language itself. • Basile Roussel, “Bilingual commercial signage in Acadian New Brunswick: dream

language is the subject of particular or reality? The example of Greater Moncton” attention and is frequently discussed in the This edition includes seven texts by researchers from various disciplines public forum. Often seen as ensuring the (sociolinguistics, language planning, theatre Reference for the Publication very existence of these communities, French and sociology of education) who draw on rich and diversified methodological and • Printed version: is invested with a strong identity to which theoretical approaches. They comb the Léger, Catherine, Matthieu LeBlanc, Laurence the Canadian Francophone community’s Canadian Francophonie from one coast to Arrighi and Isabelle Violette (eds.), Usages, the other, with their contributions’ research discours et idéologies linguistiques dans la vitality and sustainability are connected. areas covering Acadia, Quebec, Ontario and francophonie canadienne: perspectives While at first glance there seems to be the western Canadian provinces. The sociolinguistiques [Language usage, authors all adopt a perspective through discourse and ideology in the Canadian consensus on such an assertion, social which language is considered as a social Francophonie: sociolinguistic perspectives], tensions nonetheless arise with respect to practice and take into account the social Revue de l’Université de Moncton, vol. 44, no. relationships which are rooted in it. 2, 2013. how one lives out and speaks of one’s Francophone identity: what forms of French • Laurence Arrighi, “Diversified linguistic • Electronic version: baggage as human capital: a profile of a Érudit website: usage does this imply? What language (new) relationship to languages in Acadia ” https://www.erudit.org/revue/rum/2013/v4 choices in a bilingual (or multilingual) • Annie Pilote and Marlène Canuel, “Identity 4/n2/index.html construction and otherness in the context of environment does this situation demand? mobility: the case of university students What official steps should be adopted to originally from Francophone minority * Collective work - Catherine Léger, Ph.D., environments in Canada” University of Victoria, Laurence Arrighi, protect the minority language in the public • Laurence Arrighi and Isabelle Violette, “On Ph.D., Université de Moncton, Matthieu sphere? The study of French in a minority linguistic and national preservation: the LeBlanc, Ph.D., Université de Moncton and quality of the language of Acadian youth – Isabelle Violette, Ph.D., Université de context thus leads to an investigation of the an ideological language discussion” Moncton (eds.). transformations in the relationship between • Louise Ladouceur, “Bilingualism in French- Canadian theatre repertories of the West: ** Publication available only in French. language and identity, particularly of aesthetic and identity perspectives” Subsidized through the 2014 CRFM speakers’ discourse regarding other • Alain Thomas, “The anglicization of Competition vocabulary in Francophone Northeastern Francophones, and also allows us to Ontario ” • Elizabeth Saint, “Reference terminology in