Human Settlements Evolving Perspectives Ii from Housing to Human Settlements: a City Perspective

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Human Settlements Evolving Perspectives Ii from Housing to Human Settlements: a City Perspective FROM HOUSING TO HUMAN SETTLEMENTS EVOLVING PERSPECTIVES ii FROM HOUSING TO HUMAN SETTLEMENTS: A CITY PERSPECTIVE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Contributors: Sarah Charlton, Catherine Cross, Janet Cherry, Stuart Denoon-Stevens, Ronald Eglin, David Gardner, Nick Graham, Meagan Jooste, Stacey-Leigh Joseph, Geci Karuri-Sebina, Pierre-Louis Lemercier, Monty Narsoo, Ian Palmer, Edgar Pieterse, Margot Rubin, Alison Tshangana, Mirjam van Donk, Ahmed Vawda, Vuyo Zitumane. Project Manager: Stacey-Leigh Joseph (SACN), supported by Thoko Vukea (SACN) and Geci Karuri-Sebina (SACN). Content Editing and Proofreading: Kristina Davidson (Write to the Point). Design and Layout: InkDesign. A special thank you for the contribution of the sector specialists who reviewed the chapters in this publication: Anton Arendse, Michael Kihato, Monty Narsoo, Ulrike Rwida, Alison Tshangana, Ahmed Vawda. Thank you also to the human settlements officials from the SACN member cities who provided valuable reflection on an earlier draft of this publication. Date: August 2014. ISBN: 978-0-620-62039-0 iii CONTENTS Acknowledgements . ii List of Figures . v List of Tables . vi List of Acronyms . vii Author Profiles . x Preface . xiii Ahmed Vawda Introduction . 1 Stacey-Leigh Joseph and Geci Karuri-Sebina Intergovernmental Funding Framework . 13 Alison Tshangana Municipal Planning Framework . 29 Nick Graham, Meagan Jooste and Ian Palmer iv FROM HOUSING TO HUMAN SETTLEMENTS: A CITY PERSPECTIVE The Human Settlements Mandate: A Tale of Two Cities . 55 Vuyo Zitumane Post-intervention Analysis: The Evolution of Housing Projects into Sustainable Human Settlements . 75 Sarah Charlton, David Gardner and Margot Rubin Youth, Housing and Urban Location: Economic Entry for the Excluded Poor . 95 Catherine Cross The Role of Land Management in Shaping (or Preventing) the Creation of Sustainable Human Settlements . 123 Stuart Paul Denoon-Stevens Citizenship, Design Activism and Institutionalising Informal Settlement Upgrading . 149 Edgar Pieterse and Mirjam van Donk Research Studies . 173 Piloting sustainable human settlements in a localised economy . 174 Pierre-Louis Lemercier and Janet Cherry Managed land settlement: an incremental approach to human settlements . 185 Ronald Eglin Moving from Housing to Human Settlements: Opportunities for Cities . 193 Monty Narsoo v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Evolution of infrastructure grants for local government . 17 Figure 2: Overview of the municipal planning framework . 32 Figure 3: Hierarchy of policy, strategies and plans ............................................................................................. 44 Figure 4: Criteria used in the Capital Investment Management System (CIMS) . 45 Figure 5: Capital projects in relation to CIPAs .................................................................................................... 46 Figure 6: Organogram Housing and Land Directorate ........................................................................................ 61 Figure 7: South Africa’s national gradient ......................................................................................................... 113 Figure 8: Ekurhuleni spatial gradient ............................................................................................................... 113 Figure 9: Tshwane spatial gradient .................................................................................................................. 113 Figure 10: eThekwini spatial gradients ............................................................................................................. 113 Figure 11: Cape Town spatial gradient .............................................................................................................. 114 Figure 12: Nelson Mandela Bay spatial gradient . 114 Figure 13: Buffalo City spatial gradient. 114 Figure 14: Johannesburg spatial gradient ........................................................................................................ 114 Figure 15: Drivers of social transformation at local level .................................................................................. 164 Figure 16: Ideal spatial proximity of elements in a liveable neighbourhood ........................................................ 165 Figure 17: Schematic cluster proposal made to DEDEAT .................................................................................... 177 vi FROM HOUSING TO HUMAN SETTLEMENTS: A CITY PERSPECTIVE LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Levels of accreditation ......................................................................................................................... 59 Table 2: Where are the unemployed youth? Urban-rural unemployment distribution by settlement hierarchy ..... 100 Table 3: Structure of the urban space economy: demographic distance zones by settlement type (%) ................... 102 Table 4: Settlement functionality: first reason to move, leaving previous place of residence (%) ......................... 105 Table 5: Determinants of wellbeing at neighbourhood level .............................................................................. 162 Table 6: Informal settlement upgrading steps and design skills ......................................................................... 167 vii LIST OF ACRONYMS ABT Alternative Building Technologies CRT Community Research Team AL&HDC Affordable Land & Housing Data Centre CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research AMLSP Accelerated Managed Land Settlement CSVR Centre for Study of Violence and Reconciliation Programme DAG Development Action Group ASWSD Accelerating Sustainable Water Service Delivery DEDEAT Department of Economic Development, BCM Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality Environmental Affairs and Tourism BEPP Built Environment Performance Plan DHS Department of Housing Settlements BNG Breaking New Ground DCoG Department of Cooperative Governance BRT Bus Rapid Transit DoH Department of Housing BTO Budget and Treasury Office DoRA Division of Revenue Act CA Citizenship/Civic Academy DPME Department of Programme Monitoring and Evaluation CDS City Development Strategy DRDLR Department of Rural Development and Land CFO Chief Financial Officer Reform CIF Capital Investment Framework DST Department of Science and Technology CIMS Capital Investment Management System FFC Financial and Fiscal Commission CIP Consolidated Infrastructure Plan FPA Fire Protection Association CIPA Capital Investment Priority Areas GDS Growth and Development Strategy CMIP Consolidated Municipal Infrastructure Programme GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution viii FROM HOUSING TO HUMAN SETTLEMENTS: A CITY PERSPECTIVE GGLN Good Governance Learning Network MLS Managed Land Settlement GIS Geographic Information System MPAC Municipal Public Accounts Committees GMS Growth Management Strategy MTEF Medium-Term Expenditure Framework HDA Housing Development Agency MWIG Municipal Water infrastructure Grant HDMS Housing Delivery Management System NDP National Development Plan HSDG Human Settlements Development Grant NDPG Neighbourhood Development Partnership Grant HSRC Human Sciences Research Council NEP National Electrification Programme HSS Housing Subsidy System NLTA National Land Transport Act ICDG Integrated City Development Grant NMBM Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality IDP Integrated Development Plan NMMU Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University IDT Independent Development Trust NPC National Planning Commission IHSP Integrated Human Settlements Plan NUSP National Upgrading Support Programme ILIS Integrated Land Information System PDG Palmer Development Group IPDM Integrated Planning, Development and Modelling PPMU Programme and Project Management Unit ISHSP Integrated Sustainable Human Settlement Plan PPP Public-Private Partnership ITP Integrated Transport Plan PSC Public Services Commission IWMP Integrated Waste Management Plan PTIG Public Transport Infrastructure Grant KZN KwaZulu-Natal PTISG Public Transport Infrastructure and Systems Grant LTDF Long-Term Development Framework PTNOG Public Transport Network Operations Grant MFMA Municipal Finance Management Act RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme MIG Municipal Infrastructure Grant RHIG Rural Households Infrastructure Grant ix SACN South African Cities Network SALGA South African Local Government Association SDBIP Service Delivery and Budget Implementation Plan SDF Spatial Development Framework SHP Social Housing Programme SHS Sustainable Human Settlements SHSUP Sustainable Human Settlements Urbanisation Plan SPLUMA Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act SSPP Sustainable Settlement Pilot Project StatsSA Statistics South Africa StepSA Spatial Temporal Evidence for Planning TOD Transit-Oriented Development UDL Urban Development Line UISP Upgrading Informal Settlements Programme ULM Urban LandMark USDG Urban Settlements Development Grant WHO World Health Organisation WSDP Water Services Development Plan x FROM HOUSING TO HUMAN SETTLEMENTS: A CITY PERSPECTIVE AUTHOR PROFILES Sarah Charlton lectures in the School of Architecture Stuart Paul Denoon-Stevens is a researcher and and Planning at the University of the Witwatersrand and town planner working at Terraplan Town and Regional directs its Centre for Urbanism and Built Environment Planners, Cape Town. His research interests are in the Studies (CUBES). Previously she worked in local area of land assembly and land-use management, government and in the non-profit sector, focusing on principally within the context of local government.
Recommended publications
  • T.Y.B.A. Paper Iv Geography of Settlement © University of Mumbai
    31 T.Y.B.A. PAPER IV GEOGRAPHY OF SETTLEMENT © UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Dr. Sanjay Deshmukh Vice Chancellor, University of Mumbai Dr.AmbujaSalgaonkar Dr.DhaneswarHarichandan Incharge Director, Incharge Study Material Section, IDOL, University of Mumbai IDOL, University of Mumbai Programme Co-ordinator : Anil R. Bankar Asst. Prof. CumAsst. Director, IDOL, University of Mumbai. Course Co-ordinator : Ajit G.Patil IDOL, Universityof Mumbai. Editor : Dr. Maushmi Datta Associated Prof, Dept. of Geography, N.K. College, Malad, Mumbai Course Writer : Dr. Hemant M. Pednekar Principal, Arts, Science & Commerce College, Onde, Vikramgad : Dr. R.B. Patil H.O.D. of Geography PondaghatArts & Commerce College. Kankavli : Dr. ShivramA. Thakur H.O.D. of Geography, S.P.K. Mahavidyalaya, Sawantiwadi : Dr. Sumedha Duri Asst. Prof. Dept. of Geography Dr. J.B. Naik, Arts & Commerce College & RPD Junior College, Sawantwadi May, 2017 T.Y.B.A. PAPER - IV,GEOGRAPHYOFSETTLEMENT Published by : Incharge Director Institute of Distance and Open Learning , University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai - 400 098. DTP Composed : Ashwini Arts Gurukripa Chawl, M.C. Chagla Marg, Bamanwada, Vile Parle (E), Mumbai - 400 099. Printed by : CONTENTS Unit No. Title Page No. 1 Geography of Rural Settlement 1 2. Factors of Affecting Rural Settlements 20 3. Hierarchy of Rural Settlements 41 4. Changing pattern of Rural Land use 57 5. Integrated Rural Development Programme and Self DevelopmentProgramme 73 6. Geography of Urban Settlement 83 7. Factors Affecting Urbanisation 103 8. Types of
    [Show full text]
  • Central Place Theory Reloaded and Revised: Political Economy and Landscape Dynamics in the Longue Durée
    land Editorial Central Place Theory Reloaded and Revised: Political Economy and Landscape Dynamics in the Longue Durée Athanasios K. Vionis * and Giorgos Papantoniou * Department of History and Archaeology, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.K.V.); [email protected] (G.P.) Received: 12 February 2019; Accepted: 18 February 2019; Published: 21 February 2019 1. Introduction The aim of this contribution is to introduce the topic of this volume and briefly measure the evolution and applicability of central place theory in previous and contemporary archaeological practice and thought. Thus, one needs to rethink and reevaluate central place theory in light of contemporary developments in landscape archaeology, by bringing together ‘central places’ and ‘un-central landscapes’ and by grasping diachronically upon the complex relation between town and country, as shaped by political economies and the availability of natural resources. It is true that 85 years after the publication of Walter Christaller’s seminal monograph Die zentralen Orte in Süddeutschland [1], the significance of his theory has been appreciated, modified, elaborated, recycled, criticised, rejected and revised several times. As Peter Taylor and his collaborators [2] (p. 2803) have noted, “nobody has a good word to say about the theory”, while “the influence of a theory is not to be measured purely in terms of its overt applications”. Originally set forth by a German geographer, central place theory, once described as geography’s “finest intellectual product” [3] (p. 129), sought to identify and explicate the number, size, distribution and functional composition of retailing and service centres or ‘central places’ in a microeconomic world [4] (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategy Topic Paper
    ROSSENDALE LOCAL PLAN STRATEGY TOPIC PAPER August 2018 Strategy Topic Paper A Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Evidence Base ................................................................................................................................. 5 3. Key components of the Strategy ..................................................................................................... 9 4. Environmental Assets and Quality ................................................................................................ 16 5. Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................ 19 6. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 21 Appendix-Draft Settlement Hierarchy Criteria ..................................................................................... 22 Strategy Topic Paper B 1. Introduction Context Rossendale is a small District of moorland and hills incised by valleys which contain most of the settlements. The character of the area is very much defined by the topography from the local stone historically used in the buildings, to the routes used by the transport corridors. There is no dominant main settlement with instead three main towns; Rawtenstall, Bacup and Haslingden supplemented by Whitworth. The population
    [Show full text]
  • Wycombe District Local Plan Settlement Hierarchy Study
    Wycombe District Local Plan Settlement Hierarchy Study Final Report June 2016 1 CONTENTS 1. Background 3 2. National policy context 4 3. Methodology 5 4. The resulting hierarchy 9 5. List of settlements considered in the study 15 6. Settlement Audit Matrix 17 7. Map showing settlement hierarchy 20 Appendix A: Local policy context 22 Appendix B: Review of other studies 24 Appendix C: Summary of information sources 28 Appendix D: Glossary of Terms 31 Appendix E: Detailed settlement audits (separate document) 2 1. Background 1.1 Wycombe District Council is currently progressing work on preparing a new planning framework, including a new Local Plan for the District. This work comprises a range of studies to explore options for accommodating new development requirements. 1.2 As part of the Council’s technical work which has already taken place, particularly as part of the Local Plan Options Consultation in 2014, it has already become clear that the requirements for new development are likely to be considerably higher than previous targets. Consequently the Council is likely to be faced with significantly greater challenges in terms of finding options to meet these needs. 1.3 To put this into context, the Council’s Adopted Core Strategy was based on a housing target of 402.5 new homes per annum, a quantum which was capable of being delivered predominantly through brownfield development and the limited pool of greenfield reserve sites in the south of the District. The early indication of significantly higher growth levels in the District means, however, that for the first time in many years, there is the prospect of a significant level of greenfield development being required to be explored in the Local Plan, to help meet the District’s development requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Establishing a Settlement Hierarchy
    AMBER VALLEY BOROUGH LOCAL PLAN 2016 ESTABLISHING A SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY MARCH 2017 1 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 National Policy Context 4 3 Housing Need 5 4 Identifying Settlements, Services & Facilities 6 5 Establishing A Settlement Hierarchy 11 Appendix 1 Settlement Hierarchy Data Table 2 1 Introduction 1.1 This paper sets out the process followed by the Borough Council in seeking to establish a settlement hierarchy in Amber Valley, to inform the preparation of a new Local Plan and more specifically, to:- o determine the role that various settlements within the Borough can have in contributing to meeting objectively assessed housing need o develop appropriate policies for inclusion in the Draft Local Plan, against which to consider proposals for new housing development within particular settlements, so that the scale and location of new housing development reflects the principles of sustainable development. 1.2 The paper highlights the national policy context in relation to sustainable development, as set out in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) and the National Planning Practice Guidance (NPPG). 1.3 The paper explains how the Borough Council, together with the other local planning authorities in the Derby Housing Market Area (HMA), have established the objectively assessed housing need in Amber Valley up to 2028 and how the Borough Council has sought to meet this need, including by proposing a number of specific sites for new housing development in the Draft Local Plan. 1.4 The paper describes how the Borough Council has selected a range of settlements across Amber Valley as potential locations to accommodate new housing development, in addition to that expected to come forward on the specific sites proposed in the Draft Local Plan.
    [Show full text]
  • National Senior Certificate Grade 12
    NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 GEOGRAPHY P1 EXEMPLAR 2014 MARKS: 75 TIME: 3 hours This question paper consists of 13 pages and a 12-page annexure. Copyright reserved Please turn over Geography/P1 2 DBE/2014 NSC – Grade 12 Exemplar INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. This question paper consists of four questions. 2. Answer ANY THREE questions of 75 marks each. 3. All diagrams are included in the ANNEXURE. 4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. Number all your answers in the CENTRE of the line. 5. Leave a line between subsections of questions answered. 6. Start EACH question on a NEW page. 7. Do NOT write in the margins of the ANSWER BOOK. 8. Illustrate your answers with labelled diagrams, where possible. 9. Write neatly and legibly. Copyright reserved Please turn over Geography/P1 3 DBE/2014 NSC – Grade 12 Exemplar SECTION A: CLIMATE, WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY Answer at least ONE question from this section. If you answer ONE question from SECTION A, you MUST answer TWO questions from SECTION B. QUESTION 1 1.1 Answer the following questions based on the weather station model below: 24 • 21 1.1.1 Write down the air temperature at the weather station. 1.1.2 From which direction is the wind blowing? 1.1.3 What is the wind speed in knots? 1.1.4 Does the cloud cover indicate OVERCAST or CLEAR skies? 1.1.5 Name the precipitation shown on the weather station model. 1.1.6 Write down the dew point temperature at the weather station.
    [Show full text]
  • Settlements and Key Facts
    LIMERICK DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2022-2028 Background Paper Settlement & Key Facts Contents 1.0 – Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 – Core Strategy ................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 – Settlement Strategy....................................................................................................... 5 2.0 – Policy Context ................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 – National Planning Framework ....................................................................................... 7 2.2 – Regional Spatial and Economic Strategy for the Southern Region ............................... 8 3.0 – Settlements and Key Facts ................................................................................................ 9 3.1 – Limerick City and Limerick – Shannon Metropolitan Area .......................................... 10 3.2 – Key Town: Newcastle West ......................................................................................... 18 3.3 – Towns and Villages ...................................................................................................... 20 List of Tables Table 1 – Summary of Core Strategies ...................................................................................... 5 Table 2 – Population Allocations ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Section 6 Determining a Settlement Hierarchy
    Section 6 Determining a Settlement Hierarchy This section of the Strategy establishes a contempory Settlement Hierarchy for the City based on size, function, urban form and social characteristics of the settlement (Adopted by Council in 2008). 6.1 Determining a Settlement Hierarchy The first step in determining or protecting the character of a place is to understand its role and relationship with other towns and villages. Formally establishing the relationships and roles of settlements is achieved through the creation of a settlement hierarchy which establishes an order of significance of urban areas. Various strategic documents attempt to establish a settlement hierarchy for Shoalhaven at either a local or regional scale. The NSW Coastal Design Guidelines and the South Coast Regional Strategy identify the importance of hierarchies at a regional scale, to establish the current and future importance or role of each place within the region and the local area, and provide a framework for planning the distribution of population and infrastructure. Because Shoalhaven has such a dispersed settlement pattern, very high dwelling vacancy rate, and a variety of settlement landscapes (from rural to urban to coastal), the strict application of a hierarchy based on size or function alone is not appropriate. This Strategy establishes a hierarchy based on size, function, urban form and social characteristics of the settlement. Establishing a settlement hierarchy assists in identifying the roles and characteristics of the Region’s settlement areas, the way they relate to themselves, and how they relate to other settlements in the wider region and beyond. A settlement hierarchy also helps existing and prospective residents understand the current and likely levels of community service facilities and infrastructure, and each settlement’s role in a regional context.
    [Show full text]
  • Settlement Sustainability Study 2018
    Lichfield District Council Settlement sustainability study - October 2018 Lichfield District Council Settlement sustainability study October 2018 Prepared by Lichfield District Council Settlement sustainability study: October 2018 Contents 1. Introduction & purpose of the study .................................................................................................. 3 2. Policy context ...................................................................................................................................... 4 National policy context ....................................................................................................................... 4 Local Policy Context ............................................................................................................................ 4 3. Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Assessment of settlement sustainability ............................................................................................ 6 Assessing access to services and facilities .......................................................................................... 8 Access to food stores: .................................................................................................................... 9 Range of accessible community facilities and services: ................................................................ 9 Access to employment locations: ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Settlement Hierarchy Background Paper
    Settlement Hierarchy Background Paper For the East Hampshire District Local Plan Regulation 18 consultation December 2018 Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 3. Summary of Methodology .......................................................................................................... 2 4. Ranking and Proposed Settlement Hierarchy ............................................................................. 4 APPENDIX A: SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY METHODOLOGY ....................................................................... 7 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Methodological Approach ................................................................................................................... 9 APPENDIX B: SCORING AND RANKING OF EAST HAMPSHIRE SETTLEMENTS (OUTSIDE THE SOUTH DOWNS) ................................................................................................................................................ 16 Settlement Hierarchy Background Paper (2018) 1. Introduction 1.1. The East Hampshire District Local Plan: Joint Core Strategy (JCS, adopted June 2014) contains a “settlement hierarchy” which ranks and classifies settlements, based
    [Show full text]
  • Settlement Hierarchy Technical Paper September 2015
    Settlement Hierarchy Technical Paper September 2015 Settlement Hierarchy Technical Paper September 2015 1 Settlement Hierarchy Technical Paper September 2015 Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3 National Planning Policy Framework .................................................................................................. 4 Purpose of this Technical Paper .......................................................................................................... 5 2. Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 6 3. Analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Adopted Policy Approach ................................................................................................................... 7 Approach of Neighbouring Authorities ............................................................................................... 7 Sustainability Appraisal (SA) Process .................................................................................................. 8 Accessibility Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 8 Town Centres Study ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Cape Education
    Province of the EASTERN CAPE EDUCATION DIRECTORATE SENIOR CURRICULUM MANAGEMENT (SEN-FET) HOME SCHOOLING SELF-STUDY WORKSHEET GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 DATE 30 March SUBJECT Rural Settlement TERM 1 (Please TERM 2 (Please tick) TOPIC REVISION tick) CONTENT 1 week TIME TIPS TO KEEP HEALTHY ALLOCATION Read through the notes and 1. WASH YOUR HANDS thoroughly with soap INSTRUCTIONS answer the questions and water for at least 20 seconds. Alternatively, use hand sanitizer with an alcohol content of at least 60%. 2. PRACTICE SOCIAL DISTANCING – keep a distance of 1m away from other people. 3. PRACTISE GOOD RESPIRATORY HYGIENE: cough or sneeze into your elbow or tissue and dispose of the tissue immediately after use. 4. TRY NOT TO TOUCH YOUR FACE. The virus can be transferred from your hands to your nose, mouth and eyes. It can then enter your body and make you sick. 5. STAY AT HOME. 1 TERMINOLOGY / DEFINITIONS: Agenda 21 (local): A plan of action or process to ensure sustainable development by: • Including local communities in all decisions made. • Using local resources wisely. • Including indigenous knowledge. • Developing the local community and improving the quality of life of people alongside conservation strategies. Break-of-bulk town/city: Where one type of transport is replaced by another type, e.g. a harbour or port. Central place town/city: Provides urban services to surrounding rural area. Dispersed pattern/isolated pattern: Buildings are arranged far apart from one another. Dormitory town/city: A settlement which is mostly residential, as people work in a nearby city. Dry-point settlement: A settlement in a wet area which could be flooded and so is situated away from the water source.
    [Show full text]