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T.Y.B.A. Paper Iv Geography of Settlement © University of Mumbai 31 T.Y.B.A. PAPER IV GEOGRAPHY OF SETTLEMENT © UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Dr. Sanjay Deshmukh Vice Chancellor, University of Mumbai Dr.AmbujaSalgaonkar Dr.DhaneswarHarichandan Incharge Director, Incharge Study Material Section, IDOL, University of Mumbai IDOL, University of Mumbai Programme Co-ordinator : Anil R. Bankar Asst. Prof. CumAsst. Director, IDOL, University of Mumbai. Course Co-ordinator : Ajit G.Patil IDOL, Universityof Mumbai. Editor : Dr. Maushmi Datta Associated Prof, Dept. of Geography, N.K. College, Malad, Mumbai Course Writer : Dr. Hemant M. Pednekar Principal, Arts, Science & Commerce College, Onde, Vikramgad : Dr. R.B. Patil H.O.D. of Geography PondaghatArts & Commerce College. Kankavli : Dr. ShivramA. Thakur H.O.D. of Geography, S.P.K. Mahavidyalaya, Sawantiwadi : Dr. Sumedha Duri Asst. Prof. Dept. of Geography Dr. J.B. Naik, Arts & Commerce College & RPD Junior College, Sawantwadi May, 2017 T.Y.B.A. PAPER - IV,GEOGRAPHYOFSETTLEMENT Published by : Incharge Director Institute of Distance and Open Learning , University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai - 400 098. DTP Composed : Ashwini Arts Gurukripa Chawl, M.C. Chagla Marg, Bamanwada, Vile Parle (E), Mumbai - 400 099. Printed by : CONTENTS Unit No. Title Page No. 1 Geography of Rural Settlement 1 2. Factors of Affecting Rural Settlements 20 3. Hierarchy of Rural Settlements 41 4. Changing pattern of Rural Land use 57 5. Integrated Rural Development Programme and Self DevelopmentProgramme 73 6. Geography of Urban Settlement 83 7. Factors Affecting Urbanisation 103 8. Types of Urban Settlement 135 9. Trends of Urbanisation 150 10.TheoriesofUrbanGrowth 179 I TYBA Paper - IV GEOGRAPHY OF SETTLEMENT (Section – A) Rural Settlement Unit I Geography of Rural Settlement Definition – Nature – Scope – Importance Rural House - Building material and House types - Regional variation- with special Reference to India Unit II Factors affecting on Rural Settlements Physical, Economical, Social, Political, Cultural, Types of Rural settlement on the basis of location, Pattern, function, spacing Location – Wet point, Dry point Pattern – Liner, Circular, Square, Fan, Net/Reticulum, Star/Radial, Arrow, Terrace pattern Function – Agriculture, Fishing, Lumbering, Mining Spacing- Compact, Scattered Unit III Hierarchy of Rural settlement Farm village, Hamlets, Village, Weekly market Centertown Settlement pattern in Old & New World – Old world (Farm village, Forest village) New world – (Mining village, Transport village, Tourist village) Unit IV Changing pattern of Rural Land use (Special Reference of local village) Sustainable development of rural settlement Unit V Integrated Rural Development Programme Nature, Programme, Main section Self Employment Programme – Problems of implementation – Remedies II (Section – B) Urban Settlement Unit VI Geography of Urban Settlement Definition – Nature – Scope – Importance Urban Characteristics Rural Urban Fringe Unit VII Factors affecting on Urbanization Physical, Economical Growth of world urbanization Problems in urbanization - Solutions - Planning Sustainable development of Towns Unit VIII Types of Urban Settlement on the basis of population Town, City, Metropolitan city, Megalopolis, Conurbation Location – Coastal, Nodal, Continental Pattern - Liner, Circular, Square, Fan, Net/Reticulum, Star/Radial, Arrow pattern Function – Industrial, Educational, Administrational, Regional, Tourism, Cultural, Commercial, Transportation Unit IX Trends of urbanization Ancient Towns, Medieval, Post industrialization Main Cities in India and their patterns (Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai) Unit X Theories of Urban Growth Central Place Theory Concentric Zone Theory The Sector Model The Multiple Nuclei Model 1 1 GEOGRAPHY OF RURAL SETTLEMENT After going through this chapter you will be able to understand the following features. 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Introduction 1.3 Subject- Discussion 1.4 Definition of rural settlement 1.5 Nature and Scope of rural settlement 1.6 Importance of rural settlement 1.7 Rural House: 1.7.1 Environmental and Physical Factors 1.7.2. Socio-Economic factors 1.7.3. Levels of Technological Development 1.7.4. Building material and House types 1.7.5 Regional variation-with special reference to India 1.8 Summary 1.9 Check your Progress/Exercise 1.10 Answers to the self-learning questions. 1.11 Technical words and their meaning 1.12 Task 1.13 References for further study 1.1 OBJECTIVES By the end of this unit you will be able to – Understand the meaning of settlement Understand the Definition of Rural Settlement Know the Nature and Scope of Rural Settlement Understand Importance of Rural Settlement Know the Rural House Types and Building Material Establish the relationship between house types with relief, climate and buildingmaterials; Understand the Regional variation of rural house types with special reference to India 2 1.2. INTRODUCTION In this chapter we will define rural settlement at first. But before that we must know what settlement is. A group of people living together forms a settlement. A settlement may be broadly classified into four types: 1.Shapeless cluster 2. Linear cluster 3. Square or rectangular cluster 4. Settlement formed of isolated or dispersed homestead. Moreover, a great variation in the settlement types is observed due to geographical, cultural and economic factors and on the basis of these factors settlements can be broadly classified into Urban and Rural settlements. There are some basic differences between rural and urban areas in general. The function is the major difference between rural and urban areas. Rural areas have predominantly primary activities, whereas urban areas have domination of secondary and tertiary activities. Again, rural areas have low density of population compared to urban. 1.3. SUBJECT DISCUSSION Rural settlements, usually quite small, are most closely and directly related to land. Most people living there are involved in primary activities such as farming, fishing, forestry or mining. Hence, rural settlements may be considered as uni-function and have primary activities. In order to address the particular needs of the rural villages, the rural settlements study is important. Rural settlement study identifies the economic, social and environmental aspects of the villages. Rural settlements have different patterns. Settlements that are far apart are isolated or dispersed. On the other hand settlements that are close together to each other are clustered or nucleated. By the term shape, the morphology of the settlement is discussed. This refers to how the buildings are arranged in relation to each other, and their physical appearance. The shape of rural settlement may be linear, round, square, cross roads or T-shaped. Types of the settlement are determined by the extent of the built-up area and inter house distance. Several physical factors, cultural and ethnic factors, and security factors are the major three factors that determine the types of rural settlements. While going through this unit we will see that geology and general physiography play a very important role in deciding the nature of building material. As far as building materials are concerned, these can be grouped under 3 two categories such as building material used for walls and building material used for roofs. There is regional variation of rural settlement throughout India as India has varied social, climatic and geographical conditions. 1.4 DEFINITION Rural settlement geography is a part of the settlement geography. By rural settlement it is meant a sparsely populated community existing in the country, away from densely populated urban centres. The rural settlements derive their life support or basic economic needs from land based primary economic activities. It is observed that the rural people are less mobile and hence social relations among them are intimate. Rural settlement in India can broadly be put into four types: a. Clustered or Nucleated Settlements b. Semi-clustered or Fragmented Settlements c. Hamleted Settlements and d. Dispersed or Isolated Settlements There can be several patterns of rural settlements. Some of them are: a. Linear Pattern b. Radial Pattern c. Star Shaped Pattern d. Rectangular Pattern e. Fan Pattern and f. Circular Pattern. 1.5.NATURE AND SCOPE A settlement is an organized colony of human beings consisting of buildings in which they live or work or store various things and streets on which their movements take place. The study of settlements has been one of the most significant themes of human geography. The term “settlement geography” is derived from the German “siedlunge geographic” (R. L. Singh 1978) which involves the study of visual imprints made by man upon cultural landscape in the process of occupation. 4 Rural settlement and urban settlement geography are two integral parts that constitute the discipline of Settlement geography. Rural areas are often referred to as those areas outside of the city or urban boundary or periphery where populations are spatially dispersed. Rural settlement as a pioneer habitat of human being is a living functional space since time immemorial. Rural settlement means a rural space occupied by rural community with their economic, social and cultural environment. This environment influences the entire rural way of life and their dynamic structure. Geographers look at the rural settlements as agglomeration of manmade habitats on the earth which is dependent mostly on primary occupation. Rural settlement is considered as the basic part of the human society
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