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An Assessment of Lexical Change in Matengo: the Case of Mbinga District

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An Assessment of Lexical Change in Matengo: the Case of Mbinga District The University of Dodoma University of Dodoma Institutional Repository http://repository.udom.ac.tz Humanities Master Dissertations 2018 An assessment of lexical change in Matengo: The case of Mbinga district Kapinga, Vermund S. The University of Dodoma Kapinga, V. S. (2018). An assessment of lexical change in Matengo: The case of Mbinga district (Master's dissertations). The University of Dodoma, Dodoma. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12661/868 Downloaded from UDOM Institutional Repository at The University of Dodoma, an open access institutional repository. AN ASSESSMENT OF LEXICAL CHANGE IN MATENGO: THE CASE OF MBINGA DISTRICT VERMUND S. KAPINGA MASTER OF ARTS IN LINGUISTICS THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA OCTOBER, 2018 AN ASSESSMENT OF LEXICAL CHANGE IN MATENGO: THE CASE OF MBINGA DISTRICT BY VERMUND S. KAPINGA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN LINGUISTICS THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA OCTOBER, 2018 DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I, Vermund S. Kapinga, declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other university for a similar or any other degree award. Signature…………………… No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the author or the University of Dodoma. If transformed for publication in any other format shall be acknowledged that, this work has been submitted for degree award at the University of Dodoma”. i CERTIFICATION The undersigned certifies that she has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by the University of Dodoma, a dissertation entitled: “An Assessment of Lexical Change in Matengo: the Case of Mbinga District “in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics of the University of Dodoma. ……………………… DR. MAGASHI, S. (SUPERVISOR) Date: ………………………….. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Praise is to Jesus Christ, the Almighty, for the immeasurable spirit given me that I have been able to accomplish this dissertation. This dissertation would not have been possible without the salient contributions from different people to whom I deeply dare to express my heartfelt gratitude. I would like to express my deep inner most gratitude firstly and foremost to Dr. Magashi, S., my supervisor, for her guidance, helpful comments, cooperation, time, kindness and tireless support throughout my study. I strongly appreciate her support. Secondly, my sincere gratitude should go to all lecturers in the department of foreign languages and literature: Prof. Lackshmannan, Dr. Sebonde, R., Dr. Biseko, J., Dr. Chrispina, Dr. Selestino, Dr. Stanslav and Dr. Sane. Thirdly, I greatly give thanks to Mr. Sadiki Nombo for being a good link to other respondents who allowed me to collect data for my study. I sincerely acknowledge the cooperation of my respondents from Mbinga district. They have really provided vital information to this study. Fourthly, special thanks should go to my fellow M.A. linguistic students as well as my college mates: Mr. Faustin Bayo, Mr. Andrew Mapunda, Mr. Kristofa Mwageni, Kibwana Khatima, Mr. Mathias Katto, Gerald Soi and others for their comments and suggestions which have been useful in this work. Lastly, my thanks should go to my family, my close friend Athanas Ndunguru, my lovely wife Wema Komba and my lovely children Mercy, Rodrick, Alice and Amelia for their faith, encouragement, patience and love. With their support, all my goals are possible. iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my father Mr. Selestin Kapinga (Kasapwenda) and my mother Solana Milinga (Maipasa) for their parental care, endless love to me and tolerance they have shown in the journey of my studies. May Almighty God bless them. iv ABSTRACT This study aimed at investigating Matengo lexical change in Mbinga district. It was guided by three specific objectives namely: to explore the extent of Matengo lexical change; to examine the linguistic factors for Matengo lexical change and to determine non-linguistic factors contributing to Matengo lexical change in Mbinga district. The study used assimilation theory centring on the ideas of Gordon (1964) as one of the sociologists. Gordon devised the theory into seven stages which are: acculturation where newcomers adopt a language, structural, civic, identification, attitude reception, behaviour reception and marital assimilation. However, in this study only acculturation stage has been discussed. The study involved 60 informants: 10 informants were involved in interviews, 44 were involved in filling in questionnaires and 6 were involved in sociolinguistic interviews. The data of the study were therefore collected through sociolinguistic interviews, interviews and questionnaires. The data collected were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings of the study revealed that Kiswahili and other languages are greatly replacing most of the Matengo vocabularies that were formerly used by ancestors. The study also revealed the linguistic and non- linguistics factors that influence change in Matengo lexical items. Therefore, the study recommends policy intervention in order to attract people to keep on writing Ethnic Community Languages (ECLs) because they contain some values that are helpful to the target community. Additionally, Matengo community should build the habit to preserve original Matengo lexical items. Furthermore, parents are recommended to retain the values of the language for the identity and local socialization. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT ........................................................................ i CERTIFICATION ...................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................. xiv CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................... 1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ........................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 An Overview of the Study..................................................................................... 1 1.3 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................... 3 1.4 Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................... 4 1.4.1 Specific Objectives............................................................................................. 4 1.4.2 Research Questions ............................................................................................ 5 1.5 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................... 5 1.6 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................ 5 1.7 Definition of Key Terms ....................................................................................... 6 1.8 Chapter Summary.................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................... 9 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW .......................... 9 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................... 9 2.3 Literature Review ................................................................................................ 10 2.3.1 The Extent of Lexical Change (Empirical Aspects) ........................................ 10 2.3.2 Linguistic Factors for Lexical Change ............................................................. 13 2.3.2.1 The Influence of Lexical Borrowing ............................................................. 13 2.3.2.2 Linguistic Prestige ......................................................................................... 14 vi 2.3.2.3 Word Dimension ........................................................................................... 15 2.3.2.4 Lexical Competition ...................................................................................... 15 2.3.2.5 Phonological Factors ..................................................................................... 15 2.3.3 Non-linguistic Factors for Lexical Change ...................................................... 16 2.3.3.1 Age ...............................................................................................................
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