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Soil and Nutrient Management in Sub-Saharan Africa in Support of the Soil Fertility Initiative

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Soil and Nutrient Management in Sub-Saharan Africa in Support of the Soil Fertility Initiative AGL/MISC/31/0 SOIL AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA IN SUPPORT OF THE SOIL FERTILITY INITIATIVE FERTILITY IN SUPPORT OF THE SOIL AFRICA AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT INSUB-SAHARAN SOIL SOIL AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA IN SUPPORT OF THE SOIL FERTILITY INITIATIVE Food and Agriculture Organization O of the United Nations TC/D/X9597E/1/2.01/200 FAO AGL/MISC/31/01 SOIL AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA IN SUPPORT OF THE SOIL FERTILITY INITIATIVE Proceedings of the Expert Consultation Lusaka, Zambia 6-9 December 1999 Edited by R.N. Roy H. Nabhan FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2001 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concern- ing the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Publishing and Multimedia Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] © FAO 2001 Preface The Soil Fertility Initiative (SFI) was launched during the World Food Summit, FAO, in November 1996, in order to contribute to the strategic goal of food security, with a particular focus on sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In April 1997, a workshop was convened in Togo to initiate the SFI framework. It was proposed that interested countries in SSA would prepare a soil fertility strategy and action plan for the restoration and enhancement of soil fertility, with a long-term perspective of 15-20 years. Following this meeting, some 20 SSA countries, with World Bank and FAO collaborative support, have been engaged in a consultative process to prepare such national strategies and action plans. The informal SFI Consultation held in Rome, November 1998, reviewed the objectives and approaches of the SFI as well as the coordination and facilitation mechanisms for effective implementation of the SFI National Action Plans (NAP). To facilitate the process of NAP preparation, the organization of technical workshops/meetings was entrusted to FAO. As part of FAOs normative programme activities it was considered important that the Land and Water Development Division, with its concern for soil and nutrient management, and as a timely contribution to the SFI consultative process, should convene this Expert Consultation with the following objectives: to promote the exchange of experience through the presentation of the results of the FAO/ NARS collaborative work on the participatory diagnosis of constraints and opportunities (PDCO) related to soil and nutrient management, with a view to: (i) updating the methodology; (ii) identifying partner institutions interested in follow-up collaborative activities; and (iii) encouraging wider adoption of the PDCO methodology within the framework of National Soil Fertility Management (SFM) Programmes; to take stock of the experiences of individual countries in launching the SFI programme, to learn of the causes and impacts of soil fertility decline, to review the process and progress (success/problems) in the preparation/implementation of National Action Plans (NAP) and to consider the way ahead; to review and document (through country/status papers) proven and cost-effective available technologies for soil fertility restoration and maintenance, with a view to collecting relevant material for the preparation of a Source book on SFM Technologies in SSA, as desired by the SFI Consultation in 1998; to discuss the promotion of integrated soil and nutrient management technologies by means of innovative extension approaches (e.g. Farmer Field Schools) that would facilitate their wider adoption, and empower farmers decision-making.; and to discuss the framework and results of Country Profiles on Plant Nutrient Use from selected countries (initiated under FAOs collaboration arrangement) and to seek the usefulness of, and interest in, undertaking such studies in other SSA countries. The expert consultation took place from the 6 to 9 December 1999 at the Mulugushi International Conference Centre, Lusaka, Zambia. It was organized by the Land and Water Development iv Division of FAO, in cooperation with the Mount Makulu Central Research Station, and the Zambia SFI Core Team, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries of Zambia. Overview and country papers were presented by senior specialists from selected SSA countries, Burkina Faso, Côte dIvoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Malawi, Mali, Senegal, Uganda, Tanzania, Togo and Zambia; FAO Headquarters; and ACFD (Zimbabwe), ICRAF (Kenya and Zambia), IFDC (Togo) and ICRISAT (Zimbabwe). In addition participants from India and Nicaragua presented papers as a means of sharing experience from other continents. Through the organization of this expert consultation and technical support, FAO has provided a timely opportunity for most of the countries involved in the SFI for sub-Saharan Africa and other countries to share and learn from their respective experiences in the formulation of national strategies and action plans. Similar consultations on a regular basis to review progress with the formulation and implementation of national SFI action plans, and to share information on, and lessons learnt from, the success or failure of technical, institutional and policy interventions at the grass-roots (community), local government and national levels would be desirable. Soil and nutrient management in sub-Saharan Africa in support of the soil fertility initiative v Contents SUMMARY REPORT, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1 RÉSUMÉ, CONCLUSIONS ET RECOMMANDATIONS 11 TECHNICAL SESSION 1: PARTICIPATORY DIAGNOSIS OF CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES (PDCO) AND SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT (FAO/NARS COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMME) 23 An introduction to the participatory approach to diagnosing the constraints and opportunities for improved soil and plant nurient management 25 PDCO and soil fertility management: Malawi results and experience 37 Nutrient flow analysis for selected farming systems in Northern Tanzania: the case of Mbulu, Moshi Rural and Lushoto Districts 49 PDCO and soil fertility management: Uganda results and experience 65 Agro-economic assessment of agricultural production and soil and nutrient management in Zambia 77 Indian results and experience in implementation of the PDCO and development of an IPNS programme through research-extension-farmer linkages 87 PDCO and soil fertility management: Nicaragua results and experience 95 Problématique de la fertilité des sols au Togo : causes, indicateurs, impacts et technologies disponibles pour la restauration de la fertilité des sols 101 TECHNICAL SESSION 2: EXPERIENCE IN THE PREPARATION OF THE SOIL FERTILITY INITIATIVE PROGRAMME AND REVIEW OF AVAILABLE PROVEN AND COST-EFFECTIVE SOIL FERTILITY RESTORATION AND MAINTENANCE TECHNOLOGIES 111 The Soil Fertility Initiative: concepts, status, facilitation and future 113 Soil Fertility Initiative: the Ethiopia experience 129 Le processus d’élaboration de la Stratégie Nationale et du Plan d’Action de Gestion Intégrée de la Fertilité des Sols au Burkina Faso 143 Soil Fertility Initiative: the Ghana experience 157 Soil Fertility Initiative: the Malawi experience 169 vi Soil Fertility Initiative: the Senegal experience 181 Soil Fertility Initiative: the Uganda experience 193 Soil Fertility Initiative: the Zambia experience 201 Soil Fertility Initiative: the Tanzania experience 203 Experience dans la préparation de l’IFS Guinée et revue des technologies disponibles pour le maintien et le restauration de la fertilité des sols 211 TECHNICAL SESSION 3: PROVEN AND COST-EFFECTIVE SOIL FERTILITY RESTORATION AND MAINTENANCE TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE IN OTHER SSA COUNTRIES AND REGIONAL/ INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 227 Gestion des éléments nutritifs et du sol, support de l’initiative de la fertilité du sol : cas de la Côte d’Ivoire 229 Proven and cost-effective soil fertility restoration and maintenance technologies in Tanzania 237 Les pratiques de gestion des éléments fertilisants et les pratiques culturales au Togo 255 Proven and cost-effective soil fertility restoration and maintenance technologies: the ACFD experience 269 Partly proven SFM technologies for the drylands of SSA 281 ICRISAT’s past, present and future SFM work in India, West Africa and Southern Africa 281 Strategies for soil fertility recapitalization in Africa: experiences from western Kenya and eastern Zambia 285 IFDC-Africa’s experiences in the development of integrated soil fertility management strategies at the village and regional level in West Africa 297 Proven and cost effective soil fertility restoration and maintenance technologies: 309 the IFFCO experience 309 TECHNICAL SESSION 4: COUNTRY PROFILES (FAO/NARS COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMME) 317 Country profiles on plant nutrients use in SSA countries 319 Profil du pays : expérience et cas de la Côte d’Ivoire 323 FAO/NARS collaborative programme: the Tanzanian
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