-.1

A THOUSAND PLATEAUS Capitalismnnd Schizophrenia

GillesDeleuze F6lixGuattari

Translation and Foreword by Brian Massumi

lFr lfH l\tl I{/{ frl llil

University of Minnesota press Minneapolis London The University of Minnesota Pressgratefully acknowledgestranslation assistanceprovided for this book by the French Ministry of Culture and by the National Endowmentfor the Humanities,an independentfederal agency.

Copyright @ 1987 by the University of Minnesota Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmifted, in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher' Published by the University of Minnesota Press 111Third Avenue South, Suite 290, Minneapolis, MN 55401-2520 http: / /www.upress.umn'edu Printed in the United Statesof America on acid-free paper Eighth printing 2000

Library of Congress Cataloging'in'Publication Data Deleuze, Gilles. [Mille plateaux. English] A thousand plateaus: capitalism and schizophrenia/Gilles Deleuze. F6lix Guattari; translation and foreword by Brian Massumi. Translator'sForeword: PL p.cm. Translation of: Mille plateaux, v. 2 of Capitalisme et Noteson theTranslation i schizophr6nie. A comDanion volume to Anti-Oedipus: capitalism and Author'sNote schizophrenia. ,/,. ,n roduction:Rhizon Bibliography: p. Includes index. Root,radicle. and rhi: rsBN0-8166-1401-6 the Multiple-Tree ISBN0-8166-1402-4 (Pbk.) Orient, Occident,An l. Philosophy. I. Guattari,F6lix. II. Title plateau? B'17.D413 1987 1944cl9 8'1-18623 2. 1914:Oneor Several' Neurosisand psychosi Mitle Plateaux' volume 2 of Capitalisme et Originally publi shedu unconscious Schizophrdnie @ 1980 by ks Editions de Minuit' Paris' andthe r 3. 10,000s.c.: The GeoL Bussoti, Five Pieces Piano DavidTudor, Photo of Sylvano for for It IS?) reproduced by permission of G. Ricordi, Milan, copyright @ 1970 by G. Ricordi E.C. SPA; photo of Fernandllget, Men in the Strata-Double articr Cities, lglg,copyright @ 1987 by ARS, N.Y./SPADEM; photo of unity of a stratum-lv Paul Klee, Twittering Machine,1922, reproducedby permission and substances.epistrl Art, N.Y., copyright @ 1987 by of The Museum of Modern The diversityamong sl Cosmopress,Geneva. machineand assembla The University of Minnesota 4. November20, I 923:p is an equal-opportunity The order-word-Indi educator and emploYer. Contents

Translator's Foreword:pleasures philosoph of y Brian Massumt Noteson ix the Translationand Acknowledgments - xvl Author'sNote xx 1/ t. rntroduction:Rhizome Root,radicl.,u* rhizome_Issues_.rr concerning the Multiple_Tree books_fn" Oneunj una Joil"l1n" g"Jg."pt Ameritu-irt"Lisdeeds l"ut,oi...ti onr, 03",::lrottident' oitn. treelwnat is a 2 l?14:One or Several Wotves? "ffi il'.:T,:ffiJ#?:inh::f rheoryormurtipricities_packs_;: ' n'c.:The Geologv of Morars ,iti,0,3t (who Doesrhe Earth Think strata-Double articulation(segmentarity)-what unityof a srratum-M'ieus-ifre constitu,"rri3 and Jiu.rrirywithin a stratum: substances,epistratu ""d p;;;r;utu_Cont.nt forms Thediversity among andexpression* strata-Then,,otu, una the machi ne and assemLtug., morecula.lAbr,.u., ttr.i. .-o-i Jrutiu. stares-Metasrrara 4. November 20, I 92j: postulatesof The Linguistics order_word_Indire", Ji r;;;;:Order_words, acrs,una i n.Jrl V vi tr CONTENTS

poreal transformations-Dates-Content and expression,and their Becoming-woman respectivevariables-The aspectsof the assemblage-Constants,var- molecular:zones iables,and continuousvariation-Music-Style-Major and minor secret_Majority, I -Becoming-Death and escape,figure and metamorphosis ter and dissymmetr 5. 587B.C.-A.D. 70: On SeveralResimes of Siens ill memory and becr The signifyingdespotic regime-The passionalsubjective regime_ betweenpunctual s The two kinds of delusionand the problem of psychiatry-The and becomings_T ancient history of the Jewishpeople-The line of flight and the tinued-Becoming prophet-The face,turning away, and betrayal-The Book-The sys- I l 1837:Of theRefrai tem of subjectivity:consciousness and passion,Doubles-Domestic In the dark, at non squabbleand office squabble-Redundancy-The figuresof deter- placard and the ritorialization-Abstract machineand diagram-The generative,the t, melodic transformational,the diagrammatic,and the machinic landscape interassemblages_ ./ 6. November28. l94l:How Do You Makeyourself a Body lem of consistency- Without Organs? t49 Classicismand mili The body without organs,waves and intensities-The egg- thepeople-Moder Masochism,courtly love,and the Tao-The strataand the planeof and material_Mus consistency-Antonin Artaud-The art of caution-The three-bodv problem-Desire, plane,selection, and composition 12. 1227:Treatise on N, The two polesof the t/ J. Year Zero: Faciality 167 war machine_The White wall, black hole-The abstractmachine of faciality-Body, sciences-The bodl head, and face-Face and landscape-Thecourtly novel-Theorems nomadology_First of deterritorialization-The faceand christ-The two figuresof the Secondaspect: tne v face:frontal view and profile, the turning away-Dismantling the face nomad number_Tl "What 8. 1874:ThreeNovellas, or Happened?" 192 -Free actionand wr The novellaand the tale:the secret-The threelines-Break, crack, arms and jewelry_ and rupture-The couple,the double,and the clandestine machinic phylum al atedspace, holey t/ 9. 1933:Micropolitics and Segmenrarity 20g spa of the relation Segmentarity,primitive and civilized-The molar and the molec- ular-Fascism and totalitarianism-The segmentedline and the 13. 7000n.c.: Apparatus quantum flow-Gabriel rarde-Masses and classes-The abstract The paleolithicState rnachine:mutation and overcoding-What is a powercenter?-The wide organizations_ threelines and the dangersof each-Fear, clarity,power, and death "last" (marginalism)_ (rent). 10. 1730:Becoming-lntense, Becoming-Animal, Becoming- fiscalorganizat V lem Imperceptible... 232 of violence_The Becoming-Three aspectsof sorcery:multiplicity; the Anomalous,or Capitalismand the S the outsider; transformations-Individuation and Haecceity:five axiomatics o'clock in the evening-Longitude, latitude, and plane the of 14. 1440:The Smoothan consistency-Thetwo planes,or the two conceptionsof plane- the The technologicalmc CONTENTS D vii esslon,and their -Constants, var- becomi ne-ch il rlajor i:::nil:l-_"^Tan, d* becoming_an imat, and minor .zo.nesor proximi,l;*."il;;':#leptrbre-Thebecomi ng_ rrphosis secrer-M: minoritY'mini ter and o,.rt'otttt' lll m j ectiveregime- em. ry;r n::,;:iPult * ll;i: betweenpunctual [t 1Tan d:{[l'+ffi bI ock -- The oppo sychiatry-The systenis;o;.T.il-t multrl t siti on 'flight andbecom ir""-;;::^::^:Iru nearsysrem s-M and the ti"".d-B;li;ili:l*ffi;l::'..;;i;;;;;li'j;il,ll,l;l Book-The sys- I l. rles-Domestic -1937:Of rheRefrain iguresof deter- towardrhe worrd-Mlieus : generative,the ,?":*iThu:J:T', territorY-ExPr andrhyrhm-rhe c melodic on as stvte: lunn:l-t i.i rhvth t i" ru..r. in rerassem r"",',i-t"ltr ody b,l:"uo"r-t t49 s-The F,ff-#" xx*lt'ffilln:I egg- the peopie :,:r:,ii..T#:i*d;:lx,lffi ir'",...u".r, rd the planeof [i 1i'."u,tr,, u and ffi;*",ff :j,,.]'1, na fhe three-body material_ ;;;';;;;;;iliil::;f;T."il1',T:1?l;;."t;;;; |2. | 227 :r,.uri,,'i' war t67 rr,.r*o pl"r.";1,ilofr|,11iil.,Jn: Machine warmachine-The "-,eriority ciality-Body, manof *u.-t9y:iulriiil"a "til: el-Theorems sciences_The "i".'o''i t' "[:1 'x: r figuresof the no m ad o rog y- 3,::.t : #i, f;ili; il;il,"jJ;;ff:'#:rl|; ""?' ;i [T ntlingthe face ;T.lachine "","o,pu""_ nomadnumber-Thi.d compositionof oeople. 192 _Free ";;;;;,'ri.Y'nt the actiona -Break,crack, armsand,"-.1$:#;;lf:,1:1;iiil:*;ile::l,J;Hf,",ff lne machinic i: phvlumano tecrrioioei;it:,T::l--il;;::l^lllus.t. and nomaaism-ine 208 atedspace, holey -Smooth spacespace-The war machine space,stri_ rd the molec- ortr,.^r.iuiioi'-y and*".,-ir,. i",nprexities line and the '' " Appararus -The abstract 1?90 S': of,capture renter?-The own r,and death in :?f#i::f"::T;i,:,:;:;:,:::y*, s s,a, es un o* o!,11

(taxation), 232 Iemr'ffiof ,H:#I:::l'r?*iiiitTi:::U#,ln{rl# vioten.J:Yut'9n Fubticworks (profirjlirr" p.ou_ nomalous,or recceity:five axtomatics:l1,1;riil'""l;ffi ;l:T,",'J,:illT::1.:1.,il;;;;;rLaw_ "uulrLrrunand enslavement_JssueS in he plane of 'the 14. 1440:The plane- Smoothand the Striated The technological model (,.;i;i;;:The musical modet_Th , ^:l: viii tl CONTENTS physi- time model-The mathematicalmodel (multiPlicities)-The Tianr (nomad cal model-The aestheticmodel art) Pleasr Rulesand AbstractMachines 501 ,,'/ tS. Conclusion:Concrete B Notes 517 579 Bibliography(compiled by Brian Massumi) 587 Index 611 List of Illustrations

This is a bookthat speaksc setsand noologyand pol approachit. Whatdo you d musicand animalbehavio presentsitselfas a networl be read in any order?That from a wide rangeof disc humanities,but whoseaut listento a record?r "Philosophy, nothingbr The annalsof offrcialph "the reason"who speakin r plicity with the State.3They: . . . effectivelyfunctions in judgment.of stablesubjecti "universal" tity, truth, and thoughtis in conformitywitl nifications,and with therec Gilles Deleuzewas scho< re physi- Translator'sForeword: 501 Pleasuresof philosophy 5rl BrianMassumi 579 587 611

This is a bookthat speaks gf.manvthings, ofticks andquirts and fuzzy setsand noologyand politicat sub_ "conolry. It is difficult to know approachit. what do you how to do with a bookihat dedicatesun.nri.".rrupterto musicand animarbehavior-a"a trr.r "i"ims that it isn't presentsitselfas "plateausriihu, a chapter?That a networkof u.. precisely be read dated,but can in any order?That a.provt u "o-or.,. technicalvocabulary drawn from a wide rangeof oisciptines-rn1"rr.'i.i"nces, mathemarics,and the whoseauthors .".orn_.n d thatyou lmf ;:;"but ;.;Jii;;"u would "Philosophy, nothing bul philosophy.,,2Of a The bastardline. annalsof official philosophyire poputateo ,,bureaucrats "the by of pure reason"who speakin shadow or,rr" o"rpot,, and are in historical plicity with the State.3 com_ Theyinvent"u orooJrrvrpiritual ' . . . absoruteState that ' ' effectiveryfunctions in the mind." frr"i., is the discou* oirou.."rgn judgment,of stablesubjectivity.r.girrur.Jtv..good,,sense, "universal" of rocklikeiden_ tity' truth, and(white"mui.jl*i"" ..Thus the exerciseof their thoughtis in conformitywith theai-r orti-r"..ul State,*irn ,rr. nifications,and o.-inunt.ig_ with rhe requirem.*, ;il; established Gilles order.,,4 Dereuzewas schooled in trtut ptJrosophy. The titresof his earriest

IX NOTESON THE T] Notes on the Translation MILIEU.In French, chemistry),and ..midc and "milieu,' shouldbe read Acknowledgments pLANE.Thewordpla, ..plan... and a Theauth meaningsseem "plan(e)" to bepr hasbeen used powER. Two wordsfr In Deleuzeand Guattar (althoughthe terminol, Puissancerefers "capacity to a ranr for existence.'i multiptyconnections th degreesin differentsitua fu_llnessof existence(or a of a numberto beraised i lation of Nietzsche'sterr hasan additionalmathen in a finite or infinite set. of consistency), pouvotr authors usepouvoir in ast AFFECT/AFFECTTON.Neither word denotesa personalfeeling (sentiment reproduciblerelation of fi puissance in Deleuzeand Guattarl). L'affect(spinoza's affeclzs) is an ability to affect andpouvoir hat and be affected.It is a prepersonalintensity correspondingto the passage tinctionbetween the concr from one experientialstate of the body to another and implying an termshave been added in augmentationor diminution in that body's capacity to act. L'affection occasionalpassages wherr (Spinoza'saffectio) is eachsuch state considered as an encounterbetween PROCESS/PROCEEDING. lated "process." the affectedbody and a second,affecting, body (with body taken in its as procest "mental" broadestpossible sense to include or idealbodies). coveringboth the stratifier Procbs DRAw.ln A ThousandPlateaus, to draw is an act of creation. What is pertainsonly to tht means"trial,' drawn (the Body without Organs,the planeof consistency,a line of flight) (asin the ti exp.loit doesnot preexistthe act of drawing.The French word tracer capturesthis thispolysemy as a , "to soctatpower better:It hasall the graphicconnotations of draw" in English,but can and regimeso "To or proci:s also mean to blaze a trail or open a road. trace" (dbcalquer),on the de subjectivatrcn.. their ,, otherhand, is to copysomething from a model. usage)translated as nessthis produces FLIGHT/ESCApr.Both words translatefuile, which hasa different range in Englis process.or way of meaningsthan either of the Englishterms. Fuite coversnot only the act ofproceedi always"process.'. of fleeing or eluding but also flowing, leaking,and disappearinginto the SELEBoth distance(the vanishing point in a paintingis apoint de no rela- Moiand Soil fuite).lthas French tion to flying. in brackets.Soi is thr person pronounimplies an xvt NOTES xviiitrNoTESoNTHETRANSLATIONANDACKNOV/LEDGMENTS ON THE TF! "me" "I" pp.49-7l); "Rhizome" morerestricted concept: the assubject of enunciationfor the ffe) r and assubject of thestatement. It isalso the Frenchterm for theFreudian ego' Guattari,On theLit eralWolves?" (first ST6NIFIANCE/INTERPRETANCE.I have followed the increasinglycom- versi, pp. 137-147 ( "Ho. mon practiceof importi ng signi.fianceand interpr?tance into Englishwith- I 977); version, abridged), out modification.In Deleuzeand Guattari these terms refer respectively to tran "signifying (1981),pp.265-270. the syntagmaticand paradigmaticprocesses of languageas a Portions of this tranr regimeof signs."They areborrowed from Benveniste("signifying capac- "interpretative Nomadology" waspublir ity" and capacity"are the Englishtranslations used in (New York: Semiotext(e Benveniste'swork). "utterance") appearedunder the title STMEMENT.Enonc? (often has been translated here as ..statement," (SpringI 985),pp. 24-32 in keepingwith the choice of the Englishtranslators of "Nomad "Enunci- thetitle Art" in, Foucault,to whoseconception Deleuze and Guattari's is closest. ation" is usedfor i'non<'iatittn. TRAIT.The word traithasa rangeof meaningsnot coveredby any single word in English.Literally, it refersto a graphicdrawing, and to the act of drawing a line. Abstractly,it is the purely graphicelement. Figuratively, it is an identifyingmark (a feature,or trait in the Englishsense), or any act "distinctive (traits constitutinga mark or sign. In linguistics, features" distinctifsor traitspertinents) are the elementaryunits of languagethat form a phoneme.Trait alsorefers to a projectile,especially an combine to "trait" arrow. and to the act of throwing a projectile.Here, has been retainedin all but narrowlylinguistic contexts. GENDER-BTASEDUSAGE has been largelyeliminated through plural- or the useof maleand femalepronouns. However, where Deleuze ization "man" and Guattari seemdeliberately to be using to designatea socially constructed,patriarchal standard of humanbehavior applied to both men and wotnen,the masculinegeneric has been retained'

A.KN.*LEDGMENTS.I *""1d l;" to expressmy gratitude to the NationalEndowment for the Humanitiesand the FrenchMinistry of cul- turefor theirgenerous assistance, without which this translation would not havebeen possible. and to the authorsfor their patiencein answeringmy questions.winnie Berman,Ken Dean,Nannie Doyle, Shoshana Felman, Jim Fleming,Robert Hurley,Fredric Jameson, Sylvdre Lotringeq Susan McClary.Giorgio Passerone. Paul Patton. Dana Polan. Mary Quaintance. Michaei Ryan, Lianne Sullivan,Susan Yazijian, and CavehZahedi pro- vided much-appreciatedaid and advice.Glenn Hendlerlikes to seehis namein print. "Rhizome" I consultedthe followingtranslations: (first version),trans. PaulFoss and Paul Patton, Ideologv and Con.sciousne,sr, no. 8 (Spring1981, 1. Introduction: Rhizome

7,.ti'/f.fi Da"id Tvdor XIVpi""o Fiece f.' 4 . lhr- ae 1*r 6ttd ra$i.tic.: tt,J.195t

{#*lt',lr- 5 E SYLVANOEUSSOTI

The of Jyro us-*rote L nti:oedipus together.Since each of us was several, therewas already quite a crowd.Here we have made use of everythingthat came within range' what was closestas well as farthest uruy. w. huu. clerer psE.*donyms trigneo to preventrecognition, why havewe kept our own names? out of habit,purely out of ha6it.[o makeourselves unrecog_ nizablein tuFnrTorender impeiceptible,not ourselves,but whatmakes us act,feel, and think. Alsobecause it's niceto talk like everybodyelse, ro say the sun rises,when everybodyknows it's only u -unn.i of speaking.To reach'not the point whereone no longersays I, but the point whereit is no longerof any importancewhether one saysL We areno longerourselves. Eachwill know his own.we have -A beenaided,inspired, multlpried. book has neitherobject nor subject;it is madeof variouslyformed matters,and very differentdates and speeds.To attributethe book to a subjectis to overlook this workingof matters,.andthe exteriorityof their relations-I! iq to fabqpatea beneficerrtGod to explain geologicatmove- ments.In a book. as in ail things.there are rinesof articulationor segr4sntarity,strata and territories;iut alsolin-es of fligh\, movementsof deterritorialization and destratification. comparative rates of frow on II 4 I INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME signifying.It hasto dov theselinesproducephenomenaofrelativeslownessandviscosity'or'on come. rupture' All this' lines and measurable the contrary, of accelerationand -A ff b99k1 A book is an assemblageof this kind' tsllyoe 9f speeds,constitutes ""^"tt"int'ge' yet world.or the rootthe lr a multiplicity-but we don't know and as such is .rnu,,tiuuiuule' tiis noble,signifying, and st no lo.ngerattributed, that is, after it has what the multiple ..oii. *t .n it is The bookimitates ther sidgoia m'ac'hi"it^i:::1- beenelevated to the statusof a substantive'Bne to it that accomplishwt blagefacesttrestrata,wtrlctrOouUttes-smakeiiakindoforganism'orstgnr- book is the law of reflec 'fving to a subject;it alsohas a side totality, or deter;i;ation attributable oiiligbook residein n! conti nu allv di sm antli ns the o rgan- i;:.i;;;;;t ; itili' *;i;'*hicr' i s betweenworld and boc pq-re to pass or circulate' ism, causingasignifying"p4-rt'icl9s- -or- intensities encouirterthis formuii .-and"attributing it leaveswith nothing more than a "dialectical" to tJ*iF.";:..tr itrii themost v j;;;;;iiv' bodv without organsof a trace ";;; pvt'ut is the reflecte name as the considered' sical and well itp"tai"g"n the nature of the lines i book?There u." ..uttll on doesn'twork that wgy; und th. possibilityof their converging their particuta, g.uo;;.'density, the lateral, and circular s1 "plane selection'Here' as elsewhere' a of consistei"v;u""'ing their o ne. T-ottghfla€slehir I quantify'writing..q.wr! no differ- units of mea,'.. u,. *,t'ut is essential 6oi with its pivotalsp encebetweenwhatuloor.'urrcaboutandho*iti.made.TherET6rea6ook tual reality,the Treeor a book hasonly itself in connection l' alsohas no object.nt un uttttblage' One that becomestwo, , to other bodies-withoutorgans' We with other assembhg; ;ili;i.tuiio" the spiritual realityof t Iwillneveraskwhatabookmeans,assignifiedorsignifier;wewillnotlook guisticsretains the roc , We wiil askwhat it functionswith' in con- for anythingto unAJrstaiJi" 1,. weddedto classicalrefl or doesnot transmit intensities,in nection with what .ii.. irrlrg, it does trees,which beginat a whichothermultiplicitiesitsownareinsertedandmetamorphosed,and asto saythat this sYstel makesits own converge'A book exists with what bodies*i;;;;"tgans it multiplicity:in ordert the outside' A book its'elf is a little only througf, tn. o"i'iO" u'nOon assumea strongprincil machine;whatistherelation(alsomeasurable)ofthisliterarymachinetoa sible,following the na1 machine'etc'-and ^" "b:::i:: war machine,love -utt'in"' revolutionary or five,but onlyiftherr We havebeei crll1:li::-Y overquotrns vnachinethatsweeps irrem atong? otal taproot supportln the only question is which other literary authors. s,r1 *t "r, one-writes, The binarylogic of dic pluggedinio, mustbe pluggedinto in machinettre titerarl mu"irl*.", be tionshipsbetwegnsuct Kafka and a most extraordi- work. Kleist and a mad *ut'nutill-"e' ofn order to animal or plant ter understanding machine ' ' ' (What if one became nary bureaucratic first in the object,the othet does"*i".T-!j:1i1t]t^?-t: it not throughliterature,*rtit-rt "ttt"inlv shipsstill dominateP throughthevoicethatonebecomesanimal?)Literatureisanassemblage' interpretationof Sch Ithasnothingtooowitrlideology.Thereisnoideologyandneverhasbeen' information science.- lines, strata and segmentarities, All we tatt auout aie muttipticities, The radicle-system assemblagesand their various lines of nignt anJir;;;*i;;,',"achinic to wT6["oui moiieri their construction and selection'the types, bodies *lttt""i "tgutt''uoO rdot has aborted,or -.;i' units of measure.stratometers, plane of conrirt."."v, "Jlr, "u.r, casethe multlpllcltYol seconc units of convergencz:Not onlv do deteometers,sro-J)i;r};;;;;;y:B*o as development.This tii of-writing' but they define writing these constitut. u quu"iltltatio" but the rool'sunitY sul Wiiting has nothing to do with alwaysthe measurJof .o-.tt",ing else. ug.<

l INTRODUCTION: RHIZOMED 5 s and viscosity,or, on signifying. linesand measurable It has to do withwirh surveying,qrr^,p.,i-^ come. mapping, even rearms remblageof this kind, that are yet to )ut we don't know ...-4{rsr type g-fb.gok is the yet ro-ot-book.Thprlree is ted, worrd'oiihb ioot ih. arreadythe imageof the , thatis, after it has in'"s;;;;;.*iora-t*.. ifi;il:Lssic' :-ofq machinicassem- book,as of organism, ii3hliiil*i:,1ffi1TliT::i*',r*i',",i".,,viir,"ltilta.orthebook),, or signi- ) procedur..r ject;it also ts it thataccomprish whar bv .;..iii; l hasa side narure.""ll"l:e^-!3Jtt9:orcanno tonger ismantlingthe bookis rhe law of r"n..tlon:;il;;"i"r do.ff,e f a* oiitre organ- oiih'e'boo e'qryo' H oY-q-"1'1d$ i^tg p-assor circulate, k"' io' i " " ";; ;;,';ilil : i :il :ecoq 1 i.Y' nothingmore than a o:"u;il:;.i"#lH:T:*'JJ,*: ' without H:ml;:;l3 ;Tl.to'un,' organsof a fl1 *t "i cailvbv thelines considered, the m ost'id i;;;ilTllLr"Ji,li;i::;i Maoor u n d erstoo di n sicaland weli beforeus is the most rftheir convergingon reflecteJ:;,dd' iluu;#ti.T]li-"e clas- doesn'twork wearrestkind of thoughl :re,as elsewhere,the rritbrar, that*;t;; #j."jl *iit, Ng1ur" r8.T*9:gis no differ- "" i'"i;iirl"!,?"tr'j'i.;i3ffi 5,e laPT?l! ui o-."mu rt ipr e, rde.Therefore a b'ook ss.rhougr'ilaesneainJ{,;;.:il;:f; 'itself, root' Hlilx'Hm;.1''Trffi in connection withits pivotar rpin. unJ*.ro"unornr : tuar r"u"., J*irrJooou swithout organs. rearitv'the Tree oi noo, asa spiri_ We ur ui';;;:, endressrydeverops f!9r;wewill one thatbecomes two,.trren-oitie theraw of the not look r*"rn", g".;;; t""r.ri nctions ortn" r,rary rogicis with, in con- 'oot-t';;';;." adisciprine as',aduanced,,as nsmitintensities, in ;ff:iJt::,1,:Jlitt rin- tetamorphosed,and wedded,";i",,,.li,l"ij-"'i::?tT:*ilqu;l;nl:itlxiffiTfifr verge.A book exists pointsl"o o'""."4bv dichotomy). iok-its'elfis a little ffiX;"til,Til:1" rhisis as much iterarymachine to mu,t i p iic ir | ; ;; ; ;J:liT a assume ;Ilf :i[:?i:ff r*#, tc.-and an abstract asrrons nrincipar uni,v. on ri.lio"or,i. #;m,":ll li:l sibte.forowinfine.narurar o;jffi; ir'iooouut po._ zedfor overquoting merhod.io eooirecrry f;;;'ii;;,o,r.,.... tion is which other " rou., stbe plugged into in **ll[;:;:iillilH:'il'.'*:**ry r1;";1i,H;;",ofthe piv- td a mostextraordi- rhe b in a ry roeri ir o i.ni'. .b::L tronships-berween * ;ilili,fi ::J|; Ij::t re animal or plant succesri;'. *,glj:: r;;.'itr. oiuoru,laproor provides rarily?Is ter un d e rs ta n d i ne o f mu I p no bet_ it not first ri Ii ci ;t1 ; ; ni ir'.i i.r-,", " ri ; reisan in rheobject, theither ir,i.'rri;"";;'lilu.r ;;; ; :6" eo pe rar e s assemblage. rog^icand biunivocar tndneverhas been. ":r' o.unur rerarion_ ttl'n::',Xtdi;l'Jr"f f v'i''t,t' ",1i9 or deru s ion i n rndsegmentarities, case). the Freudian information lingurstrcs.structuralism, and their various r",.n.llnr"Oer,s and even and selection,the curar.oo,, sure.Stratometers, ," liffi: lt5?:1."*.:lrasci l drigure or the book, root I al",yn ce. rh i s ti ;;; gence:Not only do has'b" ;.1".;:?l:i'?il:,-#'#.1'Ji? ; ; prin ci par 'define riunrptrci ; an immediate, writingas ty "f ;;; ; ;;;;::-roots :::lceltroYed indefinite developmen,. eiaft.s.onlo it and undergoe,a hou.irt :othingto do with il,;;;;;\,"ili"lil,i;;::[1JTjlJ,i::1fr.::rx;,:*m"*,tnr"l*jv ing dy

l INTRODUCTION: RHIZOMED 5 s and viscosity,or, on signifying. linesand measurable It has to do withwirh surveying,qrr^,p'i-^ come. mapplng, even realms ;emblageof this kind, that are yet to -4-{*t tvoe )ut we don't know yet g-fb.gok is tlre10-qt-bo$, world'orihi: ioiit isarready the image ted,that is, after it has ih. i''"s;J;;."iorro-til.fherrel ifi;il:Lssicar ofthe , :of a m-achinicassem- book,as of organism, iiShliiiifl;,?iil1TliT::i*1f*i",",i".,,,iir,..,ii,u.",,nebook) or signi- .,, : bvprocedur": r y'egt;it alsohas ts it thataccomplish *h;;;;;illll-9l*l3J:'f .p;ii; l a side book orcanno tongerdo. ismantlingthe organ- isthe law of r"n..tlon:;il;;.i"r ff," fu* oiit . tg p-+ss or t-h'rbook,.' ;o. j 1wo. Hoysqsld"* i" or circulate, berween i" " ";; ;;,';ilil: :il :1oqe-s alry'. - nothingmore than a worrd a n d b"" k. ;; ;;;;,;;jXlH:T:tTJ,*: i'without encounrei organsof a this formura,;".;;;;;ritrategicatv ;TJ"l,*:;r, themosr "diarecticar" uv ruruoor-understood thelines considered, *ut oorriil;, ;r in wehavebefore us is the mosr rftheir convergingon ;'d;;# weariesrki;; ;i;;"u'hr. cras_ :re,as elsewhere,the il:i"1$"ffl;renecteo' Nature tg.Thqe is no differ- ratbrar,"";;"il;":;+tr,Ji..fiffifi:f,t:t rde.tfeEfo=reab-o-ok gr.r'sush'rasshehindn;;.it"r,t. *ljhuli$ 'itself, root' u"tt ", "rffilearityis in connection withits pivotar rpin. unJ*-"r"ar"r atap_ tuarrearitv, the r"u"",J*irrl roouas a swithout organs.We Treeoi noo,ur ui'i;;:, endressry spiri_ f!9r;we onerhat becomes tro,.tr,"n-oiti" o"u"rop]*," Iawof the will not look r*"itr", g..;; i""r. nctionswith, orin.,oo1_t.;. .ri,rary rogicis in con- ;;." adisciprine as..aduanced,,as .nsmitintensities, in ;ff iilt::,1,:.Jli,r rin- tetamorphosed,and wedded,";i",,.1i,1",ij-"1[:?t'l:I:ilTlr6l;ru';itlliffiH:fr verge.A book exists pointsi"o 0.""."aby dichotomy). iok-itsblf is a little ffirX,l,fl,T::::1" rhisis as much iiterarymachine to a mu,tipiicirf;;;;;J:liT3:lli::iH?i:ff tc.-and assumeastrons nrincipal r,x"f,rux.",;,":t[i:l an abstract ,nitv.on ti.iio"orri" o;j;;; zedfor sibte.fotowinfine.narurar ir'io oouutpor_ overquoting merhod.io goai.ecuy f;;;'6;;,o tion is which other " ";1,,H;;;,tr,.... rou., stbe plugged into in **l'[;?;:i:'iiil H: ""'.'*:iu*:r | r1; oft h e p iv - rd a mostextraordi- rhe b in ar v roei i rr o i. rio'- j::T;* tronships-berween * ;ilililT::Jli r re animal or plant succesri;'. :ril"::r ijx: rer 1;;:'itr. oiuo,u,laproor provides rarily?Is understandi ne or mu rr i pr no ber_ it not first iciivrrr an iir. oi.rroron,, ;;;;;;:;"e reisan assemblage. operares tndneverhas been. $.ti:{1T:*f,**ll:ilil::iil?arv,ogicandbi,"i,"-""rre,ation- rnd segmentarities, ;i s.r;;;#:, :iil;: IIff Jlff and their various ill::il:li*"" :*.m;I ,1l: tr*; and selection,the ," ;iffi: i?.YJJ:L'*.:l-{1'.iry1.1,.r0,, ",y drigure orthe book, sure.Stratometers, rdot t,'?"il:,'"#.1#.1'ji?: alhn ce rh Ii s t i ;;; gence:Not only do ha s . 0".,.0".11?li r; prin ci par 'define ri-mtrptrci ; an i mm edi ate, i writingas ty " f ;;; ; ;; ;;::- :::l 1e;troved ndefi n i te deve.lopmenr. siaft!.fro it andundergoe, a-hou.irHng Lothingto do with ;;d;;;;;ili*il,i*::[1JTl,J,i::;T:3ff.'ffiT:'11"1"":ltn;, l*jv-roots ] 6 tr INTRODUCTION: RHTZOME II\ if reflexive, spiritualreality does not compensatefor this stateof thingsby tions of shelteE demandingan evenmore comprehensive secret unity, or a moreextensive supply, totality. itself assumesvery llke william Burroughs'scut-up method:tire folding of onetext dive d.i_r,ections to concretion onto anotheq-whichconstitutes rnultiple and even adventitious roots (like other.The rhizome a cutting),implies a supplementarydimension to that of the textsunder inclu or the weed.Animal consideration.In this supplementarydimension of folding,unity contin- and uesits feelingthat we will spiritual labor.That is why the most resolutelyfragm-ented work can conv presented ,matecharacteristics alsobe asthe Totalwork or Magnumopus. Most modernmeth- of t ; I and 2. principles odsfor makingseries proliferate or a multiplicitygro* areperfectly valid of in \i, zome can be connecrefu one direction, for example,a rinear direction, whereasa unity of ' Fnt from the tree totalizationasserts itself evenmore firmly in another,circular or cyclic, or root. lreeurnn-e Cti om dimension.whenever a multiplicity is takenup in a structure,its growthis sky fr or omy. On the contrary. ioflset by a.reductionin its lawsof combination.The abortionistsof unity no I linguisticfeature: are indeedangelmakers , doctoresangelici,because they affirm a properly r.rnio 'angelic diversemodes of and superiorunity. Joyce'swords, accurately described as hiving codins "multiple inro play not only roots," shatterthe linear unity of the woid, evenof language, differJ fering status. only to posita cyclicunity of the sentence,text, or knowledge. I Collective NiQt-zqqhe,s 1{:* within machinic aglroLismsshatter-the linear unity of knowledge,only to inioke the cyclic .ii 1 assembl, I , betweenregimes of lSrtxol'the eternalreturn, pqesqnt as*the nonknown in thought.This is as signsi conllneitself to whatis luch 1s to saythat the fascicularsysGrii does nor really ureit wiIE?ual- ex ism. guage,il_isstill in with the complementaritybetween a subjectand an object." ""ir."r tlle qph assemblageand i6ality and a spiritual reality: unity is consistentlythwarted and obstructed typesofsr ./: inthe goricalS symbolthat /, object,while a newtype of unity triumphsin the subject.The world don v markerof power haslost its pivot; the subjectcan no longereven dichoto-ir., but accedes thana syr I correctsentences, you ; to a higherunity, of ambivarenceor overdetermination,in an alwayssup- wilJ plementary verb phrase(first dimensionto that of its object.The world hasbecome chaos, dichotor but is not that they are thebook remains the imageof the world:radicle-chaosmos rather than too a root-cosmos. abstractenough, A strangemystification: a book all the more total for being thatthey fra_gmented. a languageto thesemantic At aiy- rate, what a vapid idea, the book as the imageof the woild. "Long tive assemblagesof In truth, it is not enoughto say, livethe multiple,,,difficult as '1 enunr field. A rhizome it is to raisethat cry.No typographical,lexical, or evensyntactical clever- ceaseles ness chains. organ izations is enoughto makeit heard.The multiple mustbe mide,not by always ' of p< adding ences,and social a higherdimension, but ratherin the simplestof ways,by dint of struggles, very diverse sobriety,with the number of dimensionsone alreadyhai available- acts,not or always - gestural,and cognitive: n I (the only way the one belongsto the muitiple: alwayssub- the guisticuniversals, tracted).Subtract the uniquefrom the multiplicityto beconstituled; write ; onlyd'ii at - ranguages.There is n | dimensions.A systemof this kind couldbi calleda rhizome.a rhi- no idt homogeneouslinguistic zomeas subterranean stem is absolutelydifferent from rootsand radicles. '?n co Bulbs plants essentiallyheterogenec and tubers are rhizomes. with roots or radiclesmay be power takeover rhizomorphicin other respectsaltogether: the questionis whetherprant by a domi life,in Languagestabi Iizes its specificityis not entirelyrhizomatic. Even some animals are, in around pack It evolvesby subterranean their form. Ratsare rhizomes.Burrows are too, in all of their func- tracks;it spreadslike a patcl INTRODUCTION: RHIZOIv ofthingsby tions of shelter, reextensive supply,movement I itself g breakout. ; ofonetext assum.r ;.;;';;;#;#'j' !::1t'on'. :n rrre rhizome Lsroots (like jf;i:Ttr ii:"',,fiiljt textsunder H?{iiil T"i#jTft :*i# :T#Jil nity ort h e we ed j contin- ^: 3,*!J ffi n::,.#:,*h*::,r. cdwork can un re ss .,'. " ;;_;;;; * f;: :lh1x3 rdernmeth- ,ff:'#:;nffi ;1;ff:m:*r# te ce rta in a p p rox i- fectlyvalid ""4hererogeneity: - \ a unity of - t.:- l-rr"l;y"ig;"ipr'"oilon""ii"'to anything an-,pornt ora rhi-\ r Fntfrom other,.an;;;;;#. ;ilv t .r or cyclic, r..."',n,1r.,rflT.ted apoi nt. n ^ou "'".i + tsgrowthis L-r,;Tff;lJ.:,l';il ;ll; ;i:fl::ilrtJ ffi stsof unity a properly ;H,?.iJi.T::Jiiyjil,,,:""TI*:;:lil'lil:;i*J,",""Tff,H-..:T:z I ashaving ,ffi';fr:1'"'"?'::".i"'i;ffi;i:J,;li;iUi'J.Tffi:XTT:f I language, *=r,:l;il "',";Ti $gtzleia's ,,| within .;,i#ii::::ffii;;:i,"y{;;ii;nytl"ti:*ml$ ; thecyclic a! f machinicot^t"^itoi"i';;;:;rimpossible to make r . . Thisis as [ ; il;. f,i Lj..,,: a radicarbreak r rnliEiJilat- .H:'J,iiffi :,:"i*"' r uen* r,.n r ii'e ui,, i., c ra im guage.j1 "u' " p*' "pp"'iii st o I , a natural i',, ii i ;i;:' :;;:l:1'rTj,l? T I on, uoo ut run- ibstructed Theworld i,:"ff;ti,.',ff t::X*:f **r:","*PJIililHlfi ii;,Hl{:: ut accedes markerorpowerrhan";r;il;i;;*":"fiffi correct wayssup- sentences,you *it oiuiae;ui;'rrut",n"ni verb :ti,::TJiil"J.i*:,,,X,1r,fin-to mechaos, phrase(first dichot"* u ,lJui prr.ur"uno u . . .; oir criticismof tther ts not that thev are too theseringuistic moders than abitraci ti:,1 the contrary, for being trrevoo ttrai ttreyare not ;;;';;; tneabsr,ai-r. *ili,,, rn^r 4e of the iiiff"UJ,""",t*'rrrat connects I ifficult as , *l^;*::,,1,__':r#:f.Tlff:?r:T;nm::iliiiTi:1,,1:-,,",I :alclever- ::ili:t:ff.i;::;n* byalways ''-l,.li!'ilt,Hg;:*i:rln';"i*l*T_{if ry dint of "'ueerJ,le,ffi ;::HI:' ?l jt ; ailable- ;:.';';ili.:: ::1 l?:TiX'ol: :iliff [:,: vays ses tu ra,, a sub- nd""il, l i:,, ff i: liffi i"t.i; j gd;write .\ rinfiff;:] ffi"*;#,,::1, ;iparoii. l+ *i* relA rhi- ] H'J,':':"lt srirngs.andspeciarized radicles. i,,t",i"eE;;#:f'?n ;:*1i"'"H,Jiili:iiliilt1ai;fsili:,ilt**i , , essentiallyheterogeneour..uitif ,;, may be power ter plant ,1, takeover a,:9.9:;;;";1.;,ionsue,only a .o::_l".iJ";J;;;r"se withina polirical ls are,in i,' laney_agestabiIi zes "'.;;around il ;;;H#;fla parish, carm ur ti pr iciiy. rt eJorv-es;; a bishonric,:j:ij'"";o;;. i :_3i11 eir func- rra cks : i,, ",;itto,l L rormsaburb. o,! Ii:fi :lji, : ;ili,il i iil#i;,*ii,i*::f i;r"jrlT* - - rrr r'RODUCTION: RHIZOME

downinto internalstructural elements, an undertakingnot fundamentally The point is t different from a searchfor roots. There is alwayssomething genealogicil overcoded,ne' abouta tree.It is not a methodfor the people.A methodof the rhiztme aboveits numb type, on the contrary,can analyzelanguage only by decenteringit onto bersattached tc other dimensionsand other registers.A languageis neverclosed upon rJJtCIr.ocet{Pya itself,except as a functionof impotence. consistencvbfi 1 3.-lrlnciple of multiplicity: it is only when the multiple is effectively ,rrc-easy-*l-fim ' "multiplicity," treatedas a'substantive, that it ceasesto haveany relation to are defined bg the one assubject or object, '-\lultiplicities naturalor spiritualreality, image and world. deterritorializa are rhizomatic,and exposearborescent pseudomulti- niiih olhei rnulr i plicitiesfor whatthey are. There is no_unityto serveas a pivot in theobject, all multiplicititi i or to divide in the subject.ThEle is-nof even the unity to abort "return" in theobjeci dimensionsthat i or in the subject.A multiplicity hasneither subject no. ouj'.a, plemeniary'aifr I only-determinations, ' magnitudes,and dimensionsthat cannotincrease in fl-rght;the possil numberwithout the multiplicity changingin nature(the ' lawsof combina- a singleplane o tion thereforeincrease in number as the multiplicity grows).puppet dimensions.Th strings,as a rhizomeor multiplicity,are tied not to the supposedwill olan ofexteriorityof artistor puppeteerbut to a multiplicityof nervefibers, which form another torical determir puppet "call in other dimensionsconnected to the first: the stringsor Kleistinvented i rods that move the puppet the weave.It might be objectedthat i/s multi- speeds,with acc plicity residesin the person of the actor, who projects it into the text. the outside.Opt Granted; but the actor's nerve fibers in turn form a weave.And they fall the classicalor r through the graymatter, the grid, into the undifferentiated.. . . The inter- or subject.The, play approximatesthe pure activity of weaversattributed in myth to the multiplicities oJ 1 Fatesor Norns."3An assemblageis preciselythis increasein the dimen- designatedby in _'=..,\,f'sionsof a multiplicity that necessarilychanges in nature as it expandsits some of a rhizor Thereare no pointsor positionsin a rhizome,such as those 4. Principle_< v,I\:onn::tions. : Ioundln a structure,tree, or root.There are only lines.when Glenn I Gould separatingstrucl speedsup theperformance ofa piece,he is notjust displayingvirtuosity, he broken,shattere is transformingthe musicalpoints into lines,he is makingthe wholepiece lines,or on new proliferate.The number is no longera universalconcept measuring ele- animal rhizome mentsaccording to their emplacementin a givendimension, but hasitself destroyed.Ever becomea multiplicity that variesaccording to the dimensionsconsidered which it is stratir (the primacy of the domain over a complexof numbersattached to that aswell as lines of , domain). do not Y. haveunits (unitbs) of measure,only multiplicitiesor is a rupturein th vanetres I ot measurement.The notion of unity (unitb)appears only when of flight, but the there is a powertakeover in the multiplicity-bythe rig;ri"r or a corre- backto oneanotl i spondingsubjectification proceeding: This is the casefor a pivot-unity omy,even in ther forming , \ the basisfor a setof biunivocalrelationships between objectivl a rupture, draw i elementso_r-points. or for the One that divides following the law of atinary reencounterorg : logic of differentiationin the subject.Unity arwaysoperates in an empty restore power to idimension supplementaryto that of the systemconsidered (overcodingj. anythingyou like INTRODUCTION: RHIZoME tr 9 lally The point is that a rhizome or murtiplicity never ailows itself to be ;ical overcoded,never ha.savairable a supplementarydimension over and lme aboveits number of lines,that is,over and abovet-he multiplicity of num_ )nto bers attachedto thoselines. All multiplicitiesare flat, in theiense pon thatthev jtry-"*.\y allof rheirdimensions: wewilt rrrerefo.e speJ ;iiWrf vely f,lil:'lH[:li?ffi :.1i""J,'h:[,1'ffi nto ffi :'ffi,:ililiHffii {gfin9o..by.theoutside: bv the abstractline, the line of flieht rrld. deterritoriallzati.onqererntonallzatlonl{! or I according to which they change in nature u"d';;;"7and conneef rlti- *.:ilttl"l;jtiipncities. The planeof consistencv(grid) ir th.;r;;i;;;i ect, all multiplicities.The line of flight ;..-l marks:the reality-ofa finite numberof dimensionsthat Jlcr the murtipricityeffectivery fills; theimp;ffiili;; of a pGm6ntari sup_ ect, dimension,unl"rq_t"h. -uiiipfl'"trv is tr4psformed-by ein the linEof 'ait-r4htlrhepossib,rlity and necessiryof flirtening uit ortn. mutiipir.i,i., on Lna- singleplane of consistencyor exteriority,regardless of their numberof rpet dimensions.The idealfor a bookwould ue to tayeverything out on a plane lan of exteriorityof thiskind, on a singlepug",1n. same sheet: li-ved events, his- her torical determinations,concepts, individuals, groups, social formations. ;or Kleistinvented a writingof thistype, a brokenchain of affectsand variable tlti- speeds,with accelerationsand transformations,always in a relaiionwith :xt. the outside.open rings. His texts,therefore, are opposed in everyway to fall theclassical or romanticbook constituted by ttreiniiriority of a substance ter- or subject.The war machine-bookagainst the state apparatus-book. Frat the multiplicities of n dimensio.nsare aiignifying and asubjective.They are en- designatedby indefinitearticles, or rather-bypartitives (somecouchgrass, its someofarhizome...). ose 4. Principle 9,f.aqi.glifyllg r.upture:against the oversignifyingbreaks uld separatingstructures or.cuttingacross a singlestructure. a ltrizomemay be he broken,shattered at a givenspot, but it wili startup againon oneof its old 9Ce lines'or on newlines. you can neverget rid of anisb-ecause ,r,.y ro.- un :le- animalrhizome that canrebound time and againafter most of it hasbeen ielf destroyed.Every rhizome containslines oi segmentaritfacctrding to red whichit is stratified, territorialized,organized, signified, attributed, etc., nat aswell as lines of deterritorializationdown which ii constantlyflees. There or is a rupturein the rhizomewhenever segmentary lines explo-de into a line €n of flight,but rheline of flight is part of tf,erhizome. These lines always tie re- backto one another.That is why onecan never posit a dualismor a dichot- itv omy'even in therudimenlary form of thegood and the bad. you maymake ive a rupture,draw a line of flight, yet there is still a dangerthat you will reencounterorganizations ]rY that restratify everything,l0rmations that )ty restore power to a signifier, attributions that reconititute a subject- anythingyou s). like,from oedipal resurgencesto fascistconcretions. Groups INTF l0 D INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME "the those of abominabl andindividualscontainmicrofascismsjustwaitingtocrystallize.Yes,an Ages."n TJa n;_v9 rsa! g-orng Good and bad are only the productsof couchgrassis alsou .[iro-.. genealogicaltrees. AlwaY which must be renewed' activeand temporaryselection, which *6i and processesof reterri- paTticle with How could lnou.nl.ni' oiOtt"t'itorialization up in o-neanother? fbiymorphous and rhiz< not be relative,always connected, caught torialization but diseasesthat havetheir UVforming an image' a tracing o-fLwaso; The orchid deterritoriali'"t g-enealogy. on that image' The wasp is nevertheless the wasp ..t.rrito,iJi"s The sameapplies to tht deterritorialized'becomingapieceintheorchid'sreproductiveapparatus.and beliel the book is not an orchid by transporting its noll-e1,Wasp But it reterritorializesthe world, there is an aparall, iorm a rhizome' It could be said that orchid, as heterogen"ott'tl"*t"ts' in a signifyingfashion assuresthe deterritorializ imitates,tt. *"tp, reproducing.itsimage the orchid t:,"-tt torializationof the boo$. i".., ot'l''gut this is true only, "i th: (mimesis, mimicry, :^ltl:on (if it is capable.if it canl* two stratasuchlhat a plant organtzatlon ,Lu,u-tpurallelism between binary logic to describei on the other' At the sametrme' some- on. i-i,ui., an animal organization not rePrdl all but a captureof code,sur- crocodile does elseentirely i, going-o",not imitatio.nat thing becoming' a reproducesthe colorsofi .oo., un"ittt"u" in valence' a veritable plus value oi of ing,it reproducesnothinl and a becoming-orchidof the wasp'Each becoming-waspof the orchid its becoming-world,carri thesebecoming,u,ing,uuo.'..t'.deterritorializationofonetermandtheand form ble itsell asignifying,mz other; the two becomingsinterlink reterritorialization oi tt''t "aparallelevolution" thr pushingthe deterritorialization ever relaysin a circulation oi l"t"".ities only an explodingof whenthey have roots, the Thereis nertherimitation no. ,.r"iblance, further. a common rhi- with somethingelse-wi ,;;i;ro; the line of flight composedby two heterogeneous signify- is also an aspectunder t u. attributed to oisubjugatedby anyth^ing "Drunkenn zomethat canno rong.i ,.,the people,etc.). itwell: aparallelevolution of two beings ing. R6my Chauvin;"^;;;;, Alwaysfollow the rhizom to do with eachother."a More generally,evolu- that haveabsolutely nJttring it vary,un the old modelof the treeand of flight; make tionary schemas.;;;f;;;tJio uuunaon to germcells and ous of lines of n din Under cert;in conditions'a virus can connect descent. moreover'it can deterrito ri ali z-e-{fl -oYq.F as tr't. .tflufut geneof a complex species; transmit itself not with- coniiiting of circlesof c, ..ettrlf an entirelydifferent species,but takeflight. ,nou. intl it you seewhether inside th l"g.n.ii. infor*ation" from the first host(for example, out bringing*itr, it selves,with new l, researchon a type C virus' with its double Points BenvenisteanO foaa?o scurrent Write, form a rhizome, connectiontobauoonDNAandtheDNAof-certainkindsofdomestic flightt follow modelsof arborescent extendthe line of Evolutionary ;emas would no loneer cats). but insteada rhi- coveringthe entirePlan going from the leastto the most ;ifferentiated, descent jumping from one watch carefully the wate imm;diately in the heterogeneousand zome operating evolu- havecarried the seedsfal ii* ,6 another.sonc,-e again, there is aparallel alreadydifferentiatJ or cop- from them determineth cati it is obviousthat they arenot models tlon, of the buuoonuJltte growing at the farthest in the cat doesnot meanthat the cat tr iesof eachottt., tul.toting-UuUoon viruses that are growingin betw "plays" u ihi'orn" with our viruses'or ratherour baboon).w; f;; your territory by follou with other animals'As FrangoisJacob says' causeus to form a rhizome hasalways or through other procedures, way."7Music transfersor g.n.ti.-;aterial by viruses haveresults analogous to tional multiplicities,"e' fusions of cellso,ili,'uii"g in diiferent species' INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME ! I I "the those of abominablecouplings dear to antiquity and the Middle Ages."0Transversal communications between different lines scramble the 1 SenealogiEalTi6es.nwii loot for the molecular,or evensubmoleculaqi pa1icle with which we are allied. We evolve and die more from our;, -{. I . and rhizomaticllus than from hereditarydiseas"r. orj - folymorphous \ diseasesthat have their own line of descent.The rhizome is an antilli g-enealogy. I The sameapplies to the bookand the world:contrary to a deeplyrooted belief,the book is not an imageof the world. It formsa rhizomewith the world, thereis an aparallelevolution of the book and the world;the book assuresthe deterritorializationof the world,but the world effectsa reterri- torializationof the book,which in tuln deterritorializesitself in the world (if ir iscapable. if it canflvlimicryis a verybad concept. since it relieson binary logic to describe-ftfr-o#en6 of an entirely differ-entnature. The L- crocodiledoes not reproducea treetrunk, any more than the chameleon a reproducesthe colorsof its surroundings.The Pink Pantherimitates noth- rf ing,it reproducesnothing, it paintsthe world its colol pink on pink; this is re its becoming-world,carried out in sucha waythat it becomesimpercepti- n ble itself,asignifying, makes its rupture,its own line of flight, followsits "aparallel ,t evolution"through to the end.The wisdomof the plants:even rf whenthey have roots, there is alwaysan outsidewhere they form a rhizome i- with somethingelse-with the wind, an animal,human beings (and there Y- is alsoan aspectunder which animalsthemselves form rhizomes,as do "Drunkenness 3s people,etc.). asa triumphantirruption of the plant in us." n- Alwaysfollow the rhizomeby rupture;lengthen, prolong, and relay the line rd of flight; makeit vary,until you haveproduced the most abstractand tortu- ) rd ous of lines of n dimensionsand broken directions.GqLilgatel IN deterritorializedflows. Follow the plants: you start by delimitinga first line n- consisiingoliircles of convergencearound successive singulaiities; then you seewhether inside that line newcircles of convergenceestablish them- le selves,with new pointslocated outside the limits and in otherdirections. ic Write, form a rhizome, increaseyour territory by deterritorialization, nt extendthe line of flight to the point whereit becomesan abstractmachine "Go ri- coveringthe entire planeof consistency. first to your old plant and ne watch carefullythe watercoursemade by the rain. By now rain must 'u- the havecarried the seedsfar away.Watch the crevicesmade by the runoff, and p- from them determinethe directionof the flow.Then find the plantthat is :at growingat the farthestpoint from your plant.All the devil'sweed plants ies that aregrowing in betweenare yours. Later. . . you canextend the sizeof /S' your territory by followingthe watercoursefrom each point along the 3S' way."7Music hasalways sent out linesof flight, like somany "transforma- to tional multiplicities,"even overturning the very codesthat structureor l2 ! INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME

arborifyit; that is why musicalform, right downto its rupturesand prolif- ing alwaysinvolves a erations,is comparableto a weed,a rhizome.8 choanalyticcompeii ' 5 and 6. Principle of cartographyand decalcomaniuiglUZOmejlnot geneticaxis or overcc amenableto any structuralor generativemodel. It is a strangerto any idea ings of the stageso ofgeneticqxis oi deepstructure. A geneticaxis is like an objectivepivotal schizoanalysisreject unity-uponwhich successivestages are organized; a deepstructure is more givento it-divine, a likea basesequence that canbe broken down into immediateconstituents, or syntagmatic.(lt is while the unity of the product passesinto another,transformational and the cartographyofor subjective,dimension. This doesnot constitutea departurefrom therepre- to make ready-madt sentativemodel of the tree,or root-pivotal taprootor fascicles(for exam- daddy,the bad mom "tree" ple,Chomsky's is associatedwith a basesequence and represents the desperateattempt tr processof its own generationin termsof binary logic).A variationon the y* totallv misconstrues geneticaxis and profoundstruc- ;I'll 1 oldestform ofthought.It is our viewthat .,,',i$-SgtettcaxlS nor Po.slt ture are aboveall infinitely reproducibleprinciples of tracing.All of tree pr ,f problems,they are er psychoanaly- logicis a logicof tracingand reproduction. In linguisticsas in : ! cally; in other wor.dg sis,its object is an unconsciousthat is itself representative,crystallized f Havewe not. howe into codified complexes,laid out along a geneticaxis and distributed to tracings,as good a within a syntagmaticstructure. Its goal is to describea de facto state,to traceable?Is it not c maintainbalance in intersubjectiverelations, or to explorean unconscious sometimesmerge wr that is alreadythere from the start,lurking in the dark recessesof memory redundancythat are ' and language.It c,onsistsof tracing,on the basisof an overcodingstructure city havestrata upon or supportingaxis, something that comesready-made. The treearticulates mimetic mechanismr and hierarchizestracings; tracings are like the leavesofa tree. tions take root? Do r The rhizome is altogetherdifferent, a map and not a tracing. Make a gence,reproduce the , the tracingof the wasp; {nup,not a tracing.The orchiddoes not reproduce outflank?But the op1 it forms a map with the wasp,in a rhizome.W-hat distinguishes the map ing should alwaysbe 1 , from the tracingis that it is entirelyoriented toward an experimentationin one are not at all syt contactwith the real.The map doesnot reproducean unconsciousclosed reproducesthe map. ' in Uponitself; it constructsthe unconscious.It fostersconnections between selectingor isolatin6 fields,the removalof blockageson bodieswithout organs,the maximum restrictiveprocedure openingof bodieswithout organsonto a planeof consistency.It is itselfa createsthe model,ar I' part of the rhizome.The map is openand connectablein all of its dimen- map into an image;it sions;it is detachable,reversible, susceptible to constantmodification. It radicles.It hasorgani can be torn, reversed,adapted to any kind of mounting,reworked by an ing to the axesofsigni individual,group, or socialformation. It canbe drawn on a wall,conceived erated, structuralizec of asa work of art,constructed as a politicalaction or asa meditation.Per- somethingelse it isin hapsone of the most important characteristicsof the rhizomeis that it so dangerous.It inje.c g!ygay--s--hasmultiple entryways;ih this sense,the burrow is an animal rhi- ing reproducesofthr iomd.'-andsometimes maintains a cleardistinction between the line of incipienttaproots, or * , flight as passagewayand storageor living strata(cf' the muskrat).A map and linguistics:all thr Y has multiple entryways,as opposedto the tracing,which alwayscomes unconscious,and the Ft\Uact< "to thesame." The maphas to do with performance,whereasthe trac- (it's not surprisingth I INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME tr l3 andprolif- $j''' ingalwavs tnuollt:un alleged ,comn";1nce."Unlike psychoanarysis, rme-ifnot competence(which psy_ confinesevery desiri und r,ut"-.nt o anyidea ;f;|#:yJf to a vepivotal ingsor,'; J_{JTf schizoanalysis iff'T"J:'; il**m"lii;1.',# .reis more rejectsany given .ioeu-oipretraced1ii,Hff destiny, wharever rstituents, to it-divine, anagogic,historicar,."onon'i.,ri.u.iu.ur, nameis ional or svntagmatic.(It isobvious hereditary, and thatMerani. K1;iil;; ;l'ulo..rrunding therepre- thecartographv o-f one of h.r;;; of ;;tienrs,Little Richard, and for exam- tracings-oiiipu,, iscontent ::'il;5:TfJ-made the good d";;; and esentsthe andthe good the bad desperate mommv-*rrileti; childmakes on on the to ta,, y u,,..-ot-y ,":|# a tndstruc- ;5 '"i,;;; #,i. : 3TH:j* ?:1FT,:ff y,fu \ll oftree :f ii." i#T: ' :hoanaly- ''f j f;;!lia.:,rH{:ffchlty;in otherwords, ililf"T'Jlt*n:$v;Lil*htryi}q4,' noriti-rfi rstallized witha'irr. r"...orrrr,o.rr..;;;;;.''t"rour stributed U ,. to," tracings,,liv;f T:j3v".f:{s..",? i simpreduarism bycontrastins _".,* state,to as.good and 6ad ri d;;ii;; ;;i;r]il::ffJ#iT:'$ffi traceabre?Is it [T onscious not of the "rr.n"" of the .hi;;";;'iir"rr.., sometimes with them? rootsand memory Terge ooes.nota map containphenomena itructure redundancvthat are already like of tia.cingsoritr-o*Jiles nor ticulates citv havesrrata upon wtricn uniiicatronJuna a murtipri_ mimetic mech itt;ii;ffi;, massificarions, ani sm s, rigni ".".riving'Jower takeo tions takeroot? vers,an d subjective attribu_ Make a Do r", iiiJs or fligrri,-d;;;il# gence'reproduce eventuardiver_ [i_i:_.yasp; thevery formations ttr"t run"ti* outflank?But ii'*", t" dismantleor theriap theopposiie ituil;;;". tt is ingshould a quesii,onor]netnoa : the trac_ :afionin alwavs,bepur btrk;;;i; map.Thiiop..uilon one are not ar andthe previous s closed ail symmetricar.For it ir inu."u";;;;;'r;, reproducesthe map. It is instead that a tracins )etween likea photogrupr,o, i .uv serectingor isolating,uv trrutbegins b| Lximum ".tiii.i"i meanssuch as colorations restrictiveprocedurei, wiat . or other ; itselfa it _i."0, to reproduce.The dimen- createsth e m o der, an d atr ract map si t.-ir,. il;r ..ui;T.:::il,Xllfl: t ttion.It intoun i-:c:_il_las at.eaav tranrro.-.o"tt!.rri#; ^,.u"r-ne radicles.It intoroots and Cbyan hasorganized, stabilized, neutrarized r insro the axes orsignifianc.;;;;;;j..,ii;il;#;;#;," then'urripri.i,i.s accord_ rceived it. ln. \>-erated, structurarizeotrre-rn]r".".,'1"q rthasgen_ Per- '' somethint ;;;;i;;i;i"r'ii,, reproducing that it \ "tt so dangerous. l1::li.?"t ?;DJ.;ducing itserr.riaii. *r,y 1,. t.ucing ral rhi- It injectsred,_,,ri,nqiesandprop-aga,;;;;;. is ing reproduces What rhetrac_ line of oflhe ."0 ". *iil incipient are only the impasses,tlockages, A map ,uproorr,or pointsof ,t.u.tutt comes andr in gu isii cs :a, th e r" ;;; ;;: ;liilill; unconscious,and the H: :J,::::?ffl,ruiht letrac- Iarterof ranguage,with at (it'snot surprisi ng rhat psvJo""liii,,i"o the ;;;;;y"atsttrat impries t;r;;; ;;;r ringuistics). l4 n INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME rigidified territoriali Little Hansalready, an exampleof child psycho- Look at whathappened to operations.It is even kept on BREAKTNGHIS RHlzotug and BLOTcHING analysisat its purest:they spite of itself. In ot ior him, blockinghis everyway until he HISMAB settingit straight 9ul' directlyon a line of f and guilt, until they had rooted shameand t.g". ," desire-hiso\"n it,u." makenew connectiol guiltinhim,pHosh(theybarredhimfromtherhizomeofthebuilding' root assemblages,wi tne street,they rootedhim in his parents'bed' then from the rhizomeof exist tree or root stn own body,they fixatedhim on ProfessorFreud). it,ey.ucict"d him to his division may begint Hans'scartography into account'-butalways F..ua explicitly takesLittle mined not by theorel project it back onto the family photo' And look what and only in order to cgmposingmultiplic Richard'sgeopolitical maps: she developed Melanie Klein did to Little form in the heartof. tracingsof thim' Strike the poseor follow the photos from them, made elseit is a microscop. destiny-one way or the other' your rhi- axis, geneticstage or structural productiongoinA. e zomewillbebroken.Youwillbeallowedtoliveandspeak,butonlyafter can begin to burgeo Once a rhizome has been obstructed' every outlet has been obstructed' Kafka novel. An int stirs;for it is alwaysby rhizomethat desire arborified, it's all over,no desire perception,synesthe movesandproduces.Wheneverdesireclimbsatree'internalrepercus- challengingthe hege to its death:the rhizome'on the otherhand' acts ,lon.,.ip it up and it falls mimetic,ludic, and r productiveoutgrowths' on desiri by external, catethemselves fron Thatiswhyitissoimportanttotrytheother,reversebutnonsym- ofthe teacher'slangt the tracingsback into the map'connect the roots metrical,operation. Plug power. Similarly, ge a ihiro-". In the caseof Little Hans,sludying the or treesback up with syntagmaticmodel r show h-etries to build a r-bizosre'with the unconscious would !e to !r-ow zome.rrTo berhizor the line of flight of the building,the street,etc.; i;;iith""re'but alsowith to be roots, or better how the child is madeto takeroot in the family' how theselines are bl'ocked, put them to strangeI bephotographedunderthefather,betracedontothemother'sbed;then in trees,roots, and intervention assuresa power takeoverby the how ProfessorFreud's arborescentculture I ofaffects; how the only escaperoute left to the tigiiii"., " subjectification ing is beautifulor l< perceivedas shamefuland guilty (the child is a becoming-animal aerial roots. adven Hans,a truly politicaloption). But theseimpasses i.*-ing-t,orse of Liltle entirelywithout roc on the map,thereby opening th"T up to possible -.rt"ft ,""V.be resituated connectswith the gr to thegroup map: show at whatpoint in the linesof flight.The sameapplies Thought is not ar prr"notr."u of maisification, bureaucracy,leadership, rhizomethere fbrm matter. What arewr lines neverthelesssurvive' if only underground' fascization,etc', *hich ofneuronsin a conti in the shadows'Deligny's method: map the continuingto makerhizome of the axons,the fu of un autisticchild, combine several maps for the gesturesand movem"nt, microfissures.the le samechild,fbrseveraldifferentchildren.l0Ifitistruethatitisofthe brain a multiplicity to havemultiple entryways, then it isplausi- essenceof the mapor rhizome whole uncertain,pr them throughtracings or the root-tree'assum- ble that onecould evenenter Many peoplehave a precautionsare taken (onceagain' one must avoid any ing the necessary more a grassthan a For example,one will often be forced to take Manichaeanduatism). other like bindwee deadends,toworkwithsignifyingpowersandsubjectiveaffections'tofind paranoidor even worse' thorns."r2The samt a foothold in formationsthat are oedipal or INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME D ls rfchildpsycho- ndnLorcnrNc onen,1. ror y ;'j::jffii,:ill'ifliarlti"'"iin?:*:: lJrat -."{ otherrransrbrmationar out, until he ,pit. t"#svchoanalvsit to'".u" ula. tedshame and or r* l^i, rootr,orJ,I n f rhebuilding, directr vo n a r in e. or n irll make ","i' -, # ; parents' newconnections' Trr", Ht;n:ii bed, root irr..i "r. i{;iiT:r:l.J;ll"map-tracing, fessor assembrages,with "".iuur. 111di1e1se rhizome- Freud). """rir.ients of dete..*.i"rir",ion. nt, but always conve rse rv, u, * f .u There tnd look what iiij :'F'Jifi [,Tttl?" :: l*"Lf , n"h o r root rhe minednotbyth;:i,"^r,,:il;;i;##rlffi developed cqmposi ;,*ili33flTffi.;ff or follow the ngm u tri or.!gr.guiir,"r!ff J,"; {l:tle, .r"" r",.r. ^ "llirh izome her,your rhi- :i,T,'il:Tff:ffj,iffi:l?ji,'l".T"oraroot, tre croor may but only after orabranch or p_roductiongoi;;. a radicle,that getsrhizome n obstructed, Accountingunc uu..'^t..t^11: nethat desire XlE:l""il?:::i.,:',[fr nal ff.r".i'#iXX;i":"""";;h'"r.;;ffi ::l'ji:.1 repercus- perception,,,""#Jn:ffiffi',:'fJll,fo.u'nr.to;r;;;;:;il1ucinatory rerhand, acts :n:ff but nonsym- carillF::fferh e m se drij:uli:*[:n'rr#it"{!:;-:;ffiIue sf,o ..; Tr,,"fii tectthe roots mrh " ;;;i ;;.: iiiljllfiff il :iHlfi : glq{y:in_gthe even ru p sets the, ffitJj :: mq with the i:H::?:il oca,buia nc" o i syntagmatici:i.i!ffi H:*:; accordingto e street,etc.; .;.i;;;;;;; il:: :?Tf::.t* chomsky's n thefamily, l:or".,,r"b..hi;;XXeofo".l,Tl:?!|.{j:.j;.T:,"xX.#H#,1";T;LH:to beroots' or is bed;then I betteryet connecl *itr,' rrril outthem ro by penetratingthe trunk, overby the I strangen"*.yrgr. we'.e r;reo but oflrees.we shourEriop u"u.uing te left to the f ||rf:.'r';.|1?'ji,llJ,jioicles..they:""'"0..us sufrer too .n,i"n. guilty (the onthem, rrom Ar or i"s i';;;;;ffi;;;J'tounded biologfr" i'nr"ir,t.s.Noth- :seimpasses ae ri un i..e.o,;n r to possible ar root s, ;;;; ;ilff" :'rffI[T' : "T:. J, t.-, un o entirelywithout ;lt Amsterdam, pointin the -"rr, "u ,ii?"lr'j::lr::.:,,:nltomes.rhizome-citv a city connectswith with,'tt tt.--"un;;;, ;;"." leadership, rh*il the,r,tt' com m e;; ;i ;;;'. utility derground, ; ;; # :',n':.'j"?,1'l;UT m 1,11 "ch in e ,d:map the $il::"Y,1X';::#:,r,r"31.ir:a."i,,;;:.il';:'":,:?:l"rX:iliT.,,?:f rapsfor the ""rhe di "f th. ;;;r: il.;;il:l: 3b'i sconrinui tv ;;;;;il"il, rherore it is of the -i".orirri..;, nsof thesvnapses, tt,".*isteicJ"oi it isplausi- ;" il:::l' rvnupti" ree,assum- avoidany Manyle[{illrxxff"1ilffipeopre have ,ffi trl*,il*"jl*ri,,*ffi ed to take a rreegrorvingr" morea.grass ..Th.;^";-;;;.;;l,iffi,rr"r.rr""os, but the brain rns,to find thana tree. itseirismuch otherlike rhe.dendriterwisr /en worse, tr,o.n,'ir"r,;frUlnO*eeO^.;;,,;;"#T,^lT:"r;J:iJ..J#T#kJ.:ilJrnrrl j:n#aroundeach INT 16 tr INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME (on type-because its ostens memoryand short-termmemor-v gistsdistinguish between long-term quantita- fact only admits of a t, j'-fbt Uetweenthem is not simply the orderof a -in"tt Oiift*n"9 famous i ends h i p t heor e rhizome or diagramtvpt;l1l-long-term fr tive: short-ter- -"r,io.i'i, oitft" or pho- preciselyone mutual fri ;;"";;i;;it'"a (itp ti nt' engram''l::lls' memoryl, uruor.'""ii a law of contiguityor friend of all the others. mt*o'y is in no waysubject to "the tograph).Short-term return a'long time friendis. Who is uni ii""it "tt at a disiance'come or i-mmediacyto ,t. oolttt; multipli- the confessor,the doctot of oisconlinuity,ruptur^e, and afteq but always"no"r'.o"Jiiions is not initial axioms."Who ist betweenthe two kinds of memory city. Furthermore,tttt alfft"nce not he appearsin classicaltl apprehendingthe samething''th'ry-d-o that of two ,.-potui -oJes of itself felt only throughi r idea, Thi splendor of the short-term g-.op-tn. .urn. thing,"ii;-";; even know nothing, I am noth I memory' and thus short-termideas' Idea:one wrltes usrngshort-term rems.Such is indeedth memory of long-term concepts' reads or ,.r.id. using long-term stn if one pro..rs; it mergeqno-!withthe radiile solution,the -".orylrr.tuo"Jrorg.tting asu i Short-term collective rh-izome' To these centeredq with the nervous'temporal' and Itr.firrt but instead and trans- finite networksof autorn , r".., society,oi civilization) traces Lon-d-termmemory if*iit, bor to any other,the stet to act in it' from a distance'offbeat' lates.but what it translatescontinues are interchangeable,del "untimely" not instantaneously' in an way, imitating that the local operation a sadimage oiihought thatis forever The tree and root inspire wecon- chronizedwithout a c or segm"trt.dhigh"t unity' If " multiple on the turi. oru..ntered topology,and the plivs the role of opposedsegment replaces ,.,, Utu""li'-'oois' ttre trunk sider the this kind of segmentis a B1frA-fraytheopposite< suUsei"""ni"g from bot-tomio'opt for one of the "unit spokesradiating the graphto be a tree"(t "link i"ittt dipoles" formed by dipole," i,t to"t'J" as in the problem of the warmacl if the links thems"luesproliferate' from a single cente;';G;;" multiplici- individualsto managet getbeyond the One-fwo' and fake radiclesystem, o"*u" n"uer not to be found in an acer returns' hydras' and medusasdo Regenerutlo"t, "p'oOuJtions' with signalsto inc ties. irierarchicalsystems with cen- states Arborescentsystems are point get us any further. organized -suerrilla logic of r .".ttrul automata like -central,-.-i---=, ..- ters of signirianc. an"Jruuj..tiri"utiorr., infor- order.The autt models,an elementonlY receives In the;;.;;;;ing assemblag memories. a subjectiveaffection along multiplicity, a hi;;;;;'and-only receives "asoci mation from ptobl"tt in information automatonas an p"ii"' fi''i''i""iOt"t.io "u*t"t preestablish"o oldest modes of plways r- l. Rosensti science'which tiifi Ji"g to the scienceand computer organ' Pierre pentered-acentere4,is r grant all powerto u tt-oty or central thought in that tfrey "the imageryof b-fcatcuthtion applied t j"in-p.titot, in u fin. urti.i. deto.tttcing t- RosenstiehlurrO not-e'-t'l]l theymay burgeon lnto; (centeredsystems or hierarchicalstructures)' command trees" to gtvtng susceptibleto both mo "accepting oi ttittutchical structures amounts ,nt Oljt""t'- form admits notwithout undergoinl privileged*utttt' ' arborescent arborescentstructures Ih-t individual has ple again:it subjectsth - 'l r" ahierarchicu]tvtt-11'-un of topologic"l "-;;;;t;n' The channels cal graphs,recaPitula her hierarchicalsuperior. . . . only one active"!igir["i nis or preexiststhe phallus-tree-not onlY ll? arborescentsystem of transmissr"" or*ri"hiJ.a'-ltte place" (signifianceand and treatment.PsYchor who is integratedinto it at an attotted individual, onethinks onehas basesits own dictatoria a"uthorspointout that evenwhen subjectificationl.rr'e the radicle scious.PsychoanalYsi be a falseone-of what we call reacheda multiplicity' it may INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME D l7 n type-becauseits ostensiblynonhierarchical presentation or statementin t- fact only admits of a totally hierarchicalsolution. An exampleis the n famousfriendshiptheorem'."If any two givenindividuals in a societyhave )- preciselyone mutual friend, then there existsan individual who is the )r friend of all the others."(Rosenstiehl and Petitot ask who that mutual "the IE friendis. Who is universalfriend in this societyofcouples:the master, i- the confessor,the doctor?These ideas are curiously far removedfrom the )t initial axioms."Who is this friendof humankind?Is itthe philo-sopheras )t he appearsin classicalthought, even if he is an abortedunity that makes m itself felt only through its absenceor subjectivity,saying all the while, I )n know nothing,I am nothing?)Thus the authorsspeak ofdictatorship theo- .s. rems.Such is indeedthe principleof roots.trees.or their outcome:the' 1e radiclesolution. the structure of Power.ra ie. To these centered systems,the authors contrast acenteredsystems, ts- finite networksof automatain whichcommunication runs from anyneigh- lt, bor to any other,the stemsor channelsdo not preexist,and all individuals are interchangeable,defined only by their stateat a given moment-such ng that the local operationsare coordinatedand the final, global result syn- In- chronized without a central agency.Transduction of intensive states tnt replacestopology, and "the graphregulating the circulationof information SA rTifr?-fraytheopposite of the hierarchicalgraph. . . . There is no reasonfor ng the graphto be a tree"(we have been calling this kind of grapha map).The ,he problemof thewar machine, or thefiring squad:is a generalnecessary for n ci- individualsto manageto fire in unison?The solutionwithout a Generalis lot to be found in an acenteredmultiplicity possessinga finite number of 3n- stateswith signalsto indicatecorresponding speeds, from a warrhizome or led guerrillalogic point ol_yi-e-y5without any tracing,with6ut aiy Copiingof a br- c€ntralomAi.The'adihorieuen demonstratethat this kind of machinic )ng multiplicity, assemblage,or societyrejects any centralizingor unifying ion automatonas an "asocialintrusion."rs LJnder these conditions. n is in fact of - Blways n l. Rosenstiehland Petitot emphasizethat the opposition.f )rre ; ' Ncenlered-acentered.is valid l_essas a designatiopfor thingstha4 as a mode[ /of pf calculationapplied to things.Trees may correspond to the rhizome.orl l--*-" hat ihey may burgEonirTt.o a ihiiome. It is true that the samething is generally ing susceptibleto both modesof calculationor both typesof regulation,but nits not without undergoinga changein state.Take psychoanalysis as an exam- has ple again:it subjectsthe unconsciousto arborescentstructures, hierarchi- rels cal graphs,recapitulatory memories, central organs,the phallus, the the phallus-tree-not only in its theory but alsoin its practiceof calculation and and treatment.Psychoanalysis cannot change its method in this regard:it has basesits own dictatorial powerupon a dictatorial conceptionof the uncon- licle scious.Psychoanalysis's margin of maneuverabilityis therefore very l8 tr INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME

general, limited. In both psychoanalysisand its object,there is alwaysa monson the Mout alwaysa leader(General Freud). Schizoanalysis, on the otherhand, treats ally thingsfall bac the unconsciousas an acenteredsystem, in otherwords, as a machinicneJ- to by historiansar entirelydiffer- exists . work of finite automata(a rhizome),and thus arrives at an only to fill tl ent stateof the unconscious.These same remarks apply to linguistics; amongother thin Rosenstiehland Petitot are right to bring up the possibilityof an poppy is madder +- ( ..acenteredorganization of a societyof words."For both Statementsand moral."r7Which or to lnterpretlt or to imaginaryone, or _-desires,the issueis neverto reducethe unconscious isLoproduce the uncon- Americais /T I maUeitsignify according to a treemodel. Jhe issue a sp ,i n"*-.tut"-"nts, differentdesires: the rhizomeis pre- by treesor the sear ' lrr-r".-"r? *i,ft i, i ciselvthis productionof the unconscious' questfor a nationu -' Iti. odd trowthe treehas dominated Western reality and all of Western (Kerouacgoing ot thought, from botany to biology and anatomy,but alsognosiology, theol- important that hal ogy,ontology,allofphilosophy.'.:theroot-foundation,Grund'racine' can rhizome:the I forest,and deforestation; lateral offshoots fiiae*ent.ih. W.rf nasa specialrelation to the produced the fields carvedfrom the forestare populatedwith seedplants booksare differen by cultivation basedon specieslineages of the arborescenttype; animal in pursuitoftrees. .uiring, carried out on fallow fields, selectslineages forming an entire ani- And directionsin ( mal arborescence.The East presentsa different figure: a relation to the the return to the steppeand the garden(or in somecases, the desertand the oasis),rather West,with its Indi ttran forestand field; cultivation of tubersby fragmentationof the individ- and displacedfro: I ual:a castinsaside or bracketingof animalraising. whieh is confinedto whereeven the trer West:agri- its I closedrpu..io, ^based pushedout ontothe steppes of the{n'omAd.s.;The Orientin theW I culture on a chosenlineage containing a lSrgenumber of variable full circle: its West I individuals.The East:horticulture based on a smallnumber of individuals betweenthe Occid "clones." in par- i derivedfrom a wide rangeof Doesnot the East'Oceania the pivot point ar I ticular, offer somethinglike a rhizomatic model opposedin every respect Smithsings the bil Andr6 Haudricourteven sees this asthe thecanal... 'r to the Westernmodel of the tree? basisfor the oppositionbetween the moralitiesor philosophiesof tran- Are therenot alr scendencedear to the Westand the immanentones of the East:the God Westernbureaucri who sowsand reaps,as opposedto the God who replants and unearths and their role asfr (replantingof offshootsu".iu. sowingof seeds).r(Transcend-ence:I specif- dalism;the policie i.uttyfu.opean disease.Neither is musicthe same, the music oTthe earth is State; negotiating different,as is sexuality:seed plants, even those with two sexesin the same kingsofFrance chr plant,subjugate sexuality to the reproductivemodel; the rhizome,on the to slopes.Is burear bther hand,is a liberation of sexualitynot only from reproductionbut also to depictan Orien from genitality.Here in the West,the tree hasimplanted itself in our bod- Orient the Stated ies,rigidifying and stratifyingeven the sexes.we havelost the rhizome,or spondingto preest ';China grass. Miller: is the weedin the humancabbage patch. is one of channel the Henry "weak . . . itr" weedis the Nemesisof humanendeavor. . . . Of all the imaginary power with existenceswe attribute to plant, beastand starthe weedleads the most sat- channelizingclassr isfactorylife of all.True, the weed produces no lilies,no battleships,no Ser- refuted).reThe des INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME D l9 eneral, monson the Mount. . . . Eventuallythe weedgets the upperhand. Eventu- , treats allythings fall backinto a stateof china. This conditionis usuallyreferred ry-lql- to by historiansas the Dark Age.Grass is the only wayout. . . . The weed difler- existsonly to fill the wastespaces left by cultivated areas.It growsbetween, uistics; amongother things.The lily is beautiful,the cabbageis provender,the an of poppy is maddening-but the weed is rank growth . . . : it points a rts and moral."r7which china is Miller talkingabout? The old china, the new.an it or to imaginaryone, or yet anotherlocated on a shiftingmap? uncon- Americais a specialcase. of courseit is not immune from domination !s.pre- by treesor the searchfor roots.This is evidenteven in the literature,in the questfor a nationalidentity and even for a Europeanancestry genealogy y'estern or (Kerouacgoing off in searchof his ancestors).Nevertheless, everything ; theol- importantthat hashappened or is happeningtakes the routeof the Ameri- racine, canrhizome: the beatniks,the underground,bands and gangs,successive ;tation; lateraloflshoots in immediate connectionwith an outside.American oduced booksare different from Europeanbooks, even when the American setsoff animal in pursuitoftrees. The conceptionofthe book is different.Leaves qfGrass. ire ani- And directionsin Americaare different:the searchfor arborescenceand r to the the returnto the old world occurin the East.But thereis the rhizomatic , rather west,with its Indianswithout ancestry,its ever-recedinglimit, its shifting "map" ndivid- and displacedfrontiers. There is a whole American in the west. ined to whereeven the trees form rhizomes.America reversed the directions: it put st:agri- its orient in the west,as if it wereprecisely in Americathat the earthcame rariable full circle;itswest is the edgeof the East.r8(India is not the intermediary viduals betweenthe occidentand the orient, asHaudricourt believed: America is par- r in the pivot point and mechanismof reversal.)The Americansinger patti respect smith singsthe bibleof the Americandentist: Don't go for the root,follow isas the thecanal... of tran- Arethere not alsotwo kindsof bureaucracy,or eventhree (or stillmore)? heGod westernbureaucracy: its agrarian,cadastral origins; roots and fields;trees nearths andtheir roleas frontiers; the greatcensus of william the conqueror;feu- t specif- dalism;the policies of the kingsof France;making property the basis of the ,eZithis State;negotiating land through warfare,litigation, and marriages.The nesame kingsof Francechose the lily becauseit is a plantwith deeproots that clings :, the on to slopes.Is bureaucracythe samein the orient? of courseit is all roo easy also but to depictan orient of rhizomesand immanence;yet it is true that in the iiif bod- orient the Statedoes not act followinga schemaof arborescencecorre- ;ome,or spondingto preestablished,arborified, and rootedclasses; its bureaucracy patch. e is one of channels,for example,the much-discussedcase "weak of hydraulic Laginary powerwith property," in which the Stateengenders channeled and sat- 10st channelizingclasses (cf. the aspectsof wittfogel'swork that havenot been no Ser- , refuted).terhe despotacts as a river,not asa fountainhead,which is still a 20 D INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME

point, a tree-pointor root; he flows with the current ratherthan sitting the enemy,an ' - under a tree: Buddha'stree itself becomesa rhizome; Mao's river and rearranging. Louis'stree. Has not America actedas an intermediaryhere as well? For it Let ussummr (not only the or their rootir-J proceedsboth by internalexterminations and liquidations I immigration tralts are not n€ Indiansbut alsothe farmers,etc.), and by successivewaves of \ t-l from the outside. The flow of capital producesan immense channel, a play very differt "quant{'" \ quantification of power with immediate where each person is reduciblenei jrofits from the passageof the moneyflow in his or her own way(hence the becomesTwo o reality-myth of the poor man who strikesit rich and then falls into poverty derived from th again):in America everythingcomes together, tree and channel,root and qf q!i!s. b_ql-gf( .hiro-.. Thereis no universalcapitalism, there is no capitalismin itself; beginningnor e capitalismis at thecrossroads of all kindsof formations,it is neocapitalism whichlt ffiF bynature. It inventsits easternface and westernface, and reshapesthem having neittrriil both-all for the worst. sistency,and fro At the sametime, we are on the wrong track with all thesegeographical tiplicity of thisl distributions.An impasse.So much the better. If it is a questionof showing well, undergoes that rhizomesalso have their own,even more rigid, despotism and hierar- setofpoints anr chy,then fine and good:for thereis no dualism,no ontologicaldualism biunivocalrelat betweenhere and there,no axiologicaldualism betweengood and bad, no of lines:lines of blendor Americansynthesis. There are knots of arborescencein rhizomes, line of flight o and rhizomatic offshootsin roots.Moreover, there are despotic formations which the mulr of immanenceand channelizationspecific to rhizomes,just asthere are Theselines, or anarchic deformations in the transcendentsystem of trees,aerial roots, arborescenttypt and subterraneanstems. The important point is that the root-tree and gpositions. Unlil canal-rhizomeare not two opposedmodels: the first operatesas a tran- { neitherexternal scendentmodel and tracing, evenif it engendersits own escapes;the sec- I tree-structure.I ond operatesas an immanent processthat overturnsthe model and 1 or antimemqgyi outlinesa map,even if it constitutesits ownhierarchies, even if it givesrise ;'iapture,- offsho--r to a despoticchannel. It is not a questionofthis or that placeon earth'or of unliki: tracings,t a givenmoment in history,still less of thisor thatcategory of thought.It isa structed, a ma questionof a modelthat is perpetuallyin constructionor collapsing,and of modifiable,and a processthat is perpetuallyprolonging itself, breaking offand startingup flight. It is tracir ragain. No, this is not a newor differentdualism. The problemof writing:in ffast tdcenterer oider to designatesomething exactly, anexaci eipreSsionsare-utterly communication unavoidable.Not at all becauseit is a necessarystep, or becauseone can nonhierarchiCal only advanceby approximations:anexactitude is in no wayan approxima- organizingmem tion; on the contrary,it is the exactpassage of that which is under way.We of states.Whafi invoke one dualism only in order to challengeanother. We employ a dual- al}o"tothearrirrn to arriveat a processthat challengesall models' and artificial-l ism of modelsonly in order "hgd Eachtime, mentalcorrectives are necessary to undo the dualismswe had manner of no wish to construct but through which we pass.Arrive at the magic A plateaulsal formulawe all seek-PLURALISM= MONISM-viaall the dualismsthat are zom6'iT;a&; INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME t r sitting the enemy, an entirely necessaryenemy, the furniture we are forever ver and rearranging l? For it Let ussummarize theprincipal characteristics of a rhizome:urllike trees rnlythe or their roots. rhiz.omeqonnects , 1!.e ?nf point to an)10ther ppint, and its igration are nor necessariryrinked"io \,- iiaiTi oitne sur.,n;;;., it bringsinto lnnel,a llilt' very. r. play drtferent regimes of signs,and evennonsign states. The rhizome person rs reducibleneither to the one nor the multiple.it is not the one that :ncethe becomes Two or evendirectly three,four, five, etc. It is not a multiplq poverty derivedfrom the one, or to whichone is added(n + r).It is composednot oot and of uni1s.bu.1-p{-di.m-.-ns.r,ens, or.rarher-d.irecrions'in n itself; notipu_ri"ler:dtrh* beginningnor end, but always a middlefullig"tltq_m ;iiich ir growsand ritalism which it oversp-irirftoniiitut"t tlnearmultiplicities with*n dim?nsions ssthem havingneither srifiecfhor object,which can be laid out on a planeof con- sistency,and from whichthe one isalways subtracted (n - r).when a mul- aphical tiplicity of this kind changesdimension, it necessarilychanges in natureas howing well,undergoes a metamorphosis.Unlike a structure,wfrich is Aefined by a hierar- setof points positions, and with binary rerationsbetween the pointsand lualism biunivocalrelationships betweenthe positions,the rhizomeis madeonly bad,no of lines:lines of segmentarityand stratificationas its dimensions,and the LZOmeS, line of flight or deterritorializationas the maximum dimension after nations which the murtiplicity undergoesmetamorphosis, changes in nature. rereare Theselines, or lineaments,should not be confusedwith iineagesof the I roots, arborescent type,wtrich are merely localizable linkages between points and :eeand positions. l Unlike the tree.-{-rr-erhizome is not the object of ."p;;;;i;;j- a tran- nelther external.reproductionasimage-tree nor inteinalreproduction , lhesec- i as J_\ :h:$me is an anrigeneatogy.Itis a shorr_termmemory. lel and I orlll_1lrr",ure. antlmemory. r I he rhizomeoperates by variation.expansion. "onquaai, vesrise cagl,qre' i offslioots. Unlike the graphic arts, drawinj, o, pt otography, h,or of unliketracings, the rhizomepertains to a mapthat musi beproduced, t.Itisa con- structed' a map that is always detachable,connectable, reversibre, , andof modifiable, and has multiple entrywaysand exits and its own lines of ting up flight' It istracings rhar musr be pui onih" map.not trr. oppo.iie.i;;;;- ting:in frast tdcentered (even porycentric)systems with hierarchical mo.desof ntterly communication and pr_eestablishedpaths, the rhizome is an acentered, )necan nonhierarchical, nonsignifyingsystem without a Generaland without an oxima- organizing memoryor centralautomaton, defined solely by a circulation ray.We of states.what is at questionin the rhizome is a relation io sexuality-but a dual- alFotottrsanimal, the vegetal,the worrd,poritics, tne uook, ttringsnatural nodels. and artificial-that is totally differentfrom rhethe arborescent reiation:retation. allalq1.;,, , wehad (6. ffill!;13fi:f,,r;,:?tauv .,. magic " inthe middle, n_ot_q! !!9 beginning orthe end. erhi-t' / hatare t'l zome'i-s-^j;-.1-11gJ.a-lwaysmade plateaus. ..prateau., ir i of Gregory" Baieson_.uses the ivord to. Fr :;;*' f\,: d*f ./ '::,.' i ': , ,/ // ,2 n INTRODTICTION:RHIZOME , 4rfr I designatesomething very special:a coqtinuous,self-vibrating region of I J material flows, intensitieswhose development avoids any orientationioward a culmina- I -Balinese ,, 1 rebpifttffi-n-Tl \ ti

F*lggionof a gulmina- rn example: ndergothis auofinten- roint.It is a essionsand gthem on a 'example,a oints.What rnicatewith b1glq"_any roots,or plant them, howeverdifficult it may be to avoidreverting to the nderground "Those old procedures. thingswhich occur to me,occur to me not from the writing this root up but ratheronly from somewhereabout their middle.Let someone it a circular then attemptto seizethem, let someoneattempt to seizea bladeof grass d eachofus and hold fastto it whenit beginsto growonly from the middle.',22why is rg five lines this so difficult?The questionis directlyone of perceptualsemiotics. It's I linesleave not easyto seethings in themiddle, rather than looking down on themfrom Vemade cir- aboveor up at them from below,or from left to right or right to left: try it, eand can be you'll seethat everythingchanges. It's not easyto seethe grass in thingsand nust have a in words (similarly,Nietzsche said that an aphorismhad to be ..rumi- ress,no lexi- nated";never is a plateauseparable from the cowsthat populateit, which :ldness,can arealso the cloudsin the skv). rimeticpro- Hut-qry is alwayswritten from the sedentarypoint ' of view and in the I in a differ- f. ,'{ name of a * unitary Stateapparatus,F+l€ast a possible_one,even when the rographical, \-'1, topic t t\j rsnomads. what islacking is rheopposite of a hisrory. y no longer {Nomadology. Tfi.dreare rare successesin this alsb.for example.on the subjectof the ithemselves children's Crusades:Marcel Schwob's book multipliesnarratives like lnowof rare so many plateauswith variablenumbers of dimensions.Then there is usedwords Andrzejewski'sbook, Lesportes du paradis (The gatesof paradise),com- )ANALYSIS: posedof a singleuninterrupted sentence; a flow of childrenla flow of walk- rds arecon- ing with pauses,straggling, and forward rushesrthe semioticflow of the rttachedto a confessionsof all the childrenwho goup to the old monk at the headof the :hains,lines processionto maketheir declarations;a flow of desireand sexuality,each weclaim for childhaving left out of loveand more or lessdirectly led by thedark posthu- 'ith scientif- mouspederastic desire of thecount of vend6me;allthis with circlesof con- tnd the only ..one vergence.what is important is not whether the flows are or :tive assem- multiple"-we're pastthat point: thereis a collectiveassemblage of enun- riting to the ciation,a machinicassemblage of desire,one insidethe othei and inthedomi- both pluggedinto an immenseoutside that is a multiplicity in anycase. A more rinatedsub- recentexample is Armand Farrachi'sbook on the FourthCrusade. La nioticflows, dis- location.in whichthe sentencesspace themselves out and disperse,gr else 24 n INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME

jostletogether and coexist,and in which the letters,the typographybegin of hips,lineof I to dance as the crusadegrows more delirious.23These are models of ideas,just have nomadicand rhizomaticwriting. Writing weds a war machineand lines of photosor draw flight, abandoning the strata, segmentarities,sedentarity, the State waspand theol apparatus.But why is a model still necessary?Aren't thesebooks still river: "images"of the Crusades?Don't theystill retaina unity,in Schwob'scase a pivotal unity, in Farrachi'san aborted unity, and in the most beautiful example,Les portes du paradis,the unity of the funerealcount? Is there a need for a more profound nomadism than that of the Crusades,a nomadismof true nomads,or of thosewho no longereven move or imitate anything?The nomadismof thosewho only assemble(agencent). How can the book find an adequateoutside with which to assemblein heterogeneity, ratherthan a world to reproduce?The culturalbook is necessarilya tracing: alreadya tracingof itself,a tracingof the previousbook by the sameauthor, a tracing of other bookshowever different they may be, an endlesstracing ofestablishedconcepts and words, a tracingofthe worldpresent, past, and future. Eventhe anticulturalbook may still be burdenedby too heavya cul- tural load: but it will useit actively,for forgettinginstead of remembering, for underdevelopmentinstead of progresstoward development, in nomadism rather than sedentarity,to make a map instead of a tracing. RHIZOMATICS: PoP ANALYSIS, even if the peoplehave other things to do besidesread it, even if the blocksof academicculture or pseudoscien- tificity in it are still too painful or ponderous.For sciencewould go com- pletely mad if left to its own devices.Look at mathematics:it's not a science,it's a monsterslang, it's nomadic.Even in the realm of theory, especiallyin the realm of theory,any precariousand pragmaticframework r is better than tracingconcepts, with their breaksand progresschanging nothing. Imperceptiblerupture, not signifyingbreak. The nomads inventeda war machinein oppositionto the Stateapparatus. History has nevercomprehended nomadism, the book hasnever comprehended the outside.The Stateas the modelfor the bookand for thoughthas a longhis- tory: logos,the philosopher-king,the transcendenceof the ldea, the interiority of the concept,the republicof minds,the court of reason,the functionariesof thought,man aslegislator and subject.The State'spreten- - sionto bea world order,and to root man.fhe-war machine's relation to an i;;td"-t. noi unottt.t "model"; it is an'aiemuiag?Th'at inakesthought itself nomadic, and the book a working part in every mobile machine,a i stem for a rhizome (Kleist and Kafka againstGoethe). Write to the nth power,the n - 1 power,write with slogans:Make rhi- zomes,not roots,never plant! Don't sow,grow offshoots!Don't be one or multiple, be multiplicities! Run lines, neverplot a pointl$egg H54g-Jbp quick, when still! Line of chance,line ;1gi.gfllllg.llrgeja Be even standing -----*'--__-_- TNTRODUCTION:RHIZOME tr 25

begin r of hips.line of flight.Don't bringour rhe General in y9-ulDon't havelust lels of ideas,just havean idea(Godard). Have short-rermia'eilMake maps,not inesof photos pink or drawings.Be the Pantherand your roveswill be like the : State wasp and the orchid,the cat and the baboon.As they sayabout old man ks still nver: I CaSea autiful He don'tplant'tatos Don't plant therea cotton rdes,a mitate owcan ,eneity, racing: luthor, tracing rst,and y a cul- bering, :nt, in racing. ,sto do oscien- o com- lnota theory, nework ranging omads ory has led the rnghis- ea, the on,the preten- )nto an EiriiEit a |jne, rkerhi- )one or {!!J& ce,line 518 tr NOTESTO PP.xi-10

tran! 19771,p. I 2l and becausehe was critical of Basaglia'sassimilation of mental illnessand ), resul sociafalienation and his rejectionof any kind of institutionsfor the insane(Psychanalyse et viru transversalit?,p. 264). "outrage fron I 3. In 1973,Guattari wastried and fined for committing an to public decency" evol by publishingan issueofRecftercftes on homosexuality.All copieswere ordered destroyed (1-a the r Rbvolutionmolbculaire, p. I l0n). role 14. Anti-Oediprs,trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem,and Helen R. Lane (Minneapolis: bett University of MinnesotaPress, 1983). US€r 15. La Rbvotutionmol?culaire, p. 144. The disintegrationof the Left into dogmatic "groupuscules"and the amoeba-likeproliferation of Lacanianschools based on personality l9'' cultsconfirmed the chargeof bureaucratismbut beliedthe potencyof the mix. Guattari him- self beganhis political life in the early 1950swith stormy attemptsat membershipin two Prt Trotskyist splinter parties(Psychanalyse et transversalit?,pp. 268-27l). 16. Dffirence et rbp?tition,pp. 49-55,337-349. "a I 7. Jean-FranqoisLyotard. The PostmodernCondition: A Reporton Knowledge,lrans. an GeoffBenningtonand Brian Massumi(Minneapolis: University of MinnesotaPress, 1984), im pp.32-33. notion of "consensus"is the updated,late-modern verslon. 18. JiirgenHabermas's ro 19. Interviewwith Gilles Deleuze,Lib?ration, October 23' 1980'p. 16. "The Ar oftenquoted by Deleuze: Thoughtfrom Out- 20. SeeFoucault's essay on Blanchot, U side."in Foucault/Blanchot,lrans.Brian Massumi,Maurice Blanchot,and Michel Foucault (s (New York: Zone Books, I 987). 21. Deleuze'sbooksoncinema(CinemaI:TheMovement-lmagelMinneapolis:Univer- (/ sity of MinnesotaPress, 19861, and CinemaII: The Time-Image[forthcoming from lJniver- painting(-Fra ncis Bacon: Logique de la sensallor Ed. sily of MinnesotaPressl) and on [Paris: L exercisesin philosophicalexpansionism. Their proj- dela Diff6rence,I 98I ]) arenot meantas ir ect is not to bring thesearts to philosophy,but to bring out the philosophyalready in them. "smooth "striated 22. The terms space"and space"were in fact coinedby PierreBoulez. Seep. 361-62ofthe presentwork and note20. with Deleuze,Lib?ration, October 23' 1980,p. 17. \ 23. Interview Gilles I 24. Seepage I 58 ofthe presentwork and note. Proustand,srg:ns, trans. Richard Howard (New 25. On style in literature,see Deleuze, I York: Braziller,197 2), pp. I 42-l 50. "Intellectuals 1 26. Deleuzeand Foucault, and Power,"p. 208.

l. Introduction:Rhizome "Empirical The- L [rn,lNs:U. Weinreich,W. Labov,and M. Herzog, Foundationsfor a ory of Language,"in W. Lehmann and Y. Malkeiel, eds.,Directions for Historical Linguistics "Aspects (1968), p. 125; cited by FrangoiseRobert, sociaux du changementdans une grammaireg6n6rative," Langages, no. 32 (December1973)' p. 90.1 2. Bertil Malmberg, New Trendsin Linguistics,trans. Edward Carners(Stockholm: Lund, 1964),pp. 65-6'7(the exampleof the Castiliandialect). 3. Ernst Jiinger,Approches; drogues et ivresse(Paris: Table Ronde, l9'14)' p' 304' sec.2 I 8. 4. R6my Chauvin in Entretienssur la sexualitz,ed. Max Aron, Robert courrieq and Wolff (Paris:Plon, 1969),p. 205. Etienne "Le 5. On the work of R. E. Benvenisteand G. J. Todaro,see Yves Christen, role des 'After virus dansl'6volution," la Recherche,no.54 (March I 975): integration-extractionin a cell, virusesmay, due to an error in excision,carry off fragmentsof their host'sDNA and P.xi-10 NOTESTOPP.l0-17 n 519

'geneticengineering'' As a lia'sassimilation of mental illnessand transmitthem to newcells: this in fact is the basisfor what we call to anotherby meansof itutions for the insane(psychanalyse et result,the geneticinformation of one organismmay be transferred would go viruses.we could evenimagine an extremecase where this transferof information "outrage progenitorofthe more mittingan to public decency,, from a morehighly evolved species to onethat is lessevolved or wasthe y. to evolution in AII copieswere ordered destr oyed,(La evolvedspecies. This mechanism,then, would run in the oppositedirection hasplayed a major theclassical sense. Ifit turnsout that this kind oftransferralofinformation (with communications em,and Helen R. Lane (Minneapolis: role, we would in certain caseshave to substitutereticular schemas schemascurrently betweenbranches after they havebecome differentiated) for the bushor tree ntegrationof the Left into dogmatic usedto representevolution" (p. 27 I ). (New York: Pantheon' Lacanianschools based on personality 6. Fiangois Jacob,The Logic of Life' trans' Betty E' Spillmann I thepotency of the mix. Guattari him_ 1973),pp. 291-292,31I (quote). of california ormyattempts at membershipin two 7. Carlos castaneda,The Teachingsof Don Juan (Berkeley:university pp. lit'e, 268-27t). Press,1971), P. 88. g. pierreBoulez,ConversationswithC?lestinDelibge(London:EulenbergBooks,1976): proliferatelike aweed"(p' l5); dition:A Report on Knowledge, trans. ..aseed which you plant in compost,and suddenlyit beginsto *a writing itself makeslt Universityof Minnesotapress, l9g4), and on musicalproliferation: music that floats, and in which the (p. modified])' impossiblefor the performerto keepin with a pulsedtime" 69 [translation l96l the reupdated, late-modern versron. g. SeeMelanie Kletn,Narrative of a child Anclysrs(London: Hogarth Press, ): with ClaireParnet and :ober23, I 980,p. I 6. roleof war mapsin Richard'sactivities. [rnnNs: Deleuze and Guattari, "The in "The Interpretationof byDeleuze: Thoughtfrom Out_ Andr6 Scala,analyre Klein's Richard and Freud's Little Hans Meaghan Morris runceBlanchot, and Michel Foucault Utterances,,,it Language,Sexuality and subversion,trans. Paul Fossand (Sydney:Feral Publications, 1978), pp. 141-157'l ,vement- Voix et voir,Recherches,no. S I magefMinneapolis: Univer_ 10. FernandDeligny, Cahiers de l'immuable,vol. l, ne-I magelforthcoming from Univer- (April 1975). "Pragmatique,situation d'6nonciationet Deixis," in tn: Logiquede la sensationIparis: Ed. ll. See Dieter Wunderlich, wunderlich'sattempts to ilosophicalexpansionism. Their proj_ Langages,no.26 (June 1972),pp.50ff.:Maccawley, Sadock, and "pragmatic tout thephilosophy already in them. integrate properties"into Chomskiantrees' Ifuopf, 1975),p. 76; on memory' see werein fact coinedby pierre Boulez. iz. st."." nore,The ConsciousBrain (New York: pp.185-219. pensbe(Paris: rber23,1980, p. 17. 13. SeeJulien Pacotte,Le rbseauarborescent, sch?me primordial de Ia arborescentform, Hermann, I 936).This book analyzesand developsvarious schemas ofthe "real of formal thought'" It ,Sr8'ns,trans. Richard Howard (New which is presentednot asa mereiormalism but asthe foundation "One-Two,"the followsciassical thought through to the end.It presentsall of the formsof the schema: ;" p. 208. theory ofthe dipole.The set,trunk-roots-branches, yields the following rizome I opposed.segment "Empirical \ ,\/ 1, Foundationsfor a The- -'.-.-'el\ Direct i on s for H i stori cal L i ngu i st ics /\ socrauxdu changementdans une in the mostdiverse r73),p. 90.1 More recently,Michel Serreshas analyzed varieties and sequencesof trees "network'" La traduction(Paris: rans.Edward Carners (Stockholm: scientific domains:how a tree is formed on the basisof a alect). Vinuit,l974),pp.27ff.;Feuxersignauxdebrume(Paris:Grasset'1975)'pp'35ff' )aris: 'Automate Com- Table Ronde, 1974),p. 30a, 14. pierre Rosenstiehland JeanPetitot, asocialet systdmesacentrds," Herbert S. will Tle munications,no. 22 (1974), pp. 45-62.On the friendshiptheorem, see and on a simi- i. Max Aron, Robert Courrier,and FriendshipTheorem in CombinatorialMathematics (Welsh Academic Press); J. Arroq soclal lar kind oftheorem, calledthe theoremofgroup indecision,see Kenneth ..Le ro, seeYves Christen, role des Choiceand Individual Values(New York: wilev' 1963)' 'After 'Automate of the 5): integration-extractionin a 15. Rosenstiehland petitot, asocial."The principal characteristic of a centralpower' lragmentsof their host'sDNA and acenteredsystem is that local initiativesare coordinatedindependently 520 D NOTESTOPP. 17.24

with the carculationsmade throughout ..That the network(multiplicity). iswhy the onryplace Union G6n6r fileson peoplecan be kept is right in eachperson's home, since they alone are capable offilling perceptionb; tn the descriptionand keeping.itup to date:society itselfis the only possibledatl bankon peo- 25. SeeJt ple' A naturallyacentered society rejects the centralizrng "Firing automatonas an asocialintrusion,, introduction (p. 67).on the Squadrheorem," -57. seepp. 5 l Ii evenhappens that generars,dream_ d'E ing of appropriating G6n6rale the formal techniquesoi guerrillawarfare, appeal to multipticities,,of synchronousmodules . - . basedon numerous Lut independentrightweight ceils,, having in theory only a minimum of '.hierarchical centrarpower and relaying,,;see Guy Brossoilet, Essaisur la non-bataille(paris: Belin. 1975). l. Sigm l6' OnwesternagricultureofgrainplantsandEasternhorticultureoftubers,theopposi- Strachey(Lo tton betweensowing ofseeds and replantingofoffshoots, and the contrastto anlmal raising, 2. [rnet see Andre Haudricourt. "Domestication des animaux, culture des planteset traitement I 925),p. I l) d'autrui," L'Homme, vol. 2, no. (January-April l r962),pp. 40-50,and..Nature et curture 3. E.A. d_ansla civilisation de |igname: l'origine des ilones et des clans,',L,Homme,vol. 4, no. r 4. Rutb (January-April1964),pp-93-l04.Maizeandricearenoexception:theyarecereals..adopted in The Wolf' at a latedate by tubercultivators" "first and weretreated in a similarfashion;it is p;;;able that rice 5. Elias appearedas a weed in taro ditches." pp. 29-30,9: l7' Henry Miller, in Henry Miller and Michael Fraenkel,Hamlet (New york: Carrefour, 6. [rnl 1939),pp. 105-106. 7. lnltl 18. SeeLeslie Fiedler, The Return of the vanishingAmerican(New york: Sternand Day, p. I 13. 1968).This book contains a fine analysisofgeography and its roie in American mythorogy and literature,and ofthe reversal gast, ofdirectioni. tn tne therewas the searchlbr a specifi- callyAmerican code and fora recoding with Europe(Henry James,Efiot, pouna,etc.); in the South,there was the overcoding ofthe slavesystem, with its ruin and the ruin oithe planta_ l. Rola tions during the civil war (Faulkner, Carawel); from the North came capitaristdecoding star that has (Dos Passos,Dreiser); the west, however,played the roreof a line of flight combinrngtravel, calledablac hallucination,madness, the Indians,perceptive and mentalexperimentation, the shiftingof ofsuch ano fronliers, the rhizome (Ken Kesey "fog and his machine,,,the beat generation,etc.). Every reflect any I greatAmerican author createsa cartography, evenin his or her styrJ;in contrastto what is 2. Mat ,\ done in Europe'each makes a map that is directly connectedto the real socialmovements 3. For crossingAmerica' An exampleis :) the indexingof gelgraphicaldirections throughout the work genbsede fa of Fitzgerald. probabilit'el 19. Karl wittfogel [rRANs: , orientar Desporism(New Haven, conn.: yale University and articula Press,I 957).1 and Necessi 20' GregoryBateson.stepstoanEcorogyofMind(Newyork: BalrantineBooks,1972),p. 4. Frat I I 3' It will be notedthat the word "plateau" is usedin classicalstudies ofbulbs, tubers,and t9'13\,pp.i rhizomes; see the enlry "Bulb" for in M. H. Baillon, Dictionnaire de botanique(paris: 5. Frat Hachette, 1876- 1 892). p.202:"Ge 2 I . For example,Jo6lle de La casinidre,Absorument n?cessaire. The EmergencyBook the followit (Paris:Minuit, 1973),a truly nomadic book. In the samevein, see the researchin"progress at structures3 the Montfaucon Research Center. 6. Lot 22' TheDiaries o.f Franz Karka.ed. Max Brod,trans. Joseph Kresh (New york: schocken, (Madison:' 1948),p. 12. 7. See 23' Marcel schwob, The.Chirdren's Crusade,lrans. Henry copley (Boston: Small, Didier, 18 Maynard, I 898);Jersy Andrzejewski, Zcsportes du paradis(paris: Gallimard, l 959);Armand tiques, his' Farrachi,La dislctcation(paris: Stock,I 974).It wasin the contextofSchwob,s book that paul which Gec Alphand6ry remarkedthat riterature,in "genuine certaincases, courd revitalizehistoryand impose attraction. upon rt researchdirections"; La chrbtienrbet I'itlbede croisade lparisr,Llbrn Michel, BeidenGe 1959),vol. 2,p. |6. encesnatu 24' SeePaul virilio, "v6hiculaire," in Nomadeset vagabonds,ed.Jacques Bergue (paris: Doin, 192, NOTESTOPP.24-41 a 521

*That ty). is why theonly place Union G6n6raled'Editions, I 975),p. 43,on the appearanceoflinearity andthe disruptionof theyalone are capable offilling perceptionby speed. rnly possibledata bank on peo- 25. SeeJean-Cristophe Bailly's description of movementin GermanRomanticism, in his matonas an asocialintrusion,' introduction to La l?gendedispersbe. Anthologie du romantisme allemand (Paris: Union happensthat generals,dream- G6n6raled'Editions, 1976),pp. 18ff. re, appealto multiplicities,,of nt lightweightcells" having rn 2.l9l4z One or SeveralWolves? relaying";see Guy Brossollet, l. Sigmund Fretd, Paperson Metapsychology,vol. 14, standard Edilion, trans. James ticultureoftubers. the opposi- Strachey(London: Hogarth Press, I 957), p. 200' and World, thecontrast to animal raising, 2. [rn.lNs: Virginia Woolf, Mrs. Dalloway (New York: Harcourt, Brace ure des planteset traitement 1925),p. I l).1 "Nature p' 7a' 40-50,and et culture 3. E. A. Bennet, What Jung Real/y Said (New York: Schocken' 1967)' Neurosis," ans,"L'Homme, vol. 4, no. I 4. Ruth Mack Brunswick,'A Supplementto Freud'sHistory of an Infantile lion:they are cereals "adopted in The Wolf-Man,ed. Muriel Gardiner (New York: BasicBooks, 197I ), p' 268' I 963)' fashion;it isprobable that rice 5. Elias Canetti, Crowdsand Powe4trans. Carol Stewart(New York: Viking Press' pp. 29-30,93ff. Someofthe distinctionsmentioned here are notedby Canetti' Iamlet (New York: Carrefour, 6. [rn.lNs:Ibid., p. 93.] 7. Ltter citedby RolandJacc ard, L' hommeaux loups(Paris: Ed. Universitaires,I 973), an (New York: Stein and Day, p. I 13. irole in Americanmythology re wasthe searchfor a specifi- 3. 10,000n.c.: The GeologYof Morals nes,Eliot, Pound, etc.); in the 'A (Paris:Hermann, 1973),p. 164: rinand the ruin ofthe planta- L Roland omnis, L'universet sesmbtamoryftoses the critical point becomeswhat is rrthcame capitalist decoding star that hascollapsed so far that its radius hasfallen below meansthat nothingsent in the direction ne of flight combining travel, calleda blackhole (an occluded star). This expression perfectly black since it doesnot emrt or perimentation,the shifting of ofsuch an object will ever come back. It is therefore beatgeneration, etc.). Every reflect any light." 1975)'pp. 38-41' rrstyle; in contrastto what is 2. Marcel Griaule,Dieu d'eau(Paris: Fayard, seeRaymod Ruyer, La to the realsocial movements 3. For a generaltreatment of the two aspectsof morphogenesis, pp. and Pierre Yendryds, vie et irectionsthroughout the work genbsede formes vivantes(Paris: Flammarion, 1958), 54ff., probabilitb(Paris: Albin Michel, 1945).Vendryds analyzes the role of thearticulatory relation Monod, Chance ven, Conn.: Yale University and articulated systems.On the two structural aspectsof protein, seeJacques and Necessity,trans.Austryn Wainhouse(New York: Vintage,1972)' pp' 90-95' (New York: Pantheon, k:Ballantine Books, l 972),p. 4. Frangois Jacob,The Logic of Life, trans. Betty E. Spillman studiesofbulbs, tubers,and 1973),pp. 269-270[translation modified]' tnnaire de botanique (paris: 5. FrangoisJacob,*kmoddlelinguistiqueenbiologie,"Critique,no.322(Marchl974\, p. 202: "Genetic material has two roles: it must be reproduced in order to be transmitted to ssaire.The EmergencyBook ihe following generation,and it must be expressedin order for it to determine the organism's eethe researchin progressat structuresand functions." 6. Louis Hjelmslev, Prolegomenato a Theory of Language, trans. Francis J. Whitfield Kresh(New York: Schocken, (Madison:University of WisconsinPress, 1969), p. 60. 7. SeeGeoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Principesde philosophiezoologique (Paris: Picton et rry Copley (Boston: Small. Didier, 1830),which quotes extractsfrom the debatewith Cuvier; and Notions synthb- s:Gallimard, I 959);Armand tiques, historiqueset physiologiquesde philosophie naturelle (Paris: Denain, 1838), in it ofSchwob'sbook that paul which Geoffroy setsforth his molecular conception of combustion, electrification, and :vitalizehistory and impose attraction. Karl Ernest von Baer, Uber Entwicklungsgeschichteder Thiere (Krinigsberg: "Biographie roisade (Pais: Albin Michel. Beiden Gehriidern Borntriiger, 1828-88),and de Cuvier," in Annalesdes sci' encesnaturelles (1908). Vialleton, Membres et ceinturesdes vertbbrbsti:trapodes (Patis'. ls.ed. Jacques Bergue (Paris: Doin, 1924).