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A Geographic Sketch of Early Utah Settlement

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A Geographic Sketch of Early Utah Settlement Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 1974 A Geographic Sketch of Early Utah Settlement John Thomas Blake Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Geography Commons, and the Mormon Studies Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Blake, John Thomas, "A Geographic Sketch of Early Utah Settlement" (1974). Theses and Dissertations. 4536. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4536 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. A geographic SKETCH OF EARLY UTAH settlement illILI A thesis presented to the department of geography brigham young university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree master of science by john T blake august 1974 this thesis by john T blake is accepted in its present form by the department of geography of brigham young university as satisfying the thesis requirement for the degree of master of science i fpya r caci7y c ar7rr achardrichardcaciaH jackson committeecvchairman X-I bertILrobertilrobertelrobeRo rt laylayfonton committee member u 7 7 date robert L layton depardepartmehtft titrit chairmarChairchairmaiichairmanChairmarmaiimailmafi typed by robert and sondra jones 11 acknowledgementsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the writer gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the following key people who made possible the successful completion of this project dr richard jackson advisory chairman whose scholarly method significantly influenced the research design and presentation format professor thomas hinckley provided guidenceguidence on cartographic design and made possible the reproduction of maps mr james blake graciously produced the figure drawings which complement several of the maps other staff members of the department of geography at brigham young university have also offered valuable suggestions and assistance this thesis is dedicated to lucille whose personal sacrifice greatly contributed to the completion of this work iii TABLE OF CONTENTS acknowledgments iiiliilil LIST OF FIGURES v chapter I1 introduction 1 II11 UTAHS PHYSICAL SETTING 5 physical regions precipitation natural vegetation and soils environment and settlement iliillIII111 WESTWARD MOVEMENT 16 explorers surveyors westward migration IV settlement 35 boundaries colonization V development 53 population immigration indian relations the utah war settlement expansion the mormon village vanishing isolation railroads mining manufacturing agriculture VI conclusion 86 SELECTED bibliography 88 APPENDIX REFERENCE NOTES ON MAPS 91 IV LIST OF FIGURES 1 utahsutahsphysiographic setting 6 2 precipitation 11 3 explorers 18 4 early surveyors 24 5 westward migration 29 6 development of utah state 37 7 development of utah counties 41 8 mormon colonization 48 9 population growth 0 0 55 10 foreign immigrants 1890 58 11 indian farms & reserves 61 12 the utah war 64 13 boom towns 66 14 salt lake city 1870 69 15 communication & transportation 71 16 railroads 74 17 mining 77 18 value of manufacturing 1870 80 19 wheat production 82 20 cattle grazing 84 v CHAPTER I1 introduction the chronicle of utah begins in 1776 when spanish mission aries journeyed through the area the next seventy years saw a pro cession of traders trappers and explorers throughout the west heavy settlement was initiated in utah with the coming of the mor mons in 1847 the fifty years which followed were a period of intense settlement activity which resulted in the creation of many villages the student of utah settlement may better perceive this episode with the aid of maps maps show areal patterns both qualitative and quantitative they serve to illustrate countless facts which the reader can quickly grasp the information portrayed on maps would require thousands of words of narrative maps are also useful for showing comparisons and relationships of various facts A map focuses the readerreaders attention upon a subject and enables him to better conceive events through their setting this thesis portrays selected topics of utah settlement through maps which more closely examine the man land relationship maps depicting utah settlement are noticeably lacking in historical works it is in the tradition of historical geography to use maps as a tool for graphically portraying information concerning settle- ment many excellent works have been produced which portray the 1 2 1 historical geography of the united states in atlas form I some hi oricalststorical atlases deal with the united states as a whole while others are concerned only with individual states such an atlas is absent however for the state of utah the purpose of this study is to initiate an atlas of utah settlement it is hoped that the project may be continued and expanded in the future to create a comprehensive historical atlas of utah this thesis is not intended as a history of utah it rather treats selected topics of utah settlement from a geographic viewpoint pattison has identified four traditions of geography which have domi 2 natedbatedthe discipline in this century A brief statement of these traditions may enable the reader to better understand what a geo graphic viewpoint is the man land tradition is concerned with mans interaction with the physical landscape physical environment greatly effects mans settlement activities his environmental per captionsceptionsare a significant factor directing evolution of the cultural landscape the earth science tradition is concerned directly with the physical landscape it studies climate landlandformsforms vegetation soils and other phenomenon of mans physical environment the area studies tradition is concerned with delineation and analysis of regions the concept of region enables one to focus on a parti cular area and better understand the centripetal and centrifugal forces acting upon it the spatial analysis tradition is concerned the best example of an historical atlas is by charles 0 paulin atlas of the historical geography of the united stated wash BCDC the carnegie institution 1932 aw9 if 2wW D pattison the four traditions of geography the journal of Geoageosgeographyraphy 63 1964 appp 211 216 with areal distributions and relationships it is this latter tra aitiondition which is most emphasized by the present thesis the writer hopes to portray the distribution of settlement features in early utah and examine their relationships through a series of maps the maps were produced by conventional cartographic methods they were drafted at double size on mylar and reduced photographically the color maps were created by preparing an overlay of each color used photographic plates were made for each negative and the maps were printed by offset press this thesis presents a thematic overview of early utah set tltlementclementement the information covers a time span from 1776 to 1896 the year 1776 represents the first recorded encounter of european cul ture with the area of present utah from that time to the achieve ment of statehood in 1896 may be considered the era of early utah settlement abundant settlement however did not occur until the cormonsmormons arrived the period from 1847 to 1887 was one of intense mormon settlement which significantly affected utahs cultural land- scape the topics discussed and illustrated by maps in this thesis were selected on basis of their relevance to utah settlement and historical geography routes of travel location of settlement and distribution of economic activity are among the themes emphasized chapter two contains two maps dealing with utahs physical setting and discusses the relevance of physical geography to settlement the third chapter is an account of the initial movement of occidental culture into utah three maps are used to show the routes taken by explorers and immigrants chapter four utilizes three maps to illuallu strate the formation of boundaries and the pattern of colonization within utah the fifth chapter includes one dozen maps which por- tray various cultural and economic developments it is believed that the topics covered will give the reader an essential understand- ing of some majomajorr factors in utah settlement they will help him to comprehend the important contribution which historical geography makes to his understanding of the cultural landscape most important the maps will enable the reader to realize that utahs landscape was not created in a vacuum the writer feels that an historical atlas of utah will be of tremendous value to teachers researchers students and the inter- ested public it is hoped that the maps of this thesis may prove helpful in this reguard an expansion on this work may include add- itional topics such as international boundaries irrigation trade routes regional studies river navigation and numerous economic developments A true account of utahs settlement geography is dif ficultficula because of the lack of accurate source information diaries old maps census records and other documents are often scanty and contain incongruities which indicate a misrepresentation of facts time was a prohibiting factor in doing primary research for the in- formation presented in this thesis As a result secondary sources were heavily relied upon for the history of utah any expansion of this work must evaluatereevaluatere such sources of information to investi- gate their correctness CHAPTER
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