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The Id Ent If Ic at Io N of Adopt Iv Es in Matengow It H

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The Id Ent If Ic at Io N of Adopt Iv Es in Matengow It H THE IDENTIFICATION OF ADOPTIVES IN M A T E N G O ; WITH SPECIAL- REFERENCE TO ADOPTIVES FROM INTRA-BANTU SOURCES by URSUS ALOIS HOLANGOPE TURUKA Thesis submitted for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Oriental. and African Studies UNIVERSITY OF LONDON October, 1983 ProQuest Number: 10673033 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673033 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 C I ) D E DICATION To My Father Alois Turuka, My Mother Anna Kinunda, My Wife Theofrida Elaslus and Our ’G reat’ Sons Charles Holangope and Frederick Mahengu ^ ( it ) ABSTRACT This study is concerned with the process of linguistic adoption, in particular the setting up of techniques that can be used to identify adopted material (adoptives) within Bantu languages and especially adoptives that result from the mutual interpenetration of Bantu langua­ ges. A model of identification has been set up principally by applying Guthrie's comparative techniques and results to Matengo (N13), a Bantu language spoken in Southern Tanzania, After a background description to the languages involved here and a brief treatment of some of the theories generally held on Lexical Borrowing, in which Swahili loans of non-Bantu provenance have mostly been employed, regular and irregular (skewed) reflexes of Common Bantu ’starred' forms in Matengo have been abstracted, and the skewed reflexes examined to determine whether or not the forms involved are loan suspects. When the irregular reflexes contain extraneous phonological features, whether segmental (Chapter 3) or tonal (Chapter 5), and especially if a possible source language for the skewing or extraneous­ ness can be found, then our suspicion regarding loaning is strengthened. The languages employed in this study as examples of those from which Matengo might have adopted part of its Bantu material are Manda (N11) and Ngoni (N12), close linguistic associates of Matengo, and Standard Swahili (here distinguished from Ki-Unguja - G42d) which has had significant contact with Matengo. The identification methodology developed in this study has also been tested on material unrelated to Common Bantu (Chapter 4) and some putative adoptives of intra-Bantu source have been detected in such material. In this connection, only the segmental features have been taken into account, since the tonal typologies of Common Eastern Nyasa ( *EN) have not been worked out. ( ill ) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INSTITUTIONS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the authorities of the University of Dar-es-Salaam for granting me leave of absence in order to take up a three-year scholarship award offered by the Association of Commonwealth Universities. Financial support connected with this study was received, in the main, from the Association of Commonwealth Universities and the University of Dar-es-Salaam , although significant contributions were also made by the University of London Central Research Fund, the Inter-University Council, the Whiteley Memorial Fund and the Africa Educational Trust. I am deeply indebted to all these institutions. SUPERVISION AND ACADEMIC ADVICE I owe especial thanks to my first Supervisor, Dr. Hazel Carter, who showed enormous patience and skill in dealing with some of the rather unusuaL features associated with this study. The. thesis owes its original stimulus to her. Eut most of all, she provided me with constant advice and useful criticism , and placed her great experience and erudition at my disposal, encouraging me to draw liberally from it. I am most grateful to her for taking such pains. My second Supervisor, M r. Michael Mann, had been acting as co-supervisor from the very beginning of this research, but he took over full supervision in 1980-81 and after A pril, 1983 when the study was form ally transferred under his supervision. Throughout the period of this work, M r. Mann (more of a friend than a supervisor to me) has been a steady source of inspiration, suggestions and moral support, displaying enormous patience and kindness. His help with Chapters 3 and 4 and with the use of the computer in writing up Appendix I is most highly valued. I sincerely thank him for all these, but especially for his ever so kindly attitude. C iv) I am in debt of various sorts to Prof. J. Carnochan and Dr. R.J. Hayward in connection with Chapter 1, and to Dr. Theodora Bynon in relation to Chapter 2. It must be emphasized, nonetheless, that, although I have profited from the many suggestions on improving this work made by all these eminent scholars, I take, personally, full responsibility for any defect in this thesis. OTHERS My thanks are also due to M r. E. Kihwili, who was the sole source of the Ngoni data used in this thesis, and to my great friend, Gislar Haule, my main consultant for Manda. Their love and knowledge of their 'first languages' were matched only by their patience and enthusiasm in helping me to record part of their linguistic intuition. I am most grate­ ful to both for their important contribution to my work. Finally, to my wife, Theofrida, I owe an enormous, lasting debt of gratitude for her unyielding patience, persistent encouragement . and tireless support. All the earlier drafts of the major sections of this work were typed by her — thus coaxing the thesis for years to progress steadily towards its present form. She also acted as one of my language informants for Matengo, her 'first language', and has literally been my sole, reliable financial support since 1980 I I can only hint at the magnitude of her unwavering devotion by which she has inspired my efforts. C v) ORTHOGRAPHY Of the orthographic characters used for the Bantu languages covered In this research, the following need special explanation. Below, each of these symbols is placed side by side with its phonetic counterpart: Orthographic Symbol Used Phonetic Counterpart v (in Manda and Ngoni) [M ch D?5 ] gh [S 3 q (also ’ng’ in Swahili D 3 . ny o r jp CPJ sh o r R l 1 j -- 1 fS* y 0 1 e ei [eij and [e] a [a ] and [al s . i — o i ou £ou] and |cQ The rest of the orthographic characters used in this work assume the shapes in which their phonetic equivalents appear in the m ajority of current transcriptions. There is a one-to-one correlation between the two sets of symbols: Orthographic Symbol Used Phonetic Counterpart b ' [ b i p KJ d [d j [ t] 3 fa ] k M ( vi ) Orthographic Symbol Used Phonetic Counterpart v m t si [ r ] i [ i ] w [wj m H n M i W u H ADDITIONAL SYMBOLS, DIACRITICS,AND ABBREVIATIONS C Syllabic Consonant A/ /V C or V Nasalised Consonant or Nasalised Vowel Cn , C^, . • • Initial Consonant, Second Consonant, etc. , V , . Initial Vowel, Second Vowel, etc.' / _____ Specification of Environment (Phonetic, Phonological, Morphological, etc.) / / Phonological Unit I 1 Phonetic Unit or Skewed Reflex (in Appendix I) J Skewed Reflex (in the text, in this Thesis o n ly ) { \ Morphological Unit a (or h) High Tone a (or I) Low Tone a (or f) Falling Tone V a (or r) Rising Tone IntttaL Environment Final Environment Inter-vocalic Environment indicates a following starred form indicates an unattested form in a language (used in this work only in order to distinguish skewed forms from unattested forms) Valid shape Would be (in Appendix I) Skewed meaning (in Appendix I) Y is the reflex of starred *X *X has as its reflex Y A in one language corresponds with B in another language ( used norm ally to refer to cognates in sister/daughter lan g u ag e s ) X is in free variation with Y X alternates freely with Y become(s) / change(s) to, is/are realised as (in Morphological description) X is derived from Y (in Morphological description) indicates 'Mutation1, i.e. irregular development of a form Common Bantu Comparative Bantu Eastern Nyasa (as in EN languages, *EN ) Starred X (an hypothetical construct X in CE) Starred X in Common EN inventory Comparative Series, Partial Series in CB Special Meaning (in Appendix I) (viii) Table of Contents Preliminaries T itle page Dedication page 9(i) Abstract (ii) Acknowledgements (iit) Orthography (v) Additional Symbols, Diacritics and Abbreviations (vi) Table of Contents (viii) (ix) Chapter One Background Introduction to Matengo, Manda, Ngoni and Swahili 1.0. Preface page 1 1.1. Phonology 2 1.1.1. V o w els 2 1.1.1.1 . Symmetrical Vowel System 2 1.1.1.2, Matengo Vowel System 3 1.1.1.2.1. Vowel Inventory 3 1 .1.1.2,2. Matengo Vowels: Monophthongs and Dipthongs 3 1.1.1.2.3. Phonetic Description 5 1.1.1.2.4. Lengthening and Tone 6 1 .1.1 ,2.5, Assimilation, Contraction and Desyllabification 7 1.1.1.2.6, Vowel Harmony 8 1.1.1.2.7. Instability of Final Vowels 10 1.1.1 .2.8. T o n e 11 1.1 .1 .3. The Vowels of Manda, Ngoni and Swahili 12 1.1.1.3.1. The Vowels of Manda (N11) 12 1.1.1.3.2.
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