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Urban-Rural Interactions and Role of Planned Small Townships in North Central Province, Sri Lanka

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Urban-Rural Interactions and Role of Planned Small Townships in North Central Province, Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review (JSSHR) Vol. 3, Issue 3 (133-155) © Author(s) September 2018 ISSN: 2279-3933 URBAN-RURAL INTERACTIONS AND ROLE OF PLANNED SMALL TOWNSHIPS IN NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCE, SRI LANKA: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF URBAN FUNCTIONS FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT APPROACH W.K.N.C. Withanage1 Abstract Whether a settlement may urban or rural it performs different roles as 1 Department of Geography, commercial, administrative centre for surrounding regions. Settlements act University of Ruhuna-Sri Lanka as central places representing a particular tier of the settlement hierarchy. The roles of planned small townships on regional development and the [email protected] interactions between those settlements and the periphery have been studied by many geographers in Asia, Africa and Latin America. These centers are at the lower order of urban hierarchy, and they have been planned purposefully in many countries based on Urban Functions for Rural Development Approach (UFRD) to accelerate the development of backward areas. Since these centers trickle down innovation & modernization to rural neighborhoods the roles of these centers are diverse. In order to achieve fruitful results of settlement planning most effective and rational spatial and location planning strategy is essential to promote these small centers within well-articulated, integrated and balanced urban hierarchy. Based on this perspective main objective of the study was evaluating the multiple roles of planned small townships in North Central Province (NCP) for the development of their neighborhoods. Thus, Thambuttegama was selected as the study area. Demarcating the sphere of influence of selected functions and assess the existing functional structure of the township were among other specific objectives. The primary data on commercial and non-governmental functions of the township was collected through a structured questionnaire, field survey and through informal interviews. Secondary data and other related information were gathered from official statistics, other published materials, unpublished reports and internal records. Variations of the linkages and urban functions in spatial and temporal dimensions have been shown as maps, spider graphs using GIS based tools such as overlay, buffering through the study. Key words: Development, GIS, Hierarchy, Neighborhoods 133 Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review (JSSHR) Vol. 3, Issue 3 (133-155) © Author(s) September 2018 ISSN: 2279-3933 INTRODUCTION policies for small and rural centers have been implemented in many African, Asian and Although the role played by small centers has Latin American countries based on Urban been subjected of a deal of controversy Functions for Rural Development Approach during the last few decades, especially in which adopted as a bottom- up strategy to developing countries, empirical studies have develop rural areas using low order proven that these centers had played a settlements in developing countries. For the decisive role in regional development of criticisms on UFRD approach, it is necessary many parts of the world (Nelson ,1996). to post- evaluate the approach aid with the Small towns, especially in developing planned township as advocated in countries are playing successful role as Christaller’s Central place theory. Prior to the bridges in urban & rural development. Small initiation of colonization programme in dry towns are numerically dominated but, have zone most small centers irregularly dispersed over a wide area in the periphery of distributed and planned (Nelson, 1996). A Sri Lanka which covers the hinterland of new phase of urbanization in the dry zone Colombo Metropolitan Region (CMR). In commenced after the inauguration of the fact, these small towns are only towns Mahaweli programme with upgrading old available to serve a large and growing urban places and the establishing new population in less developed areas. During townships. The settlement structure consisted the last few decades, incipient small towns of townships, Area centers, village centers have emerged spontaneously at road and hamlet centers. The new townships were junctions while a large number of small referred as planned towns (Nelson, 1996). As towns has been established by the state in a planned township Tambuttegama was land settlement schemes, especially in emerged as the lower intermediate in Mahaweli development programme Anuradhapura District. Before the (Wanasinghe, 2003).These small towns are commencement of settlement development the lower tiers of the central place hierarchy, activities, the place had been the junction that perform the growth impulses through town linked with the Northern railway and various linkages such as economic, social, the road network of the North Central communication, capital & human resources Province. Its trade and commercial activities between urban and rural neighborhoods. formed linear pattern along the main road Their functions include collection, from Kurunegala to Anuradhapura, processing & sale of agricultural and other especially the railway linkage from Colombo local production to areas outside the region; to Anuradhapura provided it with a further the provision of (a) agricultural inputs such advantage (Nelson, 2002). Then, evaluate the as fertilizers, seeds & equipment (b) multiple roles of planned township on present consumer goods purchased from larger urban social, economic background will be useful centers (c) basic health, educational, in an intra-regional level future planning and administrative and other services and (d) policy decisions. specialized infrastructure facilities (Wanasinghe, 2003). After the Most townships of the Mahaweli system H commencement of settlement development have not succeeded as they planned in activities small and medium urban centers attracting consumers outside and providing were developed for the space in Mahaweli the basic needs that have been planned and system H and C. Settlement development those that have been provided. (Nelson, 134 Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review (JSSHR) Vol. 3, Issue 3 (133-155) © Author(s) September 2018 ISSN: 2279-3933 2002). But Tambuttegama has reached a mainly focused in the system H and C. They higher level in the central place hierarchy evaluate the role of government sponsored when compared to other planned townships service functions such as education, health in system H. So, in view of the fact that and postal services for surrounding regions Tambuttegama has been selected as the study based on field survey addressing the spatial area in order to get a clear picture regarding distribution patterns of those functions. Most the linkages between township and new towns as Galnewa, Tambuttegama surrounding. commercial, industrial and service functions have not reached expected level of growth LITERATURE REVIEW (Gunawardena,1988). The study on “Land settlement and urban Razzaq evaluates the growth patterns of Development in dry zone” Silva has revealed periodic central places in Hambantota and the role of colonization and Mahaweli also the spatial development of existing pola development programme to develop dry zone system in relation to road network using townships. In this study Silva has shown the nearest neighbor index which were calculated causes of slow development of civic centers through questionnaires, interviews and and townships in settlement scheme as the secondary data. The patterns of development failure to co – ordinate urban growth and of periodic central places are affected by the agricultural development. Here, Silva is physical and cultural features of the region. concerned with health, co–operative and The study reveals that growth of periodic education functions within the dry zone central places in this district is of recent environs. In his descriptive study Silva origin and display a great potential for spatial especially was concerned with the urban development in the future (Razzaq, 1990). development in Mahaweli development areas. Many townships within the system H Wanasinghe has analyzed pre and post has failed to cater to the surrounding region situation of urban system in Mahaweli due to lack of facilities aiding the system H including Galnewa & educational, medical and postal facilities. Tambuttegama townships. Townships have Accordingly, there was a wide gap between not succeeded in providing non-farm the facilities that have been planned and those employment opportunities to excess labor in that have been provided. rural areas. Not all the townships are of the same population size and they have not Nelson examines the spacing and functional grown at the same rate (Wanasinghe, 1987). characteristics of each service centers of Mahaweli System H and C in the study on Mahadev has formulated an operational “an appraisal of the central place theory to approach to the delimitation of city region. settlement planning in an agrarian peasant To identify functional link between city and economy”. When planning future central hinterland Mahadev use empirical-cum- place systems greater attention should be intuitive method. Immediate contact zone of devoted to the transport linkages at the lower Mysore has demarcated using criteria such as level of the transport network (Nelson,1996). vegetable supply, traffic flow and telephone linkage (Mahadev,1972). Gunawardena and Nelson analyzed the effectiveness of the service delivery system and the growth of Mahaweli townships 135 Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
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