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An Assessment on the Impact of Environmental AN ASSESSMENT ON THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION POLICIES IN COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL TANZANIA, 1922- 2000 THE CASE OF MOROGORO AND SHINYANGA REGIONS MIKIDADI HAMISI ALAWI A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (HISTORY) OF THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA 2014 i CERTIFICATION The undersigned certify that has read and hereby recommend for acceptance by The Open University of Tanzania a thesis entitled: An Assessment on the effects of Environmental Conservation Policies in Colonial and Post Colonial Tanzania, 1922- 2000. The Case of Morogoro and Shinyanga Regions in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) of The Open University of Tanzania. ……………………………… Prof. Joseph. F. Mbwiliza (Supervisor) Date: ------------------------------ ii DECLARATION I, Mikidadi Hamisi Alawi, do hereby declare that this thesis is my own original work and that it has never been presented and will not be presented to any other University for a similar or any other degree award. Signature ……………………………………. Date …………………………………………… iii COPYRIGHT This thesis is a copyright material protected under the Berne Convention, the Copyright Act of 1999 and other international and national enactments, in that behalf, on intellectual property. It may not be reproduced by any means, in full or in part, except for short extracts in fair dealing, for research or private study, critical scholarly review or research or discourse with an acknowledgement, without written permission of the Directorate of Postgraduate Studies, on behalf of both the author and the Open University of Tanzania. iv AKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was made possible by the assistance and advice of many people and Institutions. I cannot mention them all, but a few will be mentioned on behalf of the rest. First and foremost, I sincerely acknowledge the financial support provided to me by the Higher Education Student Loans Board (HESLB). I am heartily thankful to my supervisor, Prof. J.F.Mbwiliza whose encouragement, supervision and support from the preliminary to the concluding level enabled me to develop a critical understanding of this thesis. I greatly appreciate his role as academician and social mentor. Furthermore, I would also like to thank Mr Hamisi Nchimbi, Mr. Zotto. J, Mr Bakari, Mr S Nyakalo, Mr Idd Ramadhani and Dr. S. Kerry and Dr Wanne for always responding to my inquiries and availing me their time and commitment during the field work. I would like to thank Mr. Mwinyimvua and all staff of Tanzania National Archives for devoting their time in advising me when I was demanding some files. Special thanks for his diligent support in field work. I would like also to make a special reference to my field research assistant, Mr Sabuni, for his cautiously help when I needed it. May God grant them a long and bright life, Amen! v DEDICATION This thesis is lovingly dedicated to my parents, Hamisi Alawi and Zuria Ayubu, for their love, endless support and encouragement, my lovely wife Khadija Ramadhani Lissu and my lovely children Khairat and Ayubu who have been great sources of motivation and inspiration. This work is also dedicated to my beloved brother and sister. vi ABSTRACT This thesis examines the effects of environmental conservation policies in colonial and post colonial Tanzania from 1922 to 2000 in Morogoro and Shinyanga regions. Little is known and has been written about environmental conservation policies in different historical epochs. The stated objectives have been accomplished by analyzing the following themes: firstly the pre-colonial environmental conservation in Morogoro and Shinyanga regions; secondly, the strengths and weaknesses of environmental conservation policies among the Luguru and Sukuma of Tanzania during the colonial period; thirdly, the impact of environmental conservation policies on cultural aspect on both regions and lastly, the post-colonial environmental conservation policies.The thesis has mainly centred on environmental conservation strategies and practices. Economic and political changes have been broadly treated as complex processes of transformation and adjustment of environmental conservation strategies and policies. To explain this transformation, the Political Ecology, Ecological Revolution, and Historical Ecology theories have been used. The thesis used qualitative method. Data analysis was guided by the stated research questions. Each question was expanded to form a major chapter. The researcher presented the findings by using primary and secondary information. It was concluded in the thesis that the European capital penetration alone did not automatically simplify the imposition of colonial environmental conservation policies there were other internal factors that acted upon. It is recommended that there is a need to review and research the narratives and organizational models for promoting more significant local involvement in environmental management. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION ...................................................................................................... i DECLARATION........................................................................................................ ii COPYRIGHT ............................................................................................................ iii AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... iiv DEDICATION............................................................................................................ v LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS .................................................. vi CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................ 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND THE BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM..1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background to the Problem ........................................................................... 2 1.3 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................. 24 1.4 Objective of the Study ................................................................................. 26 1.4.1 General Objective ..................................................................................... 26 1.4.2 Specific Objectives ................................................................................... 26 1.5 Research Questions ...................................................................................... 26 1.6 Significance of the Study ............................................................................. 27 1.7 Thesis Architecture ...................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................... 30 2.0THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 30 2.1 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................... 30 2.1.1Historical Ecology Theory………………………………..……...……….31 2.1.2 Ecological Revolution Theory……………………………………...……33 2.1.3 Political Ecology Theory………………………………………...………37 viii 2.1.4 Interrelations and Relevance of the Theories ............................................ 38 2.1. 5 Literature Review ..................................................................................... 40 2.1.6 Pre-colonial Conservation Practices ......................................................... 40 2.1.7 Colonial Conservation Policies: From Game and Forest to Environmental Conservation ............................................................................................... 45 2.1.8 Conservation as Alienation ....................................................................... 48 2.1.9 Post Colonial Environnemental Conservation Policies : From Patronage to Partnership .................................................................................................. 54 CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................69 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 67 3.1 Study Area ................................................................................................... 67 3.2 Methods.........................................................................................................73 3.2.1 Data Analysis and Presentation................................................................. 79 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................... 81 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION STRATEGIES AND PRACTICES IN PRE COLONIAL COMMUNITIES OF TANZANIA. ...... 81 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 81 4.2 Environment among the Luguru and Sukuma of Morogoro and Shinyanga regions ......................................................................................................... 81 4.2.1 Morogoro .................................................................................................. 81 4.2.2 Shinyanga .................................................................................................. 84 4.3 Pre colonial Environmental Conservation Strategies and Practices ............ 85 4.3.1 Morogoro .................................................................................................
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