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100 PROMISING CRIME PREVENTION PROGRAMS FROM ACROSS THE WORLD
Under the direction of Irvin Waller
Prepared by Lily-Ann Gauthier, David Hicks, Daniel Sansfa~on and Leanne Salel
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRIME @ ASSISTING CITIES AND COUNTRIES TO REDUCE DELINQUENCY, VIOLENCE AND INSECURITY
Publication Funded by Bureau of Justice Assistance Office of Justice Programs .. U.S. Department of Justice
BJA provides leader'ship and assistance in support of state, local and tribal strategies to strengthen the criminal justice system and to achieve safe communities by reducing and preventing crime, violence and drug abuse. Irvin WALLER, Director General, is consulted by local and national governments around the.world on crime-reduction strategies. He has been an adviser to.the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. In the 1970's, he held a Director General position in the Canadian Department responsible for policing and criminal justice policy. He was a contributor to the Declaration on the Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power adopted by the U.N. General Assembly. He is currently on leave from his post as professor of criminology at the University of Ottawa and is past President of the World Society of Victimology.
Lily-Ann GAUTHIER, Director of the Best Practice Bureau, is a criminologist with extensive experience in youth development and protection. She is specialized in adult education and training. She has been involved in policy development, implementation of programs and communications in health and social service sectors.
David HICKS, Project Officer, Best Practice Bureau, is a criminologist specialized in prevention, with research experience on national drug policies for Health Canada. He is a Ph.D. candidate at Cardiff University (Wales, United Kingdom).
Daniel SANSFA~ON, Senior Analyst, is a criminologist and sociologist with extensive research experience as director of criminal law research for the Department of Justice of Canada and as professor at UniversitG du Qu6bec Montreal, conducting numerous studies on gender and sex related crimes.
Leanne SALEL, Research Assistant, Best Practice Bureau, is an LL.B. and B.C.L. candidate at McGill University (Montreal, PQ, Canada). A CKNO WL EDGEM EN TS
,Preparation of this report would not have been possible without the generous financial contribution of the National Crime Prevention Centre (Department of Justice Canada/Solicitor General Canada) and of the government of France through the Del6gation Interministerielle 6 la Ville
Printing and distribution in the United States were made possible through the financial contribution of the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.
Other governments who form the Advisory and Policy Committee of the ICPC have also provided financial support and expert advice. They are the Home Office for England & Wales, the Ministries of Justice and Interior of the Netherlands, and the Ministry of Public Safety of the Province of Quebec.
Some organizations which are part of the ICPC Board of Directors have also provided encouragement and expert advice and documentation. They are in particular the National Crime Prevention Council (U.S.), Crime Concern (England), the European Forum for Urban Safety, and the United Nations Office at Vienna.
The ICPC also wishes to recognize the essential contributions of individuals whose names appear, for the most part, in the individual programs contact information sections.
Finally, members of the ICPC staff contributed their time and knowledge to improve this report. They are: Caroline Beno~'t, Frantz Denat, Chantal Valade, and Claude Vezina.
ISBN 2-921916-10-X
Legal deposit : Bibli0theque nationale du Quebec Legal deposit : National Library of Canada
Copyright ICPC 1999 Portions of this publication may be reproduced (or downloaded from the ICPC Internet site) without further permission if the intended use is not-for-profit and not for resale and provided the ICPC is acknowledged.
International Centre for the Prevention of Crime 507, Place d'Armes, Suite 2100, Montreal, (Quebec), Canada, H2Y 2W8 Telephone: [!] (514) 288-6731 FAX: [!1 (514) 288-8763 E-mail: cipc@crime-prevention-intLorg
Message from NANCY E. GIST Director Bureau of Justice Assistance U.S. Department of Justice
The ways in which governments and communities perceive and tackle issues of violence and insecurity have undergone important changes in recent years. There is renewed emphasis on partnership building, networking and decentralized forms of cooperation. While resources ore scarce, decision makers are increasingly looking at what works and what is cost effective in other jurisdictions. In light of these developments, the gathering and dissemination of easily usable information from across the world will be instrumental in informing the efforts of communities.
This publication describes selected benchmarks of success and innovation from countries around the world. It includes policy and crime reduction strategies with documented effectiveness, as well as programs which have not been evaluated but are included for both the quality of the process used as well as their focus on issues in need of sustainable solutions.
100 Promising Crime Prevention Programs from Across the World was developed by the International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC) to empower people and institutions and governments to work in partnership to produce sustainable community safety. The policies and programs documented demonstrate that crime prevention is effective, affordable and achievable in any community.
Through a partnership between ICPC and the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) of the United States Department of Justice, the book - 1O0 Promising Crime Prevention Programs from Across the World - has been adapted for use in the United States and will be distributed to communities across the country. It is our hope that local governments, businesses and citizens, as well as others with a stake in safer, healthier communities, will use this opportunity- to learn from the experiences of others from around the world- They will harness international experience in the service of local action to continue restoring peace to our nation's schools, workplaces and neighborhoods. Only by working together and sharing our best ideas about crime prevention will our nation begin the new century as peaceful as it is prosperous.
FOREWARD by Myriam Ezratty President of the Board of Directors of the International Centre for the Prevention of Crime
During the thirty years that followed the economic boom after the second World War, most so-called rich countries have been confronted with a phenomenon that is both disconcerting and troubling - constantly growing crime rates. Even though some stabilization has been recorded in the last decade, the rates of crime are still very high compared to those known to the generation preceding ours. In countries in transition to democracy, the increase has often been even more brutal and dramatic.
This growth in crime has been covered extensively by the media - with the arrival of modern techniques of communication - and brought home to citizens. Even in areas where crime rates are not high, citizens experience feelings of insecurity which are generators of fear, intolerance and loss of confidence in the political authorities.
With few exceptions, the public reaction has been to call for more criminal laws and greater severity in their application. Governments and public authorities have largely responded with more law enforcement and tougher sanctions, using new technology and supplementary resources if they have had the means to do so.
Throughout this period, practitioners and researchers have called attention to the dangers of policies which are only limited to sanctions. They have recommended a more global vision to combat crime based on the principle that prevention is better than cure. Slowly, these ideas have achieved legitimacy in terms of recognition that programs limited to incarceration increase costs and have negative effects on rates of recidivism.
Regardless of the standard of living or cultural traditions, people all over the world aspire to live in places where their safety and security is not constantly threatened. In urban environments, peoples' worries focus on safety in their homes, on the street, in transportation, and at school. Why not invest in programs which tackle the risk factors, in order to reduce the number of potential victims and to improve the quality of daily life?
Although initially limited to a few pioneering projects, prevention is becoming a significant policy objective for more and more countries. Through the publication of "" 100 Promising Crime Prevention Programs from Across the World", the International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC) is encouraging this evolution by presenting concrete examples of what has already been achieved in various countries. The report describes how governments, cities, educational institutions, police, social services, and professionals in other sectors - often in collaboration with voluntary groups and individuals - have mobilized to tackle the factors that lead to crime. Such groups are investing in supportive actions for the young, encouraging responsibility among first time offenders, and improving the safety and security of people and goods.This report also looks at how to cope with intra-familial violence and race crime. In many of these cases, responses limited to enforcement and sanctions - although necessary - have proved to be ineffective or insufficient, particularly over the long term.
The work of the ICPC demonstrates that when prevention is planned and implemented in a coherent and targeted manner "'it works", and often with expenditures that are modest compared to the benefits. It is often difficult to provide statistically evaluated results, particularly for projects initiated in the early years to respond to urgent needs, and before methodology and criteria for measurement had been established. However, among the programs described, some have been the subject of careful scientific research, which has confirmed that the program reduced crime in a meaningful way in the sectors or the domains concerned.
It could be argued that the sample of countries included in this report is too limited to be representative across the world. Our response is that the objective of the ICPC in disseminating this material is not to impose specific models or "'recipe book" solutions. It is up to each country, city or community to develop their own ways of adapting ideas to their local context using the means at their disposal.
Many of the problems of crime, such as theft, assault or intra-familial violence, are common worldwide and everywhere their consequences are unacceptable Further, it has been established that the causes of such problems are surprisingly similar from one country to another. So many readers will be able to find a source of inspiration in a program put in place by others - making improvements which will, in turn, benefit new partners.
The ICPC has already successfully assisted both wealthy and developing countries to adapt and implement such programs. It is far too soon to claim victory. Much remains to be done. Some countries and cities will have to face more difficulties than others in establishing successful prevention programs. I am persuaded, however, that it is possible to make progress. These examples of programs can inspire those who might be tempted to give up, to continue.
It is important to look for further examples where countries or communities have been confronted with particular crime problems for which they have found creative and successful solutions. We would like to be able to share those experiences so that others across the world can benefit.
I hope that the publication of this report, and its availability on the Internet will inspire action and bring together not only those already working in prevention but all those concerned to reduce delinquency, violence and insecurity in their country and across the world. TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ...... Introduction.../ix
ADMINISTRATION: COUNTRIES, REGIONS, CITIES AND OTHER RELEVANT
STRATEGIES ...... Administrations.../1
COUNTRIES ...... Administrations.../2
ARGENTINA ...... Administrations.../3
AUSTRALIA ...... Administrations.../4
BELGIUM ...... Administrations.../6
CANADA ...... Administrations.../7
C7ECH REPUBLIC ...... Administrations.../9
DENMARK ...... Administrations.../11
ENGLAND & WALES ...... Administrations.../13
FRANCE ...... Administrations.../16
IVORY COAST ...... Administrations.../19
THE NETHERLANDS ...... Administrations.../20
NEW ZEALAND ...... Administrations...~23
SOUTH AFRICA ...... Administrations.../25
SWEDEN ...... Administrations.../27
UNITED STATES ...... Administrations.../28
REGIONS ...... Administrations.../32
SOUTH AUSTRALIA,AUSTRALIA ...... Administrations.../33 LOCAL COORDINATION IMPLEMENTED ...... Administrations.../33
VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA ...... Administrations.../34 PARTNERSHIPS FOR SAFER CITIES AND SHIRES ...... Administrations.../34
CITIES ...... Administrations...~36 AMSTERDAM, DEN HAAG, ROTTERDAM AND UTRECHT ...... Administrations.../37
Table of contents.../i AGREEMENT ON URBAN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (THE NETHERLANDS) ...... Administrations.../37
BOSTON ...... Administrations.../38 FOCUS ON YOUTH (Massachusetts, UNITED STATES) .. Administrations.../38
CALl ...... Administrations.../39 URBAN DEVELOPMENT, SAFETY, AND PEACE (COLOMBIA) ...... Administrations.../39
DENVER ...... Administrations.../40 YOUTH VIOLENCE AND COMMUNITY POLICING (Colorado, UNITED STATES) ...... Administrations...~40
J'PINAY-SUR-SEINE ...... • ...... Administrations.../41 SOCIAL INTEGRATION SOLIDARITY (FRANCE) ...... Administrations...~41
FORT WORTH ...... Administrations.../42 DECENTRALIZING POLICING AND GOVERNMENT SERVICES (Texas, UNITED STATES) ...... Administrations...~42
HARTFORD ...... Administrations...~44 PARTNERSHIPS AND COMMUNITY POLICING (Connecticut, UNITED STATES) ...... Administrations...~44
LILLE ...... Administrations...~45 SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND DELINQUENCY (FRANCE) . . . Administrations.../45
MONTREAL ...... Administrations...~46 Neighborhood COALITION (Quebec, CANADA) ...... Administrations.../46
NEW YORK ...... Administrations.../47 CRIME AND DISORDER (New York, UNITED STATES) . . . Administrations...~47
NORFOLK ...... Administrations.../49 A COLLABORATIVE STRATEGY FOR SAFER NeighborhoodS (Virginia, UNITED STATES) ...... Administrations.../49
NORTHUMBRIA ...... Administrations.../50 FEAR REDUCTION AND CIVIC ACTION (ENGLAND and WALES) ...... Administrations.../50
SAN DIEGO ...... Administrations.../51 COMMUNITY POLICING AND AT-RISK POPULATIONS (California, UNITED STATES) ...... Administrations.../51
SEATTLE ...... Administrations.../S2 RESIDENTIAL BURGLARY AND CIVIC ACTION (Washington, UNITED STATES) ...... Administrations.../52
Table of conlenls.../ii TORONTO ...... Administrations.../53 CIVIC ACTION TO BREAK THE CYCLE OF VIOLENCE (Ontario, CANADA) ...... Administrations.../53
GUIDES ...... "...... Administrations.../55 ACHIEVING SECURITY THROUGH LOCAL PARTNERSHIPS ...... Administrations.../56 FRAMEWORK FOR MUNICIPAL ACTION TO ENHANCE FAMILY SECURITY ...... Administrations.../57 GUIDE FOR LOCAL PARTNERSHIPS ...... Administrations.../58 ...... Administrations.../58 LEGISLATED LOCAL AUTHORITY-POLICE PARTNERSHIPS ...... Administrations.../59
OTHER RELEVANT STRATEGIES ...... Administrations.../60
ANTI-AUTO THEFT DEVICES ...... Administrations.../61 (GERMANY, ENGLAND AND WALES, UNITED STATES) .. Administrations.../61
FIREARM REGULATION ...... Administrations.../62 (CANADA) ...... Administrations.../62
SERVICE SECTOR, EMPLOYMENT, HEALTH, HOUSING, RECREATION, SCHOOLS, SOCIAL SERVICES, TRANSPORT ...... Service Sector.../64
EMPLOYMENT ...... Service Sector.../65
CITY GUARDS ...... Service Sector.../66 (THE NETHERLANDS) ...... Service Sector.../66
GRADUATION INCENTIVES ...... Service Sector.../67 (UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../67
JOB TRAINING FOR AT-RISK YOUTH ...... Service Sector.../68 (UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../68
HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES ...... Service Sector.../70
AT-RISK CHILDREN AND ENRICHED PRESCHOOL ...... Service Sector.../71 (Ypsilanti, Michigan, UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../71
CHILD ABUSE AND HOME VISITATIONS ...... Service Sector.../72 (Elmira, New York, UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../72
DRUG AND ALCOHOL TREATMENT ...... Service Sector.../73 (California, UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../73
DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILIES AND THERAPY ...... Service Sector.../74
Table of contents.../iii (UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../74
DRUGS AND LIFE SKILLS TRAINING ...... Service Sector., ./76 (New York State, UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../76
FAMILY SUPPORT AND DELINQUENCY RISK FACTORS ...... Service Sector., ./77 (New Haven, Connecticut, UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../77
NEW BORN AND RISK FACTORS ...... Service Sector.../78 (Hawaii, UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../78
ONE-PARENT FAMILIES AND MENTORS ...... Service Sector.../79 (UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../79
PARENT TRAINING AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR ...... Service Sector.../80 (Eugene, Oregon, UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../80
PARENT TRAINING AND DELINQUENCY ...... Service Sector.../81 (Montreal, Quebec, CANADA) ...... Service Sector.../81
PARENT TRAINING AND FAMILY DEVELOPMENT ...... Service Sector.../82 (Syracuse, New York, UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../82
SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND POOR CHILDREN ...... Service Sector,../84 (Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA) ...... Service Sector,../84
SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND AT-RISK YOUTH ...... Service Sector,../85 (ENGLAND and WALES, and UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../85
SOCIAL STATUS OF YOUTH AND THEIR FAMILIES ...... Service Sector.../86 (Hanko, FINLAND) ...... Service Sector.../86
GUIDES ...... Service Sector.../87 YOUTH VIOLENCE: A FRAMEWORK FOR CIVIC ACTION . Service Sector.../88
HOUSING ...... Service Sector.../89
SAFER LIVING IN A PROBLEM HOUSING ESTATE ...... Service Sector.../90 (Amsterdam, THE NETHERLANDS) ...... Service Sector.../90
SECURE HOUSING BY DESIGN ...... Service Sector.../91 (THE NETHERLANDS) ...... Service Sector.../91
RECREATION ...... Service Sector.../93 FAN COACHING ...... Service Sector.../94 (BELGIUM) ...... Service Sector.../94
GRAFFITI, VANDALISM AND ART ...... Service Sector.../95 (Haarlem, THE NETHERLANDS) ...... Service Sector.../95
Table of eonlents.../iv SCHOOLS ...... Service Sector.../96
ADOLESCENTS AND DRINKING AND DRIVING ...... Service Sector.../97 (UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../97
BULLYING: INFORMATION AND INVOLVEMENT ...... Service Sector.../98 (NORWAY) ...... Service Sector.../98
DRUGS AND A MULTIFACETED APPROACH ...... Service Sector.../99 (Kansas City andlndianapolis, UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../99
DROPOUTS AND SOCIAL SKILLS ...... Service Sector.../100 (Seattle, Washington, UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../100
VANDALISM AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR ...... Service Sector.../101 (Los Angeles County, California, UNITED STATES) ..... Service Sector.../101
VIOLENCE AND AGGRESSIVENESS ...... Service Sector.../102 (Seattle, Washington, UNITED STATES) ...... Service Sector.../102
GUIDES ...... Service Sector.../104 A HATE CRIME PREVENTION CURRICULUM FOR MIDDLE SCHOOLS ...... Service Sector.../105 A GUIDE TO SCHOOL DRUG PREVENTION PROGRAMS ...... Service Sector.../106 TEACHERS' GUIDE FOR TRAINING: THREAT OF A GANG FIGHT ...... Service Sector.../107
TRANSPORTATION ...... Service Sector.../109
INSECURITY ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ...... Service Sector.../110 (FRANCE) ...... Service Sector.../110
SAFER STATIONS ...... Service Sector.../111 (Wandsworth, ENGLAND and WALES) ...... Service Sector.../111
SUMMER ACTIVITIES AND DISADVANTAGED YOUTH* ...... Service Sector.../112 (FRANCE) ...... Service Sector.../112
FORMAL INTERVENTION SYSTEM: JUSTICE, POLICE ...... Formal Intervention.../113
JUSTICE ...... Formal Intervention.../114 ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN DIFFICULT NEIGHBORHOODS ...... Formal Intervention.../115 (FRANCE) ...... Formal Intervention.../115
COMMUNITY-BASED OFFENDER MANAGEMENT ...... Formal Intervention.../116 (Manitoba, CANADA) ...... Formal Intervention.../116
Table of contents.../v DRUGS AND THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY ...... Formal Intervention.../117 (Montreal, Quebec, CANADA) ...... Formal Intervention.../117
PIONEERS IN RESTORATIVE JUSTICE ...... Formal Intervention.../118 (NEW ZEALAND) ...... Formal Intervention.../118
POLICE ...... Formal Intervention.../120
ALL FEMALE POLICE STATIONS ...... Formal Intervention.../121 (Sao Paulo, BRAZIL) ...... Formal Intervention.../121
CAMERA SURVEILLANCE AND PUBLIC SPACES ...... Formal Intervention.../122 (Newcastle, ENGLAND and WALES) ...... Formal Intervention...~122
CAR THEFT ...... Formal Intervention.../123 (New South Wales, AUSTRALIA) ...... Formal Intervention...~123
CAUTIONING AT-RISK YOUTH ...... Formal Intervention.../124 (Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA) . . Formal Intervention...~124
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ...... Formal Intervention.../125 (West Yorkshire, ENGLAND and WALES) ...... Formal Intervention...~125
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: POLICE AND SOCIAL WORKERS ...... Formal Intervention.../126 (London, Ontario, CANADA) ...... Formal Intervention.../126
GRAFFITI: PUBLIC INFORMATION AND RESPONSIBILITY ...... Formal Intervention.../128 (Laval, CANADA) ...... Formal Intervention...~128
HOT SPOTS: ANALYSIS AND PROBLEM SOLVING ...... Formal Intervention.../128 (Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA) ...... Formal Intervention...~128
POLICING A PROBLEM HOUSING ESTATE ...... Formal Intervention.../130 (Meadow Well Estate of Newcastle on Tyne, ENGLAND and WALES) ...... Formal Intervention.../130
REPEAT RACIAL VICTIMIZATION ...... Formal Intervention.../131 (London, ENGLAND and WALES) ...... Formal Intervention.../131
REPEAT RESIDENTIAL BURGLARY ...... Formal Intervention.../132 (The Kirkholt Estate of Rochdale, ENGLAND and WALES) ...... Formal Intervention.../132 REPEAT VICTIMIZATION PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ...... Formal Intervention.../133 (ENGLAND and WALES) ...... Formal Intervention.../133
REPEAT VICTIMIZATION AND CRIME MAPPING ...... Formal Intervention.../135 (Merseyside, ENGLAND and WALES) ...... Formal Intervention.../135
RESIDENTIAL BURGLARY AND THE ELDERLY ...... Formal Intervention.../136
Table of contcnts.../vi (Nottinghamshire, ENGLAND and WALES) ...... Formal Intervention.../136
SPECIFIC TARGET: ANALYSIS AND PROBLEM-SOLVING ...... Formal Intervention.../137 (Newport News, Virginia, UNITED STATES) ...... Formal Intervention.../137
STREET ROBBERY AND INTELLIGENCE-LED POLICING ...... Formal Intervention.../138 (London, ENGLAND and WALES) ...... Formal Intervention.../138
VANDALISM AND RESPONSIBILITY ...... Formal Intervention.../139 (THE NETHERLANDS) ...... Formal Intervention.../139
GUIDES ...... Formal Intervention.../141 GUIDELINES FOR POLICE-COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS ...... Formal Intervention.../142
BUSINESS SECTOR ...... Business Sector.../143
BARS AND ALCOHOL-RELATED VIOLENCE ...... Business Sector.../144 (Gold Coast City, Queensland, AUSTRALIA) ...... Business Sector.../144
COMMERCIAL ROBBERY ...... Business Sector.../145 (THE NETHERLANDS) ...... Business Sector.../145
COMMERCIAL ROBBERY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN ...... Business Sector.../146 (UNITED STATES) ...... Business Sector.../146
CREDIT CARD FRAUD ...... Business Sector.../147 (ENGLAND and WALES) ...... Business Sector.../147
DELINQUENCY IN A SHOPPING CENTER ...... Business Sector.../148 (Toronto, Ontario, CANADA) ...... Business Sector.../148
DRUGS AND NIGHT CLUBS ...... Business Sector.../149 (ENGLAND and WALES) ...... Business Sector.../149
IMPAIRED DRIVING AND SERVER INTERVENTION ...... Business Sector.../150 (CANADA) ...... Business Sector.../150
VIOLENCE AND THE MEDIA ...... Business Sector.../151 (CANADA) ...... Business Sector...~151 INDEX
*SUMMER ACTIVITIES AND DISADVANTAGED YOUTH (FRANCE) found in the TRANSPORTATION section should have been placed in the RECREATION section.
Table of contents.../vii INTRODUCTION
Creating safe communities necessarily involves redefining The information contained in this collection of programs in crime responsibilities in prevention prepared by the International Centre for the order to be able to Prevention of Crime (ICPC) has been selected for its relevance in build light of the crime prevention knowledge accumulated over the past interdependence. 50 years: conclusions reached by government commissions, To encourage declarations from the United Nations and analyses by national crime preventive action. prevention organizations. possible avenues for action must be To a large extent the ingredients for successful crime prevention are set out for the already known: a safety audit that determines the challenges, risk players who are factors and resources of the community; an action plan that sets willing and able to priorities, identifies programs that might be useful models, and pool their resources defines short and long-term goals; a stringent implementation to build safe process that includes training and coordination of supporting communities: partners; an evaluation that provides feedback on both process and governments. content; a coalition of key partners with strong leadership and public services, the administrative support staff; and a communications strategy that can formal intervention mobilise professionals and citizens, and is sensitive to age, gender system and private and cultural differences. enterprise. At first glance this recipe may seem complicated, but fortunately it is readily illustrated by concrete examples. These examples, which describe initiatives introduced by various actors in various fields of endeavour in an attempt to address specific problems, allow us not only to grasp the essence of a successful integrationtion, but also to understand the contribution of key players.
Effective and lasting community safety cannot be gained by dependence on institutions nor by isolated action on the part of practitioners or institutions. It is built through the active interdependence of citizens, the services sector, the formal intervention system, private enterprise and governments; elements that contribute to generate an atmosphere where leadership becomes a synonym for sharing responsibility, sharing power and using knowledge as a springboard for action.
These programs are presented only as examples of practice. This is not intended as an exhaustive study, nor does it look at the efforts many countries are making to implement policies to change behaviour at a basic level. Instead, this document will constantly evolve as new material is brought to the attention of the ICPC by
Introduction.../viii workers in the field.
WHATtS IN THIS COLLECTION
The 100 crime prevention programs presented here all have one or another of the following qualities: strategies that support action, joint action that has reduced crime, or initiatives likely to provide a basis for ongoing action. They have been chosen for how clearly they demonstrate both content and processes likely to encourage the replication and/or adaptation of crime prevention programs.
Each program is presented in a brief, simple description so that everyone, no matter what their field or sector, can glean ideas to apply within their particular area.
Strategies for supporting act/on
National crime prevention policies, regional innovations, joint action by cities: strategies provide an understanding of some of the methods that have enabled various players to assume responsibility for achieving safety in different communities, how the key features are focussed with regard to cultures and communities, and what responsibilities and scope the players have.
In 1998, the British government allocated $450 million US over three years to implement proven crime prevention strategies in Britain... and passed a law requiring local authorities to work with police forces and other agencies as part of a stringent implementation process.
In France, more than 850 community crime prevention councils have been created since the early 1980s. Headed by the local mayor, these councils provide the cornerstone for a crime prevention program that gets stakeholders working together.
Joint act/on that has reduced crime
Short-, medium- and long-term initiatives taken by cities, countries or particular sectors (such as schools, social services, housing, etc.) have reduced the incidence of one or more specific crimes by focussing on at-risk individuals (potential criminals or victims), places (public spaces, high-risk housing projects) or mechanisms (reparation, street-proofing).
The often rigorous evaluations conducted give reason to think that duplicating these initiatives in similar conditions would likely lead to
Introduction.../ix comparable reductions in crime or victimization.
In Rochdale, England, close cooperation between the probation service, the police force and social service agencies reduced the vulnerability of a housing project to burglary and repeat victimization. In addition to a 75% reduction in burglaries, a series of empowerment measures were implemented for the community involved.
In Norway, a national anti-bullying campaign managed, by involving teaching staff, parents and the public, not only to identify incidents of bullying, but to reduce them by 50% and to reduce self-reported antisocial behaviour by 15%.
Initiatives likely to provide a basis for action
Another quality shared by the initiatives in this collection of programs is that they examine issues that must be taken into account to achieve sustainable development of our societies: support for families, children, teenagers; interventions to break the cycle of intergenerational and gender violence; and options that encourage individual and community responsibility.
Although these issues have rarely been evaluated, they shed light on the importance of innovating, of thinking in new ways, of involving new players, and of working together on common issues. They offer new directions in many fields where it appears that advances are necessary.
In Brazil, 70 police stations staffed entirely by women allow women who are victims of domestic violence to report abuse, initiate legal action and receive the support they need;
In 43 cities in the Netherlands, teenagers arrested for vandalism are given an alternative to prosecution: they can repair the damage and get help to solve their problems.
ORGANIZATION OF THE INFORMATION
The decision on how to organize the information in this collection is based on our conclusions: although success in crime prevention arises from the integration of many separate elements, it depends on the leadership of one or more key actors who take on responsibility for public safety. The information is therefore divided according to four main categories of actors:
Introduction.../x ADMINISTRATIONS, i.e. national, regional and municipal programs, as well as other specific strategies that are relevant; THE SERVICES SECTOR, which includes social and health services, schools and associations; THE FORMAL INTERVENTION SYSTEM, i.e. the police and the justice system; and PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.
For each program, it provides a broad outline of the action taken and thecharacteristics that are most likely to promote the conditions for success.
An index is also provided for more focussed consultation.
FIND OUT MORE ABOUT PREVENTION
You may wish to find out more about the reasons behind our confidence in the success of crime prevention. We invite you to read both the 1997 and 1999 editions of the Crime Prevention Digest published by the International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC). These reports contain a comparative analysis of developments in crime prevention at the international level. (Web site: www.crime-prevention-intl.org)
You may also wish to obtain more information about specific programs. Whenever possible we have included specific references as well as contact addresses for the organizations involved.
The ICPC 100 Promising Crime Prevention Programs from Across the World is a tool; we invite you to put it to good use in the service of building effective and sustainable community safety.
Introduclion.../xi
A DMINIS TRA TIONS: COUNTRIES, REGIONS, CITIES
For preventative action to move beyond the stage of isolated National, regional and Iocalgovernments have a key role to initiatives and pilot play to foster and sustain crime prevention. projects, it must be at par with other To be truly effective, a preventative policy should be at par with criminal justice other criminal justice measures equally contributing to a public measures. safety policy, which is understood as a common good. Central Prevention must be governments are best situated to stimulate and sustain such a a central element vision of crime prevention. Over the last twenty years, many of a governmental countries have adopted national crime prevention strategies. Some strategy to enhance degree of convergence between the various approaches is now public safety as a discernible. National strategies to sustain prevention tend to rest quality of life issue on a central agency capable of leadership, influencing other for communities. departments and stimulating partnerships. Also, key tools to foster prevention initiatives are most likely to be situated in central governments. These include: legislative and financial leverages, analytical and data collection capabilities, and information dissemination infrastructure to encourage the use of best practices. Finally, central governments can stimulate the mobilization of professionals and the public.
Regional governments, particularly in federal systems, also play a key role. In some cases, they are responsible for such domains as education, health and social services, in addition to implementing national policies at the local level. In other cases, as in Australia for example, initiatives undertaken by regional governments can be instrumental in the development of national strategies.
Finally, local governments are best placed to implement preventative initiatives which respond to local needs and circumstances. Concerted action to tackle youth exclusion, to enhance the safety of public places and public transportation especially for women, or to prevent residential burglary in high crime areas, are among the promising practices. Local crime prevention initiatives demonstrate that cities are best placed to bring together in a strong coalition those who can effectively tackle risk factors and to implement a rigorous process of concerted action.
Administratlons.../1 COUNTRIES
Administrations.../2 ARGENTINA Actions The initiatives have not yet been defined. Challenge Argentina's (approx. population 36 million) Research and Evaluation crime rate has almost tripled in the past 15 Evaluation studies are planned but have not years, going from 800 per 100,000 yet been finalized. inhabitants in 1980 to 1,721 in 1990 and to 2,043 in 1995. A recent victimization study Key Partners also showed that almost 70 % of the crimes The members of the Interjurisdictional committed are not reported to the police. It Council include the ministries of Public is clear that a substantial percentage of Affairs, the Interior, Health and Social crimes are more likely to affect the poorer Action, Employment and Social Security, and classes, who at the same time are less likely Education and Culture. to report offenses to the authorities. The governors of each province and of the Vision city of Buenos Aires are also represented, as Faced with these challenges, in 1995 the are the Chamber of Deputies and the Argentine Ministry of Justice set up an action Senate, the Information Secretariat, the plan based on modernization of the judicicfl organization to prevent drug abuse and process and support for communities. trafficking, the national lawyers' federation and the universities. This national action plan includes a crime prevention policy aimed at helping Funding communities to identify problems and The level of funding is unknown. solutions, perform local safety audits, implement initiatives targeting employment, Selected Sources health and social development at the Ministerio de Justicia 1998. Plan Nacional de community level, and mobilize residents. Politica Criminal.
Implementation of this action plan is one of Dr. Julio Enrique Aparicio the top priorities of the Interjurisdictional Secretario Criminal Policy Council established in 1998 Politica penitenciaria y de Readaptacion by the Ministry of Justice. This Council, Social chaired by the Justice Minister, has been Ministerio de Justicia de la Nacion commissioned to reorganize the criminal Sarmiento 329 Piso 4 justice system and policy; to conduct Buenos Aires 1006 ARGENTINA appropriate research, particularly Telephone: +54 114 328 73 21 victimization studies; to define a specific Fax: +54 114 328 73 21 action plan and the tools needed to E-mail: [email protected] implement it; and to supervise the collection of useful statistics.
The Council includes the federal government's senior ministries and representatives from the 24 provinces as well as from national associations and the judiciary.
Administrations.../3 A US TRALIA separate projects; Capacity building for key agencies Challenge such as State governments and In the last thirty years, crime in Australia Police services; (approx. population 18.4 million) has Communications to raise followed the same upward trend as in other knowledge, awareness and support industrialized countries. In fact Australia has for crime and violence prevention; among the highest rates of residential Training and education to promote, burglary, car theft and assaults. According enhance and recognize the skills; to the International Crime Victim Survey, and 29% of the population was a victim of a National coordination involving crime in 1992 compared to 26% in 1989. multiple layers of activity both at the Commonwealth level and across Vision States and Territories. Launched in 1996 by the Commonwealth government, the National Campaign Against Actions Violence and Crime, now called National NCP priorities are: Crime Prevention (NCP), is a high profile • Fear of crime and violence: a initiative designed to identify and promote qualitative study has led to the effective strategies to prevent crime and inception of two pilot projects; violence at the community level. The • Crime prevention training: an audit Campaign replaced the former Safer of crime prevention training Australia Board. The Campaign was created indicated that diverse and as a follow up to a national enquiry inconsistent training is provided commission on violence. National Crime across Australia. NCP has Prevention is part of the Commonwealth developed a national crime Government's Attorney-General's prevention training framework, Department. NCP works closely with the • Early intervention: a longitudinal Lead Ministers' National Anti-Crime Strategy study identified risk and protective comprised of ministers from each of the factors. The government has States and Territories. pledged to take forward the findings of this research into preventive The objectives of NCP are to: action; • Build stronger and more viable • Burglary prevention: two pilot communities; projects have been initiated to • Reduce levels of fear and crime; compare the relative effectiveness of • Protect vulnerable groups; two problem-solving approaches • Change attitudes of tolerance to (police driven and community violence. driven); • Domestic violence prevention with NCP reflects a strategic approach to tackling adolescents: as a direct result of a the causal factors of crime and violence. pilot project in South Australia, a pilot project has commenced aimed NCP approaches its priorities though five key at preventing domestic violence in strategies: current and future relationships. Focusing on young adults in schools National initiatives, particularly a set and community networks, the of research and developmental project involves identifying young consultancies resulting in 12 couples at risk and developing
Administrations.../4 appropriate curriculum; Aflorney-General's Department. Public events management: guidelines have been defined and Yvonne Korn, Director are currently being tested; National Crime Prevention Capacity building projects: a wide Commonwealth Attorney General range of projects were funded Canberra, AUSTRALIA reflecting the diversity of community Telephone: +61 02 6260 9284 (or 9280) safety and crime prevention activity Fax +61 02 6239 5603 across jurisdictions. Internet: http://ncp.gov.au/ncp/ E-mail: [email protected] Crime and violence inflicted on indigenous and ethnic communities will be the focus of future priorities of the NCAVAC.
Research and Evaluation Individual projects will be evaluated. NCP will also develop evaluation guidelines and models, and identify and disseminate best practices on the basis of findings.
Key Partners NCP builds on the work already carried out through the development of effective partnerships with: • States and Territories through the Lead Ministers' National Anti-Crime Strategy Group; • Other Commonwealth agencies through an Inter-Departmental Group; Institutions and research organizations, including the Australian Institute of Criminology; Non-government organizations; and The private sector.
Funding Between 1996 and 1999, NCP had a budget of A$13 million (or US $9.3 million)over 3 years. In 1999, the budget was augmented to A $21 millions (or approximately US $15 millions). Over a third of this amount is for early intervention projects. In those States and Territories where crime prevention boards exists, they have their own budgets.
Selected Sources National Campaign Against Violence and Crime (1997). "Media Kit". Kingston, ACT:
Administrations.../5 BELGIUM It is these two pillars that the security and prevention contracts with regional and local Challenge authorities translate into action. Between the early 1970's and the early 1990's, crime rates have almost tripled in e~ Actions Belgium (approx. population 10.1 million). The Secretariat has been very active since its Burglary rates have tripled and car thefts inception by: have been multiplied by 5. Some regions, • Supporting the creation of prevention especially where unemployment rates grew units or councils at the local level and considerably, and major urban areas, have the hiring of local crime prevention been particularly affected by this trend. officials. These prevention units are now in operation in 66 cities and Vision municipalities across Belgium; In the early 1990's, pilot projects were set up • Initiating the City Guards projects in for locally-based integrated prevention 1996. The objective is to deter programs to combat crime and increasing potential criminals from committing levels of citizen insecurity. In 1992, this crimes and to help restore feelings of process was rapidly accelerated following the security; conclusion of "security and prevention • Funding alternative sanction contracts" with local authorities. In 1993, the programs; and Permanent Secretariat for Crime Prevention • Taking action to tackle car crime, Policy was created. burglary, and the drug problem.
Established within the Ministry of Home Research and Evaluation Affairs, the Secretariat has a mandate to There are plans to conduct evaluations of assist the development and implementation individual projects and the entire policy. of the prevention policy by: Some evaluations were completed in 1998- • Analyzing existing crime problems; 1999 but the results are not yet available. • Preparing urban initiatives; • Training prevention workers and Key Partners supporting them in their work; and Regional and municipal authorities, law • Looking for creative and effective enforcement, and community organizations. ways to prevent crime Fundlng The Belgium crime prevention policy rests on The budget for crime prevention has risen two pillars: from 5.76 million BEF (US $165,000) in 1989 • Initiatives to reinforce local police to more than 1.9 billion BEF (US $55 million) forces by modernizing and upgrading in 1996. police work, hiring civilian and special police officers, and generally Selected Sources bringing police closer to the public; • van Limbergen K., et al. (1996) and Promising Pradices. Crime Prevention • Initiatives to strengthen municipal in Belgium: 10 examples. Brussels: prevention policy, to establish better Permanent Secretariat for Crime functional surveillance, to better Prevention Policy. integrate certain groups of the population, to promote Permanent Secretariat for Prevention Policy techno-surveillance and to deal with {VSPP) the public's feeling of insecurity. Ministry of the Interior
Administrations.../6 Wetsraat 26 Rue de la Loi Brussels 1040 BELGIUM Telephone: +32 2 500 2447 Fax: +32 2 500 2447 Internet: http://www.vspp.fgov.be E-mail: [email protected]
CANADA increasing to 5% over 5 years.
Challenge Canada's National Strategy is designed to As in other industrialized countries, Canada's help Canadians create safer communities by: (approx. population 29 million) crime rate • Supporting community-based crime has more than doubled since the 1960's. prevention efforts; Despite a current downward trend, Canada is • Enhancing communities' knowledge and experience with respect to crime second among the 11 nations participating in the International Crime Victim Survey prevention; and • Fostering partnerships and According to Statistics Canada estimates collaboration. (1994-1995), nearly $10 billion (US $6.5 billion) a year is spent on Canada's criminal Key elements of the National Strategy justice system (e.g., police, courts, and include: corrections). However, the annual cost of Phase I(1994-1997) crime in Canada may be as high as $46 The National Crime Prevention billion (US $30 billion) if personal and Council (1994-1997) advised physical costs are included. governments, contributed to knowledge development and Vision community mobilization, and In 1994, a National Strategy on Community promoted prevention models for Safety and Crime Prevention was launched to children, youth and families. assist Canadians in preventing crime in their Phase II (1998-2002) communities. In 1998, the Government of • The 1998 creation of a new National Canada committed, for a five-year period, to Crime Prevention Centre. Its spend $32 million (US $21 million) annually objectives are to: to assist communities nationwide in • Promote integrated action by developing programs and partnerships for key governmental and non- crime prevention and community safety. governmental partners in reducing crime and Canada's National Strategy developed, in victimization; part, in response to the report of the House • Assist communities in of Commons Committee on Justice and the developing~implementing Solicitor General (the Horner Report, 1993). community-based solutions The Homer Report strongly recommended to local crime and social the development of policy, programs, and problems, particularly those adequate funding for community safety and affecting children, youth, crime prevention. In particular, the women, and Aboriginal Committee recommended that 1% of criminal people; and justice budgets should be allocated to • Increase public awareness preventive actions, a proportion gradually and support for effective
Administrations.../7 approaches to crime programs; and prevention. The Crime Prevention Partnership Program ($2.3 The National Crime Prevention Centre will be million, 1.5 million U.S.) that guided by a steering committee consisting of will support and encourage members including: the federal Deputy the involvement of national Minister of Justice, the federal Deputy and international non- Solicitor General, provincial deputy ministers governmental organizations of Justice from Nova Scotia and Alberta, as that can directly contribute to well as community crime prevention experts community crime prevention and government officials. efforts. A Promotion and Public Actions Education Program ($1 The National Crime Prevention Centre, million, 689,000 U.S.) building on the work of the former Council, established to enhance aims to increase the safety of individuals and public awareness as well as communities by empowering Canadians with provide assistance through the knowledge, skills and resources needed the exchange of information for the advancement of community-level on crime prevention solutions crime prevention. The National Crime for communities; and Prevention Centre, reporting to both the Partnership Program with the Department of Justice and the Solicitor Private Sector ($2 million, General Canada, is responsible for 1.36 million U.S.) to raise implementing the second phase initiatives, public awareness nationally, including: undertake certain crime • The Safer Communities Initiative prevention projects, and ($26.8 million, 18.2 million U.S.) encourage financial designed to assist Canadians in participation by the private undertaking crime prevention sedor. activities in their communities through: Research and Evaluation • The Community Mobilization Phase II of the National Strategy requires that Program ($17 million, 11.5 community-level crime prevention proposals million U.S.) that will assist submitted for NCPC funding include, among communities in developing other elements, an evaluation plan. comprehensive and sustainable approaches to Key Partners deal with the root causes of All levels of governmental, non-governmental crime; and private sector organizations. Specific • The Crime Prevention target groups include communities, crime Investment Fund ($7.5 prevention associations, practitioners, million, 5 million U.S.) that advocates, professional and academic will support selected associations, law enforcement organizations, demonstration projects and local groups and the media. the sharing of information on successful projects, as well as Funding supporting research and Phase II of the National Strategy includes a evaluation of costs, benefits $32 million annual commitment from the and overall effectiveness of Government of Canada to assist in the
Administrations.../8 development, implementation, and National Crime Prevention Centre evaluation of community-based crime Department of Justice prevention initiatives. St. Andrew's Tower 284 Wellington Street Selected Sources: Ottawa, Ontario • National Crime Prevention Centre. K1A 0H8 CANADA (1998) The National Strategy on Telephone: + 1 877 302 6272 (In Canada) Community Safety and Crime Telephone: +1 613 941 9306 (Outside Prevention, Ottawa: National Crime Canada) Prevention Centre. Fax +1 613 952 3515 • Standing Committee on Justice and Internet: http://www.crime-prevention.org the Solicitor General (1993) Crime E-mail: [email protected] Prevention in Canada: Toward A National Strategy, Ottawa: House of Commons. • National Crime Prevention Council (1997) Mobilizing for Action: Second" Report of the NCPC, Ottawa: National Crime Prevention Council.
CZECH REPUBLIC in crime prevention and that a financial support system be set in place by the central Challenge government. These recommendations were Between 1989 and 1997 in the Czech implemented in 1996. Republic (approx. population 10.3 million), the number of criminal offenses recorded by The objectives of the Czech crime prevention the police jumped from 121,000 to over policy are: • To increase the population's feeling 400,000, and the crime clearance rate of security and their participation in dropped from 77% to less than 42%. initiatives to reduce delinquency risk Vision factors; In response to the post-1990 increase in • To reduce the number and seriousness of criminal offenses; crime and its impact on civil society, in 1993 • To integrate crime prevention with the government created a Crime Prevention the master plans of local Committee headed by the Minister of the Interior and including representatives from administrations; the ministries of Education, Youth and • To increase cooperation between Sports, Employment and Social Affairs, the players in the various levels of Justice, Health, Defense, and Finance, and government, the police, non- the Intergovernmental Anti-Drug governmental organizations and the Commission. population; • To improve the police's social The Committee proposed a structure for prevention work; and social prevention and crime prevention and • To increase efforts to inform the identified the ministries responsible for the public. various parts of the country. The The prevention policy is based on the government of the Republic approved these following principles: recommendations in 1994. The Committee • Prevention must be based on also proposed that cities be the main actors analysis of crime and its causes;
Administrations.../9 Prevention must be managed interventions, etc.; primarily at the community level; Opportunities for crime, through Interventions by the central initiatives to improve the safety of government must be homes and public places, minimized;~information exchange transportation and rental complexes, among the actors must be etc.; encouraged; Specific crime problems, including The authorities from the various residential burglary, domestic levels of government are equals; violence, race-related crimes, It is advisable that professionals and vehicle-related offenses, etc.; citizens work together to implement Initiatives for at-risk youths, crime prevention initiatives; including improvement of sports and Initiative planning must take a long- leisure facilities, youth term view and monitor how the accountability, access to education various initiatives interrelate; and employment, etc.; and It is advisable to establish recourse Victim assistance and reduced fear to situational prevention methods; of crime through support and The police must be partners in information initiatives. prevention initiatives at all levels; and The local crime prevention councils must hire The success of crime prevention a program manager to administer activities is based partly on public implementation. support. Actions At the national level, the action priorities A network of 43 cities with the highest are: reported crime rates was established and In the area of social prevention: supported by the State and the Ministry of children, prevention of recidivism, the Interior. Each of these cities set up a and primary prevention of drug crime prevention council and implemented abuse; an action plan. In the area of situational prevention: residential burglaries, theft of and Research and Development from cars, safety of public spaces No information is available about evaluation and businesses, and keeping the of the program. However, it is interesting to public informed; look at the effect of the measures by Victim assistance; and comparing the crime rates for cities with Local adion. crime prevention councils and the rate for the Republic as a whole. This shows that Prevention policy implementation at the there were about 50% fewer crimes in 1997 community level is based on the safety audit, in cities with a crime prevention structure an inventory of existing resources and compared with the Republic as a whole. initiatives and the identification of priority actions. Local crime prevention councils are Furthermore, it appears that communities expected to target five main areas of are induced to carry out safety audits. intervention: • The social causes of delinquency, Key Partners through initiatives to support The main partners at the national level are families and youth, preschool the previously mentioned government programs, substance abuse ministries. At the local level, the partners
Administrations.../lO include the municipality, police, associations Seleded Sources and citizens. Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic (1998) Prevention Does Pay. Crime Funding Prevention in the Czech Republic. Prague : The level of resources earmarked specifically Czech Republic. for the crime prevention policy is about US $4 million per year, or about US $0.40 per Jitka Gjuricova person, excluding the expenditures of other Director, Crime Prevention Department ministries (education, employment, health, Ministry of the Interior justice and defense). Nad ,Stolou 3, 21/0P 170 34 Praha 7, CZECH REPUBLIC Telephone: +420 (0) 2 6143 2188 Fax: +420 (0) 2 6143 3504 Internet: http://www.mvcr.cz/
DENMARK that it is therefore possible and desirable to intervene in these areas. To be effective, the Challenge action must be local, interdisciplinary, and Faced with an increase in crime, the partnership-based. decentralization of government structures, and the disintegration of the social fabric and The structure of the Crime Prevention Council traditional forms of control, in 1971 Denmark reflects this intervention philosophy: (approx. population 5.27 million) created a supported by a secretariat, the 80 members Crime Prevention Council (CPC) and in 1975 from more than 40 public and private passed a law requiring school, social service organizations reflect diverse occupations: and municipal police authorities to form teachers, social workers, doctors, sociologists, crime prevention partnerships (SSP). lawyers, police officers, etc.
Vision Initially oriented towards what the Danes call In general, two basic principles underlie the objective prevention - known elsewhere as Scandinavian vision of crime prevention: situational prevention, an approach based on changing environmental factors that could • The best results are obtained by working on criminogenic factors provide opportunities for victimization - since starting in childhood and the late 1970s the CPC has been seeking a better balance by using "subjective adolescence; prevention," which targets risk factors for • The most effective method is integrated action, with local actors delinquency, especially as they affect children (e.g., employment, health, housing, and youths. Subjective prevention includes youth) supported by the national three types of intervention: general programs government. aimed at at-risk children, specific programs for children and youths in difficulty, and In Denmark, these principles have been individual programs for youths who have translated into a public-health-oriented committed crimes. approach which states that every person must have the opportunity to live a healthy life. In The third major thrust of the CPC philosophy this sense, the Danish crime prevention is the involvement of citizens, who are seen philosophy considers that a person's lifestyle as active agents rather than passive recipients and living conditions - particularly for of a public service. children - will determine their health, and
Administrations.../1 1 Partnerships among schools, social services Ministries of Justice of all the Nordic and the police must: countries, the Council's mandate is to • Constitute an effective local network; contribute to the advancement of and criminological research and to advise the • Take preventive action to improve the member governments of the Nordic Council. riving conditions of children and It has played an important role in the youths. development of crime prevention theory and practice. The work of the SSPs is organized into three levels: management, coordination and Key Partners implementation. At the management level, The CPC includes more than 40 different elected representatives from the schools and public and private organizations. At the local social services along with the chief of police level, prevention initiatives are always define the parameters of the preventive effort multisectorial and involve the education and adopt a declaration of cooperative system, social services, the police, the legal intention that specifies the targets for action system, associations, sports and cultural and the resources required. At the organizations, etc. coordination level, the heads of the various service organizations must ensure that the Funding principles and action plan are implemented, The level of crime prevention funding is monitored and evaluated. It is up to the unknown. Coordination Committee to collect the information needed to diagnose problems Selected Sources and identify causes. Finally, at the • Danish Crime Prevention Council implementation level, various action groups (1998) SPP Co-operation. Basis and must be established to deal with the different Organisation. Copenhagen, problems identified. The CPC recommends Denmark. that the SSP committees hire prevention Karsten, I. (1998) Partnership in consultants to facilitate communication Crime Prevention. The SPP Co- between the various levels and to coordinate operation in Denmark. Paper the initiative as a whole. prepared for the VI European Colloquium on Crime and Criminal The CPC also recommends that the SSPs Policy, Helsinki, December 1998. carry out diagnostic studies, particularly on the lifestyles and living conditions of children and youth, so that they have enough data to identify risk factors and developing trends. These studies will provide a foundation for the general, specific and individual crime prevention programs.
Actions At present, Denmark has about 245 SSPs, out of a total of 275 municipalities.
Research and Evaluation The Danish Crime Prevention Council is an active partner in the Scandinavian Criminology Council. Created in 1962 bythe
Administrations.../12 Ive Karsten Director The Danish Crime Prevention Council/Det Kriminal praeventive R6d Odensegade 5 Dk-200 Copenhagen O, DENMARK Telephone: +45 35 43 23 00 Fax: +45 35 43 23 00
ENGLAND & WALES mechanisms to set up strong local partnerships; Challenge 1997, report of the Home Office on Despite constant reductions in the levels of effective crime reduction strategies crime over the last five years, rates remain (Reducing Offending: An assessment twice as high as thirty years ago. Residential of research evidence on ways of burglary and car thefts have been multiplied. dealing with offending behaviour) by four between 1970 and 1995 and are and results of the Comprehensive among the highest in the industrialized Spending Review; world. For the 11 crimes measured by the 1998, adoption of the Crime and International Crime Victim Survey, the Disorder Act and creation of the proportion of the population victim of at least Crime Reduction Unit in the Home one infraction in the past year has increased Office. from 19.5% in 1992 to 30.9% in 1995. Also, urban insecurity has considerably The Crime and Disorder Act establishes that augmented. local authorities and police must: • Form partnerships with other relevant Vision services (health, probation, courts, Crime prevention began to take shape in the child protection and community mid 1960's in England & Wales. Key services). Other organizations may moments of the approach include: be asked to join as required. Police • The Standing Conference on Crime and local authority executives must Prevention created in 1966. It form these partnerships jointly; brought together representatives of • Conduct local safety audits using industry, trade, insurance, trades pertinent data from various unions and Chief Police Officers; organizations; • In 1983, the creation of the Home • Consult with the population at Office's Crime Prevention Unit; various stages, especially on the • In 1986 an Inter-Departmental results of the safety audits and the Ministerial Group on Crime action plan; and Prevention was inaugurated, leading • Systematically monitor and evaluate to the creation, in the same year, of the actions. the Crime Prevention Training College; Statutory partnerships are to be formed • Creation of the National Board for without additional funds being provided. Crime Prevention in 1988. The Board was replaced, in 1995, by the In addition to the Crime and Disorder Act, the Crime Prevention Agency; government has invested the equivalent of • 1991, the Morgan report $450 million US dollars over three years to recommended among others implement in a systematic and rigorous
Administrations.../13 manner proven actions to effectively reduce Section has played a crucial role in the crime. development of effective crime prevention knowledge in England & Wales. In fact, its Finally, the government's strategy involves research results led to the creation of the the creation of the Social Exclusion Unit. Crime Prevention Unit. More recently, the With a budget of US $1.6 billion dollars over report on effective strategies to reduce crime three years, the Unit will implement has been key to the development of the systematic actions to tackle social and school government's crime reduction strategy and to exclusion which are some of the known the transformation of the Police Research delinquency risk factors. Group into a Crime Reduction and Police Research Unit. Actions • A large scale impact evaluation of The development of the new British strategy domestic burglary schemes (300 of builds on recognized accomplishments. them) was found to have reduced the • In 1986, the Five Towns Initiative was risk of burglary by a minimum of the Home Office's direct attempt to 10% and to have more than paid for put a partnership approach into itself through reduced costs to victims action. Five areas of five towns were and the state. identified and a crime prevention • The second phase of the program, coordinator was appointed for each. which is underway, involves Home • The Home Office Crime Prevention Office support for a further 32 Division initiated the Safer Cities projects in new areas, with 4,400 Programme in 1988 to reduce crime, crime prevention schemes. lessen the fear of crime, and create • The Safer Cities program has shown flourishing cities. The programme that situational techniques and crime has supported the establishment of opportunities reductions can over 4,400 crime prevention projects effectively reduce crime. Similarly, in 30 inner-city and urban areas to Closed circuit television has been date, at a cost of over £29 million demonstrated to decrease crime in (US $48.3 million). some areas. • In 1994 the Safer Cities Programme was integrated in the Single Finally, the meta-analysis of effective crime Regeneration Budget (SRB), which reduction actions contributed to the brought together funds from 20 government allocating 10% of the budgets for regeneration funding programs. The its new strategy to systematic and rigorous SRB Challenge Fund provides a fresh evaluation. impetus for promoting crime prevention as an integral part of Key Partners regenerating run-down areas. Its Police forces, local councils and business local flexibility responds directly to organizations have been the key partners in local needs. crime prevention historically. Other partners • The CCTV development support include national organizations (Crime program was initiated in 1996 with Concern and NACRO), voluntary an annual budget of approximately organizations and communities. The strategy US $30 million dollars over five developed in Great Britain highlights the key years. role to be played by police and the private sector in bringing together crime prevention Research and Evaluation players and funds. The Home Office Research and Statistics
Administrations.../14 Funding Overall, funding for crime prevention related actions is equivalent to approximately US 2.250 billion dollars. In addition, major national organizations such as Crime Concern and NACRO are funded by the Home Office and the private sector.
Selected Sources • Home Office, Digest 3, 1996 • Home Office, Annual Report 1996 • Goldblatt, P. et C. Lewis (1998) Reducing Offending: an assessment of research evidence on ways of dealing with offending behaviour. London : Home Office. Crime and Disorder Act (1998).
The Home Office 50 Queen Anne's Gate London SW1H 9AT UNITED KINGDOM Telephone: +44 (0)171 273 4000 Fax +44 (0)171 273 2190 Internet: http://www, homeoffice.gov.uk/ E-mail: [email protected]
FRANCE rose 60% for the same period. Only residential burglaries were down (about -8%). Challenge Victimization as measured by the International From the early 1980's on, France (approx. Crime Victims Survey went from 19.4% of the population 58.7 million) has experienced a population to 25.3% for the 11 crimes growing problem of social exclusion. Some included in the study. of the consequences of this social problem, such as the increase in the number of young e~ Vision people in the suburbs, the extension of Since 1983, France has laid the foundations socialization due to unemployment, for an original - and perhaps unique - particularly among under-30s, the increase in strategy insofar as it is transversal and juvenile delinquency and incivilities, and the integrates crime prevention and urban security growth of a feeling of insecurity in cities, policies with urban development and constitute the challenges of France's public neighborhood renewal policies. Inspired by safety and urban development policies. the report of the Mayors' Commission (chaired by Gilbert 8onnemaison) on urban security, Some studies (for example, Robert et al. the French policy has been based on the 1998) show that the number of assaults prevention-enforcement-solidarity triad. increased 103% between 1985 and 1995, and the number of thefts of and from vehicles The French crime prevention strategy first
Administrations.../15 rested on a national secretariat, the National closing the gap between the justice system Crime Prevention Council (CNPD), led by the and the citizens, and victim assistance. Prime Minister. By means of local crime prevention contracts (CAP), this Council Enhanced links between repressive and enabled the creation of Community Crime preventive interventions are intended to give Prevention Councils (CCPD), which now its full meaning to the prevention- number more than 850 all over France. enforcement-solidarity triad. Furthermore, the new policy represents a vast effort to The Community Crime Prevention Councils, decentralize police forces, so as to further the generally headed by the local mayor, have place of preventive actions within police been the cornerstone of France's crime services. This strategy provides for a strong prevention strategy. Bringing together safety audit mechanism involving residents' various municipal services, actors from the participation and consultation, and for the justice system (judiciary, police and implementation of a rigorous action plan and prosecutors), community associations and its evaluation. actors from the education and social milieu, the CCPDs have permitted the development In addition to these mechanisms, recourse to of a partnership crime prevention practice as alternatives to imprisonment, especially for well as a habit of consultation among the young offenders, will be enhanced and the various institutions. One of the CCPDs' network of Maisons de la Justice et du Droit obligations is to conduct a local safety audit. will be expanded to provide mediation between offenders and victims for some Since 1989, following the abolition of the crimes and offer "real-time" justice. In 1998, CNPD, the crime prevention policy was juvenile delinquency was the subject of an integrated with the ministry of City and Urban enquiry at the request of the Prime Minister, Social Development, itself attached to the and two members of Parliament (Lazerges and Department of Social Affairs and Solidarity. Balduyck) submitted a report on this question. At the same time a new funding arrangement More recently (March 1999), a national for prevention initiatives was brought in, the meeting of crime prevention actors was held City Contract, which supplemented the CAP, in Montpellier to take stock of the various and brought with it a broader vision of social crime prevention issues and trends. This solidarity and social development. Today national meeting reaffirmed the pertinence of there are more than 215 city contracts, the prevention-enforcement-solidarity triad aimed at communities of all sizes that share and inspired a more focused approach to a common denominator of confronting prevention initiatives. particular problems, especially in terms of crime. Actions The central axes of crime prevention within After a period of uncertainty between 1993 the city policy are: and 1996, the City policy got its second wind • To help adults assume their with the Prime Minister's 1997 circular on responsibilities for authority and safety and crime prevention. Among other education; things, this circular provided for the creation • To prevent addictions; of a new mechanism to be added to the • To prevent recidivism; existing ones, the local safety contracts. It • To improve information, assistance also recalled the five basic objectives of the and support for victims; and urban safety and crime prevention policy: • To improve safety in specific places: responsibilizing adults especially parents; businesses, transportation, and tackling recidivism; tackling addictions; schools.
Administrations.../16 Each year, more than 4,700 locally initiated inquiries into priority themes for the actions affect about 453,000 youth and development of city policy. Furthermore, local adults. They are carried out by 26,700 safety contracts require to carry out local community and justice workers and safety audits and to do follow-up and supported by around FF 700 million (about evaluation studies on the actions taken. US $125 million). The initiatives supported by the Interministerial Delegation to the City Key Partners include: The structure brings together all the partners • Ville-Vie-Vacances, a national who can offer solutions. The CNV is headed program planned for and with youth by the Prime Minister and includes the and based on an educational Ministers of Social Affairs, Health and the City, requirement to respond to problems Interior, Justice and Youth and Sports. The linked to idleness during school DIV brings together representatives of the vacations in disadvantaged Department of Integration and the other neighborhoods; in 1 997, departments involved. The City Contracts approximately 865,000 young involve police headquarter and local people from 13 to 18 years old and authorities. In the regions and cities, 10,000 projects were accomplished; departmental and community crime • The maintenance of 155 victim prevention councils are also involved. These assistance centers; bring together local key actors: police, • The creation of 32 Maisons de Justice associations, judiciary and public authorities. with a mandate for mediation and reparation; Funding • The support, through the Ministry for It is difficult to determine exactly how much is Community Integration, of programs devoted to crime prevention in total. The for youth at-risk as well as budget for the city policy for the 1994-1998 alternatives to imprisonment and period was FF 7.3 billion for City Contracts support when released from prison; (US $1.10 billion), FF 3 billion for other and ministries (US $500 million), and FF1.3 billion • The adaption and development of (US $200 million) for the DIV. the police presence, in particular through neighborhood surveillance Selected Sources projects, involving better • Delegation interministerielle 6 la ville coordination of public services (in (1995), "Urban Policy and Social 1994, 1,850 neighborhoods qualified Development in 1995" Ensembles. Les for surveillance programs, mobilizing Cahiers - 5. La Plaine Saint-Denis, 4,200 po{ice officers and 2,381 France. police auxiliaries). • Delegation interministerielle a la ville (1993), Prevention de la delinquance On the other hand, the local safety contract et territoires 6 I'heure du Xle plan. mechanism provides for the hiring of 15,000 Seminaire 1993. Les I~ditions local mediation agents and 20,000 d'Ensembles: La Plaine Saint-Denis, community safety assistants. France. • Ministere de I'Emploi et de la Research and Evaluation Solidarite, Ministere delegue a la The National Council of Cities (CNV), an Ville, Ministere de la Justice, Ministere inter-ministerial organization headed by the de I'l~ducation nationale, de la Prime Minister has, in addition to other Recherche et de la Technologie, mandates, the responsibility for studies and Ministere de I'lnterieur, Ministere de
Adminislratlons.../17 la Defense, Forum fran~ais pour la securite urbaine (1998) Guide pratique pour les Contrats Iocaux de securite. Paris : La documentation fra nc;aise. D61egation interministerielle a la Ville (1999) Ensembles. La lettre de la DIV. Mars 1999.
Delegation interministerielle a la Ville 194, av. du President-Wilson - 92217 Saint-Denis La Plaine FRANCE Telephone: +33 (0)1 49 17 46 46 Fax: +33 (0)1 49 17 47 01 Internet: http://www.ville.gouv.fr
Administrations.../18 IVORY COAST Actions Ivory Coast created an Internal Security Challenge Council responsible for the implementation Similar to other African countries, the Ivory of the prevention policy. It also Coast (approx. population 14,3 million) has implemented a pilot crime prevention experienced a considerable increase in crime council and community-oriented policing rates at the same time as growing model in Abidjan. urbanization and pauperization. Furthermore, youth population grows Research and Evaluation rapidly. Contrary to the situation in No information available. developed countries, a larger proportion of crime is committed against persons than Key Partners against property. Finally, urban centers are No information available. facing an important problem of street children. Funding No information available. Vision To confront these challenges, the Ivory Coast Selected Sources has defined a crime prevention strategy Tanny, J.E.., (1998) The role of central aimed at sustaining local action and government in supporting cities" endeavours enhancing mayors' responsibility. in safe~, matters. AIIocution dans le cadre du Forum international des maires pour des This policy focuses on action tackling the villes plus sores, Johannesbourg, Afrique du underlying causes of delinquency and Sud, octobre 1998. violence by: • modifying the environment and Mr. General Ehueni Joseph Tanny living conditions of excluded groups Secretaire gdn~ral du conseil of the population; 01 BP 518 • examining tendencies among Abidjan groups at risk, especially youth; and Republique de COTE D'IVOIRE • strengthening police action. Telephone: +225 32 24 77178 Fax: +225 32 12 24 Improving environment and living conditions E-mail:[email protected] involves the development of strong urban policies and the implementation of civic and educational actions to strengthen democracy.
Tackling risk factors for youth rests on improving access to school and creating reinsertion and training centers.
Finally, strengthening police action involves the implementation of a community-oriented policing model, the creation of urban crime prevention units, belier coordination between police services and the creation of local crime prevention councils.
Administrations.../19 THE NETHERLANDS a fund of U.S. $27 million to permit local authorities to introduce crime prevention Challenge programs in the period 1986-1990. Almost The 1996 International Crime Victims Survey all cities now have crime prevention revealed that, of 11 industrialized nations, coordinators with the principal approaches the Netherlands (approx. population 15,7 to crime prevention including: target million) ranked 3 rd in victimization risk for hardening, environmental design, defensible burglary and attempted burglary behind space and opportunity reduction. Canada (2nd), and England and Wales (1"~. For "contact crime" (robbery, sexual assaults, In 1989, the Ministry of Justice dedicated a and assaults with force) victimization risk the staff of approximately 20 persons and a Netherlands ranked 9 th behind the United permanent budget of approximately US $12 States (2 nd) and England and Wales (l't). million per year for crime prevention. The staff have four main responsibilities: Vision • Promoting crime prevention by The Netherlands set up a National municipalities and business; Prevention Bureau in 1979. Key to the • Supporting police-based crime development of the Dutch prevention prevention; strategy was the 1983 Roethof Committee • Coordinating victim policies; and report, that included the following key • Regulating the private security recommendations: industry. • Strengthening of the government's commitment to crime prevention; In 1992, the business sector and • Promotion and involvement of government jointly created a National private citizens and businesses; and Platform on Crime Control. The Platform • Stimulation of inter-agency was created as an action-oriented agency cooperation at the local level. with representation from the highest levels of a broad spectrum of central government The Committee developed the 1985 ministries (e.g., Justice, Interior, Transport, Government Policy Paper on Crime and and Economic Affairs), business sector Society, which laid the foundations for Dutch representation by executive board members crime prevention policy. This Policy Paper: of leading companies (e.g., retailing, • Notes the dramatic increase in industry, transportation and communication, common crime; banking, and insurance), as well as • Explainsrising crime as a result of: municipal government officials, prosecutors, • increased availability of police, and representatives from the security goods; industry. • decline in social support mechanisms (family, church, Specific goals of this platform include: etc.); Analysis of crime trends; • increased youth Setting of joint policy priorities; unemployment; and Improvement of security and law • Emphasizes both opportunnty enforcement in relation to crimes reduction and social development against businesses; approaches to prevent crime. Initiation of joint programs to tackle priority concerns. As a result of the Society and Crime Policy Paper, an Interdepartmental Committee for Chaired by the Minister of Justice, the Crime Prevention was set up, administering Platform established separate task forces to
Administrations.../20 deal with the following priority problems: local projects were subsidized. Through armed robbery, motorcar theft, information these efforts, crime prevention became technology and crime, security and safety on institutionalized and has reached a stage of industrial sites, and ethical codes of conduct. diffusion and expansion. It now includes all forms of crime prevention, not just In 1998, a policy to prevent youth violence opportunity reduction measures. was jointly established by the Ministries of Justice and the Interior. This policy is The Netherlands has supported the creation designed to reduce crime and violence in of various pilot projects addressing priority public places especially. It will follow three crime problems. Several successful pilot tracks to target action to reduce youth projects have become components of the violence, including: national strategy through replication in • A structured and inclusive national various parts of the country and/or action that targets the development becoming national programs. Examples of delinquency among ethnic include: minority youth; • Secured Housing Label: Building • A structured program of action with upon British "secured by design" at-risk youth to prevent school experience, and five years dropout and to facilitate (1985-1990) of pilot projects, the employment; and Dutch secured housing label was • A structured program to give a initiated by police in the triangle healthy start to children and youth. Rotterdam-Leiden-The Hague in 1991 and introduced nationally in Since 1994, policy and practice on crime 1996. Its primary objectives are to prevention has been a shared responsibility reduce property crimes (burglary, between the Ministry of Justice and the vandalism, nuisance and car theft Ministry of the Interior. Situational crime primarily) and reduce fear of crime. prevention (designing out crime) is a primary • The "Stadswacht" or City Guard responsibility of the Interior, while all other program began in 1989 in the city forms of prevention remain within the realm of Dordrecht. As of 1996, there of Justice. were over 2,500 City Guards working in over 150 cities. In 1996, The Dutch experience indicates that in order the Dutch government earmarked to successfully reduce crime resources to create 20,000 jobs over • Broad coalitions must be formed the next four years. involving governments, local • In 1981, in consultation with judicial communities and the private sector; and police authorities, a HALT • A strong central agency which is in project was created in Rotterdam to charge of research and reduce and prevent juvenile (age development, funding of innovative 12-18) vandalism. HALT has been projects, keeping the attention of replicated in 65 sites across the politicians and the bureaucrats and country, and a national HALT generally flying the flag for crime Nederland national consultative was prevention is necessary; and created with a statutory basis • Integrated research and evaluation established in 1995 for it to support capabilities are essential. local HALT projects whose scope is being expanded beyond vandalism Actions offenses. During the period 1986-1990, some 200
Administrations.../21 One of the current priorities is the councils and the business community is standardization of crime prevention essential. techniques and methods. Funding Research and Evaluation The current level of funding for Crime Key to the success of the first wave of Dutch Prevention initiatives by the Ministry of policy on crime prevention was that Justice is U.S. $12 million per year. Overall, approximately 10% of the budget was it is estimated that over U.S. $20 million - devoted to empirical and evaluative exclusive of private sector contributions - is research. Research and evaluation have allocated yearly to crime prevention efforts played a key role in demonstrating the by the Dutch government. effectiveness of prevention measures and successfully reoriented resource allocation. Seleded Sources • Department of Justice (1985) Society A meta-evaluation of 30 carefully evaluated and Crime: A Policy Plan for The projects concluded that crime prevention Netherlands. The Hague. projects can be very effective. The most • De Waard, J. (1995) "Special Issue: successful programs introduced employee Crime Prevention in the surveillance in public housing, shopping Netherlands: Policies, Research and centers and public transport. City Guards Practice. Part 1." Security Journal, patrolling public areas as uniformed civilians vol. 6, no 1. (17% drop in overall crime), Police Secured • De Waard, J., (1996) "Special Issue: Label to tackle burglary and other crimes in Crime Prevention in the residential areas (70% drop in burglaries), Netherlands: Policies, Research and community service as a diversionary Practice. Part 2." Security Journal, vol measure for juvenile delinquents (63% of 7, no2. participants ceased or decreased their vandalism), and a better control over truancy Mrs. Micha~la van Oostveen and school dropouts. Ministry of Justice P.O. Box 20301 Preliminary results reveal that public-private 2500 EA The Hague partnerships deriving from The Platform offer The NETHERLANDS substantial capacity to reduce crime. Telephone: +31 (0)70 370 7551 Successful examples include: a Commercial Fax +31 (0)70 370 7250 RobberyTask Force which reduced robberies Internet: http :/ /www. minjust.nl by 26% between 1993 and 1995, and E-mail: [email protected] increased the number of solved robbery incidents by 50%; and partnerships to Mr. Derk van Oosterzee improve security on industrial sites have Ministry for the Interior reduced crime during the nighttime by 50% P.O. Box 20011 in Vianen, and decreased the offense rate in 2500 EH The Hague Enschede by 50%. The NETHERLANDS Telephone: +31 (0)70 302 6649 Key Partners Fax +31 (0)70 302 7441 The Ministry of Justice ensures coordination Internet: http://www.minbiza.nl with other ministries, such as Education, Welfare, Health and Culture, Economic Affairs and Interior Affairs. Furthermore, concrete involvement of municipal and local
Administrations.../22 NEW ZEALAND the national crime prevention plan), and providing information on prevention Challenge programs in New Zealand and overseas.
e~ Vision The CPU has identified the following seven Created in 1992, New Zealand's (approx. priority areas for preventive action: population 3.79 million) Crime Prevention • Improving effectiveness of support Unit (CPU) is located at the highest level of for "at-risk" families; the political hierarchy - the Prime Ministers • Reducing incidence of family Department. This decision was a result of violence; the recommendations of the Roper • Targeting preventive programs for Committee on Violence (1987) and the "youth at-risk" of offending; Crime Prevention Action Group (1992). • Minimizing formal involvement of casual offenders with the criminal Over the long term, the national strategy's justice system; goals are focussed on: • Developing a coordinated and • Reducing the number of offenses, strategic national approach for the • Increasing community involvement management of programs that in crime prevention generally as well address the misuse and abuse of as community ownership of specific both drugs and alcohol; prevention initiatives, and • Generating a strategy to address the • Improving the level of security incidence of white collar crime; and enjoyed by all citizens. Addressing the concerns of victims and potential victims. The Crime Prevention Unit has three important roles: Actions • Acting as the principal advisor to the Over 58 Safer Community Councils had government on crime prevention been implemented to date, and another six strategies; will be added in the 1997/98 financial year. • Planning, coordination, monitoring and advisory functions related to The CPU is currently involved in overseeing implementing and maintaining the a number of prevention initiatives, including: crime prevention strategy; and • Ensuring coordination and 1) Four Demonstration Projects which cooperation between all levels of involve: support workers for children and government and community groups. young people; support for teenage parents to complete their education; focusing a The development of Safer Community range of social and situational crime Councils (SCC) is supported by the following prevention activities in a particular forms of CPU assistance and expertise: neighborhood; and mentor programs. These coordination of existing community crime Projects have been funded for three years prevention programs; implementing and all carry a substantial evaluation community safety profiles; preparing crime component. The findings will be available in prevention plans; encouraging development the year 1999. and implementation of new initiatives in the context of local crime prevention plans; 2) In collaboration with the New Zealand contributing financial resources to selected police, the CPU has supported the projects; establishing monitoring and establishment of three pilot diversion evaluation components (both of projects and programs for adult offenders. These
Adminislrotions.../23 programs utilize community panels involved including likely success factors, process in considering cases, developing diversion issues, and the difficulties that may arise in conditions, and monitoring fulfilment of coordinating community agencies. diversion contracts by offenders. These pilot programs extend existing police diversion Key Partners practices by expanding the criteria for In recognition of the need for coordination potential candidates as well as diversion between central government agencies and process conditions for offenders. The the necessity of communities taking projects have been evaluated and the final ownership of prevention initiatives, key report will be available to the CPU by the partners include: end of 1997. • Central Government Agencies such as Education, Health, Internal 3) The CPU is also responsible for Affairs, Justice, Courts, Corrections, overseeing the 1997 Crime Prevention Labor, Police, Social Welfare, Youth Package which deals specifically with youth Affairs, Women's Affairs and Te Puni at-risk. This package provides $8.67 million Kokiri (Maori Affairs). Other ($5 million U.S.) over the next three years in departments such as State Services targeted areas of high need, including the Commission are included in the following initiatives: consultative process as required. • Police Youth Aid community-based • Safer Community Councils with the programs; active participation of local • Development/implementation of a government, Iwi/Hapu (indigenous new individualised therapeutic care groupings), business community, program for high-risk youth; Pacific Island community, health • School~family~community group sector, education sector, and other conference program; community groups. • Community Workers' Scheme; • Contestable fund for new programs Funding targeting young Maori at risk of Funding is provided to the SCC for offending; coordination activities which are funded • Conservation Corps program in two from a safety profile and crime prevention prisons; and plan. The second category of funding is • Employment planning and advice for discretionary funding for small-scale local young prison inmates. crime prevention activities.
All programs will be individually evaluated, Selected Sources and there will also be an evaluation which • Ministry of Justice. (1987) Report of looks at the overall impact of the programs the Ministerial Committee of Inquiry in the communities in which they exist. into Violence (Roper Report), These evaluations will be completed by the Wellington, New Zealand. Year 2000. • Crime Prevention Action Group. (1992) Strategy Paper on Crime Research and Evaluation Prevention - Report on the The Crime Prevention Unit is committed to Preliminary Stage of Analysis, research and assessment both of the Wellington, New Zealand: Crime programs it supports and the work of Safer Prevention Action Group, Community Councils. An overall assessment Department of the Prime Minister of SCC activities is planned for the medium and Cabinet. term. This will look at a range of outcomes • Department of the Prime Minister
Administrations.../24 and Cabinet. (1994) The Crime Crime Prevention Unit Prevention Unit - A Fact Sheet. Department of the Prime Minister and Wellington, New Zealand. Cabinet Crime Prevention Unit. (1996) P.O. Box 55, Wellington, Guide to Establishing and NEW ZEAl.AND Maintaining a Safer Community Telephone: +64 (0)4 471 9326 Council, Wellington, New Zealand: Fax: +64 (0)4 473 7357 Crime Prevention Unit, Department E-mail: [email protected] of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Internet: http: //www.dpmc.govt.nz/cpu
SOUTH AFRICA • The "culture of violence"; • Poverty and under-development; Challenge • The availability of firearms; and The process of democratization in South • Gender inequality and ethnic Africa (approx. population 39.35 million) is tensions. jeopardized by Serious crime problems. With The NCPS's objectives are to: one of the highest levels of murder in the • Establish a comprehensive policy world and an apparently rapid increase in framework; property crime, the South African • Promote a shared understanding government is facing an impressive and vision of how the nation will challenge. Between 1990 and 1994, tackle crime; assaults increased by 42%, robberies by • Develop a set of national programs; 40%, car thefts by 34% and burglaries by • Maximize civil society's participation, 20%. It is also well established that a and disproportionate share of crime is suffered • Create a dedicated and integrated by the poor and dispossessed. crime prevention capacity.
Visian The NCPS involves the following Initiated by Cabinet in 1995, the South components: African National Crime Prevention Strategy • Coordination and integration of (NCPS) was approved for implementation in criminal justice functions; June 1996. It is a broad and comprehensive • Coordination and leadership to strategy designed to shift from a crime address high priority crime areas control to a crime prevention focus. It aims involving several departments and to influence the operations of the actors; and Departments of Safety and Security, Justice, • Research, advocacy and facilitation Correctional Services, Welfare, Defense, of crime prevention programs. Intelligence, and Health and Education. The White Paper on Safety and Security The strategy identifies a number of (1998) integrates the principles of the challenges: National Strategy emphasizing service • The unreliability of existing crime delivery and improved practices. It data; advocates a dual approach to safety and • The influence of media security: effective and efficient law representations on shaping public enforcement and the provision of crime perceptions of crime; prevention programs to reduce the • The situation of political transition occurrence of crime, through a more and the inheritance of the former effective police and social crime prevention regime; actions.
Administrations.../25 The White paper led to the creation of the accordingly. national Crime Prevention Strategy Centre. The Centre is responsible for social crime The White Paper stresses the importance of prevention and facilitating improvements to broader coordination involving other the criminal justice system. government departments such as Health and Education, Social Services, etc. Actions The NCPS rests on four pillars: The business community has been a major • Streamlining the criminal justice player in the definition of the strategy. In process and system; particular, the National Business Initiative • Reducing crime through has been very pro-active, defining its own environmental design; version of a national crime prevention • Changing public values and strategy (which recommended, among other educating the public; and things, the establishment of a Council on • Fighting transnational crime. Public Safety and Crime Prevention in the President's Office). It focuses on seven categories of crime of particular concern: crimes involving firearms, Funding organized crime, white collar crime, gender The level of funding and the mechanism for violence and crimes against children, funding are not known. However, given the violence associated with inter-group conflict, serious threats to the transition process vehicle theft and hijacking and corruption posed by the crime problem, the crime within the criminal justice system. Within prevention initiative is a significant part of each of the four pillars, programs have been the Reconstruction and Development identified ranging from revamping Program. information management systems to car registration and public education. Selected Sources • Inter-Departmental Strategy Team, Research and Evaluation (1996) National Crime Prevention Mechanisms for impact evaluation of the Strategy, Pretoria, South Africa. policy are not known as yet. However, the • Ministry of Safety and Security White Paper emphasizes the key role of (1998) In Service of Safety. 1998- monitoring and evaluating preventive 2003. White Paper on Safety and actions. Security. Johannesburg, South Africa.
Key Partners The NCPS is under the lead role of the Ministry for Safety and Security and involves directors of various national departments such as labor, education, health, and of national agencies such as corrections. Provincial governments have a key role to play, in particular through the organization of provincial summits and the development of integrated provincial plans. Local governments have the responsibility to refine the NCPS according to their particular situation and to implement specific programs
Administrations.../26 Bernie Fanaroff Assistant Director General Secretariat for Safety & Security Minister for Safety & Security Private Bag X422 Pretoria 0001 SOUTH AFRICA Telephone: +27 12 339 28 30 Fax: +27 12 339 25 36
SWEDEN appropriate legislation in the fields of criminal justice, policing, social Challenge security and support programs for In Sweden (approx. population 8.8 million), children and parents; Promotion of citizen involvement given a crime rate that has increased 500% in the past 45 years, and the operating costs and of local problem-solving of the justice system, the National Crime partnerships in the definition of Prevention Council created in 1974 had its prevention initiatives; and mandate broadened in 1993 to cover the Modification of the behavior entire crime response field. The Council patterns of chronic offenders. aims to implement global solutions along The priorities of the crime prevention policy with local ones. are: 1. reduction of opportunity and, in Vision particular, action on the consumption of The Scandinavian countries (Denmark, facilitators like alcohol and drugs; 2. action Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) were on delinquency risk factors, in particular among the first in the world to react to the through parent intervention and early problems of delinquency, violence and intervention with children; and 3. action on insecurity with social and economic policies recidivism risk factors for chronic rather than having recourse to the criminal delinquents. justice system alone. The National Crime Prevention Program adopted by Sweden in The new policy focuses on local action and 1996 provides the best illustration of this to that end provides for the establishment of approach. local prevention partnerships involving citizens, the business community, local The crime prevention policy includes the authorities, the police, social services, and following elements: schools. These local prevention councils are • Each sector must adopt a preventive responsible for: adopting an action plan that orientation it its policies, whether includes short- and long-term measures, for that sector is private (housing, defining measures likely to reduce the automobiles, bars and restaurants, number of delinquents and the opportunities businesses and insurance companies for crime, for coordinating the various must take measures to better protect measures, for overseeing the dissemination their products and services) or public of information, and for ensuring that the (the various government committees measures are monitored and evaluated. must include prevention in their policies and initiatives or justify its Sweden's National Crime Prevention absence); Council (NCPC) is being called on to • Adoption or amendment of support this policy and a National
Adminlstrations.../27 Committee will oversee its implementation. Funding The NCPC must, in particular, encourage the In Sweden, annual crime prevention budgets development of local councils and provide are in the neighborhood of SK 150 million them with guidance; collect and disseminate (US $22.7 million), or more than SK 17 (US information on crime prevention initiatives $2.60) per person. From 1996 to 1998, 11 and provide for the training of specialists; million krona (US $1.7 million) was and develop evaluation guidelines and budgeted specifically for the promotion of publicize the results across the country. local partnerships. Large amounts are also earmarked for special projects, such as Actions initiatives for disadvantaged youths (SK 30 Among the known initiatives are the millions or US $4.5 million). establishment of local councils in a certain number of municipalities, the completion of Selected Sources studies on risk factors and early intervention, • Ministry of Justice (1997) Our national and local consultations on the Collective Responsibility : A National organization of local crime prevention Programme for Crime Prevention. councils and priorities for action. Stockholm, Sweden: National Council for Crime Prevention. Research and Evaluation Norwegian National Crime Since each Council has a research and Prevention Council (1996) "Adion evaluation budget and staff, this area forms Plan : 1997-1999." Information an important part of their work. Here again, pamphlet. Sweden is at the forefront: its Council consists essentially of sociologists and Ms. Anne-Marie Begler researchers, and a large part of its annual Director General budget is devoted to research and National Council for Crime Prevention evaluation; the National Police College also Sweden does studies. P.O. Box 6494 Stockholm s-113 Key Partners SWEDEN In the Scandinavian countries, crime Telephone: +46 8 401 8700 prevention is always multisectorial. Thus, in Fax: +46 8 32 8364 Sweden no less than 7 ministries and 5 E-mail: national organizations are involved, ann.marie, begler@brottsforebygga nderad including the National Police College, the et.se National Council of Health and Welfare, the National Institute of Public Health, the National Education Agency and the National Council of Housing, Construction and Planning.
UNITED STATES reported crime rates rose: 269% on the Total Crime Index; 257% on the Property Crime Challenge Index (e.g., burglary, car theft, etc.); and The United States (approx. population 274 394% on the Violent Crime Index (e.g., million) has experienced gradual crime murder, robbery, etc.). All the industrialized decreases over the past decade (e.g., 7% countries (except Japan) experienced similar drop in the Total Crime Index Rate, 1986- increases since the 1960's. 1996). However, from 1960 to 1996,
Administrations.../28 The 1996 International Crime Victims Survey OJP, as part of their mandate, provide revealed that, of 11 industrialized nations, federal support for crime prevention the United States ranked 4 th in victimization initiatives, and a third bureau focuses on risk for burglary and attempted burglary research and development including crime behind The Netherlands (3r~), Canada (2"d), prevention: and England and Wales (1st). For "contact • The Bureau of Justice Assistance or crime" (robbery, sexual assaults, and assaults BJA (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA) with force) victimization risk the United States assists state and local governments ranked 2 "d behind England and Wales. U.S. in combating violent crime and drug violent crime victimization risk is nearly abuse through innovative programs double that of The Netherlands. (BJA was formerly known as LEAA). The BJA mission is accomplished by Vision providing funding, evaluation, In the early 1960's, rising crime rates initiated training, technical assistance, and a reassessment of the limited Federal role in information support to State and assisting state and local law enforcement and community criminal justice the administration of justice. Via enactment programs, thus forming partnerships of the 1965 Law Enforcement Assistance ACt, with State and local jurisdictions.; the Federal Government was directed to and support state and local efforts to control and • The Office of Juvenile Justice and reduce crime via grant-in-aid experiments for Delinquency Prevention or OJJDP demonstration, research and training (http://ojjdp. ncjrs.org)was projects. established through the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Simultaneously, a Presidential commission on (JJDP} Act of 1974, as amended. crime and justice contributed to enactment of OJJDP sponsors research, program, the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets and training initiatives to improve ACt of 1968. The Law Enforcement the juvenile justice system as a Assistance Administration (LEAA), a branch of whole, as well as to benefit the U.S. Department of Justice, was created individual youth-serving agencies. to assist law enforcement efforts and the * The National Institute of Justice or administration of justice at the state and local NIJ (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij)is level via federal grant allocations. The the research and development majority of grants were directed to law branch of the U.S. Department of enforcement with some funds for programs Justice (NIJ was formerly known as addressing delinquency and victimization risk the NILE&CJ); factors. The efforts of the LEAA were supported by its research center, the National Actions Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Selected examples of innovative projects Justice (NILE&CJ). aimed at tackling crime and providing public education in America include: The Federal role in state and local law Bureau of Justice Assistance: enforcement and crime prevention, • The Comprehensive Communities previously under the jurisdiction of the LEAA, Program (CCP) was created in 1994 was amended via the 1984 enactment of the by the Bureau of Justice Assistance. Justice Assistance Act. The Act created the Operating in 16 sites, CCP Office of Justice Programs or OJP emphasizes the value of mobilizing (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov)of the U.S. neighborhoods, instituting Department of Justice. Two of the bureaus of community-oriented policing, and
Administrations.../29 collaborating beyond traditional programs and services. There are agency boundaries to tailor strategies currently five participating states, to address local problems. The CCP and one pilot project in San Diego, is run by the National Crime CA. Prevention Council or NCPC Juvenile Mentoring or JUMP initiative (http://www.ncpc.org) which was matches at-risk young people with created in 1979, and is substantially adults over 21 who provide youth funded by BJA. with discipline, guidance and • Byrne Formula Grant Program personal attention through activities awards two types of grants: formula such as tutoring, job training and grants to states and territories and community service. The program discretionary grants to public and aims to improve academic private agencies and private non- performance and reduce alcohol and profit organizations. For fiscal year drug involvement among at-risk 1998, $505 million was appropriated youth, and promote better youth for the Formula Grant Program. relationships with family and friends. • Local Law Enforcement Block Grants More than $14 million will be Program or LLEBG provides funds to distributed to 73 sites in 1999, and units of local government to with these new awards, there are underwrite projects to reduce crime currently 166 JUMP sites in 41 states. and improve public safety. For the 1998 fiscal year, $523 million was Research and Evaluation appropriated for the Block Grants A selection of key publications from bureaus Program. of the Office of Justice Programs, includes: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency • "Preventing Crime: What Works, Prevention: What Doesn't, What's Promising" • The Blueprints for Violence (1997). Commissioned by the Prevention consist of 10 highly National Institute of Justice effective violence prevention (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij), this programs. Communities can apply report to the U.S. Congress for program funding and technical overviews what works, what doesn't, assistance to replicate blueprint and what's promising based upon programs. The Blueprints program the scientific (English-language) was created in 1996 by the Center literature of over 500 crime for the Study and Prevention of prevention program impact Violence or CS PV evaluations. (http : / /www. c ol o rado. edu / cspv /) , University of Colorado at Boulder. Key Partners • The Comprehensive Strategy for The U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Serious, Violent and Chronic Juvenile Justice Programs, and its five bureaus, the provides a framework of strategic National Crime Prevention Council, local responses at the community, city, authorities, law enforcement, community State, and national levels. The organizations and residents, the private strategy focuses on improving the sector. Other federal agency partners in juvenile justice system, providing prevention-related initiatives include: the appropriate prevention methods to Executive Office of Weed and Seed, Housing children, families, and communities, and Urban Development, Health and Human and intervening in the lives of first- Services, and the Community Oriented time offenders with structured Policing Services program.
Administrations.../30 Funding Bureau of Justice Assistance In the 1999 fiscal year, BJA will administer a Office of Justice Programs grant budget of over $1.7 billion US with U.S. Department of Justice over 12,000 continuing grants and subgrants, Washington, DC and over 3,000 new awards. 20531 USA Telephone: + 1 800 688 4252 (in the USA) Selected Sources Fax: +1 301 519 5212 • Clarke, R.V. (1997) Situational Internet: http://www.ojp, usdoj.gov/bja Crime Prevention: Successful Case E-mail: [email protected] Studies, second edition, Guilderland, New York: Harrow and Heston. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency National Crime Prevention Council. Prevention (1999) Six Safer Cities: On the Crest Office of Justice Programs of_;the Crime Prevention Wave, U.S. Department of Justice Washington, D.C.: National Crime 810 7 th St. NW Prevention Council. Washington, DC National Crime Prevention Council. 20531 USA (1998) Creating A Blueprint for Telephone: +1 202 307 5911 Community Safety: A Guide For Local Fax: +1 202 307 2093 Action, Washington, D.C.: National Internet: http://ojjdp, ncjrs.org/ Crime Prevention Council. E-mail: [email protected] National Crime Prevention Council. (1995) 350 Tested Strategies to Prevent Crime: A Resource for Municipal Agencies and Community Groups, Washington, D.C.: National Crime Prevention Council.
Administrations.../31 REGIONS
Administrations.../32 SOUTH AUSTRALIA, AUSTRALIA Motor vehicle theft; and Alcohol related crime. LOCAL COORDINATION IMPLEMENTED The State Strategy also includes: • Aboriginal crime prevention Challenge programs; The challenge addressed by the South • Interagency and inter-sectoral Australian Crime Prevention (South Australia approaches to address issues of approx, population 1.47 million) is to work alcohol and drugs, planning and with all concerned sectors in order to urban design; and effectively reduce or prevent crime. • Development of site specific action research methods for issues The Strategy is managed by the Crime including fear of crime. Prevention Unit, located in the Attorney General's Department. In the early years of Actions the Strategy, the Minister's title was Minister To date, 16 local crime prevention programs for Crime Prevention. are in existence. Other actions have included: e~ Vision • Support of the work of the Alcohol, In place since 1989, the South Australia Drugs and Crime Advisory Crime Prevention Strategy has seen to the Committee; establishment and support of Local Crime • Creation of the Retail Industry Prevention Committees consisting of local Crime Prevention Advisory government and other key local service Committee; providers, police, community groups and • Projects on the prevention of non-governmental organizations. domestic violence; • Development of youth crime Funded under agreement with the State prevention programs; and government, local Committees'assess crime • Coordination of the National problems, develop solutions and implement Anti-Crime Strategy involving all programs. States and Territories.
Local Crime Prevention Committees play a Research and Evaluatian crucial role in this strategy: The Strategy provides that individual projects • They are developed in high crime should be evaluated and model guidelines areas and are based within local developed statewide. councils; • They adopt a problem-solving Key Partners approach to local crime issues; and The local committees involve local councils, They are funded for a three year police, neighborhood watch, government period and employ a local and non- government agencies and local coordinator. residents.
Issues addressed by these committees Funding include: Data not available. • Family violence • Juvenile crime • Urban design • Graffiti
Administrations.../33 VICTORXA, A US TRALZA sustainable long term crime prevention and safety plans PARTNERSHIPS FOR SAFER CITIES Facilitating implementation of a AND SHIRES broad range of cost-effective services which best meet local Challenge needs; Developing a council-wide approach Vision to community safety and enhancing In 1997, the Safer Cities and Shires Program existing programs by incorporating was developed within the framework of safety and crime prevention VicSafe, the Victoria (approx. population 4.5 strategies into mainstream million} Government's comprehensive operations; community safety and crime prevention Developing comprehensive needs strategy. Safer Cities and Shires encourages analyses; and local government to play a strategic Creating a performance leadership role in developing comprehensive measurement framework to identify local community safety and crime prevention and promote best practices. programs and policies. Actions Through the recently enacted Safer Cities The Community Safetyand Crime Prevention and Shires prog ram, the Victoria government Board, comprised of city officials, police, and aims to develop a more sophisticated, representatives from the Departments of comprehensive and strategic approach to Human Services, Justice, and Education, has community safety and crime prevention. The been established to oversee the four key objectives of the program include: management of VICsafe government-wide, • Creating safe and secure and to identify and promote best practices. environments; • Municipalities are developing • Reducing incidence and effects of comprehensive local safety plans crime and violence among particular through community consultation, community groups; which are coordinated, implemented • Promoting community safety and and reviewed by senior public health links through management teams comprised of reductions in drug and alcohol high level community related crime and increased representatives. participation in health-promoting • The State Government, through the activities; Department of Justice, is offering • Increasing the extent and 'seed' funding to cities and shires effectiveness of local partnerships over the next three years to develop and accountability for outcome and implement local strategies. achievement. Research and Evaluation: This approach recognizes that the Cities and Shires will focus on outcomes community shares responsibility for crime through the following performance and safety by charging municipal monitoring mechanisms for municipal governments with realizing these objectives councils: in a way which addresses local concerns. • The council's funding agreement Five strategic directions for local with the Department of Justice; governments are identified by the program: • The community safety plan; • Acting as a catalyst in creating • An annual Safer Cities and Shires
Administrations.../34 Report; Community Safety and Crime Prevention • A final review following the Unit completion of the two funding Police and Strategic Development Division phases for Safer Cities and Shires. Department of Justice A further three stage review will consist of: Level 3 • Internal council and senior 55 St. Andrew's Place, management team self-assessment; Melbourne, 3002 • Independent verification; and Victoria, AUSTRALIA • Further development of the evolving Telephone: +61 (0)3 9651 6920 community safety plan. Fax: +61 (0)3 9651 6922 Internet: http://www.justice.vic.gov.au Key Partners Email: [email protected] Victoria Government, municipalities, police, community groups, Department of Premier and Cabinet, Department of Education, Department of Human Services, Department of Justice, Department of Infrastructure, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Department of State Development, and Department of Treasury and Finance.
Funding There are two funding phases: • Phase 1: development of outcome oriented community safety plan that will be sustainable in long term; • Phase 2: implementation of practical initiatives within the framework of the community safety plan.
The Government's contribution will extend up to $5 million over three years. Matched funding from councils and other sources will add to the resources available for Safer Cities and Shires.
Selected Sources • Community Safety and Crime Prevention Unit. (1997) Safer Cities and Shires: An Introduction. Victoria: Department of Justice. • Community Safety and Crime Prevention Unit. (1997) Safer Cities and Shires: A Guide to Developinq Strategic Partnerships. Victoria: Department of Justice.
Administrations.../35 CZT'ZE5
Administrations.../36 AMSTERDAM, DEN HAAG, ROTTERDAM safety, fostering inter-racial harmony, and ensuring that those AND UTRECHT on welfare can progress out of it. AGREEMENT ON URBAN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (THE Impact NETHERLANDS) An evaluation of the impact of this initiative has not yet been completed. Challenge Crime, antisocial behavior, and the Key Partners and Additional concentration of the disadvantaged in Funding inner-city areas are factors eroding the • The Dutch government, the social and economic vitality of Dutch cities municipal governments of the four participating cities, and the URBAN and society as a whole. program of the European Union; Description and In 1995, a Major Cities Memorandum was • Although the funding framework will created to promote public safety, vitality and vary according to the amount of a high quality of life in Amsterdam programs these cities initiate and (population 724,000), Rotterdam (population performance criteria, the total 599,000), the Hague (population 445,000), amount of central government funds and Utrecht (population 234,000). (including 20 million guilders from Developed by a Central/Municipal the European Union) will be Government Working Group participating in approximately 2.2 billion guilders (or the European Union URBAN renewal $1.15 billion U.S.) from 1996 to program, the memorandum specifies the 1999. following targets for city action: • Employment: achieving substantial Further Lessons reductions in long-term unemployment, particularly in Selected Sources deprived areas and among • Ministry of the Interior. (1995) disadvantaged groups, and a Covenant: Voluntary A qreement substantial increase in Between the Government and the small/medium-sized businesses in Four Major Cities, The Hague: cities; Ministry of the Interior (The • Education:improving achievement Netherlands). levels, reducing secondary school dropout rates by 35% within four Mrs. Micha~la van Oostveen years, and attaining a 90% job Ministry of Justice placement rate within a year after P.O. Box 20301 individuals have left school; 2500 EA The Hague Public Safety: obtaining considerable The NETHERLANDS reductions in robberies, Telephone: +31 (0)70 370 7551 interpersonal violence, commercial Fax: +31 (0)70 370 7250 and residential break-ins, and Internet: http://www.minjust.nl vandalism through targeted E-mail: [email protected] preventive measures; and Quality of Life: renewing residential Mr. Derk van Ooster~ee environments, increasing public Ministry for the Interior participation, enhancing public P.O. Box 20011
Administrations.../37 2500 EH The Hague The NETHERLANDS Telephone: +31 (0)70 302 6649 Fax: +31 (0)70 302 7441 Internet: http://www.minbiza.nl E-mail: [email protected]
BOSTON police structures, accountability and resources also encourage FOCUS ON YOUTH collaborative local problem-solving; (MASSACHUSETTS, UNITED STATES) and Youth Service Providers Network Challenge (YSPN): is a partnership between the In the early 1990's, 35 to 40 entrenched local police and the Boys and Girls neighborhood gangs with 4,000 members Clubs. Social workers help at-risk were operating in the city. Analysis of crime youth (referrals) and their families to data revealed that about 75% of the city's create programs tailored to a homicides were gang-related and involved youngster's needs (counseling, repeat offenders as victims and perpetrators. treatment, education, recreation, jobs, employment, etc.). Description In 1992, Boston (approx. population Impact 550,000) moved toward a municipal strategy Boston achieved the following crime consisting of a latticework of various reductions, 1986-1996 (rates per 100,000 problem-solving coalitions. These coalitions pop.): addressing serious crimes and quality of life • 29% Total Crime Index Rate (from issues - involve wide-ranging partnerships 5,302 to 3,768) with the police, citizens, government • 31% Property Crime Index Rate agencies, clergy and other stakeholders. (from 4,613 to 3,187); and Key elements of the municipal crime • 16% Violent Crime Index Rate (from prevention strategy include: 689 to 580) • Operation Cease Fire: a problem- solving approach to reduce youth In addition, since July 10, 1995, no juvenile (gang-involved) firearm violence. has been killed with a firearm in Boston. Offenders are warned to cease violent activities or face extended Key Partners and Additional sentences (federal prosecution), Funding police-accompanied probation Partners include municipal, state, checks during evening hours ensure and federal police, municipal probation order compliance, and agencies, prosecutors (local, state, municipal, state and federal law and federal), school system, social enforcement efforts have disrupted services, local colleges and weapons trafficking operations; universities, businesses, youth • Strategic Planning & Community organizations, clergy, nonprofit Mobilization Project (SP&CMP)" community agencies, and various increases contact between citizens federal agencies; and and police in order to address Public safety funding is derived from community priorities and increase the annual $170 million Boston citizen confidence. Decentralized Police Department budget supported
Admlnistrations.../38 by city property tax. Boston has also Selected Sources attracted over $30 million in federal • National Crime Prevention Council. and state grants (1994-1998) to (1999) Six Safer Cities: On the Crest support a wide array of prevention of the Crime Prevention Wave, programs. Washington, D.C.: National Crime Prevention Council. Further Lessons Boston was selected, by the National Crime Boston Police Department Prevention Council (NCPC), as one of six 1 Schroeder Plaza leading American cities with the largest Boston, Massachusetts crime reduction over the past ten years. 02120 U .S.A. Telephone: +1 617 343 4200 Fax:: +1 617 343 4481 Internet: http://ww~,.ci.boston.ma.us/police/
rights, general awareness of crime and violence problems, and courses URBAN DEVELOPMENT, SAFETY, in couple relationships and AND PEACE (COLOMBIA) parenting; and Increased enforcement activity Challenge including support for the enactment Residents of the city of Cali were confronted and enforcement of a "blue law" by high crime rates, and high rates of preventing the sale of alcohol in violence including a 221% increase in the public stores after certain hours to homicide rate from 1987-1992 (42 per minimize the potential for violent 100,000 population to 93 per 100,000). crimes linked to alcohol consumption. Description In 1992, in the city of Cali (approx. Impact population 1.7 million), the Mayor, and A comprehensive evaluation of this initiative neighborhood leaders involved in district has not yet been completed. security, helcl public meetings once a week to motivate citizens and develop practical Key Partners and Additional solutions to tackle crime and violence Funding problems. The comprehensive series of • The mayor of Cali, neighborhood prevention activities which were leaders involved in district security, implemented included the following: and residents. • Social development initiatives offering social reintegration to Further Lessons high-risk youths in crime gangs, o low-income home building program, Selected Sources the introduction of trained young Eastman, C.A. (1994) Cuidad Y volunteer "peace promoters" to help Violencias en America Latina, Quito, resolve neighborhood conflicts, and Ecuador: Programa de Gestion a municipally sponsored small Urbana. business development program; • Public education campaigns to promote peace and methods for citizens to resolve disputes, human
Administrations.../39 DENVER completed; and The Safe City Initiative $1 Million YOUTH VIOLENCE AND Allocation Process (since 1994): COMMUNITY POLICING supports community organizations (COLORADO, UNITED STATES) and individuals reducing youth crime and violence through prevention Challenge services. Selected on a competitive In 1993, a few innocent bystanders were basis, winning proposals provide killed in the crossfire of a local youth gang defined services to the city under war. Initial zero tolerance enforcement contract. Contractors receive overwhelmed the local county jail. City assistance in developing evaluation leaders recognized the need to address the plans, and are monitored by an causes of youth violence, and to expand independent evaluation firm. community policing focused on problem- solving, prevention and partnerships. Impact Denver achieved the following crime Description reductions, 1986-1996 (rates per 100,000 A metro-wide advisory committee was pop.): established in Denver (approx. population • 8% Total Crime Index Rate (from 506,000) to identify additional needs, 8,066 to 7,447) evaluate effectiveness, and determine • 6% Properly Crime Index Rate (from standards for allocating municipal funds to 7,062 to 6624); and address youth crime and violence. The Safe • 18% Violent Crime Index Rate (from City Office was created in 1994 to 1,004 to 823) coordinate prevention efforts, and engage in strategic planning with the Denver Police. Key Partners and Additional Three key elements of this municipal strategy Funding include: Key partners include municipal • Accountability Standards & Problem- agencies, public schools, colleges Solving Policing: prevention and universities, clergy, partnerships with local stakeholders neighborhood and business are encouraged. Officers receive representatives, police, youth, problem-solving training and are parents, nonprofit agencies, evaluated for identification and professional associations, cultural solving abilities, maintenance of agencies, prosecutors, courts, and cooperative community relationships community groups; and and other relevant measures; Safe City programs and most police • The SafeNite Curfew and Diversion programs are funded by the City's Program: reduces youth offending general fund. Funding has also and victimization, and court been acquired from the state of congestion. Youth violating the Colorado, and federal government curfew ordinance are ticketed by agencies. police, parents~guardians are called to a site, and on-site counselors Further Lessons conduct interviews to identify Denver was selected, by the National Crime needed services and address family Prevention Council (NCPC), as one of six issues. Dismissal of ticket/court leading American cities with the largest appearance results if specified crime reduction over the past ten years. diversion programming is
Administrations.../40 Selected Sources Safe City Office • National Crime Prevention Council. 1331 Cherokee Street, Suite 106 (1999) Six Safer Cities: On the Crest Denver, Colorado of the Crime Prevention Wave, 80204 U.S.A. Washington, D.C.: National Crime Telephone: + 1 303 640 2458 Prevention Council. Fax: + 1 303 640 1026 E-mail: [email protected] Denver Police Department 1331 Cherokee Street Denver, Colorado 80204 U.S.A. Telephone: + 1 303 640 3875 Fax: + 1 303 640 3378 Internet: http://infodenver.denver.co.us/-dpd/ E-mail: [email protected]
EPINA Y- SUR- SEINE was essential to effectively tackle [:pinay's crime and security problems. Cooperative SOCIAL INTEGRATION inter-agency efforts included: SOLIDARITY (FRANCE) • Computerization of the police station to improve crime statistics Challenge through the mapping of crime and Demographic, economic and social changes the identification of potential causes, produced considerable social strain among police cooperation with social Epinay residents, including a high service agencies to tackle the factors unemployment rate and growing concerns leading to repeat calls for police about crime and citizen security. service, and greater use of neighborhood patrols to enhance Description police/resident relations; In 1983, Gilbert Bonnemaison - the Mayor • The creation of a Victims Aid and of I~pinay-sur-Seine, France (approx. Legal Information Bureau (BIJAV) in population 50,000) - developed what would 1991 to provide guidance, support, become the pioneering model for the and compensation for physical injury creation of 850 local crime prevention and property damage, and liaison councils throughout France with the aim of services to criminal justice and social preventing delinquency and crime, and service agencies; improving social integration and solidarity. The establishment of a Working Group on Drug Abuse in 1983 to Bonnemaison created a roundtable of provide up to date information on various local partners and representatives current drug abuse trends and areas from government agencies such as housing, in need of intervention, and in 1991, social services, police, justice, youth services, the introduction of a Neighborhood and employment. They produced a security Mediation service to resolve diagnosis, and in the process of identifying neighborhood and family conflicts, what agencies were doing to address local and the initiation of a Neighborhood security problems, participants turned from Employment Council to provide finger-pointing to an acceptance that long-term training programs as well inter-agency collaboration and cooperation as short-term employment; and
Administrations.../41 The formation of a Local Mission in Further Lessons 1983 to help disadvantaged youth This initiative provides an excellent example acquire educational qualifications of the importance of mobilizing local and the achievement of social partners around crime and security problems integration, the initiation of a City to produce sustained commitment and Youth Council (CCJ) in 1991 to provide for the implementation of promote youth participation in civic collaborative inter-agency strategies to life, and the introduction of 'Youth effectively prevent crime and promote social Correspondents" in 1993 to foster integration. dialogue between the young people of Epinay, City Hall departments, Selected Sources and/or partner organizations and • I~pinay-sur-Seine.(1994) Prevention institutions. de la Delinquance, Insertion Solidarit6 - Crime Prevention, Social Impact and Professional Inte.clration, A comprehensive evaluation of the impact of Community Links, and Solidarity, this initiative has not yet been completed. I~pinay: Epinay-sur-Seine.
¢~ Key Partners and Additional Mr. Eric LeNoir Funding Coordinator of Community Services • Gilbert Bonnemaison (then Mayor of Mayor's Office I~pinoy), I~pinay City Hall and its 12 rue Guynemer various departments, local l~pinay-sur-Seine organizations, and the residents of Cedex 93803 E~pinay; and FRANCE • Funding was provided by I~pinay City Telephone: +33 (0)14 821 6121 Hall and the National Crime Fax: +33 (0)14 821 1313 Prevention Council of France.
FOR T WORTH In 1991, a multifaceted program ("Code Blue") was introduced as a part of the DECENTRALIZING POLICING decentralization of local government and AND GOVERNMENT SERVICES policing services. Three key elements of this (TEXAS, UNITED STATES) municipal strategy include: • The Tarrant County Advocate Challenge Program (1"CAP) Juvenile Offender From 1987-1991 the city of Fort Worth was Intervention: an intensive never below the 4 th highest crime rate in the supervision/intervention project country. Reports in major publications and targeting juvenile offenders, national network news programs on the especially serious repeat offenders. municipality's crime problems made it more Advocates provide close supervision than a local concern -- crime had become a and mentoring, conflict resolution threat to continued economic development. and interpersonal skills, and links to appropriate community resources Description and support systems; During 1991 public budget hearings, • Citizens on Patrol: selected citizen politicians in Fort Worth (approx. population volunteers receive 12 hours of local 470,650) were confronted by angry business Police Academy training, work in owners and citizens who no longer felt safe. groups to patrol neighborhoods, and
Administratlons.../42 report suspicious activity with police approval every five years, this initiative radios that can be used to provides $30 million annually for various communicate directly with patrol programs through 1/2¢ added to the sales officers. Over 3,700 citizens were tax. active in the program in 1998; and Comin' Up Gang Intervention: the Fort Worth was selected, by the National program employs and trains, under Crime Prevention Council (NCPC), as one of Girls and Boys Clubs supervision, six leading American cities with the largest gang members who resolve disputes crime reduction over the past ten years. and diffuse gang violence incidents. Community service orders for at-risk Selected Sources youth are integrated with job • National Crime Prevention Council. training and placement assistance, (1999) Six Safer Cities: On the Crest tutoring, conflict resolution, of the Crime Prevention Wave, parenting skills, anger control, and Washington, D.C.: National Crime drug education. Prevention Council. e~ Impact Fort Worth Police Department Fort Worth achieved the following crime 350 West Belknap reductions, 1986-1996 (rates per 100,000 Fort Worth, Texas pop.): 76102 U.S.A. • 56% Total Crime Index Rate (from Telephone: +1 817 877 8385 18,698 to 8,266) Fax: +1 817 877 8270 • 57% Property Crime Index Rate Internet: (from 16,654 to 7,207); and http://www.sta rtext.net/homes/fwpd/ • 48% Violent Crime Index Rate (from E-mail: [email protected] 2,044 to 1,059)
Key Partners and Additional Funding The Mayor's office, City Management, Fort Worth Police Department, the Crime Prevention Resource Center, business sector, residents, area ministers, various city and non-governmental organizations, and various state and federal agencies. With city and federal agency funding, the Code Blue program began With an annual budget of $3.17 million in 1991 which has grown to $3.79 million in 1998. e~ Further Lessons A resounding majority of local voters supported, via referendum, the creation of a Crime Control and Prevention District in 1995. With continuation subject to voter
Administrations.../43 HARTFORD work as trainers and mentors. Participating at-risk youth develop PARTNERSHIPSAND COMMUNITY social and work skills, receive POLICING (CONNECTICUT, UNITED support and access to STATES) entrepreneurships, and have access to paid work and volunteer Challenge opportunities. From 1985 to the early 1990's, Hartford neighborhoods suffered the worst gang wars Impact in municipal history. Between 1986 and Hartford achieved the following crime 1996 Hartford ranked among the top ten for reductions, 1986-1996 (rates per 100,000 per capita crime each year among U.S. cities pop.): with over 100,000 population. • 30% Total Crime Index Rate (from 14,440 to 10,148); Description • 31% Properly Crime Index Rate In 1987, a Mayor's Commission on Crime (from 12,280 to 8,513); and was created in Hartford (approx. population • 24% Violent Crime Index Rate (from 124,000). Its final report (1989) 2,159 to 1,635). acknowledged that traditional criminal justice institutions alone could not stem the Key Partners and Additional tide of crime. A Community Oriented Funding Policing philosophy emerged leading to the Mayor, City Council, Police Chief, development of partnerships between the City Manager, various city agencies, police, government agencies and the Federal and state police, community. Three key elements of businesses, clergy, local colleges Hartford's strategy include: and universities and hospitals, • The Hartford Police Gang Task foundations, federal government Force: formed in 1992 to departments and agencies, and collaboratively combat growing grassroots support; and street gang problems (municipal and Funding is derived from the annual state police, FBI, and DEA). Police $33 million municipal police budget, suppress gang activity and gang $402,000 annual budget of the hierarchies are targeted for Comprehensive Communities prosecution and extended prison Program division (City Manager's sentence (e.g., Federal charges); Office), approximately $8 million in • Neighborhood Problem-Solving federal justice funds, and other Committees (PSC's)- established in community sources. each of 17 neighborhoods are used to diagnose neighborhood problems Further Lessons and determine strategies to achieve Hartford was selected, by the National key objectives. Monthly meetings Crime Prevention Council (NCPC), as one of between all PSC's allows for sharing six leading American cities with the largest of experiences, information, and crime reduction over the past ten years. collaboration; and • Our Piece of the Pie (OPP): created Selected Sources in 1996 provides pre-work • National Crime Prevention Council. orientation to area youth from (1999) Six Safer Cities: On the Crest middle and high schools. Young of the Crime Prevention Wave, adult Managers (20 to 26 years) Washington, D.C.: National Crime
Administrations.../44 Prevention Council. Hartford Police Department 50 Jennings Road Hartford, Connecticut 06120 U.S.A. Telephone: + 1 860 527 7300 Fax: + 1 860 722 8270 Internet: www.hartfordpolice.com
LZT..LE computerization of the central police station to permit the "mapping" of SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND crime and diagnoses of the type of DELINQUENCY (FRANCE) intervention required, and providing community service work to offenders Challenge in lieu of traditional sanctions for In industrialized societies, the growing petty offenses; exclusion of citizens from various aspects of Social development initiatives social life such as employment, housing, including the establishment of education, and culture generates community centers and a summer delinquency. In isolation from each other, excursion program for youth to visit the police, justice officials, and social service the mountains or the seaside, agencies cannot produce a long-term programs to prevent violent solution to reduce violent crime and behavior in schools, promoting insecurity. culture through citizen/professional cooperation to produce artistic e~ Description creations (e.g., paintings, In 1984, a Conseil Communal de Prevention sculptures), and drug prevention and de la Delinquance (Community Crime treatment programs; and Prevention Council) was created in the Targeted measures to counter the metropolitan region of Lille (approx. social exclusion of youth through the population 1 million) to tackle delinquency creation of a Local Youth Mission and insecurity, and to promote the social and the Comite Lillois d'Aide aux integration of residents and youth in Projets (Lille Committee for Projects particular. The council consisted of fifty Assistance) to help young people members drawn from the police, justice find solutions to their problems by officials, social service agencies, and linking them to social services, neighborhood residents. The integrated housing, and employment agencies. strategy included the following key initiatives: Impact • Dividing the city into 10 districts with A comprehensive evaluation of the impact of local government councils to this initiative has not been completed. encourage resident participation in local decision-making, and the Key Partners and Additional development of a greater sense of Funding citizenship and community; The Community Crime Prevention • Situational measures including an Council of Lille and its partners such improved public lighting system, as the police, the judiciary, social renovation/cleaning of rental services, employment agencies, housing estates and installation or housing authorities, and local reinforcing of central access doors, residents; and
Admlnistrations.../45 In 1996, preventive programs in Lille Ville de Lille (Conseil Communal de received nearly 4.8 million francs Pr6vention de la Delinquance). ($835,000 U.S.) of funding from the (1996) Actions de Prevention et Lutte city, various levels of government, contre la Toxicomanie, Lille, France: and other sources. Ville de Lille (Conseil Communal de Pr6vention de la D61inquance). Further Lessons
Selected Sources • Ville de Lille (Conseil Communal de Prevention de la Delinquance). (1992) L'implication communautaire dans la prevention de la delinquance- The Community Involvement in the Field of Crime Prevention, Lille, France: Ville de Lille (Conseil Communal de Prevention de la Delinquance).
MONTREAL improving street lighting, and removing high fences to encourage NEIGHBORHOOD COALITION police and citizen surveillance; (QUEBEC,CANADA) Social development initiatives including the assistance of a social Challenge worker for families with drug In 1990, an escalating illicit drug trade and problems, encouraging economic a high crime rate - including 366 violent investment, development, and job crimes - had deteriorated the social fabric in creation (e.g., favouring the Little Burgundy, and created insecurity employment of local people to run among residents. the new Sports Complex), and promoting cultural tolerance; and Description Targeted attempts to increase citizen Late in 1989, neighborhood groups in the participation in improving the quality Little Burgundy area (approx. population of life in their neighborhood with the 40,000) of the Montreal region (approx. organization of an Environment population 3.1 million) mobilized the police, week encouraging citizens to municipal departments, and citizens to form improve the overall condition of the a Coalition which aimed to identify solutions neighborhood, the creation of the to local crime problems and the growing '~/ues sur la Bourgogne°' local insecurity of residents. The specific measures newsletter, promoting greater identified to address these problems resident participation in the annual included: public festival, and ensuring that the • Improving the local infrastructure by media focused greater attention on lobbying for a new neighborhood the revitalized quality of life in Little sports complex to offer local youth Burgundy rather than the outdated sports and recreational activities, negative stereotypes. maintaining and enhancing library services, upgrading the quality and Impact safety of public transportation, 46% reduction in all reported crimes
Administrations.../46 (from 1,477 incidents in 1990 to Further Lessons 798 in 1993); and A decrease in resident insecurity became 45% drop in all reported violent evident in the greater use of the streets at crimes (from 366 incidents in 1990 night, and in parents no longer feeling the to 202 in 1993). need to escort their children to school to ensure their safe arrival. These reductions have not been confirmed by independent scientific evidence. Selected Sources • La Police de" Io Communaute Key Partners and Additional Urbaine de Montreal. (1994) Etat de Funding la situation/Petite Bourgogne, Montreal's housing authority, various Montreal: La Police de la municipal departments (e.g., Communaute Urbaine de Montreal. Tandem: a city of Montreal agency • The Little Burgundy Coalition. (1991 ) which coordinates and financially Plan of Action, Montreal: The Little supports municipal crime prevention Burgundy Coalition. initiatives), the police service, neighborhood organizations, and TANDEM Montreal South West residents; and Urban Security Program Funding was provided by various YMCA of Pointe Saint-Charles departments of the City of Montreal, 255 Ash Avenue departments of the government of Montreal, Quebec Quebec, and advertising revenue H3K 2R1 CANADA generated from the '~/ues sur la Telephone: +1 514 935 4711 Bourgogne" newsletter. Fax: +1 514 935 1787
NEW YORK collaborative problem-solving with community partners. Key components of this CRIME AND DISORDER (NEWYORK, strategy include: UNITED STATES) • The Compstat System: Weekly Compstat reports (integrating crime- Challenge related statistics and intelligence Community disorder (e.g., panhandling, from each precinct) are presented in prostitution, drug dealing, etc.) is linked to Crime Strategy Meetings promoting crime, public safety problems, and fear of coordination, teamwork, and crime. Disorder problems may lead to less sharing of successful strategies and use of public facilities and abandonment of tactics. Decentralization of city life for the suburbs; it may also reduce operational authority to precinct business activity, tourism, and general commanders was accompanied by economic development. accountability for efforts and results through performance cJppraisals; Description • The Model Block Program: uses Crime reduction efforts in the City of New pinmopping technology to target York (approx. population 7.3 million) are high-crime blocks for focused police based on its system of Goal Oriented intervention. Selected residents Community Policing. A "flexible and receive training to build block adaptable command and control structure" associations, and partner with the aims to achieve results through two main police and other agencies to solve processes - strategic crime analysis and neighborhood problems and achieve
Administrations.../4 7 "Model Block" status; and (1999) Six Safer Cities: On the Crest After School Program for Interactive of the Crime Prevention Wave, Recreation and Education (ASPIRE): Washington, D.C.: National Crime serves children (9-19) who live Prevention Council. within and near city housing developments. A ten week program New York Police Department develops skills such as" leadership, Community Affairs responsibility, communication, drug One Police Plaza prevention, conflict resolution, New York, New York decision-making, understanding 10038 U.S.A. consequences, and team games that Telephone: +1 212 374 5362 provoke thought and build trust. Fax: +1 212 374 2353 Internet: Impact http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/nypd/home- New York City achieved the following crime frame-main.html reductions, 1986-1996 (rates per 100,000 pop.): • 41% Total Crime Index Rate (from 8,842 to 5,227); • 43% Property Crime Index Rate (from 6,848 to 3,879); and • 32% Violent Crime Index Rate (from 1,994 to 1,348).
Key Partners and Additional Funding The Mayor and Police Commissioner, state and federal police, city agencies, citizens, nonprofit organizations and foundations, and various federal agencies; and Funding is supported by the budget of the New York Police Department, city resources, foundation and state grants, and federal grant s including a $1 million allocation from the Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) program of the Department of Justice.
Further Lessons New York was selected, by the National Crime Prevention Council (NCPC), as one of six leading American cities with the largest crime reduction over the past ten years.
Selected Sources • National Crime Prevention Council.
Administrations.../48 NORFOLK These reductions have not been confirmed by independent scientific evidence. A COLLABORATIVE STRATEGY FOR SAFER NEIGHBORHOODS Key Partners and Additional (VIRGINIA, UNITED STATES) Funding Residents, city staff, civic leagues, Challenge tenant management organizations, The safety of citizens was threatened by civic, social and civil rights increased crime and violence, and the organizations, religious presence of several gangs with apparent organizations, business community, violent tendencies (e.g., possession of fully public and private schools; and automatic assault rifles, sawed-off shotguns, Funding was provided by the City of and bullet- ,~roof jackets) who were involved Norfolk. in various criminal activities. Further Lessons Description In the early 1990's, the Police Assisted Selected Sources Community Enforcement (PACE) program • City of Norfolk. (1992) A Children's was implemented in Norfolk (approx. Agenda for the City of Norfolk, population 261,000) to promote strong, Norfolk, Virginia: City of Norfolk. community-policed, crime and drug free • City of Norfolk. (1992) Ga__qD_g neighborhoods. In cooperation with Prevention and Intervention Plan, municipal departments, neighborhood Norfolk, Virginia: City of Norfolk. groups, the business community, and local • City of Norfolk. (1993) Norfolk residents, the PACE program supported Initiatives, Norfolk, Virginia: City of initiatives aimed at: Norfolk. • Fosteringand maintaining safe and healthy neighborhoods by assisting citizens in taking control of their immediate environment; • Providing supportive local employment, training, and educational services; • Expanding collaborative, neighborhood-based partnerships to promote creativity, innovation, and citizen commitment; and • Providingservices and resources to ensure that all citizens can reach their full potential and participate in neighborhood development.
Impact 29% reduction in the overall crime rate in 10 targeted areas, and an 8% reduction in violent crime across the city in the first three years of the initiative.
Administrations.../49 NORTHUMBRIA Support), private sector involvement, and the public; and FEAR REDUCTION AND CIVIC Beginning in 1996, the initiative will ACTION (ENGLAND AND WALES) receive £10.5 million ($17.5 million U.S.) from the Home Office's Single Challenge Regeneration Budget over seven Small housing estates in Northumbria years in addition to funding already (approx. population 1.5 million) are being contributed by partner experiencing high levels of unemployment, agencies and organizations. high crime rates and a sense of community powerlessness. Further Lessons
Description Selected Sources In 1993, the Northumbria Community Safety • NCSS. (1995) Northumbria Strategy (NCSS) was introduced to prevent Community Safety Strategy: crime and reduce the fear of crime among Strategic Plan (1995-2000), citizens. Employing a multi-dimensional Northumbria: NCSS. program to improve community safety, the NCSS. (1995/1996) Northumbria initiative is specificallf targeting: levels of Community Safety Strategy: Annual drug misuse, car crime, violent crime, Report, Northumbria: NCSS. burglary, persistent young offenders and groups vulnerable to involvement in crime. Ms. Sheila Stokes White The key elements of this program include: Head of Strategy • Creating a safer environment with Northumbria Community Safety Strategy better street lighting, and by tackling Civic Centre vandalism and graffiti; Gateshead • Improving residential/commercial Tyne and Wear security with better locks and alarm NE8 1HH UNITED KINGDOM systems, and closed circuit television Telephone: +44 (0)191 477 1011 ext. 2545 camera systems in public areas; Fax: +44 (0)191 490 0620 • Diverting young people from crime E-mail: [email protected] by engaging employers in collaborative projects; and • Creating new community projects and assisting victims of crime by recruiting volunteers and enlisting organizational support.
Impact For the period 1991-1998, Northumbria achieved: • 39% overall crime reduction; and • 40% reduction in burglaries.
Key Partners and Additional Funding Northumbria Police, governmental and non-governmental representatives (e.g., Victim
Administrations...150 SAN DIEGO Successful program completion results in dismissal of formal charges COMMUNITY POLICING AND AT- against the offender; and RISK POPULATIONS (CALIFORNIA, Choice Program: is an intensive UNITED STATES) mentoring and probation program for juveniles at-risk of becoming Challenge serious habitual offenders. Case Between 1976 and 1986, the violent crime workers supervise 10 adolescent index rate rose nearly 61% (from 527 to charges (ages 9-18) referred by 846). Much of the crime and social probation officers/social workers. problems continue to be gang and drug- Caseworkers check intensively for related. The city also continues to have one attendance at school/recreation of the lowest officer to population ratios of activities/drug treatment and that large cities with 1.7 officers per 1,000 charges are meeting curfews. They population. also provide mentoring and act as liaisons between the youth, Description teachers, families, and community A youthful and transient population, due to services. a substantial military presence and a warm climate, presents problems for generating Impact effective social control in San Diego (approx. San Diego achieved the following crime population 1.2 million). Close to 100 gangs reductions, 1986-1996 (rates per 100,000 commit a range of offenses, and large pop.): populations of illegal immigrants create • 46% Total Crime Index Rate (from various crime and disorder problems. Key 7,919 to 5,096); elements of the municipal crime prevention • 40% Property Crime Index Rate strategy include: (from 7,073 to 4,256); and • Drug Abatement Response Team • 1% Violent Crime Index Rate (from (DART}: began in 1989 and involves 846 to 840). the collective use of enforcement roles (e.g., police, fire, building Key Partners and Additional inspection, zoning, and health) to Funding eliminate narcotic or vice violations Mayor and Police Chief, police associated with dilapidated officers, local government, probation properties (e.g., crack houses, etc.). and social services, the San Diego Owners are held accountable to State University Foundation, other rehabilitate their property and foundations, and various federal cooperate in eliminating illegal agencies; and activity or face civil court The crime prevention strategy is proceedings; supported by the municipal police • Municipal Court, Drug Court budget ($206.67 million for 1997- Program: began in 1997 and offers 1998), additional funding from the appropriate defendants city, foundation grants, as well as (misdemeanor use/possession state and federal grants. offenders) an alternative sanction program of intensive intervention e~ Further Lessons and drug treatment, employment or San Diego was selected, by the National educational training, monitoring of Crime Prevention Council (NCPC), as one of progress, and an aftercare plan. six leading American cities with the largest
Administrations.../51 crime reduction over the past ten years. San Diego Police Department 1401 Broadway Selected Sources San Diego, California • National Crime Prevention Council. 92101-5729 U.S.A. (1999) Ridinq the Crest of the Crime Telephone: +1 619 531 2777 Prevention Wave: Six Safer Cities Fax: +1 619 531 2625 (MCRWG Report), Washington, D.C.: Internet: National Crime Prevention Council. http://www.sannet.gov/police/index.html
SEA TTLE Marking personal property during the home security inspection (e.g., RESIDENTIAL BURGLARY AND up to ten items), encouraging CIVIC ACTION (WASHmNGTON, residents to continue engraving their UNITED STATES) property, and to display decals. warning burglars that properly has Challenge been marked; While going door-to-door seeking electoral "Cocoon-type" block watches support, Seattle's Mayor of the early 1970's involving 10-15 families willing to was repeatedly confronted with public exchange information about their concerns about residential burglary. Despite schedules and habits, watch each approximately 8,504 reported residential others' homes, and report suspicious burglaries in 1972 and associated property activities to each other and the losses exceeding $4 million, arrests and/or police; and return of property occurred in fewer than Public education campaigns to 10% of all cases. promote citizen awareness of the burglary problem and their role in Description reducing and preventing residential In 1972, the Law and Justice Planning Office burglary. (UPO) was created by the Mayor of Seattle (approx. population 516,000). The UPO Impact analyzed Jocal crime problems and Survey data from both personal and submitted proposals to council to respond to telephone interviews (e.g., victimization the priority problems of burglary, rape, and surveys) with individuals from participating store robbery. In 1973, a Community Crime and non-participating homes revealed: Prevention Program was initiated to tackle • 48-61% reduction in burglaries in the public's principal crime concern, homes participating in the program burglary, through the following measures (1974-1975); and implemented in the city sector with the • No evidence of the displacement of highest incidence of burglary and crime: burglaries from homes participating • Residential security inspection in the program to those who were services performed by a home not participating. service technician who walked home owners through their dwelling with a Key Partners and Additional checklist of security risks (e.g., doors Funding and windows) and offered advice • The Law and Justice Planning Office, and a copy of a personalized the city of Seattle, police, and checklist with the technician's citizens; and recommendations for improving • Funding was derived from a grant security; from the Law Enforcement
Administrations.../52 Assistance Administration (LEAA), However, upon absorption into the Seattle and human and financial resources police service, the program appeared to provided by the city of Seattle. have lost its effectiveness due to the greater focus on public education and the Further Lessons abandonment of highly effective The Mayor of Seattle's interest in safety and "Cocoon-type" block watches. security issues led to the mobilization of local agencies and neighborhood residents, and Selected Sources the program endured because it was • Cirel, P. et al. (1977) An Exemplary positively evaluated while it was in Project: Community Crime operation. Prevention Program, Seattle: Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, U.S. Department of Justice.
TORONTO including encouraging greater use of parks, recreation centers, and CIVIC ACTION TO BREAK THE other public resources; CYCLE OF VIOLENCE (ONTARIO, Enhancing social development by CANADA) increasing supports for children, youth, women, and other vulnerable Challenge groups such as free women's self Like many other cities, Toronto is confronted defense courses, mentoring of at- by high levels of violent crime and fear, risk youth, recreation and drug including under reported crimes such as prevention grants, and employment racist and homophobic hate crimes, sexual opportunities for youth to create assaults, domestic violence, and violence murals in high-graffiti areas; against people with physical and Public education on homophobic developmental disabilities. Amalgamated and racist hate crimes, safety tips for with five surrounding municipalities, the women, and community resources super-city of Toronto (approx. population 2.5 for a safer city;and million) is the fifth largest city in North Since 1992, "Breaking the Cycle of America. Violence Grants" totaling approximately $500,000 ($357,143 Description U.S) per year- have been provided A Task Force on Community Safety was to local groups for the mobilization created in January 1998. Coordinated by of community resources to prevent the Healthy City Office, the Task Force seeks violence. to improve the social, economic, and environmental determinants of health in Impact Toronto. The Task Force had a year to While a comprehensive evaluation of these report back with a comprehensive and initiatives has not been accomplished, coordinated safety plan that builds upon evaluations of individual projects have taken strategies already developed in the center place. Evaluation mechanisms are being city of Toronto (approx. pop. 650,000), included in the comprehensive safety including: strategy for the new City of Toronto, which • Improving the physical design, will be developed by January 1999. management and maintenance of private and public open spaces;
Adminislrations.../53 Key Partners and Additional The Breaking the Cycle of Violence grants Funding program has been adapted by the City of Politicians, police, agencies, Brisbane and the Province of British community groups, and business, Columbia. The "safe city" model developed and staffed by representatives of in Toronto has inspired similar initiatives in every division, including Planning, Canada, the United States, and Australia. Public Health, Parks and Recreation, Economic Development, and Selected Sources Housing, and the Healthy City Office • Interdepartmental Work Group on of the City of Toronto; Community Safety. (1996) Building Funding for the programs described on Success: a community safety above are provided by the City of strategy for the City of Toronto, Toronto, with assistance from the Toronto: Healthy City Office. federal Department of Justice for • Whitzman, C. (1997) Toronto Safer safer parks and best practices City Guidelines. Toronto: Healthy conferences, assistance from the City Office. Rotary Club Greater Toronto Council • Coates, L. et al. (1996). Planning, for the mentoring project, and Designing, and Maintaining Safer assistance from businesses such as Parks, Toronto: Parks and Dufferin Mall for some of the parks Recreation Department. participation and youth employment projects. Mr. Greg Hawken Project Assistant Further Lessons Healthy City Office Planning and parks guidelines have been 100 Queen Street West distributed by the Federation of Canadian 8th Floor, West Tower Municipalities and the US Conference of Toronto, Ontario Mayors, and have been adapted for use in M5H 2N2 CANADA cities across the world. Telephone: +1 416 392 0099 Fax: + 1 416 392 0089 Infernet: hffp://www.city.toronto.on.ca E-mail: [email protected]
Adminlstrations.../54 GUIDES
Administrations.../55 ACHIEVING SECURITY THROUGH Key Partners and Additional LOCAL PARTNERSHIPS Funding Minister of Employment and Solidarity, City Challenge Minister Delegate, Minister of Justice, It is recognized that contemporary security Minister of National Education, Research and problems require collective efforts and Technology, Minister of the Interior, Minister resources which are best achieved through of Defense, and the French Forum for Urban local partnership building. Security.
Description Further Lessons In 1997, Local Security Contracts (CLS) were developed in France through collaboration Selected Sources between the Institute des hautes 6tudes de Institut des Hautes Etudes de la Securite la securite interieure and partner agencies to Interieur. (1998) Guide pratique pour les provide concrete solutions to crime in a contrats Iocaux de securite, Paris: Institut given territory. Enacted by the des Hautes Etudes de la Securit6 Interieur. Interministerial Memorandum of October 1997, CLS's are contractual partnerships Philippe Melchior which bind signatories, including all crime Directeur de la publication prevention players, the Prefect, the Republic Inspecteur gen6rale de Procurer, the mayor(s), le recteur I'AdministrationDirecteur de I'institut des d'academie, the President of the Conseil hautes etudesde la securite int~rieur Regional, and the President of the Conseil (IHESI) General to collaborate on local crime 19, rue P6clet 75015 prevention initiatives. Paris, FRANCE Tel: +33 (0)1 53 68 20 30 The guide outlines practical themes, Fax:+33 (0)1 45 30 50 71 doctrines, methodological approaches, illustrations and operational and structural La Documentation fran~aise information designed to assist all actors and 29-31, quai Voltaire local collectivities to develop a CLS. Areas 75344 Paris Cedex 07 of specific focus include: Telephone: +33 (0)1 40 15 70 00 • Developing a local security Fax: +33 (0)1 40 15 72 30 diagnostic; Internet: http://www.ladocfrancaise.gouv.fr • Assessingand analyzing delinquency and incivility; • Measuring feelings of insecurity; • Evaluating strengths and weaknesses in various partners' responses; • Generating concrete and innovative responses to juvenile delinquency, incivilities, drug addiction, and school violence; and • Developing youth employment opportunities.
Administrations.../56 FRAMEWORK FOR MUNICIPAL Examining both real security issues ACTION TO ENHANCE FAMILY as well as feelings of (in)security generated among families and SECURITY citizens; Collaboration between principal e~ Challenge actors in security issues to maximize Security is indispensable to the quality of life available resources, and active of families and citizens. While municipalities engagement of communities in the have a leadership role to play in ensuring enhancement of local security. community safety, crime prevention strategies are often underemphasized, face Key Partners and Additional budgetary constraints or lack adequate Funding development, implementation and I'Association des directeurs monitoring. generaux des municipalites du Quebec, and various municipal In Quebec, (approx. population 7.13 million) associations and government 871 property crimes, 426 diverse crimes, ministries; and and 142 violent crimes are reported daily. Funding was provided by the Further, 42% of women and 10% of men in Ministere de la Famille et de urban settings and 28% and 8% of rural I'Enfance, Ministere des Affaires respondents respectively said they do not municipales et de la Metropole, feel secure in their communities. In 1991- Ministere de la Securite publique, 92 alone, Quebec reported over $3.5 billion and Ministere de la Sante et des ($2.39 billion U.S.) in crime-related Services sociaux. expenditures. Further Lessons Description A study conducted over a 27 year period As a result of the Third Action Plan on the focusing on the development of children Family sponsored by the Quebec found a savings of $7.16 ($4.90 U.S.) in government in 1994, a working committee costs associated with crime for every dollar comprised of municipal associations and invested in a prevention program. government ministries was formed to examine the security concerns most affecting Selected Sources Quebec families in their communities. In L'Association des directeurs generaux des 1999, the committee produced a guide to municipalites du Quebec. (1999) Securite assist municipalities in developing security dans les milieux de vie: Guide a I'intention enhancing strategies which address these des municipalites du Quebec, Montreal: concerns. The guide presents successful I'Association des directeurs generaux des case studies, identifies local key partners municipalites clu Qu6bec. and suggests practical measures to tackle insecurity based on the following principles: Gilles Meunier • Promoting a global vision of urban Ministere de la famille et de I'enfance security which address areas of 1050 rue clu Parlementaire violence, accidents, crime, suicides, 7ieme etage health, housing, disasters etc.; Quebec, QC • Sensitizing municipalities to the G1 R 5Z8 importance of security, illuminating CANADA its multiple dimensions, and Telephone: +1 418 643 6414 presenting the investment benefits in Fax: +1 418 528 2009 crime prevention; Email: [email protected]
Administratlons.../5 7 GUIDE FOR LOCAL PARTNERSHIPS to the particular setting.
Challenge e~ Impact While individuals and communities have No evaluation of this initiative has been innovative ideas and the will and energy completed. required to generate programs to reduce crime, they lack the practical know-how and Key Partners and Additional resources to develop and implement Funding successful crime prevention strategies. • Crime Concern and the Home Office; and Description • Funding was provided by the Home In 1993, Crime Concern produced a Office. document for the Home Office which details the following necessary steps for the Further Lessons establishment of local crime prevention partnerships: Selected Sources • Setting up coalitions with the • Crime Concern. (1993) A Practical support of major local partners (e.g., Guide To Crime Prevention For the police and local authorities), Local Partnerships, London: Home forming a steering group and Office. appointing a coordinator, finding funding to cover core costs, and Crime Concern acquiring the skills and capacity to Beaver House effectively respond to crime 147-150 Victoria Road problems; Swindon, Wiltshire • Developing a program of action , SN1 3BU UNITED KINGDOM based upon a diagnosis of the Telephone: +44 (0)179 386 3500 problem(s) derived from local crime Fax: +44 (0)179 351 4654 surveys, the identification of specific target problems, detailing a plan for implementation, and providing mechanisms to monitor and systematically evaluate programs; • Managing projects and strategies through identification of objectives and targets, clear assignment of leadership roles, and developing long-term strategies through the coordination of single and multi-agency responses with shared objectives; and • Preventing crime through measures aimed at increasing the effort and the risks of offending, and reducing the rewards of crime, strengthening families and communities to reduce the factors which generate crime, and tackling crime in various settings with strategies appropriate
Administrations.../58 LEGISLATED LOCAL AUTHORITY- Home Secretary in this work. POLICE PARTNERSHIPS ¢~ Impact Challenge No evaluation of the impact of this Experience shows that crime prevention legislation has been completed. partnerships- comprising police, local authorities and the community- can achieve Key Partners and Additional more effective results than individual Funding organizations on their own. While in Britain British Parliament, Home Office, police many such partnerships exist at the borough authority, health authority, probation level, they have been inconsistently services, community and business groups. implemented. Further Lessons Description In 1998, the Crime and Disorder Act was Selected Sources enacted in Britain to tackle crime and • The Crime and Disorder Act 1998. disorder while building safer communities. Online: One of themes of the Act is to develop a http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts rigorous problem solving and partnership 1998/19980037.htm. approach to preventing crime and disorder. • Home Office. (1998) The Crime and Sections 5-7 and 17 achieve this aim by Disorder Act: Introductory Guide, placing on police and local authorities a joint London: Crown. Online: responsibility for developing and http://www, homeoffice.gov, u k/cda implementing strategies for reducing crime ct/cdaintl.htm and disorder in each district, borough or local authority area in England and Wales. Julie Brett Specifically, the ACt requires: Home Office, Crime Prevention Agency • Conducting a crime and disorder 50 Queen Anne's Gate audit by area council and the chief London, SW1H 9AT officer of police, together with wide UNITED KINGDOM public consultation to identify local Telephone: +44 (0) 171 273-2155 concerns and causes of crime and to Internet: http://www, homeoffice.gov.uk evaluate current measures; /cdact/cdaintl.htm • Preparing and publishing a report by the local authority and police outlining clear objectives and performance targets (long term and short term), and obtaining views of people and bodies in the local area; • Establishing a Partnership Strategy Board in each borough to provide strategic direction and management of selected programs through continuous monitoring and evaluation; • Full cooperation by police authorities, probation committee, health authorities and any other person or body indicated by the
Administrations.../59 OTHER RELEVANT STRATEGIES
Administrations.../60 ANTI-AUTO THEFT DEVICES Impact The success of steering column locks in (GERMANY, ENGLAND AND reducing auto theft has been maintained for WALES, UNITED STATES) almost 40 years in the case of Germany and nearly 30 years in the USA and Britain where Challenge regulations were introduced later: Auto theft has long been a concern in • Germany alone reported an Germany, Britain and the U.S.A. In 1960, immediate overall reduction in auto the number of motor vehicle thefts theft after the anti-theft regulations continued to rise in these countries due to took effect ( 20% in the first year). inadequate anti-theft devices, resulting in Germany's rate of theft of "four or large losses. more wheeled vehicles" between 1961 and 1989 fell steadily for six Description years and subsequently remained The growing problem of car theft led to the stable or fell through to the 1980's. introduction of legislation in the 1960's and • In England and Wales, new car 70's in the Federal Republic of Germany thefts fell from 20.9% of all vehicles (FGR), Britain, and the USA requiring stolen in 1969 to 5.1% in 1973. manufacturers to fit cars with anti-theft The rate of theft of cars has devices. Germany was the first country to stabilized since 1980. make the incorporation of anti-theft devices • In the USA in 1974 new cars (which compulsory in 1961, focusing on the were fitted with steering column steering wheel column lock. locks) made up 58% of all cars on • FGR required within two years that the road but only 45% of vehicles all existing, in addition to new stolen. The rate of auto theft vehicles and motorcycles capable of continued to drop until 1983. speeds of 25km/h or more be fitted with anti-theft devices. The Key Partners and Additional regulations were accompanied by Funding rigid standards for anti-theft devices Governments of Germany, England and and stringent testing procedures to Wales, and U.S.A. and automobile ensure compliance with the manufacturers. standard; • In 1970, Britain negotiated a o Further Lessons voluntary agreement between the • Variations in the vehicle theft Home Office and car manufacturers patterns in the three countries reflect on anti-theft devices in new cars, but the speed with which the vehicle excluded motorcycles. Standards populations were protected by set out by the United Nations steering column locks, and the Economic Commission for Europe in relative strictness of Germany's 1972 were adopted by Britain and testing regulations. eventually incorporated into • Steering column locks have been legislation; ineffective as a crime prevention • In the USA, standards requiring device in mopeds and motorcycles, manufacturers to equip new cars as motorcycles can be more easily with key locking systems became moved than cars and locks on effective in 1970. motorcycles are easier to break. • There is evidence to suggest that the introduction of anti-theft device regulations has resulted in a
Administrations.../61 displacement away from vehicle Selected Sources theft to mopeds and motorcycles Webb, B. "Steering Column Locks and and thefts from the inside of cars. Motor Vehicle Theft: Evaluations from Three Countries," in Clarke, R. (ed.) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies, (2 n~ ed.) Guilderland, New York: Harrow and Heston, 1997.
FIREARM REGULATION military. (CANADA) Impact Though it is difficult to attribute social Challenge changes to the introduction of legislation, a Firearms are sometimes used in scientific study conducted by the department unintentional injuries and deaths, and are of Justice revealed that the 1977 gun control often used in robberies and murders. legislation may have: Scientific international studies have shown • Reducedthe homicide rate by as that higher levels of individual firearm much as 20% (study period: ownership/accessibility within a country are 1971-1993); and strongly correlated with higher murder and • Decreased the ratio of robberies with suicide rates. firearms to total robberies by over 37% (study period: 1975-1994). Description The Criminal Law Amendment Act (1977) Key Partners and Additional aimed to prevent firearm accidents and Funding deliberate firearm misuse in Canada Justice Canada, the federal Ministry (approx. population 29.9 million) by of the Solicitor General, federal, introducing legislative and regulatory provincial, and municipal police controls on the access and use of firearms, officers, firearm retailers, and gun and measures to deter offenders from using owners. firearms in crimes. Measures employed to control access and use of firearms (post Further Lessons 1977) included: A similar gun control initiative in the District • Firearms Acquisition Certificates of Columbia, the Firearm Control which all individuals have to obtain Regulations Act (1976), was linked to a 25% before acquiring a firearm; drop in the average number of homicides • Legislated powers permitting the per month (from 13.0 in 1968 to 9.7 in police to search for firearms and 1987), and was estimated to have prevented seize them where officers have 500 homicides between 1968 and 1987 - an reasonable grounds to believe that average of 47 homicides per year. firearm possession is against the safety interests of the owner or any Selected Sources other person; • Department of Justice. (1996) A • Safe handling and storage Statistical Analysis of the Impacts of regulations for firearm businesses the 1977 Firearms Control and individual gun owners; and Legislation, Ottawa: Department of • A ban on the possession of Justice Canada, Programme dangerous weapons (e.g., fully Evaluation Section. automatic firearms) except for those • Loftin, C. et al. (1991) "Effects of possessed by the police and the Restrictive Licensing of Handguns on
Administrations.../62 Homicide and Suicide in the District Mr. T. Dittenhoffer of Columbia", New England Journal Senior Research Officer of Medicine, 325:1615-1620. Canadian Firearms Centre Cukier, W. (1998) "La Department of Justice Canada reglementation des armes a feu: le 284 Wellington Street Canada dans le contexte Ottawa, Ontario international", Maladies chroniques K1A 0H8 CANADA au Canada, 19(1): 29-40. Telephone: +1 613 957 9603 Fax: +1 613 941 1991 Internet: http://canada.justice.gc.ca E-mail: [email protected]
Administrations.../63 THE SERVICE SECTOR : EMPLOYMENT, HEALTH, HOUSING, RECREATION, SCHOOLS, SOCIAL SERVICES, TRANSPORT
Once viewed exclusively as a police and justice question, crime is Conclusions from various longitudinal studies following cohorts now seen as a of children and youths to adulthood, results of rigorous evaluations public safely and of preventive initiatives, and recommendations from experts pubfic health issue. gathered in international forums, all indicate that there exists a This perspective significant reservoir of knowledge on key risk factors. This therefore calls for knowledge can be turned into action to prevent delinquency and the involvement of victimization risk factors. a vast array of actors capable of Actions to foster youth employment, especially for at-risk youth, effectively tackling programs to support families and children, and initiatives to delinquency and improve quality of life in public housing, to tackle school violence victimization risk or to improve safety in public transport systems are all examples of factors. our collective capacity to reduce delinquency and victimization risk factors.
These initiatives all require the active participation of these various actors. School violence is not only a police problem, it is also a challenge for schools and they have a role to play in its prevention. In addition to being an economic policy issue, youth exclusion is a delinquency risk factor and those responsible for labor policies should be included in preventive initiatives. Insecurity in public housing is not only a problem for neighborhood police officers but calls for concerted action involving architects, urban development managers, and public housing authorities.
In other words, it is insufficient to call for children and youth to be responsible for their acts if the institutions best placed to assist them and contribute to reducing risk factors and enhancing protective factors are not also responsibilized. Knowledge is available and should be at the service of concrete adion.
Service Sector.../64 EMPLOYMENT
Service Sector.../6S GUARDS Key Partners and Additional Funding (THE NETHERLANDS) Dordrecht police, the municipal government and its various Challenge departments, the public prosecutor, While crime and disorder have an adverse and various central government effect on the quality of urban life and agencies; and generate fear among citizens, police officers The Departments of Justice and are unable to respond to and address all of Internal Affairs provided an initial these problems. grant of 448,000 guilders for the first two years, and the Dordrecht Description Police Department and local The "Stadswacht" or City Guard program government have since supported a began in 1989 in the city of Dordrecht yearly program budget of 900,000 (approx. population 114,000)..As many as guilders, with the Department of 51 recruits per year, drawn from the Labor annually providing 280,000 long-term unemployed, receive 8 weeks of guilders for education (e.g., a total first-aid~law~security training. City Guards annual budget of $605,000 U.S.). patrol public areas as uniformed civilians (e.g., without police powers)and receive the Further Lessons minimum wage for providing the following: A National City Guard organization • The police receive reports on crime was created in 1992, and it is (e.g., burglary) and disorder (e.g., currently responsible for vandalism) problems, and approximately 2,500 City Guards suggestions on how to minimize operating in 154 Dutch cities. In criminality and vandalism at Belgium (approx. population 10.1 different locations; million), 29 cities were provided with • Municipal Departments receive central government funding to reports on graffiti and street lighting recruit unemployed individuals as problems, and parking infractions; City Guards in 1996, and an and additional 37 cities will receive the • Tourists are provided with same opportunity in 1997. information and/or directions. A similar program called Parking Watchers hires students during the Impact summer to increase awareness 17% reduction in the overall number among car drivers and reduce thefts of crimes in the inner-city areas of of and from automobiles. Through Dordrecht patrolled by City Guards; distribution of prevention leaflets, and surveillance, and liaison with the Following the introduction of City police, the city of Ostend Belgium Guards in Nieuwegein in 1992: 62% reduce car thefts by 39% (65 in drop in pickpocketing (from 81 to 31 July~August 1993 to 40 in incidents), 36% decrease in thefts of July/August 1994). bikes (from 250 to 160 incidents), and a 16% reduction in thefts from Selected Sources cars (from 229 to 193 incidents) • Hauber, A., Hofstra, B., Toornvliet, between 1992 and 1993. L., and Zandbergen, A. (1994) Stadswachten, The Hague: Directie Criminaliteitspreventie (Crime Prevention Directorate), Ministry of
Service Sector.../66 Justice. Stadswacht Nederland Hauber, A., Hofstra, B., Toornvliet, Planetenwag 23 L., and Zandbergen, A. (1996) Hoofdorp, 2132 HN "Some New Forms of Functional The NETHERLANDS Social Control in The Netherlands Telephone: +31 23 562 3388 and Their Effects", British Journal of Fax: +31 23 562 5955 Criminology, Vol. 36, 2, Spring: Internet: (Not Available) 199-219. E-mail: [email protected] Stadswacht Nieuwegein. (1995) Evaluatie 1994: Stadswacht Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein: Stadswacht Nieuwegein.
GRADUATION INCENTIVES were less than one-third of those not receiving incentives; (UNITED STATES) 42% of participants (versus 16% of non-participants) went on to post- Challenge secondary school. Youth with problems in school and those who drop out are more likely to be involved Key Partners and Additional in juvenile delinquency and drug use, and Funding disadvantaged youth tend to commit 3 times The Quantum Opportunities as many crimes as the average citizen. Program, and affiliates of the Opportunities Industrial Centers of Description America; and For four years (1989-1993), the Quantum The Ford Foundation provided a Opportunities Program (QOP), offered grant totaling $1.18 million over disadvantaged teenagers in five cities (San four years. Antonio, Philadelphia, Milwaukee, Saginaw, and Oklahoma City) after school activities Further Lessons for which they received hourly stipends ($1 $3.68 in benefits was achieved for every $1 to $1.33 per hour) and a matching amount spent on the program based on higher of funds in a college-fund account. In post-education participant work earnings encouraging participating youths to (cost-benefit was higher as reductions in complete school, the following activities criminal justice/welfare costs were excluded). were offered: • Education Activities: Selected Sources computer-assisted instruction, peer • Hahn, A. et al. (1994) Evaluation of tutoring, homework assistance; The Quantum Opportunities • Service Activities: community service Program, Waltham, Massachusetts: and public event projects; and Brandeis University. • Development Activities: curricula • Greenwood, P.K. et al. (1996) focused on life/family skills, college Diverting Children From a Life of and job planning. Crime: Measuring Costs and Benefits, Santa Monica, California: Impact RAND. An evaluation comparing those who received graduation incentives and those who did QOP Program Inquiries: not, revealed that: Mr. C. Benjamin Lattimore • Arrests for those receiving incentives Opportunities Industrialization
Service Sector.../67 Centers of America, Inc. QOP Program Evaluation Inquiries: 1415 North Broad Street Mr. Andrew Hahn, Ph.D. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Associate Dean and 19122 U.S.A. Human Services Research Professor Telephone: +1 215 236 4500 Director, Peter E. Heller Program Fax: + 1 215 236 7480 Brandeis University Internet: www.oica.com 415 South Street E-mail: [email protected] Waltham, Massachusetts 02254 U.S.A. Telephone: + 1 617 736 3774 Fax: +1 617 736 3851 Internet: http://www.brandeis.edu
JOB TRAINING FOR A T RISK private, public, and nonprofit organizations who delivered the YOUTH services; and (UNITED STATES) Funding was provided by the U.S. Department of Labor. Challenge Educationally disadvantaged and Further Lessons unemployed youths are at a substantially Interviews with program participants and greater risk for offending. similarly disadvantaged non-members between 1977 and 1979 revealed that: ¢~ Description every $1 invested in Job Corps returned Job Corps - a federal training program for $1.45 to society in reduced crime and disadvantaged~unemployed youths which substance abuse, reduced dependence on began in the mid-1970's in the United States welfare, and increased employment and - aimed to improve employability and reduce work earnings among members; and 75% of crime by helping disadvantaged youths participants went on to full-time study or a achieve stable and long-term employment stable job where yearly earnings were 15% opportunities. The program operated in over higher than earnings for employed 100 centers, enrolled approximately non-participants. 100,000 participants (age 16-24) a year, and offered the following in a residential Selected Sources setting: • Eisenhower Foundation. (1990) • Hands-on job training, classroom Youth Investment and Community courses (permitting the attainment Reconstruction: Street Lessons on of graduate equivalent degrees), Drugs and Crime for the Nineties, health care, counseling, and job Washington, D.C.: Eisenhower placement services. Foundation. Long, D.A. et al. (1981) "Evaluating Impact the benefits and costs of the Job Post-program arrest rates were Corps", Journal of Policy Analysis reduced by 30% among and Management, 1 (1): 55-76. Corps-members between 1977 and 1979. Job Corps U.S. Department of Labor Key Partners and Additional 200 Constitution Avenue, NW Funding Room N-4510 U.S. Department of Labor, and Washington, D.C.
Service Sector.../68 20210 U.S.A. Telephone: +1 202 219 6568 Fax: +1 202 501 5469 Internet: hffp://www.jobcorps.org/
Service Sector.../69 HEAL TH AND SOCIAL SER VICES
Service ,Sedor.../70 A T-RISK CHILDREN AND e~ Key Partners and Additional Funding ENRICHED PRE-SCHOOL United States Government, State of (YPSlLANTI, MICHIGAN, UNITED Michigan, and the Carnegie STATES) Corporation of New York.
Challenge Further Lessons Lack of preschool intellectual stimulation, A cost-benefit analysis showed that decreased cognitive abilities, and poor every $1 invested in the High/Scope school achievement increases the Perry Preschool Program returned vulnerability of young people to involvement $7.16 to the public in reduced in future delinquency and criminal behavior. crime, education, and welfare costs attributable to program participants Description up to the age of 27. In 1962, a preschool program was In addition, 29% of participants were introduced in Ypsilanti (approx. population earning $2,000 per month or more 70,000) to provide intellectual stimulation to at age 27 compared to only 7% of disadvantaged preschool children to non- participants, and 71% of increase cognitive abilities and school participants had graduated from achievement, and reduce the potential for regular or adult high-school future delinquency and criminal behavior. compared to only 54% of Fifty-eight 3 year old African-American non-participants. children from disadvantaged families - e.g., young, poor, single-parent mothers - were Selected Sources provided 1-2 years of: • Schweinhart, L.J., Barnes, H.V., and • High quality pre-school education Weikart, D.P., with Barnett, W.S. and with a cognitive orientation for 2.5 Epstein, A.S. (1993) Significant hours per day for 30 weeks each Benefits: The High/Scope Perry year; Preschool Through Age 27 • Home visits from a child's teacher (Monographs of the High/Scope for 1.5 hours per week aimed at Educational Research Foundation keeping parents aware of their #10), Ypsilanti, Michigan: child's activities and promoting High/Scope Press. parental participation in the • Schweinhart, L.J.(1987) "Can education process; and pre-school programs help prevent • Monthly group meetings which delinquency.g" In Wilson, J.Q. and provided opportunities for parents to Loury, G.C. (eds.) Families, Schools exchange views and to support their and Delinquency Prevention, Vol.lll changing perceptions and practices of "From Children to Citizens", New in child-rearing. York: Springer Verlag,.
e~ Impact High/Scope Perry Preschool An evaluation comparing (at age 27) the .58 David P. Weikart, Ph.D. randomly assigned children who participated President in the program and 65 children who did not High/Scope Educational Research participate, revealed: Foundation • 50% lower number of criminal 600 North River Street arrests among program participants. Ypsilanti, Michigan 48198 U.S.A. Telephone: + 1 734 485 2000
Service Sector.../71 Fax: + 1 734 485 0704 Internet: www.highscope.org E-mail: [email protected]
CHILD ABUSE AND HOME program (e.g., 20% among participants versus 45% among non- VISITA T'IONS participants) through to age 15. (ELMIRA, NEW YORK, UNITED STATES) Key Partners and Additional Funding Challenge University of Rochester School of Children who are victims of abuse and Nursing, Cornell University neglect are 40% more likely to become Department of Family Studies, and involved in juvenile delinquency and adult nurse home visitors; and criminality. Funding was provided by the University of Rochester, and a o Description variety of federal government Between 1978 and 1980, the "Prenatal and agencies as well as private Early Childhood Nurse Home Visitation foundations. Program" was initiated in Elmira (approx. population 33,700) for nurses to provide Further Lessons home visitation support to 400 poor and A cost-benefit analysis revealed that unmarrif~.'l teenage mothers during their although the program cost an pregnancies and in the first two years of average of $3,318 per low-income their children's lives. In attempting to family during its two year duration, improve the quality of child care and the it produced an average of $3,498 personal development of the women and worth of savings (or a dividend of their children, nurse home visitors provided: $180) per low- income family over • Parent education to promote healthy the duration of the program and in pregnancies, and child health and the following two years. development; and This initiative was replicated in • Assistance in improving participants Memphis Tennessee between 1990 access and use of both informal and and 1993. During the first two years formal neighborhood support following delivery, results included a services. 23% lower rate of detected injuries or ingestions among participants Impact (e.g., 43% among participants • 79% fewer cases of state-verified versus 56% among non- child abuse and neglect among participants), and an 81% lower rate participants (e.g., 4% among of hospitalizations for injuries or participants versus 19% among ingestions among participants (e.g., non-participants) during the first two 3% among participants versus 16% years of the child's life; among non-participants). • 46% reduction in verified reports of child abuse and neglect (e.g., 29% Selected Sources among participants versus 54% • @lds, D.L. et al. (1997) "Long-term among non-participants) through to Effects of Home Visitation on age 15; and Maternal Life Course and Child • 66% lower rate of arrests among Abuse and Neglect", Journal of the adolescent participants in the American Medical Association,
Service Sector.../72 278(8), August, 27: 637-643. Kempe Prevention Research Center Kitzman, H. et al. (1997) "Effect of for Family and Child Health Prenatal and Infancy Home 1825 Marion Street Visitation by Nurses on Pregnancy Denver, Colorado Outcomes, Childhood Injuries, and 80218 U.S.A. Repeated Childbearing ", Journal of Telephone: + 1 303 864 5200 the American Medical Association, Fax: + 1 303 864 5236 278(8), August, 27: 644-652. Intemet: http ://www.kempecenter.com Olds, D.L. et al. (1998) "Long-term Effects of Nurse Home Visitation on Children's Criminal and Antisocial Behavior", Journal of the American Medical Association, 280(14), October, 14: 1238-1244.
DRUG AND ALCOHOL daily individual counseling or group support sessions (e.g., Alcoholics TREATMENT Anonymous or Narcotics (CALIFORNIA, UNITED STATES) Anonymous); and Outpatient Methadone: Stable daily Challenge oral doses of methadone and In the United States (approx. population 265 individual counseling. million), it has been estimated that the annual costs of crime related to drug use Impact totals $46.9 billion with associated medical A representative sample of 1800 were and death-related costs adding another chosen from individuals receiving such $20.1 billion, and illicit drug/alcohol use treatment services in 1992, and self-report combined costing American businesses more data and program records revealed: than $200 billion annually. • 93% drop in the use of weapons/physical force for those e~ Description committing more than 100 such In 1992, approximately 150,000 people acts, and a 75% reduction among all received public-funded drug and alcohol participants; treatment services in California (approx. • 33% decrease in house or vehicle population 31.6 million). The main drugs break-ins for those committing more these individuals took prior to admission than 100 such acts, and a 62% were heroin (31%), alcohol (19%), and reduction among all participants; stimulants such as cocaine (17%). Treatment and services were offered in the following major • 72% reduction in the number of treatment program types: ~participants committing any illegal • Residential Therapeutic activity. Communities: Heavily controlled environment focused on individual ~-~ Key Partners and Additional counseling/group Funding interaction~role-playing to promote • The state of California Department new ideas and pro-social behavior; of Alcohol and Drug Programs, • Residential Social Model: Promoting National Opinion Research Center, peer support and communal sober Lewin-VHI, Inc., and treatment living in lightly controlled settings; service providers in California; and Outpatient Drug-free: Weekly to • Funding was provided by California's
Service Sector.../73 Department of Alcohol and Drug Office of National Drug Control Programs. Policy. (1995) National Drug Control Strategy: Strengthening Further Lessons Communities' Response to Drugs A cost benefit analysis revealed that in the and Crime, Washington, D.C.: U.S. year following treatment taxpayers Government Printing Office. benefitted from: California Department of Alcohol • $1.5 billion in savings from $209 and Drug Programs million invested in treatment, or a $7 return for every $1 invested; with Resource Center • $1 billion or 66% of the savings 1700 K Street, First Floor resulting from reductions in crime; Sacramento, California and 95814-4037 U.S.A. • $.35 billion or 23% of the savings Telephone: +1 916 327 3728 resulting from reduced health care Fax: +1 916 323 1270 costs. Internet: www.adp.cahwnet.gov Selected Sources E-mail: [email protected] • Gerstein, D.R., et al. (1994) Evaluating Recovery Services: The California Drug and Alcohol Treatment Assessment (CALDATA), Sacramento, California: Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs. • Drug Strategies. (1996) Keeping Score, Washington, D.C.: Drug Strategies.
DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMIIZES AND Engagement: activities by the therapist designed to encourage THERAPY families to attend the first session (UNITED STATES) and to commit to the process; Assessment: information analysis to Challenge better understand the situation and Youth who demonstrate behavior problems to develop an intervention plan that such as delinquency, violence, and alcohol takes all aspects of the problem into and drug use are at a higher risk of consideration; institutionalization. Motivation: positive reinforcement of the individual, demonstration of Description the outcome of negative behavior, Developed in 1969 at the University of Utah identification of possible causes of (approx. pop. 1,951,000) to help behavior and avenues for dysfunctional families and reduce the risk of improvement; youth institutionalization, this program runs Behavior change: information and for three months. Eight to twelve one-hour guidelines that focus on family sessions are required for families with interpersonal skills and needs (e.g., average problem situations. For the most communication, parenting skills); severe problem situations, 26 to 30 hours of Generalization: identification of direct service are needed. The program, social support for lasting change aimed at 11- to 18-year-olds, has five and the independence to phases: incorporate good family function
Service Sedor.../74 into the community. Tel: +1 303 492-8465
Impact James F. Alexander, Ph.D., Principal A study of two groups of 27 delinquents Investigator shows: University of Utah After two and a half years, a Department of Psychology, SBS 502 recidivism rate of 11% in the Salt Lake City, treatment group compared with 67% UT 84121 U.S.A. in the control group; Telephone: +1 801 581 6538 Five years after program Fax: +1 801 581 5841 implementation, the treatment E-mail: [email protected] or group demonstrated a recidivism [email protected] rate of 8.7% compared with 41% in the control group. Bruce V. Parson, Ph.D., FFT Co-founder Telephone: + 1 406 457 0379 Eleven other studies have assessed the E-mail: [email protected] effectiveness of this program and have concluded that functional family therapy results in an average 34.6% reduction in the rate of recidivism and foster placements.
Key Partners and Additional Funding • The justice system, police, probation service, family, school, social services and health services.
Further Lessons • This project is inexpensive compared with a court-ordered residential program. Program costs are about $13,500 for 90 days, or $150 per day, while psychiatric hospitalization costs can reach $660 per day. • The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence has published a "blueprint" for this program to facilitate its implementation.
Selected Sources Alexander, J. et al., (1998) "Functional Family Therapy", Blueprints for Violence Prevention, Book three, Colorado.
Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence University of Colorado at Boulder Institute of Behavioral Science Campus Box 442 Boulder, Colorado 80309-0442
Service Sector.../75 DRUGS AND LIFE SKILLS intervention (e.g., 2% of participating youth vs. 6% of non- TRAINING participating youth); and (NEW YORK STATE,UNITED STATES) As much as 44% fewer users of drugs among youth receiving a Challenge reasonably complete intervention Drug use is a key risk factor for youth (e.g., 5% of participating youth using delinquencyand future criminal behavior. In marijuana weekly vs. 9% of non- the United States, marijuana use increased participating youth). by 50% among youth 12-17 between 1993 and 1994, and use of alcohol increased by Key Partners and Additional 50% among 14 year-olds between 1992 and Funding 1994. Participating school boards and teachers, project staff and students; Description and In 1985, 56 predominantly middle-class Funding was provided by the suburban and rural schools in New York National Heart, Lung, and Blood state (approx. population 18.1 million) Institute, the New York State division participated in a program to reduce student of Substance Abuse Services, and drug use. Seventh grade students were the National Institute on Drug taught social resistance and general life Abuse. skills in 15 teacher-led class periods, with an additional 10 sessions in grade eight and 5 e~ Further Lessons in grade nine. The program was designed The public health significance of preventing to develop: adolescent drug use should not be • General thinking and behavioral underestimated. For example, the 25% skills aimed at building self-esteem, lower rate of heavy smoking among youth resistance to advertising pressure, receiving the intervention could prevent managing anxiety, communicating 60,000 to 100,000 tobacco-related deaths effectively, developing personal each year. relationships, and asserting rights; and Selected Sources • Specific skills and knowledge to • Botvin, G.J., et al. (1995) "Long- enhance individual ability in term Follow-up Results of a resisting social influences to use Randomized Drug Abuse Prevention tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs Trial in a White Middle-class (e.g., by applying asserlive skills Population", Journal of the American when experiencing direct Medical Association, 273, 14, April: interpersonal pressure to use drugs). 1106-1112. • Drug Strategies. (1996) Keeping Impact Score, Washington, D.C.: Drug A scientific evaluation comparing Strategies. participating youths and a similar group of non-participating youths revealed that in Mr. Gilbert Botvin, Ph.D. 1991, 6 years after the initial intervention, Director there were: Institute for Prevention Research • 66% fewer weekly poly-drug (e.g., Weill Medical College of Cornell University combined alcohol, tobacco, and 411 East 69th Street, Room KB201 marijuana use) users among youth New York, New York receiving a reasonably complete 10021 U.S.A
Service Sector.../76 Telephone: +1 212 746 1270 Fax: + 1 212 746 8390 Internet: http://www, med.cornell.edu • E-mail: [email protected]
FAMIL Y SUPPOR T AND and Participating children had fewer DELINQUENCY RISK FACTORS antisocial (e.g., aggressive, (NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, UNITED impulsive, or acting-out) behavioral STATES) problems.
Challenge Key Partners and Additional Lack of parenting skills and family Funding dysfunction represent two of the earliest and Yale University and the home visitors strongest predictors of juvenile delinquency. (e.g., social worker, psychologist, or a nurse). Description Operating in the late 1960's and early Further Lessons 1970's in New Haven (approx. population While the total intervention cost was 130,000), the Yale Child Welfare Research $20,000 per family, taxpayers saved at least program aimed to support the development $40,000 per year in welfare costs and of the children of 17 disadvantaged young remedial/supportive school services which parents, and to improve the quality of their were not spent on participating families. family life by providing the following services until participating children reached two and Selected Sources a half years of age: • Seitz, V. (1990) "Intervention • Home visits by clinical/health Programs for Impoverished professionals who provided pediatric Children: A Comparison of care and counseled mothers in Educational and Family Support solving practical problems (e.g., Models", Annals of Child food and housing, education and Development, 7: 73-103. family goals), and program liaisons Seitz, V. et al. (1985) "Effects of who linked mothers to appropriate Family Support Intervention: A and beneficial local family services; Ten-Year Follow-up", Child and Development, 56: 376-391. • Child care which included periodic developmental assessments. Ms. Victoria Seitz, Ph.D. Research Scientist Impact Yale University A 1982 follow-up evaluation comparing Department of Psychology families who participated in the program P.O. Box 208205 and similar families who did not revealed New Haven, Connecticut that: 06520-8205 U.S.A. 87% of participating families were Telephone: + 1 203 432 4588 self-supporting compared to 53% of Fax: +1 203 432 7147 non-participating families; Internet: http://www.yale.ed u/psychology/ Each treated boy saved taxpayers E-mail: [email protected] $1,030 per academic year in reduced remedial and support services, including court hearings;
Service Sector.../77 NEW BORN AND RISK FACTORS long-term impact of the program. (HAWAII, UNITED STATES) Key Partners and Additional Funding Challenge Hawaii Department of Health and Children who are victims of abuse and seven nonprofit private agencies neglect are 40% more likely to become who deliver Healthy Start services; involved in juvenile delinquency and adult and criminality. The Maternal Child Health Branch of the Hawaii Department of Health Description provided $200,000 in 1985, and the The Healthy Start program - which employs current annual budget is just under home visitations to screen, identify, and $6 million. work with at-risk families of newborns to prevent abuse and promote child Further Lessons development - began in 1985 in the state of The Healthy Start program demonstrates the Hawaii (approx. population 1.2 million). importance of implementing home visitation Among 2,800 families who enrolled in the services in countries without such programs, program in 1994: ,~8% had substance abuse or safeguarding such services in countries problems, and 43% had a history of which have them. domestic violence. Consequently, the initiative focuses on: Selected Sources • Identifying at-risk families by • Earle, R.B. (1995) "Helping to screening the medical records of Prevent Child Abuse-and Future pregnant women or by direct Consequences: Hawaii Healthy Start interviews; Program", Program Focus (October), • Employing paraprofessional home Washington, D.C.: National Institute visitors to periodically call on of Justice. enrolled families to ~help parents Department of Health, State of meet the needs of their children and Hawaii. (1992) Healthy Start: improve parenting skills throughout Hawaii's System of Family Support a child's first five years; and Services, Honolulu: Department of • The periodic use of questionnaires to Health, State of Hawaii. identify and offer services for G.A.O. (1992) Child Abuse: identified child development Prevention Programs Need Greater problems. Emphasis, Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office. Impact Rates of child abuse and neglect Ms. Loretta J. Fuddy among the 1,353 enrolled high-risk Chief, Maternal Child Health Branch families (1987-1991) were 62% Hawaii State Department of Health lower than rates among high-risk 741 A Sunset Avenue, Suite 204 families who were not offered the Honolulu, Hawaii service; 96816 U.S.A. The resulting fewer cases of abuse Telephone: + 1 808 733 9022 and neglect represent a savings of Fax: +1 808 733 9032 over $1.26 million in child protection services; and Ms. Gladys M.L. Wang Several comprehensive studies are Program Coordinator being undertaken to evaluate the Community 8, Family Support
Service Sector.../78 Services/Healthy Start 2881 Waimano Home Road, Building 11 Pearl City, Hawaii 96782 U.S.A. Telephone: +1 808 453 6020 Fax: +1 808 453 6023
ONE-PARENT FAMILIES AND done over 18 months concluded that: • 46% of participants were less likely MENTORS to take drugs during the study (for (UNITED STATES) each 100 youths in the control group, 54 youths in the treatment Challenge group took drugs); Children from female one-parent families • 27% of participants were less likely are twice as likely to drop out of school, end to drink alcohol (100 versus 73); up in foster homes and become involved • 33% of participants were less likely with the justice system. to hit someone.
Description Key Partners and Additional Big Brothers Big Sisters of America was Funding formed to help these families. A 1991 United Way, State and local report found that 500 agencies and nearly governments, foundations and 70,000 participants (youths and adults) were corporations; involved in this program across the United Community members, schools, States (approx. population 265 millions). human resource services, youth The goal of the program is to give children service agencies, parents and the between the ages of 6 and 18 the private sector. opportunity to develop a friendship with an adult volunteer who acts as a mentor. The Further Lessons volunteer and the child meet" for three or Participants developed better four hours a week to do a variety of activities relations with their parents and that they enjoy (sports, cultural activities, friends, and did better in school; outings, etc.). To ensure the best service for The Center for the Study and the children, BBBSA has the following Prevention of Violence published a required procedures: "blueprint" for the program to • Orientation and screening of facilitate its implementation. volunteers: written application, home assessments, interviews and Selected Sources background checks; • Mcgill, Dagmar E. et al., (1997) "Big • Youth assessment: written Brothers, Big Sisters of America", application, interview, and home Blueprints for Violence Prevention, assessment; Book two, Colorado, 1797. • Matching based on the needs of the • Tierney, J.P., Grossman, J.B. and youth, the volunteer's abilities and Resch, N.L., (1995) Making a the parent's preferences; difference: An Impact Study of Big • Supervision of meetings between the Brothers Big Sisters, Public/Private volunteer and the child. Ventures, Philadelphia.
Impact Agency Development Office In 1992 and 1993, an independent study Big Brothers Big Sisters of America
Service Sector.../79 230 North 13th Street Public/Private Ventures Philadelphia, One Commerce Square PA 19107 U.S.A. 2005 Market Street, Suite 900 Telephone: 215 567 7000 Philadelphia, Fax: 215 567 0394 PA 19103 U.S.A. Telephone: 215 5574400 Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence University of Colorado at Boulder Institute of Behavioral Science Campus Box 442 Boulder, Colorado 80309-0442 U.S.A. Telephone: 303 492 8465 Fax: 303 443 3297: Internet: htt p://www.colorado.edu/cspv/ E-maih [email protected]
PARENT TRAINING AND Impact ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR A comparison between 10 children whose (EUGENE, OREGON, UNITED STATES) families participated in the program and 9 children whose families did not participate, Challenge revealed: Strong research evidence suggests that • 63% average reduction in child persistent severe childhood antisocial deviant behavior in the OSLC group behavior continues into adolescence and following treatment compared to an represents a heightened risk for chronic average 17% reduction among delinquency. children receiving standard treatments (e.g., behavior Description modification); and In the early 1980's, the Oregon Social • 90% of participating parents felt that Learning Center (OSLC) in Eugene (approx. treatment was very effective population 119,000) created a program compared to only 25% of parents which attempted to reduce antisocial receiving standard treatments (e.g., behavior among disadvantaged children behavior modification). with behavior problems. Program participants were offered the following Key Partners and Additional services aimed at improving parenting skills: Funding • Weekly individual family treatment The Oregon Social Learning Center, sessions - averaging 17 hours per National Institute of Mental Health, family - which ranged from a total of and State Service Agencies; and 4 hours to 48 hours based on Funding was provided by the individual need; with National Institute of Mental Health, • Treatment focused on helping State Service Agencies, and private parents deal with marital conflict, foundations. familial crises, and substance abuse, and the development of strategies Further Lessons for effectively disciplining children At an average overall cost of $257 per and promoting pro-social behavior. family, this initiative offers an affordable and
Sen~ceSedor.../80 effective strategy to reduce childhood Patterson, G.R. et al. (1982) "A antisocial behavior and to prevent future Comparative Evaluation of a delinquency and adult criminality among Parent-Training Program", Behavior at-risk children. Therapy, 13: 638-650.
Selected Sources Oregon Social Learning Center • Patterson, G.R. (i994) Some 207 E. 5 ~h Avenue Alternatives To Seven Myths About Suite 202 Treating Families of Antisocial Eugene Oregon Children, Eugene, Oregon: Oregon 97401 U.S.A. Social Learning Center (Paper Telephone: +1 541 485 2711 presented at a special seminar on Fax: +1 541 485 7087 treatment outcome at the Home Internet: http://www.oslc.org/ Office, London, United Kingdom).
PARENT TRAINING AND interact with people, and how to develop self-control and resist DELINQUENCY aggressive responses. (MONTREAL, QUEBEC, CANADA) Impact Challenge An evaluation of the boys who received the There is a strong interactive relationship treatment and a similar group of boys who between parenting skills and disruptive did not revealed that: behavior in childhood. • Self-reported delinquent behavior up to age 15 was approximately Description 10% lower among treated boys; The aim of this multi-intervention strategy, • 87% lower rate of self-reported which began in 1985 in Montreal (approx. gang membership at age 11 (2.5% population 3.1 million), was to prevent the for treatment group vs. 19.7% for antisocial behavior of disr:uptive boys the control group); and (average age: 7-9) from 46 families of low • 67% lower rate of police arrests socio-economic status by improving between the ages of 13-15 (10% for parenting skills and child social skills. These treatment group vs. 30% for the families were provided the following control group). treatment over the course of 2 years: • Parents participated in an average Key Partners and Additional of 17.4 training sessions which Funding focused on the development of University of Montreal, and involved effective child discipline strategies, primary school teachers and giving children positive professional case-workers; and reinforcement for pro-social Funding was provided by Health behavior, and helping parents and Welfare Canada, Conseil develop skills to manage family Quebecois de la Recherche Sociale, crises; and Conseil de la Sante et des Services • Boys were given 19 sessions - within Sociaux Regional du Montreal a small group of pro-social school Metropolitain, and others. peers focused on social skills training involving coaching, peer Further Lessons modeling, role playing, and reinforcement to learn how to
Service Sector.../81 Selected Sources • Tremblay, R.E. et al. (1995) "A Bimodal Preventive Intervention for Disruptive Kindergarten Boys: Its Impact Through Mid-Adolescence", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(4): 560-568. Tremblay, R.E. et al. (1996) "From Childhood Physical Aggression to Adolescent Maladjustment! The Montreal Prevention Experiment", in R. De V. Peters and R.J. McMahon (eds.) Preventing Childhood Disorders, Substance Abuse and Delinquency: Prevention and EaHy Intervention Approaches, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
Ms. Christa Japel, Ph.~,. Coordonnatrice de recherche Groupe de recherche sur I'inadaptation psychosociale chez I'enfant (G.R.I.P.) Universit6 de Montreal C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7 CANADA Telephone: +1 514 343 6111 (ext. 2544) Fax: + 1 514 343 6962 Internet: http://brise.ere.umontreal.ca/grip/ E-maih [email protected]
PARENT TRAINING AND FAMILY families (e.g., typically young, single parents with less than high school education and DEVELOPMENT poor work records) by providing the (SYRACUSE, NEW YORK, UNITED following support services: STATES) • Weekly para-professional visits to assist with issues of child rearing, Challenge family relations, employment, and in Family support that augments parenting helping to make contacts with skill, family functioning, and the quality of service agencies and later with early childhood experiences are among the elementary school personnel; and earliest and strongest predictors for the • Quality child care at the University prevention of juvenile delinquency. Children's Center for five half days a week from the age of 6-15 months Description and, thereafter, for five full days a During the mid-1970's in Syracuse (approx. week until age five. population 164,000), the Syracuse University Family Development Research Program Impact attempted to bolster family and child A follow-up evaluation 10 years after the functioning in economically disadvantaged program was completed compared (at ages
Service Sector.../82 13-16) the 65 children who participated in the program and a similar sample of.54 who did not participate. The evaluation revealed "that: • Only 6% of participating youths had been processed by the County Probation department compared to 22% of non-participating youths; and • Justice system costs expended on participating youths were less than 1/10 those of non-participating youths (e.g., $186 for participants vs. $1,985 for non-participants).
Key Partners and Additional Funding Syracuse University; and Funding was provided by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Further Lessons
Selected Sources • Welsh, B. and Waller, I. (1995) Crime and Its Prevention: Costs and Benefits, Ottawa: Department of Criminology, University of Ottawa. • Zigler, E. et al. (1992) "Early Childhood Intervention: A Promising Preventative for Juvenile Delinquency", American Psychologist, 47(8): 997-1006.
Mr. Peter L. Mangione, Ph.D. WestEd Center for Child and Family Studies 180 Harbor Drive, Suite 112 Sausalito, California 94965 U.S.A. Telephone: +1 41S 331 5277 Fax: +1 415 331 0301 Internet: http://www.wested.org/ccfs/welcome.html E-mail: [email protected]
Service Sector.../83 SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND POOR municipal officials; and Funding was provided by Fitness and CHILDREN Amateur Sport Canada, the Hospital (OTIrAWA,ONTARIO, CANADA) for Sick Children Foundation (Toronto), and the Ontario Ministry Challenge of Culture and Recreation. Childhood antisocial behavior may signal for many a lifetime of serious psychological and Further Lessons behavioral problems, including delinquency. This initiative produced an approximate 255% return for every $1 invested in Description comparing the $258,694 ($184,781 U.S.) The aim of the Participate and Learn Skills cost of the program with the $659,058 (PALS) program, which ran from January ($470,756 U.S.) worth of savings in police, 1980 to August 1982 in Ottawa (approx. fire, and neighborhood maintenance costs population 310,000), was to develop the (1980-1983) in the PALS building. skills of disadvantaged children (age: 5-15) in a low-income housing complex and Selected Sources thereby reduce antisocial behavior. • Jones, M.B. and Offord, D.R. (1989) Participating children were offered 40 free "Reduction of Antisocial Behavior in non-school skill-development programs, Poor Children by Non-School including: Skill-Development", Journal of Child • Swimming, judo, ballet, scouting, Psychology and Psychiatry. orienteering and cooperative games; and Mr. D. R. Offord, M.D. • Children were aggressively recruited Professor of Psychiatry into the program and special efforts McMaster University were made to reach Director non-participating children. Centre for Studies of Children at Risk Patterson Building, 2nd floor Impact 1200 Main Street West An evaluatiGn comparing police charges/fire Hamilton, Ontario calls (before implementation of the program CANADA and in the following year) in the building L8N 3Z5 where the program was offered and in Telephone: +1 905 521 2100 (ext. 7375) another building not offered the program, Fax: + 1 905 574 6665 revealed: Internet: http://www-tl~s, mcmaster.ca/cscr/ • A 56% drop in the number of police E-mail: offord~L~)fhs.mcmaster.ca charges against juveniles in the building where the program was offered compared to a 20% increase in the other building; and • A 44% decrease in fire calls from the PALS building compared to a 3.5% increase at the other building.
Key Partners and Additional Funding Organizers of the PALS program, Oflawa-Carleton Housing Authority, the police, fire officials, and
Service Sector.../84 SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND AT- training, 10% in employment, and 28% in further education. RISK YOUTH (ENGLAND AND WALES, AND Key Partners and Additional UNITED STATES) Funding Local education authorities and Challenge social service agencies, Department School non-attendance, behavior problems, for Education and Employment, and social exclusion among young people parents, and at-risk youth; and are indicative of underlying problems such Funding has been provided by local as lack of self-esteem which place youth at- education authorities and social risk for delinquency and future criminality. service agencies, Department for Education and Employment, Training Description and Enterprise Councils, the In 1993, the Cities in Schools (CIS) program European Union, the Single was introduced in England and Wales Regeneration Budget, private (approx. population 51.6 million) to help companies, and individual schools. young people (age 5-25) with school attendance and behavior problems. The Further Lessons program aims to reintegrate such youth into Programs based on the Cities in Schools mainstream education and training to concept are also operating in Canada and prevent future criminal behavior. The the U.S.A. program offers at-risk youths: • The opportunity to attend a local Selected Sources further education college, engage in • Audit Commission. (1996) Misspent work-related experience, and Youth: Young People and Crime, structured leisure time; London: Audit Commission for Local • Personaltutors who work to improve Authorities and the National Health the literacy, numeracy and life skills Service in England and Wales. of such youth; • Office of Juvenile Justice and • Constructive leisure interests and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). activities, and the exploration of (1995) Delinquency Prevention career options, as well as helping Works: Program Summary, social workers to provide positive Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile alternatives to care and custody; and Justice and Delinquency Prevention • Mechanisms of collaboration to (OJJDP). encourage parental involvement in • Utting, D. (1996) Reducing their youth's education and the use Criminality Among Young People: A of effective behavior management Sample of Relevant Programs in the and anti-bullying strategies. United Kingdom, London: Home Office. Impact 80% average attendance rate in CIS Cities in Schools (UK) education programs designed to Chief Executive's Office provide a "bridge" back to the Unit 3, Frohock House regular education system; and 222 Mill Road 74% of participating students had Cambridge positive outcomes resulting from CB1 3NF UNITED KINGDOM participation in the program, Telephone: +44 (0)122 324 9960 including 36% who went on to youth Fax: +44 (0)122 324 9901
Service Sector.../85 Intemet: http://homepages.enterprise.net/cis E-mail: [email protected]
SOCIAL STATUS OF YOUTH AND independent scientific evidence. THEIR FAMILIES Key Partners and Additional (HANKO, FINLAND) Funding The Social Services and Health Challenge Department, Education Department, Young persons under 21 accounted for 26% Department of Recreation and of Hanko's total population, but they were Cultural Services, Hanko Police responsible for 68% of all criminal offenses, Department and Employment Office, and the majority of these were property and community volunteers; and offenses. Funding was provided by municipal authorities and associated partners, Description and supplemented through In 1991, a multidimensional program was fund-raising events and voluntary created in Hanko (approx. population donations. 11,000) to tackle the factors which promote youth delinquency and criminal behavior. In Further Lessons attempting to address these problems, attention was focused on improving the Selected Sources social status of disadvantaged young people • Shadow Side Work Group. (1994): It and their families, and targeting various Really Works! Improving the Social associated problems and at-risk groups by: Status of Children, Young People • Developing alternatives to and Young Families, Sampe-Group traditional child welfare models to Turku, Finland. encourage non-institutionalized • Shadow Side Work Group. (May 4, care; 1995) A Cooperation Model for the • Implementing a nightlife street Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency patrol program to increase informal and Criminal Behaviour social control, and reduce crime and (Presentation), Shadow Side Work the fear of crime among citizens; Group: Hanko, Finland and • Involving youth in prosocial activities like youth employment and apprenticeship programs to reduce school truancy, substance abuse, and antisocial and criminal behavior.
Impact 41% reduction in property offenses committed by juveniles (from 1,091 in 1991 to 644 in 1993); and 50% decrease in municipal child welfare costs (1991-1993).
These reductions have not been confirmed by
Service Sector.../86 GUIDES
Service Sector.../87 YOUTH VIOLENCE: A FRAMEWORK Key Partners and Additional FOR CIVIC ACTION Funding Centers for Disease Control and Challenge Prevention, the U.S. Department of Violence is an extensive health problem in Health and Human Services, and the the United States with more than 20,000 Minority Health Professions homicides and 2 million injuries from violent Foundation. conflicts each year. Further Lessons Description The purpose of this initiative was to design a Selected Sources rigorous methodology/framework to aid in • FenJey, M.A. et al. (1993) The the development of local strategies and Prevention of Youth Violence: A programs to effectively reduce violence and Framework For Community Action, prevent injuries and deaths from violence. Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for To prevent violent injury and death, weaken Disease Control and Prevention or break the chain of events which lead to (CDC). violence based on the knowledge and experience gained from: Centers for Disease Control • Youth Violence Prevention Activities- and Prevention (CDC) Participants should target at-risk National Center for Injury populations, select appropriate Prevention and Control settings for activities, implement Division of Violence Prevention appropriate strategies (e.g., 4770 Buford Highway, NE education, legal/regulatory change, Mailstop K60 or modifying the social/physical Atlanta, Georgia environment), and combine 30341-3724 U.S.A strategies for maximum Telephone: + 1 770 488 4362 effectiveness; and Fax: + 1 770 488 4349 • Program Management - Participants http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/ncipchm.htm should promote neighborhood E-mail: [email protected]. ownership and involvement, analyze and accurately define local problems, set goals and objectives, locate both public and private resources, and monitor the progress and impact of programs.
Impact Various violence prevention projects have demonstrated considerable reductions in crime (e.g., a 50% reduction in fighting among students via mediation training, and a 25% decrease in homicides in Washington D.C. due to a handgun ban).
Service Sector.../88 HOUSING
Service Sector.../89 SAFER LIVING IN A PROBLEM Institute, the Kikkenstein Residents Association, '~flatwatchers", and the HOUSING ESTATE police; and (AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS) Funding was primarily provided by the government and local council, Challenge and residents were required to A survey conducted in 1995 revealed that contribute 1 5 guilders ($7.7 U.S.) a 66% of residents living in the Kikkenstein month to cover the cost of the housing complex of Bijlmermeer did not feel "flatwatchers" (for which subsidies safe. The survey also revealed that 58% of were available). residents identified loitering strangers and 35% identified poor natural surveillance as ¢~ Further Lessons the two principal reasons for their insecurity. The Safe Kikkenstein project reduced the cost of vandalism per household by 60% Description from 47 to 19 guilders ($24 to $19 U.S.) In a public housing complex in Bijlmermeer between 1995 and 1996, and also reduced - a suburb of Amsterdam (approx. overall extra maintenance costs per population 724,100) - the "Safe Kikkenstein" household by 39% from 339 to 207 guilders project was initiated in 1995 to create safer I$174 to $106 U.S.) during the same time living conditions for residents. The multiple period. efforts directed toward tackling crime and disorder problems included the following: Selected Sources • Installation of 13 video-cameras to • Boumeester, H. and Wassenberg, F. allow monitoring of individuals (1996) Video Voor Veiligheid.g entering and exiting the building, (Video For Safety), Delft, The and recording of incidents for police Netherlands: Delft University Press. review; • Van De Belt, H. (1994) Security • "Flatwatchers" (security personnel Project Kikkenstein (Newsletter), drawn from the unemployed) to Amsterdam: enkele hulpvaardige patrol the building, report and act NA-ers en Kikkensteiners. upon problems, monitor video • Van De Belt, H. (1994) The cameras, and assist residents; and Employment of Security Guards and • Preventive renewal efforts focused a Video/Audio Security System on improving lighting, better locks, (Letter to Residents of Kikkenstein), and stimulating resident Amsterdam: Residents Association participation in measures of social Kikkenstein. control. Ms. M. Schulte Impact Koningshoef 600 • 86% of tenants felt that safety had 1104 DZ Amsterdam improved; THE NETHERLANDS • 75% reduction in car thefts (from 12 Telephone: +31 (0)20 567 5100 incidents in 1995 to 3 in 1996); and Fax: +31 (0)20 697 7291 • 53% drop in assaults (from 15 E-mail: [email protected] incidents in 1995 to 7 in 1996).
Key Partners and Additional Funding The Nieuw Amsterdam Housing Corporation, the Delft OTB Research
Service Sedor.../90 SECURE HOUSING BY DESIGN police in the triangle Rotterdam-Leiden-The Hague in 1991, and an evaluation revealed: (THE NETHERLANDS) • 70% reduction in burglaries after one year among participating Challenge houses. Taking into account the British "secured by design" experience, the vast amount of Key Partners and Additional literature on environmental protection, and Funding five years (1985-1990) of pilot projects, the A Steering Committee for Public Dutch secured housing label was initiated by Housing Experiments, the Ministries police in the triangle Rotterdam-Leiden-The of Justice and Internal Affairs, and Hague. It aims to reduce property crimes private consultants supported the such as burglary, vandalism and car theft, as police in the development of the well as the fear of crime. initiative; and Funding is provided at the national e~ Description level by the Ministries of the Interior When housing project developers or housing and Justice, insurance companies, associations apply for a Police Label Secured and the Steering Committee for Housing, their project and its environment Public Housing Experiments, and at must meet certain requirements and the the local level by the police, label may be used only after police have municipal governments, and public given permission. It combines housing authorities and building environmental design, architectural companies. measures and target hardening. Further Lessons Distilling a series of 55 patterns of design Following the success of the Secured elements, the Secured Housing Label Housing Label, it was introduced as a Manual compiles guidelines ranging from national program in 1996. the large to the small scale levels: • District (size, density, height and Selected Sources scale, accesses); • van Soomeren, P. & T. Wilendorp • Allotment (estates, semi or single (1996) "Secured by Design in The houses, inner grounds, enclosed Netherlands", Security Journal, vol squares); 7,2. • Specification of environment (open • Scherpenisse, R. (1997) "The Police air parking, private garage, playing Label for Secured Housing: Initial facilities, tunnels and subways, Results in The Netherlands", Paper bus-stops); presented at the European Union • Residents' participation and Conference, "Crime Prevention: responsibility, neighborhood Towards a European Level", management, home watch; Noordwijk, The Netherlands. • Building design (orientation of living rooms, low roof, main entrance, Mr. R. Scherpenisse target hardening). Steering Committee for Experiments Each pattern has to be checked and a fixed in Public Housing minimum of points have to be scored for the Postbus 1878 Secured Label to be awarded. 3000 BW Rotterdam THE NETHERLANDS e--~ Impact Telephone: +31 (0)10 413 0935 The secured housing label was initiated by Fax: +31 (0)10 411 4211
Service Sector.../91 E-mail: [email protected]
Service Sector.../92 RECREATION
Service Sector.../93 FAN COACHING matches where fans were injured (BELGIUM) over the past three years. These reductions have not been confirmed by Challenge independent scientific evidence. In the early 1990's, it was discovered that 30-40% of all football games were marred Key Partners and Additional by some violent act or event, and police Funding were forced to intervene during several • Ministry of the Interior, police and matches. Research demonstrated that young football clubs; and male fans, compensating for personal and • Funding was provided by the social problems, represent a high-risk group Ministry of the Interior. for involvement in violent confrontations or hooliganism. Further Lessons This program has been replicated in 10 Description division I football clubs. The Belgian In 1988, an initiative was undertaken in government plans to extend the initiative in Belgium (approx. population 10.1 million) to the future, under the name "City Coaching", reduce violence in football stadiums. An to high-risk urban neighborhoods. integrated strategy, i,lcluding the following key elements, was implemented to tackle the Selected Sources problem: • Van Limbergen, K., Walgrave S. and • Fan Coaches (e.g., street workers) Dekegel, h (1996) Promising were introduced and are now Practices, Brussels, Belgium: Ministry present at every game to help of the Interior. defuse potential violent incidents; • Situational Security Measures were Permanent Secretariat for Prevention Policy implemented to improve the (VSPP) infrastructure and social control in Ministry of the Interior stadiums, and, with judicial Wetsraat 26 Rue de la Loi approval, a system of alternative Brussels 1040 sanctions was creoted for young BELGIUM hooligans; Telephone: +32 (0)2 500 2447 • Social Preventive Measures were Fax: +32 (0)2 500 2447 established with a primary focus on Internet: http://www, vspp.fgov.be monitoring violent young supporters E-maih [email protected] and offering programs to help them solve their problems (e.g., special fan club-houses, educational and sport activities), and social workers were provided to improve the social integration of young fans.
Impact • 10-40% drop in the number of violent incidents at football stadiums, and a substantial reduction in the size and severity of incidents; and a • 50% reduction in the number of
Service Sector.../94 GRAFFITI, VANDALISM AND turn prompted the involvement of a community work group and the local ART school board; and (HAARLEM, THE NETHERLANDS) Funding was provided by the local government and the Linnaeus Challenge College Haarlem. For many years poor lighting, vandalism, and youth gangs made the tunnel at Further Lessons Schouwbroek a dangerous and frightening This project received the "Roethof Prize" (a place for citizens. joint national committee award in The Netherlands and Belgium) in 1996. The Description transformation of the tunnel into a facility In 1994, the citizens of Haarlem (approx. offering a forum for artist expression, design population 150,000) appealed to the local contests, and increased citizen participation government to re-establish safe and secure (e.g., a future fashion show and art passage through the tunnel at Schouwbroek workshops for local residents) will improve for both cyclists and pedestrians. In the resiliency of the tunnel against recognizing that painting one mural would vandalism and crime. not effectively resolve vandalism, crime, and citizen insecurity, the "GalleryTunnel Selected Sources Haarlem" project was created and the • Beveiliging. (November, 1996) following measures were implemented: "Aanzet tot internationaal • The local government installed samewerken in preventie", permanent lighting, cleaned the Beveiliging. passage-way, and made repairs; Van Huis Uit. (March, 1997) "Een • Linnaeus College Haarlem adopted tunnel vol koeien', Van Huis Uit,. the tunnel as a venue for ongoing De Geus, J. (June 15, 1995) "Uit de exhibitions of the creative energy kunst...', p. 30-31 FNV Magazine. and art work of their students; and • To raise public awareness and Mr. Frank Stassar attract ongoing funding, a series of Project Director art exhibitions were held at the GalleryTunnel Haarlem tunnel representing the following Vechtstraat 28 / 3h themes: "Billboards", "Ancient 1078 RL Amsterdam Models and Tattoos", and "Kids and THE NETHERLANDS Criminals". Telephone: +31 20 6720383 Fax: +31 20 6720383 Impact • In the following two years, the new lighting had not been damaged and graffiti was reduced substantially; and • Increased public use of the tunnel has helped to maintain social control.
Key Partners and Additional Funding Citizens mobilized the local government of Haarlem, which in
Service Sedor.../95 SCHOOLS
Service Sector.../96 ADOLESCENTS AND DRINKING Key Partners and Additional Funding AND DRIVING Students, parents, educational (UNITED STATES) administrators, the business community and neighborhood Challenge members; and In the United States, drunk driving is the SADD is a tax deductible nonprofit leading cause of death among teenagers, organization supported by corporate and the 16-24 age group is responsible for and private donations, and the 44% of night-time fatal alcohol-related car support of local Boards of Education crashes. which attempt to counter drunk driving, underage drinking, drug Description use, violence, suicide and AIDS. Founded in 1981, in Wayland Massachusetts (U.S.A.), Students Against Destructive Further Lessons Decisions (SADD, formerly known as Involving students, parents, and Students Against Driving Drunk) currently neighborhood members in understanding includes thousands of chapters throughout the dangers and consequences of underage the United States (approx. population 265 drinking and drinking and driving, drug use, million) and various other countries. These violence, suicide, and AIDS provides a student-centered organizations typically targeted method for promoting public and promote: individual responsibility to reduce • The negotiation of Contract for Life, alcohol-related injuries and deaths, and the establishing a commitment by both $44 billion estimated yearly cost of parents and teenagers to not drive alcohol-related crashes. after drinking alcohol, and to provide transportation for each Selected Sources other when required; • Leaf, W.A. and Preusser, D.F. • Mobilization of students.to heighten (1995) Evaluation of Youth Peer-to- awareness among persons most at Peer Impaired Driving Programs, risk (e.g., through student-organized Washington, D.C.: National campaigns and the empowerment of Highway Traffic Safety students and parents); and Administration (NHTSA), U.S. Support of non alcohol-related Department of Transportation. activities. • Staats, M. (1983) "It Can Be Done, And Students Are Doing It", Impact Presbyterian Survey: 13-14. • From 1981-1996, the number Of alcohol-related deaths for young Students Against Destructive Decisions people age 15-19 dropped by 50%. (SADD) Formerly known as "Students Against Driving These reductions have not been confirmed by Drunk" independent scientific evidence. h101 Depot Road Chatham, Massachusetts A study conducted by the National Highway 02633 U.S.A. Traffic SafetyAdministration (NHTSA) reveals Telephone: +1 508 945 3122 that where there are SADD chapters, Fax: + 1 508 945 3944 attitudinal changes regarding the Internet: http.//www.saddonline.com acceptability of alcohol and drunk driving have occurred.
Service Sector.../97 BULL YING : INFORMATION AND behavior (e.g., thefts, vandalism, and truancy). INVOLVEMENT (NORWAY) Key Partners and Additional Funding Challenge • The Ministry of Education mobilized Studies have demonstrated that 15% of teachers, parents, and students to Norwegian elementary school students were counteract bully/victim problems; involved in bully/vidim problems (e.g., 9% and had been bullied and 7% were bullies) in • Funding was provided by the 1983, and bullies are four times more likely Ministry of Education. to engage in repeat incidents of criminality as young adults. Further Lessons Childhood bullying can be effectively Description reduced and early antisocial behavior can be In 1983, a national elementary school prevented through the active involvement of program was initiated in Norway (approx. teachers, parents, and students in population 4.3 million) with the goal of counterading bullying. reducing existing bully/victim problems and preventing the development of new Selected Sources problems through the collaborative effort of • Olweus, D. (1991) "Bully/Victim schools, parents, and social service agencies. Problems Among School Children: The main components of this program Basic Facts and Effects of a School included the following: Based Intervention Program", in D.J. • School personnel received a 32 Pepler and K.H. Rubin (eds.) The page booklet describing bully/victim Development and Treatment of problems and detailed suggestions Childhood Aggression, Hillsdale, on how teachers and schools can New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum counteract and prevent such Associates, Inc. problems; • Every parent with a school-age child Mr. Dan Olweus, Ph.D. was provided with a 4 page folder Department of Psychology containing information and advice; University of Bergen • The public were provided access to a NORWAY 25 minute video illustrating bullying Internet: http://www.uib.no incidents and their impad; and E-mail: [email protected] • Periodic questionnaires were Telephone: + 1 800 634 4449 (In the U.S.) administered to school children to Telephone: + 1 206 343 1223 (Outside the identify the nature and extent of U.S.) bully/victim problems, the frequency Fax: + 1 206 343 1445 and readiness of teachers and Internet: http://www.cfchildren.org students to interfere with the problems, and the impact of the program on bullying and antisocial behavior.
Impact Within 2 years, a 50% decrease in self-reported bullying, and a 15% reduction in self-reported antisocial
Service Sedor.../98 DRUGS AND A MULTIFACETED 19.7% of the control group. APPROACH ~> Key Partners and Additional (KANSAS CITY AND INDIANAPOLIS, Funding UNITED STATES) Business leaders, schools, local legislators, community leaders, e~ Challenge media, service sectors. The Midwestern Prevention Project takes a multifaceted approach to drug problems, Further Lessons bringing in the school, the family, and This type of project seems to community organizations. facilitate the development of prevention programs, activities and Description services in the communities. The goal of this project implemented in The Center for the Study and Kansas City (approx. population. 443 87) Prevention of Violence has published and Indianapolis (approx. population a "blueprint" of this program to 752,279) is to prevent the abuse of various facilitate its implementation. drugs by children aged 10 to 12. The program has five components, spread over Selected Sources five years: • Pentz, M.A., Mihalic, S.H., Groteter, • Initiated by teachers in the sixth or J.K., (1997)"The Midwestern seventh grade (ages 10 to 12), the Prevention Project", Blueprints for school program strives to improve Violence Prevention, Book one, social skills that can help youths Colorado. resist peer pressure; • The parental program encourages Center for the Study and Prevention of support and modelling in order to Violence combat drug use; University of Colorado at Boulder • The community organization Institute of BG1 program is ba'sed on Behavioral Science implementation of comprehensive Campus Box 442 prevention services; Boulder, Colorado The introduction of health policy 80309-0442 U.S.A. changes supports the prevention Telephone: + 1 303 492 8465 initiative; Internet: http://www.colorado.edu/cspv/ The mass media is used to provide information about current and future Mary Ann Oentz, Ph.D., Principal preventive initiatives. Investigator Sadina Rothspan, Ph.D., Project Manager Impact University of Southern California Three years after implementation, studies Department of Preventive Medicine show: School of Medicine • Reduced monthly cigarette USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center consumption: 24.8% of the 1441 Eastlake Avenue, MS-44 treatment group smoked cigarettes Los Angeles, CA compared with 30.5% of the control 90033-0800 U.S.A. group; Telephone: +1 213 764 0325 • A similar reduction in marijuana Fax: +1 213 764 0134 use: 12.3% of the treatment group used marijuana compared with
Service Sector.../99 DROPOUTS AND SOCIAL SKILLS Impact An evaluation of 12-year-olds shows among (SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, UNITED at-risk children: STATES) • 36% less involvement (as reported by teachers) with antisocial peers Challenge (20% among participating boys Poverty is one of the risk factors that can versus 55% among their non- lead to school dropout, delinquency, and participating peers); drug abuse in adolescents. In the United • 19% less tobacco use (7% among States, 25% of students aged 6 to 18 live in participating girls versus 36% poverty. Moreover, half of all poor students among their non-participating leave school before receiving their high peers). school diploma. Key Partners and Additional Description Funding The program, which runs in eight schools in Schools, parents, school boards and Seattle (approx. population 520,947 in university researchers. 1981 ), intervenes with children aged 6 to 12 to increase social bonds and attachment to Further Lessons school. Interventions involve teachers, The project also had a positive impact on parents and children. They consist of: family relationships, increased attachment • Teacher training based on three and commitment to school, and reduced main components: friendships with antisocial peers. • Proactive classroom management that Selected Sources establishes clear rules and • Hawkins, J. David, Catalano, rewards for compliance; Richard F., Morrison, Diane, • Interadive teaching, where O'Donnell, Julie, Abbott, Robert and grades represent an Day, Edward, (1992) "The Seattle evaluation of the student's Development Project: Effects of the comprehension and social First Four Years on Protective development; and Factors and Problem Behaviour", in • Use of cooperative learning Joan McCord and Richard E. in small groups. Tremblay, Preventing Antisocial • Optional training programs for Behavior: Interventions from Birth parents on- through Adolescence, New York: . Family management The Guilford Press. (primary school, ages 6 to Hawkins, J. David, Doueck, Howard 8); and J., and Lishner, Denise M., (1988) • Academic support (ages 7 "Changing Teacher Practices in to 10) and prevention of Mainstream Classrooms to Improve antisocial behavior (ages 10 Bonding and Behavior of Low to 12). Achievers", American Educational • Training for children aimed at Research Journal. developing social and cognitive O'Donnell, Julia, Hawkins, J. David, skills: Catalano, Richard F., Abbot, Robed • Conflict resolution (ages 6 D., and Day, Edward, (1995) and 7); and "Preventing School Failure, Drug • Peer resistance skills (ages Use, and Delinquency among Low- 11 and 12). Income Children: Long-term
Service Sector.../1 O0 Intervention in Elementary Schools", J. David Hawkins American Journal of Ortho- Social Development Research Group (SDRG) Psychiatry, 65, 87. University of Washington, School of Social Work 130 Nickerson, Suite 107 Seattle, WA 98109 U.S.A. Telephone: + 1 206 286 1805 Fax: +1 206 2861462 I nternet: http : //weber. u .wash ington, edu /- sdrg E-mail: [email protected]
VANDALISM AND DISRUPTIVE two times a week to develop communication skills, observe and BEHAVIOR identify problem behaviors and (Los ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, goals for change, jointly develop UNITED STATES) intervention strategies, and offer teachers advice on implementing Challenge such strategies; and Vandalism is a major problem for many School personnel teams met twice a school boards and taxpayers throughout the month to plan and implement world. Average vandalism repair costs programs on a school-wide basis to (excluding indirect costs such as those for teach students positive alternatives insurance and security guards) in school to involvement in vandalism and districts throughout Los Angeles County were disruptive behavior (e.g., developing in excess of $8.5 million in 1978-79, a 56% lunch-room, playground and increase over the 1977-78 school year. classroom management programs), as well as activities such as Description neighborhood walks to solicit In 1977, eighteen elementary and junior community cooperation in vandalism high schools in Los Angeles County (approx. prevention. population 8.86 million) participated in a three-year program aimed at preventing Impac! disruptive student behavior and associated 66% - 92% average drop in vandalism. The broad-based training and vandalism costs per 100 students in consultation package introduced to increase participating schools (from $121.35 the capacity of participating schools to to $10.10 among the first group of promote prosocial student behavior included participating schools, and from the following: $77.12 to $26 in a second group of • Teams of school personnel including participating schools between 1977 principals, school psychologists and and 1980); and selected teachers participated in as Students in participating classrooms many as 18 workshops on the use of showed a significantly greater effective behavior control strategies average decrease in disruptive and positive reinforcement (e.g., behavior (e.g., hitting, yelling, giving praise to appropriate student throwing objects, not doing assigned behavior); work) compared to similar non- • Project consultants worked with participating students. participating teachers as much as
Service Sector.../101 Key Partners and Additional Selected Sources Funding • Mayer, G.R. et ah (1983) Project staff, participating principals, "Preventing School Vandalism and school psychologists, teachers and Improving discipline: a three year students; and study", Journal of Applied Behaviour Funding was provided by an Analysis, 16: 355-369. Elementary and Secondary • Mayer, G.R. and Butterworth, T. Education Act grant as well as (1979) "A Preventive Approach to contributions from the Office of the School Violence and Vandalism: An Los Angeles County Superintendent Experimental Study", Personnel and of Schools. Guidance Journal, 57: 436-441.
Further Lessons Los Angeles County Office of Education A conservative estimate revealed that a (LACOE) junior high school could potentially save 9300 Imperial Highway, $10,861 to $24,197 over a 9-month period Downey, CA by implementing this program. This initiative 90242-2890 USA replicated a study conducted in 1976 which Telephone: + 1 562 922 6111 demonstrated a 57% average decrease in Fax: + 1 562 922 6768 vandalism repair costs in participating Intemet: hflp://www.lacoe.edu/ schools compared with a 320% increase in such costs in similar non-participating schools.
VIOLENCE AND curricula: • Children are taught skills which AGGRESSIVENESS reduce impulsive and aggressive (SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, UNITED behavior and increase their level of STATES) social competence; The content of the lessons varies Challenge according to grade level, and skills Research reveals that people prone to targeted for practice are designed to violent and aggressive behavior commonly be developmentally appropriate; lack a set of social skills including empathy, A support team is created to provide impulse control, problem solving and anger leadership and coordination in the management. Children fail to use pro- planning, training, ongoing social behavior for lack of modeling and implementation and evaluation of opportunities to practice such behavior and the program; inadequate reinforcement. A family guide to Second Step has been developed which enables e~ Description families to reinforce Second Step A violence prevention program called skills at home. Second Step was developed for preschool through junior high by Committee for Impact Children, an independent nonprofit A one year study on the impact of Second organization which has researched and Step on aggression and positive social developed social skills criteria since 1970. behavior among elementary students Second Step teaches skills to change the revealed: attitudes and behavior of children that • 29% decrease in physical aggression contribute to violence. Through this as opposed to o 41% increase
Service Sector.../102 among the control group; 22% decrease in verbal hostility, compared with a 22% increase in the control group; and 10% increase in prosocial and neutral behavior, while the control group showed negligible improvement.
Key Partners and Additional Funding Committee for Children, parents, teachers, school district, and; Funding includes purchase of curriculum kits, training, and ongoing implementation support.
Further Lessons Carefully planned implementation, including training of staff in use of curriculum, school or agency-wide use of curriculum, school or agency-wide reinforcement, and a system for ongoing implementation support is key to program success.
Selected Sources • McCummings, R. (1999) We're All in This Together: Violence Prevention Skills for Students, Teachers and Parents, Denver, CO. U.S.A. March 3-6, 1999. • Grossman, D.C., et al. (1997) "Effectiveness of a Violence Prevention Curriculum Among Children in Elementary School: A Randomized Controlled Trial," The Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(20): 1605-1611.
Committee for Children 2203 Airport Way South, Suite 500 Seattle, WA 98134-2027 USA Telephone: + 1 800 634 4449 or +1 206 343 1223 Fax: +1 206 343 1445 Internet: http://www.cfchildren.org
Service Sector.../103 GUIDES
Service Sector.../104 A HATE CRIME PREVENTION Impact CURRICULUM FOR MIDDLE An evaluation of the impact of these SCHOOLS guidelines has not yet been completed.
Challenge Key Partners and Additional Thousands of individuals throughout the Funding world are victimized each year because of Education Development Center, their skin colour, ethnicity, gender, disability, Office of Juvenile Justice and sexual orientation or religious preference. Delinquency Prevention (U.S. Although a significant proportion of hate Department of Justice), and the U.S. crimes are committed by young people, Department of Education; and educators and advocacy groups have few Funding for the development, comprehensive tools at their disposal to review, and testing of the curriculum effectively address this problem. was provided by a grant from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Description Delinquency Prevention. In 1993, the Educational Development Center (EDC) began to develop a curriculum e~ Further Lessons for hate crime prevention within classrooms The Office of Juvenile Justice and and youth organizations in the United States Delinquency Prevention and the Department (approx. population 265 million). Centerd of Education are presently disseminating on the principles that violence and prejudice 20,000 copies of the Hate Crime Curriculum are learned behaviors which are to middle schools and juvenile justice preventable, this flexible 10 unit guide agencies throughout the United States. provides users with: • Detailed examinations of specific Selected Sources beliefs and attitudes related to • McLaughlin, K.A., and Brilliant, K.J. violence and prejudice, why young (1997) Healing the Hate: A National people engage in hate crime, and Hate Crime Prevention Curriculum illustrations of how profoundly hate for Middle Schools, Newton, crimes affect the lives of victims, and Massachusetts: Education their families and communities; Development Center, Inc. • Suggestions for interactive classroom exercises to provoke To order a free copy of the Curriculum: debate about issues and ideas, help U.S. Department of Justice, students develop skills to recognize Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse, and counteract prejudice, and National Criminal Justice Reference Service, promote awareness and Toll Free:+1 800 851 3420 (in the U.S.A.), appreciation of cultural and social Telephone: +1 301 519 5500 (outside the differences; and U.S.A), • Encouragement that students can Fax: +1 301 519 5212, make a difference in tackling E-mail: [email protected]; or the U.S.A. prejudice in the short-term through Department of Education, involvement at the school and Safe and Drug Free Schools, community level, and that they must Toll free: +1 800 624 0100 (in the U.S..A.). be the focal point in effective measures to address institutional To make inquiries about the Curriculum: racism in the future. National Hate Crime Prevention Project, Education Development Center,
Service Sector.../105 55 Chapel Street, Newton, Massachusetts, 02158-1060 U.S.A. Telephone: +1 800 225 4276 ext. 2534 (in the U.S.A.); or + 1 617 969 7100 ext. 2534 (outside U.S.A.) Fax:: (617) 244-3436, E-mail: [email protected]
A GUIDE TO SCHOOL DRUG use, and the necessary prevention PREVENTION PROGRAMS elements with a minimum of ten sessions per year and a number of Challenge "booster" sessions in the following 2 School-based programs to prevent legal and years; and illicit drug use reach less than half of the Using interactive teaching elementary and secondary school students in techniques such as role playing, the United States, and many programs do actively involving families and the not adequately cover the key elements for community, offering teacher training effective drug prevention. Although a great and support, and providing deal has been learned about what works in prevention materials which are easy prevention, the information is often to implement and culturally relevant published in highly technical academic for students. journals not readily accessible to the public. Impact Description Programs which address the key elements In 1996, Drug Strategies produced a guide for effective drug prevention curricula have to assist educators in choosing appropriate achieved as much as: school-based drug prevention programs in • 75% reduction in smoking, alcohol, the United States (approx. population 265 and marijuana use in one year million). This guide offers readers among students in the seventh user-friendly access to information on grade (approx. ages 11-13). program administration issues and whether programs address the following key Key Partners and Additional elements for effective drug prevention Funding curricula: Drug Strategies mobilized • Teaching students that drug use is recognized prevention experts in the not the norm among their peers, U.S., school administrators, and helping them to recognize internal teachers to design a useful program (e.g., anxiety and stress) and assessment process; and external pressures (e.g., peer Funding for drug prevention pressure and advertising) which programs is provided primarily by influence their decisions to use the U.S. Congress and local school drugs, and developing students' boards. personal and social skills to resist such pressures; Further Lessons • Providing material and activities Effectively preventing drug use among appropriately targeted to the students holds considerable potential to developmental age of students reduce youth antisocial behavior and the covering both the short-term and potential for future criminal behavior long-term consequences of drug associated with the use of illicit drugs and
Service Sector.../106 the abuse of legal drugs. Drug Strategies 2445 M Street, NW Selected Sources Suite 480 • Drug Strategies. (1996) Making the Washington, D.C. Grade: A Guide to School Drug 20037 U.S.A. Prevention Programs, Washington, Telephone: + 1 202 663 6090 D.C.: Drug Strategies. Fax: +1 202 663 6110 Internet: http://www.drugstrategies.org E-mail: [email protected]
TEACHERS GUIDE FOR TRAINING: Key Partners and Additional THREAT OF A GANG FIGHT Funding • School boards, teachers, students, Challenge and social service professionals who In the UnitedStates, 23% of America's public work with youth. school students report that they have been a victim of an act of violence at school, 11% of e> Further Lessons teachers report that they have been victims Currently, there are over 3,000 public and of violence committed by students, and 60- private schools throughout the United States 80% of teaching time is spent on discipline. which teach conflict resolution and peer mediation to students. Thesetechniques are Description also popular in classrooms in Canada and In 1997, Questions of Balance produced a many other countries. guide to assist educators in the use of peer mediation and conflict resolution techniques Selected Sources to reduce violence and interpersonal conflict • Travis, C. and Hoover, G. (I 997) among school children in the United States Teacher's Guide for Training: (approx. population 265 million). Geared Threat of a Gang Fight, Santa Fe, toward knowledge and skill development, New Mexico: Questions of Balance this guide provides interactive classroom Film and Video. exercises to: Crawford, D., and Bodine, R. • Enhancecommunication skills in (I 996) Conflict Resolution listening, speaking, and negotiating; Education: A Guide to Implementing • Improve critical thinking to generate Programs in Schools, Youth-Serving and evaluate solutions to violence Organizations, and Community and and interpersonal conflict; Juvenile Justice Settings, • Produce realistic alternatives to Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile violence, constructive interpersonal Justice and Delinquency Prevention discussion, responsible behavior, (U.S. Department of Justice), and and appropriate boundaries for Office of Elementary and Secondary acceptable behavior; and Education (U.S. Department of Build social skills of empathy, Education). cooperation, and integrity. Ministry of Education. (1996) Values, Influences, and Peers: e> Impact Resource Guide, Toronto: Ministry of Education (Ontario) and Ministry of An evaluation of the impact of these the Solicitor General and guidelines has not yet been completed. Correctional Services (Ontario).
Service Sector.../107 Questions of Balance 369 Montezuma, Suite 428 Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501-2626 U.S.A. Telephone: +1 505 989 3544 Fax: +1 505 820 0690 E-mail: [email protected]
Service Sector.,./108 TRANSPOR TA TION
Service Sector.../109 INSECURITY ON PUBLIC Impact TRANSPOR TA TION Key Partners and Additional (FRANCE) Funding SNCF, elected representatives, Challenge police, judicial authorities, In 1990, 840 million passengers traveled on educators, representatives from the the trains of France, 968 acts of violence business community and citizens; were committed against them, and 385 of and these incidents were committed against The SNCF spent 230 million Francs passengers in the Greater Paris area. ($40 million U.S.) between 1989 Violence, vandalism, gangs, and homeless and 1991 to improve the safety and people were creating mounting insecurity security of both people and goods. among travelers. Further Lessons Description Of people surveyed in 1991, 61% noticed To ensure personal safety on the trains and the preventive efforts and 75% noticed the in the stations of France (approx. population increased presence of police officers. 58 million), the national railway authority - La Societe Nationale des Chemins de Fer Selected Sources (SNCF) - undertook surveys which identified • La Societ6 Nationale des Chemins pronounced social problems (e.g., de Fer (SNCF). (1991) SNCF and unemployment) as the principal cause of Cities, [and] Partners Towards crime and disorder on city property. Between Greater Security, Paris: SNCF. 1989 and 1991 the SNCF has targeted its • La Societ6 Nationale des Chemins efforts on: de Fer (SNCF). (1991) Les Villes et la • Increasing Social Control and SNCF, Partenaires Pour la Securite, Surveillance through the addition of Paris: SNCF. 102 500 new staff members, the introduction of video monitoring in M. Jacques Colliard four stations, the launching of an Directeur adjoint anti-graffiti campaign, and Direction de la s0rete de la SNCF improving communications with call 34 rue du Commandant Mouchotte booths for public/staff to alert SNCF 75699 Paris CEDEX 14 personnel about accidents or crimes; FRANCE and Telephone: +33 (0) 153 25 31 22 • Social Development Initiatives aimed Fax: +33 (0) 1 53 25 31 35 at reintegrating homeless persons E-mail: [email protected] through cooperative action with social service agencies, and the development of partnerships with government officials, police, educators, and citizens to create initiatives to tackle the social causes of growing delinquency among youth.
service Sedor.../1 10 SAFER STATIONS Rail, the police, and the London underground; and (WANDSWORTH, ENGLAND AND Funding was provided by the local WALES) municipal council, British Rail, the London underground and franchise Challenge operators. Reduced staffing and security, and deteriorated station environments were Further Lessons identified as problems underlying crime The replication of this initiative in the London problems and the fear of crime felt by Borough of Lambeth demonstrates that the passengers using the 13 Wandsworth train approach taken in Wandsworth provides an stations. effective means to tackle crime and the fear of crime experienced by passengers. Description The Safer Stations Working Group was Selected Sources created in 1992 in the Wandsworth Borough • Wandsworth Borough Council in London (approx. population 6.7 million), (Crime Watch Section). (1996) The and its goals were to improve security, Wandsworth Safer Stations Plan In regenerate the environment in train stations, Action, London: Wandsworth reduce the fear of crime experienced by Borough Council (Crime Watch passengers, and counteract reduced staffing Section). levels. An action plan was prepared which Wandsworth Borough Council. included the following measures aimed at (1995-1996) The Partnership in combating personal safety hazards faced by Wandsworth, London: Wanclsworth passengers: Borough Council. • Improved lighting, closed circuit Wandsworth Borough Council. television surveillance, the securing (1994) Safer Stations: Report and of access points, increased staffing Action Plan, London: Wandsworth levels, and the installation of public Borough Council. telephones; and • The introduction of an annual survey Mr. Robert Greaves to assess crime problems and Crimewatch Co-ordinator for Assistant possible solutions or improvements. Director of Technical Services Wandsworth Borough Council e~ Impact Technical Services Department 33% reduction in reported crimes at The Town Hall participating stations (from 715 Wandsworth High Street incidents in 1993 to 482 in 1995); London SW18 2PU and UNITED KINGDOM 56% decrease in street crimes Telephone: +44 (0)181 871 6588 committed around the stations (from Fax: +44 (0)181 871 6537 356 incidents in 1993 to 157 in 1995).
These reductions have not been confirmed by independent scientific evidence.
Key Partners and Additional Funding • The local municipal council, British
Service Sector.../111 SUMMER ACTIVITIES AND inter-ministerial committee comprised of 18 ministries. It is DISADVANTAGED YOUTH implemented in each region by a (FRANCE) unit responsible for selection, implementation and follow up of Challenge local projects, in close collaboration Youth that are most vulnerable or who with les Conseils Communaux de develop behaviors putting them at risk are pr6vention de la deliquance. not always admitted into regular recreational Youth are involved both in structures. The effect of idleness is development and follow-up of reinforced during school breaks, increasing projects. the risk of acting out as well as the feeling of insecurity in neighborhoods. Further Lessons For 1999, the budget amounted to 92 MF Description ($US 15.3 million) of which 50 MF ($US 8.2 Created in 1981 under the name of anti ~t~ million) came fromthe Ministere de la Ville chaud in response to serious incidents of which pilots it through the D.I.V. and 63 MF youth violence in the suburbs of Lyon ($US 1.1 million) is allocated locally as per (approx. population 415,000), the program, the communities' needs. renamed Ville-Vie-Vacances, was extended to include all school holidays in Selected Sources France(approx. population 58 million). D61egation Interminist6rielle 6 la Ville. Bilan et perspectives annuelles 1999, Paris, La Focused on youths aged 13-18, the program Del6gation Interministerielle 6 la Ville, 1999. seeks to engage youth in developing their social and economic integration. M. Eric Dupont Charge de mission The program includes the funding of various Del6gation interministerielle a la ville activities: sports (23%), community activities et au developpement social urbain (21%), arts (13%), and cultural and 194, avenue du Pr6sident Wilson educational activities (17%). The program is 93217 La Plaine Saint-Denis offered both during summer holidays (50%) CEDEX FRANCE and other school holidays (50%). Telephone: +49 (0) 17 46 46 Fax: +49 (0) 17 47 47 01 Impact Web Site: http://www.ville.gouv.fr A total of 900,000 days/youth funded in 1998, of which 25% were under 13, 60% between 13-18, and 15% between 18-20; 30% of the target population is comprised of girls; The program involves local structures in half the cases, of which 37% are provided by community organizations.
Key Partners and Additional Funding The Ville-Vie-Vacances program is driven, at the national level by an
Service Sedor.../1 12 THE FORMAL INTERVENTION SYSTEM: JUSTICE, POliCE
Ghren crime rates that have tripled since the 1960's. the insecurity of Until recently, delinquency, violence and insecurity have been important segments left to the criminal justice system and the police. However, for over of the population twenty years now, in response to the combined pressures of and the fimits of increasing crime and insecurity, particularly in urban areas, the traditional growing costs of crime and its control, shrinking public interventions. expenditures, and the limited effectiveness of traditional crime components of the control measures, it became evident that the role of the formal formal system must intervention system had to be reviewed. The justice and police develop systems have had to question their operational modes and partnerships and organization, adopt more decentralized structures, flatten the decompartmental- hierarchy and move closer to the public. ize their action. New approaches have taken shape, focusing on prevention and targeting interventions on better identified risk factors. Notable examples of these transformations include: problem-oriented and community-based policing, hiring public safety assistants, community-based justice houses, drug courts, and diversion and community sentencing measures.
In addition to these new forms of intervention, the various components of the formal justice system are called to work in partnership with each other and with society and its institutions. In order to decompartmentalize their action, they must produce better diagnoses which truly integrate the perspedives and data from other sources, show their willingness to hear their partners and relinquish their ownership over crime issues, and open up to legitimate demands from citizens.
Formal Intervention.../113 JUSTICE
Formal Intervention.../114 ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN Selected Sources • Ministere de la Justice. (1996) Etat DIFFICULT NEIGHBORHOODS des lieux des maisons de justice et (FRANCE) du droit, Paris: Ministere de la Justice. Challenge High levels of poverty and cultural diversity Del6gation Interministerielle 6 la Ville in disadvantaged neighborhoods often leads 194 Avenue du President Wilson to the social exclusion of residents from La Plaine-St-Denis, mainstream social institutions and access to 93217 FRANCE the justice system in particular.
Description In 1990, the Department of Justice created the first of a series of "Maisons de Justice" (Houses of Justice) in the Greater Paris area of France (approx. population 9 million). Currently, there are 38 "Maisons de Justice" operating in disadvantaged and high crime neighborhoods in the 8 priority administrative zones identified in the National Urban Policy. The program offers the following services: • Improved access to the justice system by linking clients with lawyers and specialized agencies; and • Resolution of petty crimes through mediation, conciliation, and reparation initiatives conducted by trained judges.
e~ Impact The program has not been evaluated.
Key Partners and Additional Funding • Judges, mediators, youth protection workers, social workers, lawyers, and psychologists; and • Funding is provided by the Ministry of Justice and local authorities.
Further Lessons There are plans to implement this initiative throughout France as it is considered to be effective in bringing justice closer to the residents of disadvantaged and high crime neighborhoods, and in reducing time delays in traditional judicial processing.
Formal Intervention.../115 COMM UNITY- BASED OFFENDER Impact A comparison of RR participants to inmate MANAGEMENT and probation (matched on restitution and (MANITOBA,CANADA) community service) control groups revealed: • An overall decrease in reoffending Challenge rates during the pilot period of 11- Over the past decade, empirical evidence 22% in all but one analysis. This has revealed that contemporary criminal reduction is higher than the 8% justice sanctions have little impact on average found in a meta-analysis of deterring reoffending. Those who serve 14 restorative-based programs; prison terms are often denied the • After two years, 11.5% of the RR opportunity to make personal reparation, male offenders were convicted of an are more likely to reoffend as they self offense resulting in a custodial identify with the label of 'criminal', and are disposition compared to 33% for the exposed to negative criminal influences inmate control group. while being isolated from positive role models. Key Partners and Additional Funding Description John Howard Society of Manitoba, Solicitor- In October 1993, Restorative Resolutions General Canada. (RR), a demonstration project managed by the Manitoba John Howard Society, was Further Lessons initiated as a community-based diversion Compared to regular probation program which targets offenders likely to cases, RR plans were more likely to receive a six month custodial sentence. RR's include restitution (56.6% vs. 24.9%) aim is to effectively and safely manage and community service (96% vs. offenders in the community while reducing 13.8%) and is successful in obtaining their chances of reoffending. RR meets this apologies from offenders to victims. goal by- There is a significant attrition from • Permitting corrections officials, referral to RR to the Court's prosecutors and defense attorneys, placement of offenders into the judges, community agencies family program. Of 297 referrals, only 99 members and offenders themselves cases were eventually accepted by to make referrals to the program; the court. • Requiring that an offender plead RR has been successful in adhering guilty and be motivated to follow a to restorative justice principles of community-based plan prior to meeting victims needs for healing acceptance; and restitution. • Development of individualized plans incorporating such restorative Selected Sources components as probation, meeting Bonta, J., Wallace-Capretta, S., and Rooney, the vidim or victims, restitution, J. (1998) Restorative Justice: An Evaluation community service and written of the Restorative Resolutions Project, apologies to victims; Ottawa: Solicitor General Canada. • Meeting offenders' needs by making counseling/treatment an integral Michelle Joubert component of the RR plan Director, Restorative Resolutions (incorporated into 96.7% of plans). 583 Ellice Avenue Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B IZ7 CANADA
Formal Intervention...~116 Telephone: +1 204 945 8581 Fax: + 1 204 775 1670
DRUGS AND THERAPEUTIC health professionals; and Outpatient (nonresidential) program COMMUNITY and follow-up family services. (MONTREAL,QUEBEC, CANADA) Impact Challenge 50% of participants successfully A provincial study estimated that 50% of complete the adult residential convicted criminals have substance abuse program, of whom 85% remain drug problems. While the severely addicted (e.g., free one year later. the 15% of drug abusers in Canada who In a U.S. study of TC treatment, 40% consume 80% of all hard drugs) commit of heroin addicts one year later crimes to support their habit, little funding is avoided readdiction and major directed to residential programs that target crime, while 28% avoided crime and their needs. drug use altogether.
Description These figures have not been confirmed by Based upon the therapeutic community (TC) independent scientific evidence model developed in New York, the Portage substance abuse rehabilitation center was Key Partners and Additional established in 1970. The TC approach views Funding drug abusing clients as having social deficits Provincial governments, Correctional that require specialized treatment. Portage Services, Social Services, Health Board, operates 268 beds in residential centers private sector, and community groups. across the provinces of Quebec, Ontario and New Brunswick. In 1998 Portage Further Lessons treated 817 residential and 338 outpatient Participation in Portage is a legally clients. Specialized programs developed by mandated option available for inclusion in a Portage include: probation order. Portage has assisted in • Six month residential treatment treatment and training in Italy, Portugal, program for drug-addicted Bermuda, Honduras and the Philippines and adolescents, operating in in 1991 hosted a world conference on drug partnership with local school boards, treatment attended by 52 countries. that allows adolescents to continue their education during treatment; Selected Sources • Residential program permitting • Portage. (1998) The Portage substance abusing women to Proqrams and Services- Quebec, maintain custody of children while Ontario, New Brunswick, Montreal: addressing issues of substance Portage. abuse, isolation, parenting, health • Portage. (1999) Portage Strategic care, and family and relationships; Plan 1 999-2000, Montreal: • Drug addiction counselor on call to Portage. police 24 hours, TCs in prison, and • Vamos, P. (1997) "The Fifteen running open custody facilities (e.g., Percent Solution", Turning Point: 35% of Portage clients are referrals Portaa.e, Autumn: 2. from Corrections); • Symposium on Drugs, Rehabilitation Program for mentally ill chemical & Criminal Justice: A Creative abusers in collaboration with mental Partnership for Recovery, Aylmer,
Formal Interventlon.../117 Quebec May 31-June 2, Portage Head Office 1996. 865 Richmond Square Montreal QC H3J 1V8 CANADA Telephone: +1 514 939 0202 Fax: +1 514 939 3929
PIONEERS IN RES TORA TIVE solutions which participants have agreed to. JUSTICE (NEW ZEALAND) Impact 52% of 211 juveniles who were Challenge referred to an FGC did not re-offend In many countries, overburdened criminal within a six month period in a justice systems process disproportionate research study of this program in numbers of minority and/or aboriginal 1990. offenders. In 1988, justice statistics revealed that while 12% of the population of New Key Partners and Additional Zealand were Maori, 37% of all known Funding offenders and 43% of known juvenile Youth Justice Coordinator, victims, offenders were Maori. offenders and their families, police, judiciary, and social service Description agencies. In 1989, New Zealand (approx. population 3.5 million) adopted a new approach to Further Lessons youth justice (ages 10-16) with the Agreements on damage reparations, enactment of the Children, Young Persons community work, or financial and their Families ACt. Family Group penalties to hold young offenders Conferences (FGC's) were introduced to accountable for their actions were empower victims, offenders, and the achieved in 83% of FGC's, and 62% community to repair the harm of crime and of a sample of participating vidims to work together to resolve problems. indicated that they agreed with the Conferences provide a forum for: decision reached in their FGC. • Mediation between victims and offenders, negotiation of Programs replicating restorative appropriate penalties between justice principles are evident in enforcement agents and families, communities around the world, and involvement of families and including: Wagga Wagga in youth in decision-making; Australia; Milton Keynes in England • A trained social worker~conference and Wales; and the Kwanlin Dun mediator to guide participants community of Whitehorse in through the process of having Canada" s Yukon Territory. offenders confronted with the harm they have caused to vidims, private Selected Sources deliberations by the offender's • Maxwell, G.M. and Morris, A. support group to propose a (1993) Families, Victims and remedial plan of action, and Culture: Youth Justice in New reaching a consensual decision to Zealand, Wellington: Social Policy address identified problems; and Agency, and Institute of • The attainment of legal binding Criminology, Victoria University of
Formal Intervention.../1 18 Wellington. Ms. Gabrielle Maxwell, Ph.D. Morris, A. and Maxwell, G. (1993) Institute of Criminology "Juvenile Justice in New Zealand: A Victoria University of Wellington New Paradigm", Australian and PO Box 600 New Zealand Journal of Wellington, Criminology, March, 26: 72-90. NEW ZEALAND Telephone: +64 4 495 5206 Allison Morris Fax: +64 4 495 5277 Director Internet: www.vuw.ac.nz Institute of Criminology E-mail: [email protected] Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Welllington, NEW ZEALAND Telephone: +64 4 496 5438 Fax: +64 4 495 5147 Internet: www.vuw.ac.nz E-mail: [email protected]
Formal Inlerventian.../11 9 POLICE
Formal Intervention.../120 ALL FEMALE POLICE STATIONS Key Partners And Additional Funding ($AO PAULO,BRAZIL) The Sao Paulo State Council on the Status of Women led the initiative Challenge with the support of the Brazilian Bar In 1983, the State Council on the Status of Association and various Women made it clear that scores of Brazilian non-governmental women's women had been subjected to violence while organizations; and offenders escaped sanctions due to chronic While the state government has under-reporting and police inaction. provided most of the funding, the municipal government of Sao Paulo Description has contributed office space and A response was to create police stations run some personnel. entirely by women officers to reduce and prevent violence against women by deterring Further Lessons offenders and offering support services to That Brazilian mothers often send their victims. Beginning in 1985 in Sao Paulo abused daughters back to their husbands (approx. population 15.8 million), the new with the proverb "ruim com ele, pior sere police stations were empowered to ale" (It's bad with him, but worse without investigate and counter such crimes by: him) underlines the pressing needto • Attending to victims, writing official intervene, and the creation of 70 such police complaint reports and detailed stations across Brazil demonstrates police police inquiry reports, and agreement with all female police stations. attempting to deter male violence directed at women; and Selected Sources • Providing victimized women with • Eluf, L.N. (1992) "A New Approach social/psychological support to Law Enforcement: The Special services, emergency shelter in Women's Police Stations in Brazil", in appropriate cases, and organizing M. Schuler (ed.) Freedom From courses for abusive male partners to Violence: Women's Strategies From develop respect for women's right to Around the World, New York: safety. United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM). Impact • Jornal Do Brasil. (March 8, 1991) • Reporting of violence against "Trabalho das assistentes foi women at the first women's police pionero", Jornal Do Brasil, Rio de station in Sao Paulo increased from Janeiro: Jornal Do Brasil, p. 6. 2,000 complaints in 1985 to over 7,000 in 1989; and Ms. Ester Kosovski • Though the hidden nature of Rua Prudente de Morais 504/401 violence against women makes it Ipanema 22420 difficult to attribute changes to the Rio de Janeiro introduction of the women's police 22420-040 BRAZIL stations, in the two years Telephone: +55 21 295 9499 (1987-1989) following the Fax: +55 21 247 7105 introduction of such a station in Rio de Janeiro, reported threats against women dropped by 63% and reported rapes fell by 37%. These reductions have not been confirmed by independent scientific evidence.
Formal Intervention.../121 CAMERA SURVEILLANCE AND surrounding areas. PUBLIC SPACES Key Partners and Additional Funding (NEWCASTLE,ENGLAND AND WALES) • Local crime prevention partnerships were developed between the police, Challenge local government and the private The city center of Newcastle attracts large sedor; and numbers of people and vehicles which often • Initial funding for the CCTV system leads to problems with respect to public came from the City Centre order (e.g., vandalism), personal safety (e.g., Partnership Security Initiative assaults and robbery), property crime (e.g., (Department of the Environment commercial/residential break-ins), and traffic grant and local private sector funds), congestion. and the Northumbria Police Authority. Description Since 1992, the city of Newcastle (approx. Further Lessons population 200,000) has used closed circuit Although nearly half of all city councils in television cameras (CCTV) to help address England and Wales have CCTV systems, crime and disorder problems. This addresses there is a need to be cautious about the situational factors which either promote, changing the physical environment in city or fail to deter, the commission of antisocial centers to provide clear line of site for the and/or criminal behavior in public areas. cameras as this may create a situation which The major benefits of using the camera reduces the quality of life and keeps citizens system includes: away from the downtown core. • Discrete surveillance of troublesome areas or incidents; Selected Sources • Coordination of more rapid and • Edwards, P., and Tilley, N. (1994) targeted responses made possible CCI"V: Looking Out For You, by direct radio communication London: Home Office. between the civilian monitoring staff • Brown, B. (1995) cc'rv in Town and street-level officers; and Centres: Three Case Studies, • The capacity to produce hard copies London: Home Office Police (e.g., photos) and record the video Department. surveillance for use in court or to identify potential witnesses. Ms. Sheila Stokes White Head of Strategy Impact Northumbria Community Safety Strategy Crime data for the 26 months before the Civic Centre cameras became fully operational in March Gateshead 1993 and the 15 months after this date Tyne and Wear revealed the following average monthly NE8 1HH UNITED KINGDOM reductions in crime: Telephone: +44 (0)191 477 1011 ext. 254 • Burglary 56%, thefts from motor Fax: +44 (0)191 490 062 vehicles 50%, thefts of motor E-mail: [email protected] vehicles 47%, and incidents of criminal damage 34%; and • Crime was reduced overall by 19.2% in Newcastle over the study period, with little or no evidence of the displacement of crime into
Format Intervention.../122 CAR THEFT e~ Key Partners and Additional Funding WALES, (NEW SOUTH AUSTRALIA) • The Premier of New South Wales mobilized the Police Service, who Challenge subsequently involved motorists, The number of motor vehicle thefts in the insurance companies, automobile state of New South Wales had reached an manufacturers, and repair shops; unacceptably high level of nearly 6,000 per and month in the early 1990's. • No additional funding was required - a re-allocation of police funds was e~ Description sufficient to cover the costs of the Beginning in 1991, a problem-oriented initiative. policing strategy was employed in New South Wales (approx. population 6 million). Further Lessons A systematic analysis of the problem This program demonstrates that proactive, revealed that the motives for motor vehicle problem-oriented policing methods can theft included: insurance fraud; using cars achieve results far beyond the capacity of for spare parts; transportation for criminal, traditional reactive police methods. recreational, or general purposes; and "re- birthing" (e.g., cars resold as though they Selected Sources were another vehicle). This initiative enlisted • Grabosky, P. and James, M. (eds.). support from: (1995) The Promise of Crime • The media to educate citizens about Prevention: Leading Crime the program and practical Prevention Programs (pp. 28-29), countermeasures (e.g., steering Canberra: Australian Institute of wheel locks); Criminology. • Automobile manufacturers to introduce measures to enhance Mr. Adam Graycar, Ph.D. vehicle security (e.g., component Director part labelling), repair shops to verify Australian Institute of Criminology the legitimacy of spare parts, and GPO Box 2944 insurers to report suspected frauds; Canberra ACT 2601 and AUSTRALIA • Local governments and developers Telephone: +61 2 6260 9200 to design more secure parking Fax: +61 2 6260 9201 facilities, and the Road Traffic Internet: http://www.aic.gov.a u Authority to develop a register of E-mail: [email protected] wrecked and '~,ritten off" vehicles to enable detection of "re-birthing" incidents.
Impact 25% reduction in reported motor vehicle theft achieved by the program between July 1991 and June 1992 which produced an estimated savings of $50 million in Australian funds ($39.5 million U.S.).
Formal Intervention.../123 CAUTIONING A 7"-RISK YOUTH e~ Impact 74% drop in the number of reported (WAGGA WAGGA, NEW SOUTH WALES, offenses committed by juveniles AUSTRALIA) (444 in 1989-1990 vs. 115 in 1991 - 1992). Challenge Police officials in Wagga Wagga were These reductions have not been confirmed by increasingly concerned that traditional independent scientific evidence. responses were not ensuring young offenders understood the effects of their D Key Partners and Additional behavior, and victims were neither being Funding recognized by the justice system nor were Police, victims, offenders, concerned they being compensated for their suffering. family members, conference coordinators, and social service Description agencies. In 1991, a juvenile offender conference cautioning program was introduced in Further Lessons Wagga Wagga (approx. population 56,000). Numbers of juvenile offenders who received Based on the principles of restorative justice cautions rose to 72% of 133 offenders in pioneered in New Zealand, police officers 1991-1992 compared with 23% of 98 participating in the program referred offenders in 1989-1990, and there was an appropriate youths to conferences geared 84% decrease in the number of juveniles towards resolving specific problematic events charged and placed before a court (327 in and serving community interests by 1989-1990 vs. 53 in 1991-1992). The providing: average rate of victim participation in • Mediation between victims and cautioning conferences is 95%, and victim offenders and satisfaction is very high. negotiation/consensual decision- making by enforcement officials, Selected Sources victims, offenders, and concerned • O'Connell, T. (1993) "Wagga family members in developing an Wagga Juvenile Cautioning appropriate resolution to particular Program: It May Be The Way To problems; Go!', in L. Atkinson and S. Gerull • A coordinator who guides (eds.), National Conference on participants through the process of Juvenile Justice. listening to the stories of each of the participants, and directs discussion Mr. Adam Graycar, Ph.D. so that offenders acknowledge the Director effects of their behavior and victims Australian Institute of Criminology clearly establish the harm they have GPO Box 2944 suffered; and Canberra ACT 2601 • The opportunity for conference AUSTRALIA participants to indicate the outcome Telephone: +61 2 6260 9200 they would like to see, and, if a Fax: +61 2 6260 9201 consensual decision is reached, the Intemet: http://www.oic.gov.a u coordinator closes the conference by E-mail: [email protected] formalizing the agreement and deciding upon follow-up measures to ensure adherence to the agreement.
Formal Intervention.../124 DOMES TIC VIOLENCE police watch increased, a third official warning issued and stricter (WEST YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND AND criminal measures undertaken. WALES) Impact Challenge 83% of offenders (312 of 377) who In 1997, the police division of Killingbeck entered level one did not require (approx. population 150,000) dealt with further intervention. 1,500 incidents of domestic violence of 11% reduction in the proportion of which one third were repeat incidents. level 3 entries (from 44 of 329 to 4 Domestic violence constitutes 30% of all of 220 post-project from April-June violent crime in the Division. Approximately 1997). 90% of domestic violence involves systematic and often escalating violent behavior. Key Partners and Additional Funding Description Home Office, police, probation, Between January and June 1997, the West Crown Prosecution Service(CPS), the Yorkshire Police implemented a graded courts, and Bengali and Somali intervention strategy as part of a new residents. approach to responding to domestic violence. Repeat victims are prioritized Further Lessons through systematized monitoring of domestic Graded response is a proactive incidents that enables increasingly intensive approach because the risk of responses with repeat incidents. The action- victimization escalates with each based model encourages arrests and incident. Thus, policing efforts are involves greater cooperation between police, focused where the need is greatest probation, prosecution and courts in and it is most likely to be effective. identifying and processing incidents. The While intervention by the criminal Domestic Violence Officer (DVO) oversees justice system can be sufficient to the implementation of measures taken in the reduce repeat incidents, some following three-stage model: offenders require intervention from • Level one: First reported offense other agencies, such as the mental where no aggravated domestic health sector. violence history; information letters provided to victim and offender, Selected Sources arrests made where possible, police • Hanmer, J & Griffiths, S. (1998) watch, and offender warned; Domestic Violence and Repeat • Level two: Second reported incident; Victimization, Police Research Group second information letters issued, Briefing Note No. 1, London: Home community constable visit, Office. community and police watch, • Plotnikoff, J & Woolfson, R. (1998) property target hardening to stop Policin.c I Domestic Violence: entry by offender, increased Effective Organizational Structure, offender surveillance, second Police Research Series Paper 100, warning and stricter criminal London: Home Office, Policing and measures considered; Reducing Crime Unit. • Level three: Multiple incidents reported; enhanced victim protection Policing and Reducing Crime Unit (e.g., installation of panic Home Office button/cellular phone), visit by DVO, 50 Queen Anne's Gate
Formal Intervention.../125 London SW1H 9AT UNITED KINGDOM Telephone: +44 (0)171 273 3324 (or 2702) Fax: +44 (0)171 273 4001 Internet: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/prghome.ht m E-mail: [email protected]
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: POLICE who received the police/Family Consultant intervention in 1976-77 and 32 families who AND SOCIAL WORKERS received police intervention only in 1976-77, (LONDON, ONTARIO,CANADA) revealed that: • Participating families showed Challenge significant improvements in their While police officers can restore calm and adjustment and functioning (e.g., enforce the law in cases of family violence, fewer problems with their children they cannot provide lasting solutions to such and fewer family disputes), and less problems. Social service agencies can reported physical and verbal promote lasting solutions to family violence, violence; but only if the case is referred to them and if • Juveniles of participating families the particular family wants help. showed dramatic decreases in delinquency and emotional e~ Description problems; and The Family Consultant Service has been a • There has been a consistent specialized part of the police service in generalized decrease in the number London (approx. population 382,000) since of repeat calls and police visits to 1973. The objective of this service was to London families in crisis since the provide mental health personnel to support inception of the program. police efforts to resolve family crises and domestic disputes on a 24 hour basis. The Key Partners and Additional support offered by Family Consultants Funding included: Police and social workers; • Providing immediate assessment This specialized civilian branch of and intervention in crisis situations, the force is solely funded at the offering information and referrals, municipal level, although research and preventing serious social and/or funds were provided by the Solicitor emotional dysfunction through early General of Canada. detection and intervention; • Increasing public awareness of the Further Lessons social role of the police force, and Research has shown that 91% of offering police officers in-service and London police officers used the field training in effective crisis service and 97% indicated that the intervention strategies; and Family Consultants were available • Promoting enhanced cooperation when required. The importance of between mental health services and police use of the Family Consultant law enforcement professionals. service is underlined by interview data from abused women which has Impact shown a strong relationship between A 1979-80 comparison between 31 families repeat calls for police service by
Formal Intervention.../126 families and an increasing Health, 22(3). likelihood of familyviolence. In 1993, this model was replicated London Family Court Clinic Inc. in Islington, England, achieving a 254 Pall Mall Street, Suite 200 response within 24 hours in 90% of London, Ontario cases. Effective inter-agency links N6A 5P6 CANADA were developed and repeat calls Telephone: +1 519 679 7250 from the same individual were Fax: +1 519 675 7772 reduced. While 22% of victims Internet:ihttp://www.lfcc.on.ca/ made repeat calls over a six month E-mail: [email protected] pre-project period, only 33% made repeat calls during the three year Copies of the Home Office report may be pilot, suggesting that project obtained from: interventions are more likely to lead Information and Publications Group to a resolution, rather than a Room 201, Home Office temporary respite. 50 Queen Anne's Gate London, Selected Sources SW1H 9AT UNITED KINGDOM • Jaffe, P., et al. (1984) "Evaluating Telephone: +44 (0) 171 273 2084 the Impact of a Specialized Civilian Family Crisis Unit Within a Police Force on the Resolution of Family Conflicts", Journal of Preventive Psychiatry, 2(1 ). • Jaffe, P. and Thompson, J. (1978) Family Consultant Service with the London Police Force: A Description, Ottawa: Solicitor General of Canada. Kelly, Liz. (1999) Domestic Violence Matters: An Evaluation of a Development Project, London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate (Research Findings No 91) http://www, homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/ index.htm Kelly, Liz (1999) Domestic Violence Matters: An Evaluation of a Development Project, London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate (Research Study No 193) Online: http://www, homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/ index.htm Reitz, W. (May/June, 1974), "Evaluation of Police Family Training and Consultation", Canada's Mental
Format Intervention.../127 GRAFFITI: PUBLIC Results 55% reduction in number of graffiti INFORMA TION AND in areas which have been cleaned RESPONSIBILITY (4055 graffiti in January 1997 (ilAVAL, CANADA) compared to 1,825 in October 1997); Challenge In the same period, an 87% Graffiti are a growing problem in Laval reduction of the number of buses to (approximate population: 350,000) and the be cleaned daily (from 15 to 2). costs of consequent damages are estimated at approximately $58,000 Can. ($39,470 Key Partners and Additional us) Funding Among the key partners are the Description Laval Police Service, the School The Laval Police Service has initiated various Board, schools, Youth Centers, actions to clean graffiti and identify authors: merchants, Lavol residents, the • A study to identify authors and their Public Transport System and the motivations revealed that they are Department of Public Security. generally boys between 11 and 18 The Public Safety Department from all social classes. Graffiti are a contributed $26,000 Can ($17,700 way to seek recognition, to express U.S.) to the project and the private in a rebellious mode and to defy sector contributed $6,000 ($4,080 authority; U.S.). • A public information and communication action (schools, Further Lessons public institutions, shops) is attempting to encourage reporting Selected Sources to police; • Service de Police de Laval, • Diversion and alternative sentences "Phenomene des graffitis, secteurs encourage cleaning of the damages sud de Laval', S.A.R.A. (Situation- by youth; a nalyse-r6ponse-appreciation), • Improved police surveillance; Section prevention, 1997. • Residentsand other members of the affected community are also cleaning the buildings (private shops, municipal services, public transportation system...).
HOT SPOTS: ANALYSIS AND effectiveness of police services. PROBLEM SOL VING Description (EDMONTON, ALBERTA,CANADA) In 1988, the police service began to introduce a series of problem-oriented Challenge strategies to address crime problems in By examining 153,000 calls for service in Edmonton (approx. population 840,000). 1986, 21 areas of the city were identified as Constables continued to respond to calls for "hot spots", and 81% of calls in these areas service, but they also engaged in proadive were from repeat addresses. Police officials police work involving citizens in the recognized that the problems of repeat users identification of local problems and enlisting needed to be resolved to improve the their support in preventing crime and
Formal Intervention.../128 creating a better community. 1991 to $103,641 ($74,029 U.S.)in • The police structure was re- 1996. organized to put more officers on the street, and officers were e~ Further Lessons provided with greater authority to It has been estimated that the engage in street-level decision- implementation of community-based making in working with the policing in Edmonton saved the police community to resolve local service from the necessity of creating an problems; additional 112 positions, and an increase of A Neighborhood Foot Patrol $18.6 million ($13.3 million U.S.) in Program was introduced in 1987 in operating and capital budgets. Additionally, the 21 neighborhood beat areas there was a 60% drop in insurance claims with the highest number of repeat for thefts (from 2,948 in 1990 to 1,194 in calls for service, and a 1994) and a 38% decrease in such claims for neighborhood constable was residential burglaries (from 4,858 in 1990 to assigned to each area; 2,994 in 1994). N eig h borhood Advisory C om m ittees were created to promote Selected Sources cooperative problem-solving by • Koller, K. (1990) Working the Beat: involving the community, including The Edmonton Neighborhood Foot citizens, representatives of the Patrol, Edmonton: Edmonton Police business community, and social Service (E.P.S.). agencies; and • Hornick, J. et al. (1993) Community 12 Community Police Stations, each Policing in Edmonton, Ottawa: staffed by volunteers and one Solicitor General Canada. Don, K. & officer, were opened in 1992 and Veitch, D. (S/Sgt.). (1996) citizens were encouraged to report Community-Based Policing in non-emergency problems directly to Edmonton, Edmonton Police Service. these stations. Edmonton Police Service Impact Police Headquarters • 41% drop in the total number of 9620-103A Avenue criminal offenses (from 121,278 Edmonton, Alberta incidents in 1991 to 71,595 in 1995) TSH 0H7 CANADA which was the largest reduction of Telephone: +1 403 421 3333 any major Canadian city; and Fax: +1 403 421 2207 • 31% decrease in violent crime Internet: http://www.police.edmonton.ab.ca/ between 1991 and 1995. E-mail: [email protected]
These reductions have not been confirmed by independent scientific evidence
:~ Key Partners and Additional Funding • Edmonton Police Service, social service agencies, volunteers, and community residents; and • The total operating budget for the police service increased by only 8% from $95,942 ($68, 530 U.S.) in
Formal Intervention.../129 POLICING A PROBLEM HOUSING (from 89 incidents in 1991 to 77 in 1994). ES TA TE (MEADOWWELL ESTATE OF NEWCASTLE Key Partners and Additional ON TYNE, ENGLAND AND WALES) Funding The Newcastle Community Policing Challenge Unit and Meadow Well Estate As one of the poor inner city/outer housing residents; and estates which experience the highest crime Funding for this initiative was rates in England and Wales, the Meadow derived primarily from the existing Well Estate rose to prominence following budget of the Community Policing serious public riots in September 1991. The Unit, and additional resources were riots were thought to have primarily resulted provided by the Department of the from deteriorated police/public relations. Environment.
Description D Further Lessons In 1991, a dedicated Community Policing The community-based and problem-oriented Unit of 13 officers was assigned to the policing strategy employed on the Meadow Meadow Well Estate northeast of the city of Well Estate not only substantially reduced Newcastle (approx. population 200,000). In crime, but also reversed extremely negative adopting a problem-oriented approach, the resident views about the police to the point unit aimed to prevent future public riots and where residents perceived the police as crime by: being prepared to meet neighborhood • Identifying problems on the estate needs and to work with residents to reduce through proactive, frequent, and crime. non-confrontational contact and communication with neighborhood Selected Sources residents of all ages; • Morris, S. (1996) Policing Problem • Reducing crime through the Housing Estates, London: Police identification and targeting of Research Group, Crime Detection offenders and offenses, and the and Prevention Series (Paper 74). vigorous investigation and prosecution of offenses; Ms. Sheila Stokes White • Providing intensive and directed Head of Strategy uniformed patrols in the most Northumbria Community Safety Strategy troublesome areas; and Civic Centre • Improving the quality of life for Gateshead residents by reducing the fear of Tyne and Wear crime and disorder, enhancing NE8 1HH UNITED KINGDOM public confidence in the police, and Telephone: +44 (0)191 477 1011 ext. 2545 improving police/public relations. Fax: +44 (0)191 490 0620 E-mail: [email protected] Impact " 48% reduction in burglaries (from 423 incidents in 1991 to 221 in 1994); 27% drop in incidents oflcriminal damage (from 224 in 1991 to 164 in 1994); and 13% decrease in thefts of vehicles
Format Intervention.../130 R EPEA T RA CIA L interpreting services. VICTIMIZA T'ION Impact (LONDON, ENGLAND AND WALES) 2% reduction in repeat racial victimization between Oct 1990-Feb Challenge 1991 and OCt 1992-Feb 1993; and Between September 1990 and February 70% of Bengalis and Somalis 1991, 136 incidents of racial victimization interviewed felt that racial attacks (e.g., abuse/harassment, property damage, had fallen, 47% (compared to 9% assaults, street crimes) were reported to pre-project) felt safe on the estate, community organizations on an East London and 66% (compared to 45% pre- estate (1,041 dwellings). Moreover, 67% of project) let their children play the families suffering racial incidents had outside. experienced multi-victimization. Key Partners and Additional Description Funding In 1990, the Home Office Police Department Home Office, local authority housing initiated an action-oriented research project department, local agencies, Bengali to reduce repeat racial victimization on the and Somali residents; and estate. The six month research program Funding was provided by the Home identified Bengali and Somali residents as Office Police Research Group and those most likely to be repeatedly victimized, Safer Cities. and pointed toward a number of needed prevention measures. In March 1991, an Further Lessons inter-agency group comprised of police, Inter-agency animosity, negative tenants and housing and community group statutory agency /victim relations, representatives reviewed the and the failure of agencies to recommendations and implemented the acknowledge the extent of following victim-centered initiatives: victimization are key impediments to • Improving safety through target tackling repeat racial victimization. hardening (e.g., fitting locks to A sharp rise in post-project incidents homes of the most frequently resulted from the termination of the victimized); revictimisation prevention worker, • Hiring a detached youth worker to safety action plans, issuance of work with youth 'at risk' for personal alarms, and language and committing such offenses, and streetwise classes. conducting English classes for Bengali and Somali women as well Selected Sources as Streetwise classes for the youth • Sampson, A. and Phillips, C. (1995) 'at-risk' for victimization; Reducing Repeat Racial Victimisation • Bengali revictimization prevention on an East London Estate Crime worker employed to encourage Detection & Prevention Series Paper reporting of incidents, and work in 67 London: Home Office. collaboration with agencies to • Sampson, A. and Phillips, C. (1992) ensure the implementation of Multiple Victimisation: Racial preventive measures; and Attacks on on East London Estate • Enhancing communication between Police Research Group Paper 36, victims and police by providing London: Home Office. professional telephone language- Sampson, A. and Phillips, C. (1998) line service and face-to-face "Preventing Repeated Racial
Formal Intervention.../131 Victimization- An Action Policing and Reducing Crime Unit Research Project", British Home Office Journal of Criminolo.qy, 50 Queen Anne's Gate 38(1): 124-144. London SW1H 9AT UNITED KINGDOM Telephone: +44 (0)171 273 3324 (or 2702) Fax: +44 (0)171 273 4001 Internet: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/prghome.ht m E-mail: [email protected]
REPEAT RESIDENTIAL BURGLARY watching and reporting anything (THE KIRKHOLT ESTATE OF ROCHDALE, suspicious to prevent repeat victimizations; ENGLAND AND WALES) A group work program led by the local Probation Service which aimed Challenge to remedy offender behavior and In 1985, it was discovered that 25% of homes their social problems such as drug on the Kirkholt estate had been burgled; a and alcohol abuse, and rate which was more than double that of all unemployment and debt; and the high-risk areas identified in the 1984 Target removal through the British Crime Survey. replacement of coin-operated electric and gas meters (a key focus Description for burglars) with the use of tokens Beginning in 1986, a project team - which and other payment schemes. included members of the probation service, A monitoring and evaluation system police, municipal government, and was also implemented and an Manchester University - undertook to develop information coordinator was an accurate diagnosis of the nature and appointed to receive and causes of burglary problems on the Kirkholt computerize incoming information. housing estate of Rochdale (approx. population 97,000). Impact 58% decrease in burglaries in one Police statistics as well as interviews with local year (from 526 in 1986/87 to 223 in offenders, burglary victims, and neighbours 1987/88); of victims revealed that the chance of a 80.5% drop in repeat victimizations repeat burglary was four times that of a first (from 41 households between burglary, and that the greatest risk of repeat September 1986 and March 1987 to victimization was within six weeks of the first 8 households between March and incident. The following remedial measures September 1987); and were introduced: 75% redudion in burglaries over • Target hardening by upgrading home four years (from 526 in 1986/87 to secu rity with i m proved locks and bolts 132 in 1989/90). on vulnerable points of entry, and marking valuable property; Key Partners and Additional • A "cocoon" neighborhood watch Funding program in which six or more Greater Manchester-Police and residents surrounding a victimized Probation services, Kirkholt local dwelling were asked to participate by authority and its residents, electric
Format Intervention.../132 service boards, and the Forrester, D., Frenz, S., O'Connell, Home Office Crime M., and Pease, K. (1990) The Prevention Unit, and Kirkholt Burglary Prevention Project: Manchester UniversitY; and Phase II, Crime Prevention Unit Funding was provided by the Paper #23, London: Home Office. Research and Development Section Tandem Montreal. (1997) "Le Projet of the Home Office Crime Prevention Cocon: Pour Tisser Des Liens de Unit. Prevention (Cocoon Project: To Spin A Web Of Prevention)", Vice Versa: Further Lessons Bulletin de liaison de Tandem • The program produced a 504% Montreal, Montreal: Tandem return on investment (1985/86 Montreal (ville de Montreal) 1989/90) with over £1.5 million ($2.5 million U.S.)in conservatively Policing and Reducing Crime Unit estimated savings to police, Home Office probation, and property owners 50 Queen Anne's Gate compared with the £298,398 ($497, London 330 U.S.) costs of implementing the SW1H 9AT UNITED KINGDOM program including salaries, and Telephone: +44 (0)171 273 3324 (or 2702) security upgrading. Fax: +44 (0)171 273 4001 • The Kirkholt model was replicated at Internet: several sites in Montreal (Quebec) http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/prghome.htm Canada in 1994, and a 41% E-mail: [email protected] reduction in burglaries was achieved in the St. Henri area (from 302 incidents in 1994 to 177 in 1995).
Selected Sources • Forrester, D., Chatterton, M., and Pease, K. (1988) The Kirkholt Burglary Prevention Project, Rochdale, Crime Prevention Unit Paper #13, London: Home Office.
REPEAT VICTIMIZATION offers a targeted and effective method for reducing crime. A number of pilot projects PERFORMANCE INDICATORS have shown that RV-focused initiatives offer (ENGLAND AND WALES) targeted and effective methods for reducing crime. National implementation of a Challenge program to focus prevention efforts on RV Analyses from the British Crime Survey show holds considerable potential to significantly that 4% of victims account for 38-44% of all reduce crime and citizen insecurity. reported crime. Patterns of repeat victimization (RV) have been found for a Description wide range of offenses including residential A substantial program of research and and commercial burglary, car crime, armed development in England and Wales (approx. robbery, domestic violence; racial attacks, population 51.6 million) has shown the bullying, assaults, and criminal damage. potential for reducing crime by targeting preventive efforts on victims. Repeat Tackling crime problems by focusing on RV Victimization shows us where to focus
Formal Intervention.../133 resources (e.g., risk of victimization is focusing local efforts on at-risk places and heightened for first-time victims and individuals. Insights from the experiences in especially for repeat victims), and when to England and Wales should prove useful in intervene (e.g., incidents of repeat replicating effective RV programs in other victimization occur quickly after an initial jurisdictions as many countries face similar incident and then the heightened risk period repeat victimization problems. declines quickly over time). Steps taken toward a national strategy on collaborative Selected Sources local efforts against RV include: • Bridgeman, C. and Hobbs, L. (1997) • A series of national conferences to Preventing Repeat Victimization: The diffuse RV ideas to senior police Police Officers Guide, London: officers and other relevant agencies; Home Office, Police Research • Home Office creation of a Repeat Group. Victimization Task Force to • Tilley, N. (1995) Thinking About encourage and support Crime Prevention Performance implementation of working projects; Indicators (Briefing Note), London: • Introduction of a national Key Home Office, Police Research Performance Indicator associated Group. with the Home Secretary's Key • Chenery, S. et al. (1997) Biting Back Objectives for policing which has I1: Reducing Repeat Victimization in resulted in each police force now Huddersfield, London: Home having a strategy to tackle repeat Office, Police Research Group. victimization; and • Ongoing research and development, Home Office including efforts to extend the range Police Research Group of offenses tackled. 50 Queen Anne's Gate London Impact SW1H 9AT UNITED KINGDOM A national evaluation of the impact of this Telephone: +44 (0)171 273 3324 (or 273 initiative has not yet been conducted. 4015) Fax: +44 (0)171 273 2702 Key Partners and Additional Internet: Funding http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/prghome.ht The Home Office, Police Forces, m Metropolitan Councils, victim E-mail: [email protected] support agencies, and citizens working to prevent repeat victimizations, and the Repeat Victimization Task Force; and Additional funding for repeat victimization prevention projects has been provided by the Home Office and Metropolitan Councils, and police and citizens who have contributed both human and financial resources.
Further Lessons Programs focused on RV offer a strategic method for effectively reducing crime by
Formal Intervention.../134 REPEAT VICTIMIZATION AND Impact Although a comprehensive CRIME MAPPING evaluation of this initiative has not (MERSEYSIDE, ENGLAND AND yet been completed, a recent WALES) evaluation of the Youth Action Programme - offering positive sport e~ Challenge and recreational activities to young A high crime rate - which included 146,375 people in high crime areas reported incidents of crime in 1993 and revealed a 20% reduction in calls for 20,516 burglaries in 1995 - generated police service in some areas. mounting insecurity among Merseyside residents. These reductions have not been confirmed by independent scientific evidence. e~ Description In 1994, an initiative was undertaken in Key Partners and Additional Merseyside (approx. population 1.5 million) Funding to tackle repeat victimizations. The police Various local Merseyside authorities, developed a system of mapping where including the police, probation crimes occurred and this information was service, travel service, the Racial used to mobilize schools, housing Equality Council, and voluntary and authorities, and social service agencies to community organizations in the reduce the physical opportunities for crime, private sector; and and to alleviate the social, economic and Funding is derived from £4.6 million environmental causes of crime by: ($7.7 million U.S.) provided by the • Enhancing the security of domestic Home Office's single regeneration dwellings (e.g., locks, lighting, and budget for the period 1995-2001, alarms), improving safety in and a recently announced additional high-crime neighborhoods and on £5.5 million ($9.2 million U.S.) for public transportation, and the the period 1997-2004. creation of a fund to' reduce the vulnerability of public buildings and Further Lessons car parks as sites for criminal The mapping of crime provides an important behavior (e.g., with improved way of involving various agencies in lighting); cooperatively addressing the causes of • Tackling domestic violence, creating crime. alternatives to drug use, providing detached youth workers to offer Selected Sources positive alternatives to young people • Farrell, G. and Pease, K. (1993) in high crime areas (e.g., with sport Once Bitten, Twice Bitten: Repeat and cultural activities), job training Victimization and its Implications for workshops for offenders, and a Crime Prevention, London: Home grants program for small Office Police Research Group businesses; and (Monograph #46). Monitoring and evaluation to ensure the sound implementation of Mr. Canal Devitt programs and accurate assessment St. Helens Metropolitan Borough Council of their achievements in reducing Town Hall, Corporation Street, St. Helens and preventing crime and antisocial Merseyside WA10 1HP behavior. UNITED KINGDOM Telephone: +44 (0)174 445 6000
Formal Intervention.../135 Fax: +44 (0)174 473 3337
RESIDENTIAL BURGLARY AND between 1993 and 1994 (4 repeat incidents compared with an THE ELDERLY estimated 60 which would have (NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, ENGLAND AND otherwise occurred); and WALES) 21 homes protected under the program withstood an attempted Challenge repeat burglary. Home Office research has shown that a burgled house is four times as likely to be These reductions have not been confirmed by burgled again, and that 50% of repeats independent scientific evidence. occur within seven days of the first burglary. Single and low-income elderly persons are Key Partners and Additional particularly vulnerable to burglary incidents, Funding and they often lack the resources to prevent • The Community Affairs Department initial or repeat victimizations. of the local police mobilized local authorities, representatives from Description Trent University of Nottingham, In 1993, the Security and Advice for the social workers, victim support Elderly (SAFE) project was created in groups, and private individuals; and Nottinghamshire (approx. population • The program is financed by local 273,000) to provide low-income elderly authorities and private sponsors. burglary victims with the opportunity to have the physical protection of their homes Further Lessons reinforced free of charge. Devised by the Community Affairs Department of the local Selected Sources police, this project aims to prevent the • European Forum for Urban Security. traumatic experience of a second burglary (1996) Urban Security Practices, incident by providing: Paris: European Forum for Urban • A project coordinator employed by Security. the police to meet the victims immediately after a burglary and European Forum for Urban Security offer them assistance under the 38 rue Liancourt program; and 75014 Paris • If the victims accept, a police FRANCE carpenter who performs a security Telephone: +33 (0)140 64 4900 audit on the victimized dwelling, Fax: + 33 (0) 140 64 4910 repairs the damage done by the Internet: http://www.urbansecurity.org intruders, installs reinforced E-mail: [email protected] protection (e.g., stronger locks), and gives victims advice on precautionary measures to take to avoid being burgled.
Impact Over a 93% decrease in repeat residential burglaries among the 1,000 homes provided with upgraded security and protection
Formal Intervention.../136 SPECIFIC TARGET: ANALYSIS Key Partners and Additional AND PROBLEM-SOL VING Funding (NEWPORT NEWS,VIRGINIA, UNITED The Newport News Police STATES) Department mobilized apartment managers, tenants, city agencies, Challenge the Shipyard security force, Shipyard Crime rates rose rapidly from the 1960's to workers, parking lot and bar the 1980's in the U.S.A. during a period owners, and the Alcoholic Beverage when police resources were increased and Control Board; and allocated to respond to "911" calls for service Funding was provided through a and investigations. re-allocation of the existing human and financial resources of the Description Newport News Police Department. In the mid-1980's in Newport News (approx. population 170,000), the Chief of Police e~ Further Lessons appointed 12 officers to a task force charged By better understanding specific local with the responsibility of analyzing the problems, and by using a number of nature and causes of the most pervasive different neighborhood resources, police crime problems reported to the police services can increase the effectiveness of service. The problem-oriented strategy they their operations. employed to address the problems of burglary, thefts from vehicles, and personal Selected Sources robberies consisted of the following: • Goldstein, H. (1 990) • Scanning and grouping individual Problem-Oriented Policing, New related incidents and defining them York: McGraw-Hill Inc. as part of a pattern of problems; • Spelman, W. And Eck, J.E. (1987) • Analysis of information collected "Problem-Oriented Policing", from a variety of public and private Research in Brief, January. sources to identify the underlying Washington, DC: National Institute nature of the problems, their causes, of Justice, US Department of Justice. and possible solutions; • Sparrow, M. et al. (1990) Beyond Responses aimed at working with 911 : A New Era for Policing, U.S.A.: citizens, businesses, and public and Basic Books private agencies to tailor a program of coordinated action suitable to the characteristics of the problem; and Assessment of the impact of the program.
Impact 35% reduction in household burglaries (from 104 in 1984 to 68 in 1986); 53% drop in thefts from automobiles (i.e., from an average of 59 incidents per month in April 1985 to 24 incidents per month in October 1986); and a 39% decrease in personal robberies.
Formol Intervention.../] 37 S TREET ROBBER Y A ND robberies (from approx. 22,500 in 1994-95 to 21,375 in 1995-96). INTELLIGENCE-LED POLICING Non EE divisions recorded a 7% (LONDON, ENGLAND AND WALES) increase (from approx. 14,000 in 1994-95 to 14980 in 1995-96). Challenge 13% redudion in snatch thefts and In London (approx. population 7 million), 2% decrease in robberies of street robberies doubled from 1984 to 1994 personal property in 1995-96 and increased a further 12.5% between 1993/94 and 1994/95 (from 28,000 to Key Partners and Additional 32,000). A 1994 Metropolitan Police Service Funding (MPS) survey revealed that, next to burglary, Regional police departments, Home street robbery was the crime that Londoners Office, and relevant community feared most. groups and local agencies; and Additional funding amounted to e> Description £4.8 million ($7.69 million U.S.) for In 1993, the MPS formed a Steering Group vehicles, technology and training to prepare a corporate strategy for tackling (1996-97) and £17.1 million street robbery. In 1995, the ($27.41 million U.S.) in Division and recommendations led to the initiation of area personnel (some of these Operation Eagle Eye, a proactive resources would have been intelligence-led strategy in cooperation with allocated to street robbery the British Transport Police (BTP). The notwithstanding EE). The total MPS program incorporated improved expenditure in 1996-97 exceeded investigations and resource concentration, £1.9 billion. and the following specific measures: • Enhancing intelligence and Further Lessons proactivity through the deployment Despite initial decreases in recorded of robbery squads and divisional street robbery offenses and intelligence units, and the provision increased clearup rates, these gains of overtime funding and began to wane in 1996. While this technical/surveillance equipment; may be attributable to a relaxation Improved investigations and of EE, it may also be evidence of identifications and enhanced quality street robbers' adaptability to of service to victims/witnesses (eg., changing policing strategies. automatic referrals to Victim Support, advising of investigation Selected Sources developments, pseudonym Stockdale, J.E. and Gresham, P.J. (1998) adoption); Tackling Street Robbery: A Comparative • Establishing links with relevant Evaluation of Operation Eagle Eye (Crime community groups and local Detection and Prevention Series Paper 87), agencies and widened support London: Home Office. among criminal justice actors; and • Public education, diversion, target Policing and Reducing Crime Unit hardening and high profile policing Home Office aimed to prevent street robbery. 50 Queen Anne's Gate London SW1H 9AT UNITED KINGDOM Impact Telephone: +44 (0)171 273 3324 (or 2702) • 5% redudion in recorded street Fax: +44 (0)171 273 4001
Formal Intervention.../138 Internet: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/prghome.h tm E-mail: [email protected]
VANDALISM AND and Dordrecht (approx. population 114,000) revealed that: RESPONSIBILITY • 63% of youths participating in the (THE NETHERLANDS) program ceased or decreased their vandalism compared to 25% of a Challenge group of non-participating youths While the police noted increasing amounts who only decreased their vandalism; of vandalism committed by young people in and the 1980's, these offenses were not deemed • 83% of participating youths who had to be serious enough to warrant judicial committed 11 or more acts of intervention and police warnings alone were vandalism prior to involvement in not always effective. the program had stopped or decreased their offending compared Description to 68% of youths who had In 1981, in consultation with judicial and committed 3-10 acts of vandalism, police authorities, a HALT project was and 44% of youths who had created in Rotterdam (approx. population committed no more than two acts of 599,000) to reduce and prevent vandalism vandalism. and its associated repair costs. Young people age 12-18 caught for the first or Key Partners and Additional second time committing an act of vandalism Funding were offered the opportunity to avoid a Police, prosecutors, judicial formal prosecution by participating in the authorities, and municipal HALT program which provides: governments; and • Victims the opportuni~ to have Funding was provided initially by the vandalism repaired by the specific local municipal government. It is offender(s) involved, or other small now partially subsidized by the jobs completed to pay for the cost of Dutch Ministry of Justice. property damage; • Young people with help to resolve Further Lessons their everyday problems (e.g., jobs, The success of the HALT Bureau initiative housing, education); has led to its replication in 65 sites, and a • Neighborhood residents with HALT Nederland national consultative body information on situations which has been established to offer support and facilitate vandalism and advice on coordination to local initiatives. A statutory how to alter these situations to deter basis was established for the HALT program vandalism; and in 1995, and the scope of the program has Schools with information campaigns been broadened to include other forms of to deter vandalism and encourage delinquency such as theft. neighborhood cleaning initiatives.
Impact Selected Sources An evaluation of the HALT program in • Kruissink, M. (1990) '1"he HALT Rotterdam (approx. population 599,000), Program: Diversion of Juvenile Eindhoven (approx. population 197,000), Vandals", Dutch Penal Law and
Forma) Intervention.../139 Policy, No. 1, The Hague: HALT Nederland Research and Boommarkt 3/F Documentation Centre, P.O. Box 11256 Dutch Ministry of Justice. 2301 EG Leiden Ministry of the Interior. (1995) View THE NETHERLANDS of [The] Netherlands' Public Safety Telephone:+31 (0)71 516 6868 and Security Policy, The Hague: Fax: +31 (0)71 512 0987 Ministry of the Interior. E-mail: [email protected] Municipality of Eindhoven. (1991) Eindhoven Presents The HALT SHOP, Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Department of Social and Cultural Affairs, Welfare Section, municipality of Eindhoven.
Formal Intervention.../140 GUIDES
Formal Intervention.../141 GUIDELINES FOR POLICE- conditions, proper implementation, COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS monitoring and evaluation.
¢~ Challenge Key Partners and Additional Over the last 50 years, England's recorded Funding crime figures have increased nearly tenfold. Local police forces including Basic Research literature indicates that effective Command Unit (BCU) commanders, sector solutions will require more than an increase commanders, crime prevention officers, in traditional policing responses, yet crime crime analysts, permanent beat officers, prevention has been consistently under- schools/juvenile liaison officers, uniformed stressed in police strategies. patrols and their managers, some CID and crime management work; local authorities, Description health authorities, probation and other Issued in 1997, "Getting the Grease to agencies. Squeak" formed part of a series of crime prevention developments in England, Further Lessons including passage of the Crime and Disorder Some of the lessons learned from "Getting Bill, the Audit Commission study of crime the Grease to Squeak" have been applied prevention and community safety practice, to police conduct of local safety audits in and the HMIC thematic inspection on crime England. prevention. The report sets out guidelines for developing effedive crime prevention Selected Sources strategies in local policing policy. Current Hough, M. and Tilley, N. (1997) "Getting practices and achievements are the Grease to Squeak, research lessons for summarized, successes highlighted, and crime prevention", Police Research Group scope for further improvement examined. Crime Detection and Prevention Series Specific strategies include: Paper 85, London: Home Office. • Developing police-agency partnerships by identifying obstacles Police and Reducing Crime Unit to and guidelines for achieving Home Office viable multi-agency groups; 50 Queen Anne's Gate • Adopting problem-solving London SW1H 9AT,UNITED KINGDOM approaches to crime prevention Telephone: +44 (0) 171 273 3324 (or through a four-stage model 27O2) consisting of routine data scanning Fax: +44 (0) 171 273 4001 and analysis, strategy formulation, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation; • Enhanced utilization of information in analysis of crime and related problems through improved collection, access, and sharing in addition to adequate computer hardware and software packages (e.g.,GIS systems); • Focusing on well-identified problems, formulating strategies based on knowledge of evaluated past practices and established principles, tailoring to local
Formal Intervention.../142 BUSINESS SECTOR
Business Sedor.../143 BARS AND ALCOHOL-RELATED Queensland Department of Health, nightclub owners and managers, VIOLENCE and enforcement officers; and (GOLD COAST CITY, QUEENSLAND, Funding was provided by Gold AUSTRALIA) Coast City Council. e~ Challenge Further Lessons In Australia, the majority of assaults outside Between 1993 and 1996 the overall the home occur in or around licensed drop in assaults for the Surfer's premises (e.g., bars). Paradise area was 15%. The decay in program effects following 1994 Description has been attributed to bar licensees Beginning in 1993 in the "Surfers Paradise" ignoring the Code of Practice area of Gold Coast City (approx. population provisions to secure short-term 345,000), a multi-faceted profits along with inadequate neighborhood-based response was enforcement of errant operators, implemented to reduce alcohol-related and increased drug problems violence and disorder in the major nightclub associated with "rave parties". and entertainment areas. The initiative The Surfer's Paradise Safety Action aimed to reduce the fear of victimization felt Project has been replicated in three by patrons, tourists, and local businesses, North Queensland Cities -- Cairns, and key elements of the program included: Townsville, and Mackay--and each • The creation of a Neighborhood of the cities recorded a 75% drop in Forum and Task Groups to clearly assaults in targeted areas between identify problems via a safety audit; 1994 and 1996. • The use of risk assessments and a Code of Practice designed by Selected Sources nightclub managers (with • Grabosky, P. and James, M. (eds.). neighborhood input) to discourage (1995) The Promise of Crime binge drinking and to promote Prevention: Leading Crime responsible house policies and Prevention Programs, Canberra: patron care; and Australian Institute of Criminology. • Improved enforcement regulation of • Homel, R. et al. (1997) "Preventing licensed premises focused on Drunkenness and Violence Around preventing assaults and ensuring Nightclubs in a Tourist Resort", in compliance with the Liquor Ad. R.V. Clarke (ed.) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies, Impact Second Edition, New York: Harrow 52% drop in assaults from and Heston, pp. 263-282. 1993-1994; A clear trend towards lower rates of Mr. Adam Graycar, Ph.D. drinking and drunkenness in 1994; Director and Australian Institute of Criminology Strong evidence of a decline in GPO Box 2944 violence and street offenses in Canberra ACT 2601 security and police data. AUSTRALIA Telephone: +61 2 6260 9200 Key Partners and Additional Fax: +61 2 6260 9201 Funding Internet: http://www.aic.gov.au Gold Coast City Council, E-mail: [email protected]
Business Sector.../144 COMMERCIAL ROBBERY Impact 26% drop in the annual number of (THE NETHERLANDS) commercial robberies within 2 years (from 2,725 incidents in 1993 to Challenge 2,007 in 1995); and In The Netherlands, the number of The number of solved robbery commercial robberies increased by 10-15% incidents rose from 20% in 1993 to per annum from 1980 to 1993. In 1993, 40% in 1995. $11 million (U.S.) was stolen in commercial robberies, three persons were killed and Key Partners and Additional 138 wounded, and $10 million (U.S.) was Funding spent on police investigations, prosecutions, Police, the Association of Banks, and court trials. shopkeepers organizations, and municipal governments; and Description The Task Force received $300,000 In June 1993, a Commercial Robbery Task (U.S.) per annum of which 50% was Force of five individuals representing provided by the Dutch Ministry of concerned parties (e.g., police, local Justice and the remainder was government, and the business community) provided by the private sector. was created for a term of 3 years to analyze the problem and recommend solutions. The Further Lessons Task Force identified the following strategies A combined effort by businesses, police to tackle the problem of commercial agencies, banks and local government using robbery: law enforcement, situational prevention, • Law Enforcement: a regional and offender-oriented prevention co-ordinated system for tracing techniques can effectively reduce the robbery offenders was introduced, number of commercial robberies. including decentralized access to the National Robbery Registration Selected Sources System; • Jammers, Victor. (1995) • Situational Prevention Measures: to "Commercial robberies: the business increase offender effort, the risks of community as a target in The offending, and reduce the rewards Netherlands", Security Journal, 6, of offending. Recommendations pp. 13-20. included keeping only small sums of van Dijk, Jan, J.M. (1997) "Towards money in cash registers, using time Effective Public-Private Partnerships delay safes and emergency robbery in Crime Control: Experiences in The buttons, and the installation of video Netherlands", in Marcus Felson and cameras; Ronald V. Clarke (eds.) Business and Social Development Measures: Crime Prevention, Monsey New targeted to groups of identified York: Criminal Justice Press, pp. 99- high-risk young offenders (18-25) 124. from Surinam, The Dutch Antilles, and Morocco, to promote Mr. Victor Jammers educational or work involvement; Ministry of Justice and Department of Crime Prevention Victim Assistance: encouragement P.O. Box 2030 of specialized training for 2500 EH The Hague coordinators and volunteers of THE NETHERLANDS agencies involved in providing Telephone: +31 70 370 7362 Victim Assistance. Fax: +31 70 370 7250
Business Sector.../145 Internet: http://www.minjust.nl E-mail: [email protected]
COMMERCIAL ROBBERY AND state of Florida revealed that convenience store robberies had been reduced by: ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN • 81% in Gainesville (from 97 to 18 (UNITED STATES) incidents) between 1986 and 1990; and Challenge • 51% in Jacksonville (from 863 to In the United States, convenience store 422 incidents) between 1987 and robberies increased by 28% between 1985 1990. and 1989 (from 28,464 to 36,434 incidents). Key Partners and Additional Funding Description Police departments, state and municipal Research has demonstrated a clear link legislators, and the convenience store between convenience store vulnerability to industry and its employees. robbery and environmental influences which do not adequately deter such offenses. Further Lessons Collaboration between police departments, Preventing crime through environmental municipal councils and the convenience design provides an effective strategy to store industry resulted in the introduction of reduce convenience store robberies, protect a variety of voluntary and legislated (state employees and customers, and improve laws and city ordinances) preventive public relations. strategies, including the following key measures: Selected Sources • Improving employee and natural • Hunter, R.D. and Jeffrey, C.R. surveillance by having two or more (1992). "Preventing Convenience clerks on duty, improving lighting, Store Robbery Through and removing window obstructions Environmental Design". In R.V. so that passers-by may see into Clarke (ed.) Situational Crime stores; Prevention: Successful Case Studies • Target removal through good cash (pp. 194-204), New York: Harrow handling techniques (e.g., limiting andHeston. the amount of cash in the register, posting signs indicating limited cash, and using time release or drop safes); • Upgrading access control through the use of fences and walls to slow the escape of robbers, and removal of obstacles which robbers could hide behind; and • Enhancing formal surveillance through the use of alarm and video camera systems, and encouraging police visits to stores.
Impact Evaluations of the impact of introducing environmental prevention strategies in the
Business Sector.../146 Mr. Ronald V. Clarke, Ph.D. Dean School of Criminal Justice Rutgers University 15 Washington Street Newark, New Jersey 07102 U.S.A. Telephone: +1 973 353 5870 Fax: + 1 973 353 5896 Internet: http://a ndromeda.rutgers.edu/scj/ E-mail: [email protected]
CREDIT CARD FRAUD transmit lost and stolen card data to retailers; and monitoring customer (ENGLAND AND WALES) transaction patterns to identify fraudulent use before cards are Challenge reported stolen; Between 1988 and 1990, the cost of cheque Policing: increased fraud and credit card fraud rose dramatically, from intelligence and public-private £ 69.3 million ($113 million U.S.) to £150.3 policing cooperation to attain million ($244 million U.S.). Plastic card international prosecutions of fraud causes losses to card-holders, issuers counterfeiters. and retailers, injures public perceptions of the integrity of the system and reduces the Impact acceptability of automated banking systems. 41% decrease in plastic fraud losses (from £165.6 million to £ 97.1 Description million, or $266.6 million US to In 1991, the Home Office commissioned a $156.3 million US) between 1991 review on how to reduce the incidence of and 1996. credit card and chequing fraud. As a result Decrease from 0.38% to 0.09% in of its findings, a series of recommendations the ratio of fraud to turnover on were made which were adopted by the sales of goods. credit and cheque card industry. These A total savings of £748.6 million (or initiatives focused on cost effectiveness and $ 1,205.1 million US) over the five increased cooperation among card issuers, year period. merchant acquirers and retailers. Specific anti-fraud measures include: L-~ Key Partners and Additional • Card Issuance: reducing fraudulent Funding applications through identity Major card issuers, merchant acquirers, checking and matching with known retailers, card holders, police. previous frauds, and secure card delivery to identified high risk areas; ~- Further Lessons • Card Production/Distribution: Improved physical security devices Selected Sources (e.g., laser engraved • Levi, M., Bissell, P. and Richardson, photos/signatures) to dissuade T. (1991) The Prevention of Credit counterfeiting; Card Fraud. Crime Prevention Unit Retail Card-Use: Lowering the Paper 26. London: Home Office. maximum allowed without • Levi, Michael and Handley, Jim. authorization, introducing electronic (1998) Prevention of Plastic Card authorization/'hot card' files to Fraud Research and Statistics
Business Sector.../147 Directorate. London: Policing and Reducing Crime Unit Home Office. Home Office Mativat, F. and Tremblay P. (1997) 50 Queen Anne's Gate "Counterfeiting Credit Cards: London Displacement Effects, Suitable SW1H 9AT UNITED KINGDOM Offenders and Crime Wave Telephone: +44 (0)171 273 3324 (or 2702) Patterns", British Journal of Fax: +44 (0)171 273 4001 Criminoloqy 37(2): 165-183. Internet: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/prghome, h tm E-mail: [email protected]
DELINQUENCY IN A SHOPPING to offer storefront counselling and community support services to youth CENTER aged 12-24 and their families, and (TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA) offering cultural and sporting activities targeted to at-risk youth; Challenge and During the first two weeks of October 1991, "We Are Your Community" employees and shoppers at Dufferin Mall Marketing Program: to let the suffered the experience of two armed community know that Dufferin Mall robberies, an attempted rape, an incident of had once again become a safe murder, and associated insecurity. Drug place to be, and overcome fear and trafficking was considered to be associated insecurity among visitors. with much of the crime and disorder problems. Impact 35% drop in the total number of Description offenses (from 1,21 3 in 1991 to 794 In April of 1992, the management of in 1996). Dufferin Mall introduced a new program to work with local partners and the Dufferin These reductions have not been confirmed by community (approx. population 196,000) in independent scientific evidence. developing creative solutions to delinquency and insecurity problems. With the aim of Key Partners and Additional creating a sense of community ownership Funding and promoting self-policing of the mall, the Dufferin Mall administration and program employed the following key security staff, City of Toronto elements: Department of Parks and • Environmental Design: altering the Recreation, Department of Health, mall layout to discourage youth Department of Public Works and the from congregating in large numbers Environment, Metropolitan Toronto (e.g., turning long rows of benches Police, 31 social service agencies, in the Food Court into seating and various other partners; and arranged for groups of four only); Each program is self-sufficient - • Security and Policing: beginning relying on small grants provided to with a zero tolerance policy and several initiatives by the then promoting behavioral change management of Dufferin Mall. and self-policing; • Youth Programs: creation of the Further Lessons Dufferin Mall Youth Services (DMYS) The management of Dufferin Mall estimated involving 11 social service agencies that shoplifting decreased by $4 million
Business Sector...~148 ($2.9 million U.S.) between 1991 and 1995. Mr. David Hall Elements of this program have been Manager, Operations & Development replicated at Square One in Mississauga, Oxford Properties Group Inc. Place d'Orleans in Ottawa, and Stoneroad Dufferin Mall Mall in Guelph. 900 Dufferin Street, Suite 217 Toronto, Ontario Selected Sources M6H 4B1 CANADA • Hall, D. (1997) The Dufferin Papers, Telephone: +1 416 532 1152 Toronto: The Dufferin Mall, Fax: +1 416 538 0591 Marathon Realty Company Limited. • Metropolitan Toronto Police Information Centre. (1996) "Dufferin Mall: Comparative Security Statistics", Toronto: Metropolitan Toronto Police Information Centre.
DRUGS AND NIGHT CLUBS (e.g., bouncer services) and dealing, and awareness of floor dealing (ENGLAND AND WALES) methods; Agency Liaison: involving local Challenge registration programs for door A 1997 survey in London revealed that 90% supervision providers, multi-agency of people arriving at dance venues - large venue regulation (police and local warehouses, night-clubs, pubs or bars- had authority departments), liaison taken or planned to take an illegal drug that between the police and venues, and particular evening. This is twice the level of training relating to evidence Of drug use for 16-29 year olds revealed by requirements and arrest procedures; the 1996 British Crime Survey. The and concentration of young people at dance Venue Measures: including the use venues makes them atti'active and of registered door supervisors and potentially highly profitable sites for drug split teams (local and external dealers. members), management stance against drug dealing and Description appropriate management training, In the mid-1980's, England and Wales thorough searches upon entry and (approx. population 51.6 million) active patrolling of premises, and experienced the emergence of a youth citizen's arrests with drug seizures culture "dance drug" scene (e.g., raves, returned to the police (large etc.). Dance venues were recognized as a seizures, more than for personal prime site for the consumption and use, resulting in prosecution). distribution of illicit drugs (e.g., ecstasy, amphetamines, cannabis, and LSD). The Impact Home Office produced the following Though the impact of such measures on guidelines for an integrated approach to reducing drug use has not yet been tackle such drug misuse: assessed, one major dance club in London • Police Operations: should integrate (for the period June, 1995 through intelligence with operational November 1996) achieved the following practice aimed at identifying key operational results: players in providing drugs as well as • Seizure of over 761 ecstasy drug links between door supervision tablets, 1 bag of white powder and
Business Sector.../149 7 bags of suspected The government of the United cannabis. A total of 67 Kingdom is consulting on how the arrests were effected, and private security industry might be of those 8 were trafficking regulated to (among other issues) in pairs and 2 were better protect young people from participating in "teams" drug misuse in dance venues. consisting of two or more organized dealers. Selected Sources • Morris, S. (1998) Clubs, Drugs and Key Partners and Additional Doormen , London: Home Office, Funding Police Research Group. Police (operations and intelligence), local authority agencies (health, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit liquor licensing), dance venue Home Office management, door supervision 50 Queen Anne's Gate companies, and the Home Office; London and SW1H 9AT UNITED KINGDOM No additional funding was Telephone: +44 (0)171 273 3324 (or 2702) provided. Fax: +44 (0)171 273 4001 Internet: http://www.homeoffice.gov.u k/pr Further Lessons ghome.htm Organized crime infiltration of E-mail: [email protected] security firms providing door supervision, combined with subsequent intimidation of legitimate firms, underscores the need for further integration of enhanced intelligence, police investigation, and local action by police and door supervisors.
IMPAIRED DRIVING AND (approx. population 29.9 million). The program consists of a half-day workshop for SERVER INTER VENTION servers and a longer session for owners and (CANADA) managers, with specific topics including: • Alcohol, the law, civil liabilities, the Challenge effects of alcohol and the factors In Canada, three times as many lives are which influence impairment; lost to impaired driving as to murder, and • How to prevent intoxication by licensed establishments have been recognizing it, diplomatically successfully sued for millions of dollars in ceasing alcohol service, and cases where intoxicated patrons have driven managing intoxicated patrons, while impaired and caused harm to including safe transportation themselves or others. strategies; and • Owners and managers receive more Description detailed examinations of many In 1986, the Addiction Research Foundation issues focused on the development introduced an extensive server intervention of house policies aimed at program (SIP) to prevent drinking and preventing problems in their driving and other alcohol-related problems establishments. in licensed establishments in Canada Impact
Business Sector.../150 A 1988 evaluation of the impact of the Further Lessons program - using professional actors posing Between 1986 and 1995, the SIP program as patrons engaging in risky drinking was used to train 78,000 managers and behavior - conducted in eight taverns (four staff of licensed establishments in of which had received SIP staff training) in responsible alcohol serving practices. Thunder Bay, Ontario (population 113,000) revealed that: In 1995, the SIP program was replaced by • Participants in the program had the "Smart Serve" program delivered by the improved their knowledge and Hospitality IndustryTraining Organization of attitudes about the importance of Ontario (HITOO). Smart Serve was server training by more than 25%; developed in consultation with ARF, the and Liquor Licence Board of Ontario, the • Participants were observed to be Insurance Board of Canada, as well as much more likely to intervene to industry representatives. prevent intoxication and to properly manage underage or intoxicated Selected Sources patrons. • Single, E. (1 990) "Server Intervention: A New Approach to Key Partners and Additional the Prevention of Impaired Driving", Funding Health Education Research, 5(2)" The Addiction Research Foundation 237-245. of Ontario, owners, managers, and servers in participating licensed Addiction Research Foundation (A.R.F.) establishments, and various Public Relations and Fund Raising hospitality organizations; and 33 Russell Street Addiction Research Foundation Toronto, Ontario provides the program manuals and MSS 2S1 CANADA materials, trains delivery service Telephone: +1 416 595 6015 organizations, and conducts Fax: +1 416 595 6881 periodic inspections . of delivery Internet: www.arf.org organizations. The training itself is provided by the hospitality industry, Smart Serve Program community colleges, and private HospitalitylndustryTrainingOrga nizationof educational specialists. Ontario (HITOO) 5405 Eglinton Ave, West, Suite 106 (BoxMM7) Toronto, Ontario M9C 5K6 CANADA Telephone: +1 416 695 8737 Fax: +1 416 695 0684 E-mail: sma [email protected]
VIOLENCE AND THE MEDIA watch on television and to engage in violent (CANADA) offenses in the future. -~ Description Challenge Launched in 1993, the federal Media Reducing the effects of media violence - Violence Strategy called upon broadcasters particularly among young people at-risk - is and viewers to work together to regulate important as studies indicate that vulnerable access to, and the impact of, media groups are more likely to imitate what they depictions of violence in Canada (approx.
Business Sector.../151 population 29.9 million). This collaborative Further Lessons strategy aims to: A long-term strategy will require the support • Reduce media portrayals of violence of all sectors of government (municipal, via regulatory and self-regulatory provincial or state, federal, as well as measures (e.g., the Canadian international cooperation) and of the media Association of Broadcasters both domestically and internationally. Both voluntary code of ethics); South Africa and Sweden have promoted • Use the media as a positive force to non-violent television programming and change permissive attitudes and indicators suggest that such programming behavior over the long-term by contributed to lower amounts of violence reducing public tolerance of among viewers. aggressive, racist and sexist behavior, and violent programming; Selected Sources and • Communications Canada. (1993) • Support viewer control through Perrin Beatty announces 5-part innovation measures such as the strategy against children's TV implementation of "V-Chip" violence, Ottawa: Information technology which allows parents to Services. program their televisions to • Ledingham, Jane E., Ledingham, block-out programming which they Anne C., & Richardson, John E. feel are inappropriate for their (1993) The Effects of Media Violence children. on Children, Ottawa: National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, e~ Impact Health Canada. An evaluation of this initiative has yet to be • Josephson, Wendy, L. (1995) conducted. Television Violence: A Review of the Effects on Children of Different Key Partners and Additional Ages, Ottawa: Canadian Heritage. Funding The Canadian Radio-Television and Mr. Pierre S6necal Telecommunications Commission, Department of Canadian Heritage Department of Canadian Heritage, Broadcasting Policy Branch Justice Canada, Royal Canadian 15 Eddy Street, Room 61 Mounted Police, National Defense, Hull, Qu6bec Human Resources Development K1A 0MS CANADA Canada, Health Canada, Canadian Internet: http ://www.pch.gc.ca Association of Broadcasters, Media Awareness Network, Media Watch Canada, Concerned Children's Advertisers, and the Alliance for Children and Television.
Business Sector.../152 INDEX
--D-- A-- child, 13, 71-73, 77-86, 98; death, 62, 73, 76, 88, 97 Aboriginal, 118; see also abuse, 72, 78; care, 72, 82; delinquency, 9-11, 14-17, 19-22, indigenous, 5, 24; see also development, 27, 29, 41,45, 56, 67, 71-86, Maori, 24, 118 78; protection, 100, 110, 112, 126, 139, 148; abuse, 3, 10, 23, 29, 41, 68, 72, 13, 78; welfare, 86 juvenile, 15, 56, 67, 72, 77- 78, 80, 86, 99-100, 107, 112, children, 7, 10-12, 19, 21, 26- 78, 82; risk factors, 27; youth, 117, 121, 131-132; child, 72, 27, 30, 47-49, 53, 57, 67, 71- 86, 112 78; drug, 3, 41, 112, 117; 73, 77-86, 98-103, 107, 117- deterrence, 6, 62, 116, 121-122, substance, 10, 68, 78, 80, 86, 118, 126, 131,152 139, 146 117 classroom, 3, 68, 100-101, 105, diagnosis, 12, 41,44-45, 58, 132 addiction, 56, 117 107, 128, 131 disadvantaged, 17, 28, 37, 42, adolescence, 4, 11, 51, 72, 76, coaching, 81 80, 100, 117 communication, 12, 20, 43, 48, 67-68, 71, 77, 80, 82, 84, 86, 112, 115; see also poor, 25, aggression, 77, 81, 84, 102-103, 75-76, 101, 107, 110, 122, 71-72, 82, 90, 95, 100, 130 152 128-131 drinking, 79, 97, 144, 150-151; alcohol, 23, 27, 30, 33-34, 39, community, agencies, 24, 38, and driving, 97, 150 73-74, 76, 79, 97, 106, 132, 116; crime prevention, 8, 16, 144, 150-151; abuse, 132; 18, 45; groups, 23-24, 33-35, driving, 66, 97, 150 and drugs, 23, 27, 33, 74; 40, 54, 117, 138; leaders, 99; drop-out, 21,67, 100 drug, abuse, 3, 41,50, 67, 73-76, use, 73 organizations, 40, 99, 131, 97, 99, 106, 112, 117, 135, antisocial, 100 135; panels, 24; policing, 40, arrest, 52, 68, 71-72, 81, 125, 129; safety, 7, 9, 17, 23, 31, 149-150; addiction, 56; 149-150 34, 35, 50, 53-54, 57, 122, dealing, 47, 149; prevention, 45, 106; problem, 6, 99, 144; art, 45, 95 130, 142; services, 42, 51; assault, 4, 15, 20, 25, 29, 49, 53, volunteers, 86 treatment, 51 ; see also crack, 90, 122, 131, 133, 144 conflict, 26, 39, 42-43, 48, 80, 51; see also heroin, 73, 117 authorities, 3, 6, 10-11, 13, 17- 88, 107 dysfunctional family, 74 18, 20-21,27, 30, 45, 47, 58- consultant, 12, 91,101 59,85-86,91,110, 115, 128- consultation, 4, 16-17, 21,24, 34, 132,135-136, 139, 142, 149- 59, 101, 139, 150-151 control, 11, 22, 25, 29, 43, 47, education, drug, 43; public, 26, 150; health, 59, 142; housing, 53 45, 91, 135; local, 6, 13, 18, 49, $1,62,73, 75, 79, 81,86, elderly, 136; see also old, 17, 71 58-59, 115, 142; police, 11, 90, 94-95, 99-103, 116, 146, 152 environment, 11, 19-20, 26, 49- 21, 139 S0, 53, 73, 88, 91, 111, 122, automobile, 27, 61,66, 123, 137; cooperation, 12, 20, 23, 40-41, 45, 49, 51, 59, 84, 100-101, 135, 146 see also car, 4, 6, 10, 13, 21, 107, 110, 125-126, 129, 135, ethnicity, 5, 21, 25, 105 25-28, 50, 61-62, 66, 90-91, evaluation, 5-6, 8-12, 14, 17-18, 97, 123, 133, 135; see also 147, 152 correction, 7, 26, 116 21, 22-30, 37, 39-42, 45, 53, motor, 61, 123; see also counterfeiting, 147 58-59, 67, 71, 76-77, 81-84, motorcar, 21 ; see also vehicle, 91, 100, 102, 105, 107, 112, 10, 26, 33, 61, 73, 123 court, 7, 13, 40, 51, 75, 77, 116, 122-125, 145 115, 132, 134-135, 139, 142, crime, areas, 25, 135; hate, 53; 151-152 index rate, 3, 6-7, 10, 27-29, bar, 27, 137, 144, 149; see also 38-44, 46-51, 135; property, 21, 57, 91; reduction, 13-14, nightclub, 86, 144 family, disadvantaged, 71 behavior, antisocial, 100; criminal, 39, 43-44, 48, S0; street, 111, fan, 94; see also supporter, 94 71, 76, 85-86, 107, 122; 131; unit, 132-133, 148, 150; victim, 4, 7, 13, 15, 20, 29; firearm, 25-26, 38, 62 disruptive, 101 fraud, 123, 147 bullying, 85, 98, 133 violent, 57 burglary, 4, 6, 10, 13-15, 20-22, crime prevention, 4-34, 38-62, 91, 25, 28, 50, 52, 66, 91, 129- 105, 122, 133-135, 142, 145, 138 147; policy, 6, 11, 16, 20, 27; programs, 33; projects, 14; gang, 38-40, 43-44, 49, 51, 81, business, 10, 17, 20, 22, 24, 26- 95, 110 27, 37-44, 47, 49, 54, 59, 62, training, 4 criminal justice, 25-29, 41,44, 67, gender, 26, 105, see also female, 73, 97, 110, 129, 135, 137, 79, 121; see also girls, 100 144-145 138 criminality, 66, 72, 78, 81,85, 98 graffiti, 50, 53, 66, 95, 110, 128 culture, 12, 25, 40, 45-46, 79, guard, 40, 101 105-106, 115, 135, 148-149; gun, 62; see also handgun, 88; see also shotguns, 49 see also ethnicity, 5, 21,25, 105
Index.../153 PROPERTY OF National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NOJRS) Box 6000 Rockville, MD 20849-6000 -J ...... --H--- homeless, 110 offender, 17, 23-24, 27, 30, 38, rave, 144, 149 homicide, 38-39, 62, 88 42, 45, 50-51, 62, 116, 118, recidivism, 10, 17, 27, 75 homophobic, 53 121,124-125, 130, 132, 135, recreation, 38, 46, 51, 53, 123, hooliganism, 94 139, 145; juvenile, 42, 124; 135 housing, 11, 21-22, 27, 41, 45, repeat, 38, 42; young, 50, rehabilitation, 51, 117 47-50, 57, 77, 84, 90-91, 118, 124, 145 relntegration, 39, 110 130-132, 135, 139; public, 22, officer, police, 6, 11, 13, 17, 110, restorative, 116, 118, 124 90-91; secured, 21,91 124, 126, 134; probation, 51; robbery, 22, 25, 37, 62, 137-138, women, 121 145-148; armed, 21; --Iw commercial, 145; convenience Dp__ store, 146; street, 138 impact evaluation, 14, 26, 30 intervention, early, 5; parent, 27; parent, 27, 71, 79, 98; single, 82; ---S-- project, 5, 42; strategy, 81, training, 39, 43, 75, 77-82, 101, 125-126 99, 117 safety, 3, 5-8, 10, 13-18, 21-24, park, 53-54, 135; see also 30, 34-37, 46-50, 53-54, 57, ~J-- playground, 101 62, 90, 110-111, 121-122, parking, 66, 91,123, 137 131, 135, 142, 144; job, corps, 68; placement, 68; patrol, 22, 41, 43, 66, 86, 90, community, 7, 9, 17, 23, 31, planning, 67; training, 30, 43, 130, 142, 149 34, 35,50, 53-54, 57, 122, 68, 135 peer, 67, 73, 81, 99-100, 106- 130, 142; personal, 110-111, justice, assistance, 29, 31; 107 122; public, 15, 30, 37, 47, criminal, 25-29, 41, 44, 67, placement, 37, 43, 68, 75, 116 128, 140 105, 138, 145, 147; juvenile, police, officer, 6, 11, 17, 110, school, dropout, 100; drug, 107; 29, 30, 85, 105, 107, 119, 124, 126; service, 17, 19, 41, truancy, 86; vandalism, 102; 124; programs, 29-31; 47, 53, 126-129, 135, 137; violence, 56, 102 restorative, 116, 124; system, station, 41,121; watch, 125 shoplifting, 149 3, 7, 23, 26-30, 75, 79, 115, policing, 19, 27, 40, 42, 123, skills, life, 76, 85; parenting, 43, 118, 125; youth, 118 125, 129-130, 134, 138, 75, 78-81; social, 81,99, 102, 142, 147-148 106-107 --L-- policy, 3, 6-7, 9-11, 15-22, 25- social status, 86 27, 99, 142, 148; crime solution, 3, 8, 18, 27, 33, 39, 45- law, 6, 11, 29-30, 38-39, 66, preven-tion, 3, 6, 10-11, 16, 46, 56, 107, 111, 118, 126, 126, 145-146, 150 19-20, 27, 94 137, 142, 145, 148 licence, 144, 150-151 poor, 25, 71-72, 82, 90, 95, 100, sport, I0, 12, 46, 79, 94, 112, 130; see also poverty, 25, 100, 135, 148 115 stealing, 61, 112, 145, 147; see pregnancy, 72, 78 also theft marijuana, 76, 99, 106; see also prevention, activities, 24, 39; cannabis, 149-150 store, 39, 52, 146 crime, 4-34, 38-52, 56-62, 91, strategy, crime prevention, 16, 19, media, 25, 46, 99, 123, 151-152 105, 122, 133-135, 142, 145, menial health, 126 23-26, 33, 51; policing, 123, 147; initiatives, 9, 10, 12, 16- 130; safety, 50, 122, 130 mentoring, 42, 44, 51-54, 79 17, 23-24, 27; plan, 23-24; monitoring, 10-13, 23-27, 40, 51, suburb, 15, 47, 76, 90, 112 policy, 3, 6, 1O- 11, 16, 19-20, suicide, 57, 62, 97 57-59, 88, 90, 94, 110, 122, 27, 94; program, 12, 23, 26, 125, 132, 142, 147 support, family, 77-79; peer, 73; 30, 33, 57, 99, 102, 106; social, 20, 75; victim, 134, 136 murder, 25, 28, 62, 148, 150 projects, 8, 14, 88, 134; strategies, 58, 146; training, 4 --N-- probation, 13, 38, 51, 59, 75, 116, 117, 125, 132, 133, 135, neighborhood, groups, 46; teenager, 67, 72, 97 142 leaders, 39; problems, 44; television, 14, 50, 111, 122, 151- prosecution, 16, 38, 40, 44, 66, watch, 132 152 125, 130, 139, 145, 147, 149 nlghtclub, 86, 144; see also bar, theft, auto, 61; car, 4, 6, 13, 21, prostitution, 47 27, 137, 144, 149 25, 28, 61,66, 90-91; vehicle, psychiatric, 75 26,33,61, 123 psychological, 77, 83, 101-102, tourist, 47, 144 --O-- 115, 121 trafficking, 3, 38, 148, 150 offense, 3, 9-10, 22-23, 45, 86, transportation, 110, 111 116, 124-125, 129-130, 133- --R--- public, 22, 46, 135 134, 139, 144, 146, 148, 151; truancy, 22, 86, 98 criminal, 9, 86, 129; property, race, 10, 37, 131, 133 tutoring, 30, 43, 67, 85 86 racism, 53, 105, 152 rape, 52, 121, 148
Index.../154 --U~ unemployment, 6, 15, 20, 37, 41, 50,66,68,90, 110, 112, 132
vandalism, 21-22, 37, 50, 66, 90- 91, 95, 98, 101-102, 110, 112, 122, 139 victim, 4, 13-14, 17, 20, 23, 38, 50,72,78,98, 105, 107, 116, 118, 121,124-127, 131-138 victimlsalion, 3, 11, 20, 29, 40, 52, 125, 131-134, 144; racial, 131 violence, domestic, 33, 53, 125, 127, 133, 135; family, 126; gang, 43; school, 56, 102; youth, 21,40 volunteer, 39, 44, 50, 61, 79, 86, 129, 135, 145-146, 152
women, 53,57,72,78,117,121, 131
--y-- youth, at-risk, 17, 23; crime, 33, 40; delinquency, 86, 112; gang, 40, 95; iustice, 118; organization, 105; violence, 21,40
Index.../155
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