What is Urbanisation? Consequences of Rapid Urbanisation in LIDCs Rapid Urbanisation: Life in Lagos, Nigeria

This is an increase in the amount of people living in urban areas such as Background Although there are lots of Social Consequences towns or cities. In 2007, the UN announced that for the first time, more opportunities in urban areas, the than 50 % of the world’s population live in urban areas. • Little official housing available. Lagos is a port on the coast of Nigeria. Recently the city has experienced rapid growth can place many • Infrastructure struggles to rapid population growth with 3.4 million extra people coming it home Settlement Hierarchies pressures that causes various support growing population. between 2000 and 2010. problems. If we group and classify a number of settlements according to their size • Increase in crime rates. Effects of Urbanisation and shape, the result is settlement hierarchy. Environmental Consequences Economic Consequences Social Economic Environmental Key Characteristics of Settlement Hierarchy. • Rubbish may not be collected. • May not be enough jobs – • The number of services that a settlement provides increases with • Many live • High rate of • Large scale • Sewage and toxic waste increased unemployment. settlement size. without corruption to traffic issues. pollutes river environments. • Informal sector increases Little • Small settlements will only provide low-order services such as a post electricity. officials. • Slums such as • Increased congestion produces access to education and offices. • High diseases • Business is Makoko are more pollution. healthcare. • Larger settlements and conurbations have a much larger sphere of rate and life limited due to heavily polluted influence than smaller ones. expectancy low. poor with poor Counter-Urbanisation in ACs • The range of a service or product is the maximum distance people infrastructure. sanitation. are prepared to travel to purchase it. This is the movement of people from city centres to the outskirts. Management Types of Cities Push Pull • Authorities removed many dwellings in slums such as Makoko. Megacity An urban area with over 10 million people living there. • Overcrowding and pollution. • Green spaces & family friendly. • A loan of $200 from the World Bank to improve drainage and solid • Unemployment increases. • New modern housing estates. waste. More than two thirds • Deindustrialisation of centre. • Improved public transport. • New ideas such as the ‘floating homes and school’ have been of current megacities • Traffic congestion increases • Rents cheaper on outskirts. suggested. are located in either CO². EDCs and LIDCs. The Re-urbanisation in ACs amount of megacities Topic 5 This is the movement of people back into urban areas. are predicted to increase from 28 to Push Pull 41 by 2030. Urban Futures • Lack of jobs in rural and suburban • Redevelopment of brownfield sites areas. with improved housing. Cities that are centres for trade and business. They hold • Less leisure and entertainment in • Young people are attracted to the World City Suburbanisation global influence. rural areas. Universities. This is the movement of people from city centres to the outskirts. • Counter-urbanisation may have • People are attracted to increased house prices. entertainment facilities available. Key ‘world cities’ Push Pull include London, New Consequences of Re-urbanisation York, Tokyo and • Overcrowding and pollution. • Green spaces & family friendly. Paris. Most are Social Consequences located within ACs • Unemployment increases. • New modern housing estates. but are now • Deindustrialisation of centre. • Improved public transport. • Shops and services benefit from the additional residents. gradually expanding • Traffic congestion. • Rents cheaper on outskirts. • Increase in tension between new and older residents. into EDCs, for • House prices in redeveloped areas increase. example Moscow. Consequences of Suburbanisation • Schools benefit from the increase of students. • More jobs and less employment within the area. Causes of Urbanisation Environmental Economic Social Environmental Consequences Economic Consequences The movement of people from rural to urban areas. Consequences Consequences Consequences • Redevelopment of brownfield • New shops and services will Push Pull • New housing • People leaves • Offices and damages centres and they businesses are sites improves old industrial improve local economy. • Natural disasters • More Jobs countryside and become deserted. abandoned. and polluted areas • Jobs available may not be • War and Conflict • Better education & healthcare habitats. • Unemployment • Economic and • Decreases pressures on accessible to original • Mechanisation • Increased quality of life. • Increase of cars increases, which ethnic greenfield areas. residents. • Drought • Following family members. adds air pollution. leads to poverty. segregation. • Could destroy urban wildlife. • Urban tourism may increase. Informal Housing Greenbelt Area

This is housing that is built on land which does not belong to those who are building it. This may be on land that This is a zone of land surrounding a city where new building is strictly controlled to try to prevent cities growing is unsuitable due to its surroundings. too much and too fast.

Internal Growth Conurbation

Internal growth occurs when urban areas experience rapid rates of population growth. This comes as a result A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other urban areas that, through of a large amount of arrival of people in cities, who after finding a job, house and partner will have children. population growth have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area. This occurs mostly in LIDCs. For example: Greater Manchester includes Manchester, Bolton, Oldham, Bury and Rochdale.

AC: Challenges & Opportunities for Cities: BIRMINGAM Case Study EDC: Challenges & Opportunities for Cities: LAGOS Case Study

Location and Background City’s Importance Location and Background City’s Importance

Birmingham is located • Good transport connections – international Lagos is located in • Has 80 of industry in Nigeria in the West Midlands airport, motorways and rail the southwest of • Accounts for 25% GDP in England. Was a • Centre of culture and shopping Nigeria on the coast • 80% of imports and 70% of exports pass large industrial centre • UK’s second largest city (1.1 million) of the Gulf of through the docks and still has some • Multicultural city Guinea. It was the • Media centre and huge film industry industry e.g. Jaguar • 12000 international students at the capital of Nigeria • One of highest standards of living in Africa cars, Cadbury’s universities until 1991. • Hosted African cup of Nations tournament chocolate, jewellery • Global connections • ICT centre of West Africa • Home to most financial institutions Migration to Birmingham Birmingham's way of Life Migration to Lagos Lagos’ way of Life • In 1700 population 10,000 • Leisure and Culture : Birmingham museum • Industrial revolution – rural to urban and art gallery. Over 40 art galleries. Sea Life The city was initially a fishing village but • Access to water and energy is slowly migration increased population to over 0.5 Centre, National Indoor Arena, lots of music developed into a thriving colonial sea port. improving million events, Bullring shopping centre Since 1970s and the oil boom thousands of • Transport systems are getting better • 1950 peak population of 1.11 million • Ethnicity : Balti triangle, Eid party, Mosques people migrate daily. • Housing standards are mixed • 1950s migration from Asia and the West and culture • Growth of commercial and industrial zones Indies • Housing : Some areas deprived e.g. Rural to urban migration has accounted for are improving the economic development • 2004 – migration from Eastern Europe, Sparkbrook, others wealthy e.g. Sutton Four most of this growth in the last 50 years due to and standard of life. Africa and Middle East Oaks poor rural services, low wages, land shortages • Now growing again with international • Consumption : Below average energy and climate change. migration and natural increase consumption and expenditure on food and drink, above average for clothes, alcohol, People come from within Nigeria and from tobacco, drugs and transport surrounding countries.

City Challenges Sustainable use of Brownfield Site City Challenges Sustainable Transport System

• There is a lack of affordable housing as well • Reused disused/ derelict land – was a multi • Shanty towns are established around the • The authorities have introduced a Bus Rapid as a shortage of homes storey car park city, typically on unfavourable land, such as Transport System • Social inequality including deprivation and • Recycled 95% of waste material swamps and the lagoon • A separate bus lane is used poverty. Deprivation highest in centre and • Uses energy efficient systems • There are a severe shortage of housing, • 200,000 people are transported every day to inner city • Uses natural daylight and ventilation schools and healthcare centres available. the CBD on Lagos Island • Low life expectancy in some areas is linked • Harvests and recycles rainwater • The city suffers from a high crime rate that • This will be incorporated into an integrated to poor diet, housing and education e.g. • Has a roof garden includes gun/gang violence and drugs. transport system linking buses, taxis Sparkbrook • Promotes sustainable transport use • The rapid urbanisation causes dangerous (danfos), ferries and railways. • Transport is good though there is a lot of • Has cycle storage space levels of pollution and traffic congestion. • In 2016 a new light railway opened and congestion. 4th most congested city • 2.5 million visitors improving educational • Large scale social inequality, is creating further rail routes are planned achievement tensions between the rich and poor.