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Extra Credit: “Think GEOG 101 R E M I N D E R S Geographically” Essays from any five of textbook PART III chapters Part III required essays are -O R - due no later than May 13. 23 One additional topic from the Late penalty now applies (better required essay list plus TG Urban Geography than a zero!) for missing Part I and chapter essays (max. 5 total). Part II essays. Parts 1 and 2 – Last day to submit is May 12 Must submit any missing essays but it is best to do them as you Chapter 10 by May 17, 2021 to avoid a ZERO finish reading a chapter. for missing required work. o Deadline to submit a proposal for any other form
Lecture design, content and presentation of extra credit has passed. Prof. Anthony Grande ©AFG 042021 EXAM II was April 16-19. Individual images and illustrations may Hunter College Geography be subject to prior copyright. If you missed it, please Don’t wait for the night before to contact me. write them.
Lecture Topics for Part III EXAM III Final Exam SETTLEMENT I Intro. to Human Geography A. Environmental Perception on BlackBoard B. Cultural Landscape Covers only Part III C. Cultural Realms and Diversity Settlement: a place where a person or a D. Toponomy: Place names topics of this course. group of people decides to live. E. Geog. in World Affairs/Current Events II Living on the Earth IV Urban Geography A. Habitat A. Settlement Settlements are differentiated on the basis of B. Demography B. Worldwide Trends C. Medical geography C. Geographic City . Size = number of people present D. Dealing with population growth D. Urban Landscape Development E. Biogeography/Ecology . Spacing = distance from each other E. Patterns within the City III Economic Geography . Function = reason for people grouping there V Political Geography A. Sectors of the Economy A. Control/Demarcation/Use of Space B. Food, Agriculture and Fisheries B. Nation Building C. Globalization C. Geoeconomics D. Economic Development D. Geopolitics/World Affairs E. Location Theory, Time-Distance Read chapter 11; look over extra credit III and Economic Activity
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RURAL ISOLATED HIERARCHY of SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT Rural: an area with an overall lower population density that has a dispersed settlement pattern and in some cases, evolved into an area with small nucleated settlements. As the number of settlers (people) increase from the isolated, individual dwelling, a hierarchy of form and function is One dwelling standing alone, created, each with a greater variety of services and a far from other dwellings. stronger pull than the smaller one. . Isolated dwelling>>> hamlet . hamlet>>> village>>> . village>>> town>>> . town>>> city>>> . city>>> metropolitan area>>> . metropolitan area>>> megalopolis or conurbation. 5 6
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Rural Nucleated URBAN GEOGRAPHY Settlement Urban Geography: The study of the location of large concentrations of people in a non-rural setting. More than one dwelling . Urban: an area with a nucleated (non-agricultural) concentrated at a settlement pattern that has a specific function bringing location in a rural setting. people together. . Suburbia: a transition zone (“less than urban”) between urban and rural areas, associated with the expansion of cities into the countryside. . Exurbia: an area beyond the suburbs where people live in a rural setting (farm/ranch/cabin in the woods) BUT work and play in the city; requires a long-distance travel commitment over a dependable network.
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URBAN SETTLEMENT Mapping Every Building: America’s Pattern of Settlement
Southeastern Pennsylvania
Urban areas range in size from a small town to a large city to a metropolitan area (more than one city) to a megalopolis (more than one metropolitan area).
NYTimes interactive map and article, Oct., 2018. Every black dot is a building.
Susquehanna River
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/12/us/map-of-every- 9 building-in-the-united-states.html?searchResultPosition=1 10
WORLD URBANIZATION INCREASING URBANIZATION
13% 29%
62% 47% est.
Areas with a non-agricultural economy and areas with harsh climates tend to have the highest percent of their In 2007, about 50% of world’s people lived in cities. population living in cities. 12
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For the final exam, know the location of the largest urban World’s Largest Metro Areas areas. See the URBANIZATION Study Guide for names and map. Urbanization is tied to the rise of civilization which in turn led to changes in The earliest settlements economic activities. (concentrations of people) Urbanization is a were in agriculturally- productive areas. result of freeing people from the land Cultural change stages in a society (there was a food surplus). that allowed cities to grow: 1. Agricultural innovation It allowed people to develop 2. Diversification of labor a specialized social order 3. Emergence of central government with a division of labor. 4. Social stratification
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Modern Legal City vs. Legal City vs. Geographic City
What is the Geographic City? Geographic City 1: Unique Function
The geographic city is an area with four Urban function is something that draws people distinguishing characteristics: together (a purpose). It differentiates a densely populated rural area 1. Unique function (reason for being) from an urban area. 2. Site and situation (related to function) Defense (fort) 3. Economic base (income earner) Government (administration) 4. Shape (encloses the functional area) Transportation conveniences (ford, crossroads, fork) Commerce and trade (market) Manufacturing (raw materials to finished product) Recreation (resorts) Culture (education/religion/the arts) Special activity (mining/forestry/fishing)
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Paris Geographic City 2: Cities and Site & Situation Coal Deposits
Location aspects (site and situation) are related to both function (reason for being;
why there?) and growth pattern. Athens Original siting influences may include: - Waterways - Islands - Terrain (as hilltops) - Relationship to other areas (strategic location) - Mineral deposits
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Geographic City 2: Site & Situation Geographic City 3: Economic Base
HOWEVER: Economic base of a city is defined as: a mix of manufacturing and service activities that satisfy both the needs of the city and to **Quality of location changes with time.** earn income for the city.
The rise and fall of urban units The economic base consists of a can be documented by the basic sector and a non-basic sector. changing quality of their location.
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Economic Base (cont’d) Geographic City 4: Shape
Basic sector earns money from outside the The shape of a city will be influenced by: city by selling products. a. its physical location (terrain and relief) Non-basic sector services the needs of b. the land use patterns established by people (political, cultural, zoning) the residents with grocery stores, retail shops, repair shops, schools, local transit, health care, etc. c. orientation to other areas (cities grow toward each other or toward physical features) Multiplier Effect: On average, 2 non-basic d. transportation pattern (cities grow along lines workers are needed for every 1 basic worker. of transportation). Additional non-basic workers are needed to support other non-basic workers. (But the reverse happens, too.)
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4b: Shape by Historic 4a: Shape by Terrain: New York Land Use: Moscow
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4c: Shape by Orientation: Concentric Rings of Growth: Paris Cities grow toward each other
Seattle Seattle Paris. Shaped by Chicago symmetrical SF Bay growth from its Chicago Megalopolis SF Bay Denver BCE core (original site), c.2250 years ago LA-SD on an island in the Florida Seine River. LA-SD
Florida
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4d: Location along Chicago 4d: Location along Chicago area area Lines of cluster Lines of cluster Transportation Transportation
Illinois towns were spaced Central Illinois towns were spaced Central 5-6 miles apart because of area 5-6 miles apart because of area cluster cluster the need of the railroads to the need of the railroads to Chicago establish depots for refuel- establish depots for refuel- ing, the collection of pro- ing, the collection of pro- ducts for shipment and as NE Mega- ducts for shipment and as NE Mega- St. Louis lopolis lopolis the distribution center for the distribution center for St. Louis area cluster the local area. the local area. area cluster Florida Florida
Coal-mining Coal-mining area cluster area cluster
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URBAN HIERARCHY URBAN HIERARCHY
Different groupings (levels) of urban functions Central places: are B results in the creation of a hierarchy. nodes (focus) for the C NYC distribution of goods C Step-like series of urban D B A B D places in classes differenti- and services to the C D D D C D ated by both size of popula- surrounding area. C D D C D D C tion and variety of function. B B DDD A D B A = largest and fewest Each lower rank has less D C D D C D D = smallest and most frequent people and less functions D D C D D with less specialization. D D A offers the most services, D the least B B New York City is at the top As levels get lower on the ladder, of the hierarchy. they become more numerous, but have less to offer. New York City is an “A” central place. 31 32
Christaller’s Central Place Theory Urban Hierarchies . Based on a city’s relationship Offers the greatest Threshold population: number variety of specialized with its hinterland (the area goods and services of people needed to sustain serviced by a city). certain services/activities. . Assumes a flat area with no impediments to travel; the same . Smaller population for everyday type of transportation everywhere or inexpensive goods . Market area: each city, town, . Larger population for expensive, village, or hamlet serves its rarely used goods hinterland as the “central place • Improved transportation may or focus” to do business. eliminate the need for the . Urban hierarchy: more smallest central places. Why?
specialized the service, the Faster travel times gets you Rural area larger the hinterland (i.e., the there quicker. More interaction. more people will be in contact with it and will come from a greater distance.)
URBAN HIERARCHY Zones of Urbanization All around the world cities have grown toward each other to create continuous urbanized zones called “metropolitan areas”. Spheres of influence are areas outside of the urban When these metropolitan areas merge, it is call a “conurbation.” area that are affected by what goes on in the city.
These spheres are also tributary areas that focus on the city, providing the city with such necessities as labor, income, and products.
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Urban Areas Grow SEQUENCE URBAN LANDSCAPE CYCLE 1. Waterfall on river draws people. and Decline 2. A water-powered Because of the quality of location mill is built. changes with time, along with other The development of an urbanized 3. More people aspects of modernization, preferences area takes on a life cycle. settle in the water- and focus, the population of urban mill area. areas both grow and decline over 1. Creation 4. Town grows. time. 5. Modern factory 2. Growth replaces watermill. As cities add or lose functions (reason 6. Factory is aban- for being), their populations change in 3. Stagnation doned as times number (headcount) and socio-economic change. make-up. 4. Demise 7. Town shrinks in 5. Resurgence population (no jobs). 8. Watermill area The cycle will then repeat itself one or becomes focus of a more times. historic district. 9. Tourism draws people; area thrives 37 for a new reason.38
URBAN LANDSCAPE URBAN LANDSCAPE
1. CREATION: 2. GROWTH: . Initial reason for settlement (function: fort, mill, Various “pull factors” draw more people river crossing, market, mine, etc.) to the site. . Development begins. The place increases in size and diversity. . Additional functions appear. More functions appear, especially the . People are drawn to the site (pull factor). services, and hire people (source of employment = major pull factor). Tax base increases; infrastructure is kept up-to-date.
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URBAN LANDSCAPE URBAN LANDSCAPE
3. STAGNATION: 4. DEMISE: Growth slows (both population and economic). Local population/opportunities decrease. Manufacturing/industrial presence begins to People (esp. younger people) leave for places that lag behind up-to-date trends. are “more modern” or have jobs (react to an outside Infrastructure ages. pull factor) Area is passed over by those seeking a new Urban functions disappear (also a push factor). location. . Few jobs; stores lack customers, buildings are vacant; property values drop; tax base shrinks and WHY? infrastructure deteriorates (push factors). . Low income people remain; elderly and those who “Quality of location changes with time.” cannot move remain (negative stay factor).
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Providence, RI 1. Site: a harbor URBAN LANDSCAPE URBAN LANDSCAPE CYCLE location fed by several rivers. 2. Fishing port. 3. Cotton port. 5. RESURGENCE: The cycle begins anew. 4. Textile manufac- The area is re-created (modernized or historically 1. Creation turing center. restored) and given new functions. 5. Outdated textile 2. Growth factory buildings Rehabilitation is done by middle and high income 3. Stagnation are abandoned. groups for middle/high income groups. 6. Outlet malls 4. Demise Lower income groups are displaced. occupy the vacant 5. Resurgence spaces. This new creation stimulates a new growth spurt; 7. Revitalized in- jobs are created; tax base increases (new pull dustrial buildings factor); modernized area attracts new ideas. The cycle will then repeat itself one or find new uses, as more times as conditions change, needs for technology. Gentrification (when outsiders buy and fix 8. Condo housing arise and stimuli are added. up a run-down area). with a harbor view gentrifies the area. 43 44
PATTERNS within a CITY PATTERNS within a CITY
The two types of spatial patterns found 1. Physical Patterns within a city are: a. Microclimate development 1. Physical Patterns - concrete and asphalt (warmer temperatures) 2. Social Patterns - tall, closely spaced buildings (more wind) - paved-over surfaces (less humidity) b. Altered hydrology from landscaping - surface streams, lakes and wetlands changed - ground water removal (pumping) - reduced recharge zones (paved over areas)
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A. Concentric zone Urban Models: B. Sector The Urban Form C. Multiple-nuclei Divisions with a City D. Peripheral 2. SOCIAL PATTERNS A B a. Models of pattern development b. Functional land use patterns and population density c. Social factors d. Governmental influence e. Environmental concerns C D
Exurbia
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PATTERNS within a CITY PATTERNS Social Patterns: Population density varies with within a CITY activities, amenities and distance from city center. The component Remember time- parts of an urban distance factors and area – functional land the importance of uses as social, retail good, fast, reliable and industrial ‐ can transportation! be individually mapped to reveal patterns.
Population density decreases with distance from city center but may be altered by higher speed transportation. 49 50
PATTERNS Social Factors in Income, within a CITY education, occupation Residential Clustering Social Patterns = social geographies. Social considerations play a role in urban residential clustering. Individual social Age, family size geographies can be May lead to development of ethnic neighborhoods mapped. (local cultural realms) Congregation: people choosing to live with Together they provide Neighborhoods a view of a city’s others like themselves (positive connotation). neighborhoods and Segregation: people live together because districts. discrimination forces them to do so (negative connotation).
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Government’s Role Urban Problems
Zoning: decreeing what can or cannot be built in an Congestion Issues: large numbers of people, area and/or the types of activities that are allowed or not accessibility, local transportation; housing allowed Health Issues: food, water supply, sanitation, con- Eminent domain: the right of government to take over trolling disease, dealing with dead people private land for the good of the general public. Urban and regional planning: a means of preparing Quality of Life Issues: crowding, crime, poverty, for the future based on past and present circumstances health care, waste management and an “educated” assumption of what will happen in the Environmental Quality Issues: pollution - air, water, years ahead. land, noise and odor All include decisions by government to locate and build Hazard Issues: natural and man-made hazards as government-sponsored facilities/activities. storms, earthquakes, urban flooding, fire, terrorism
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Flooding at High Tide New Projection for 2050 COURSE HOME PAGE This takes into account Description of the two present-day trends in global warming and the undergraduate major consequent projected programs that the depart- rise in sea level. ment offers is found behind the separate tab on the Home Page. Major in Geography Major in Environmental Science http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/courses/geog101_ grande/ges_majors.html 55 56
THE END – Except for the final exam: available from Fri., May 21 – Mon., May 24 on BlackBoard So, is the field of geography just the study of place names and the location of countries and their products? No. NO! It is the study of location analysis: a spot on earth and all the contributing factors that give it character – both physical and human. Always remember the Five Fundamental Themes of Geography: location, place, move-
ment, region and human-environment interaction.57
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