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INCIDENTAL PROTECTION: AN EXAMINATION OF THE MORRILL TARIFF Jane Flaherty Thxa,c A&M University ABSTRACT Historians refer to the Morrill Tariff as the first statement of the nascent Republican party’s protectionist agenda, yet an analysis of the measure re veals that this enduring icon of historiography needs modification. Imple mented as a direct response to the fiscal crisis created by the Buchanan administration, the Morrill Tariff represents a bipartisan effort to augment federal revenue for a depleted Treasury. Both President James Buchanan and many of his Democratic colleagues in Congress urged revising the Tar iff of 1857 to arrest the growth of the federal deficit. However, the bitter rhetoric that accompanied the secession crisis has obscured the true nature of this short-lived, but important, revenue measure. An examination of the Morrill Tariff and the circumstances surrounding its passage demonstrate that it re-established the rates from the free trade Tariff of 1846 while pro viding incidental protection for select industries, a practice accepted, even advocated, by the Democratic party for over a decade. President Buchanan James Buchanan’s election to the presidency in 1856 proved a disappointing, if not disastrous, climax to an illustrious political career. He represented Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives from 1821-1831 and the Senate from 1834-1845. During his congressional career, he emerged as a leading, though never dynamic, spokesman for the Jacksonian Democratic principles of sound money, frugal government, and strict adherence to the Constitution. Though Buchanan served honorably in the Con gress, he distinguished himself through his foreign service as the minister to Russia from 1831-1833, secretary of state during the administration ofJames K. -
Calhoun Webster
CALHOUN WEBSTER : AND TWO VISIONS OF THE FEDERAL UNION SOUTH CAROLINA SENATOR JOHN C. CALHOUN SAW THE FEDERAL UNION AS A COMPACT OF STATES. MASSACHUSETTS SENATOR DANIEL WEBSTER SAW IT AS A NATION OF ONE PEOPLE. THEIR DIFFERING VISIONS LED TO HISTORIC DEBATES, BUT UNDERLYING THEM ALL WAS THE QUESTION OF SLAVERY. The intent of the writers of the Calhoun also pursued a career in Constitution was to create a politics. He was elected to the U.S. stronger central government than House of Representatives in 1810 and Library of Congress of Library existed under the old Articles of was the chief deputy of Speaker of John C. Calhoun (1782–1850), who served Confederation. During the ratifica- the House Henry Clay. Calhoun was as vice president, U.S. senator, and tion of the Constitution, many ex- a strong nationalist who pushed for member of Congress in his long political pressed fears the federal war against Britain in 1812. career, was the leading advocate for states’ rights. government would expand its pow- After the war, Calhoun sup- ers at the expense of the states. ported Henry Clay’s “American Sys- to the South, such a majority might The Bill of Rights, in the form of tem,” which called for Congress to someday vote to abolish slavery. 10 amendments, was added to the fund roads, canals, ports and other These developments changed Cal- Constitution to further limit the pow- national improvements. In 1816, he houn from a nationalist to an advo- ers of the federal government. The voted for a tariff (a tax on foreign cate for states’ rights. -
Congressional Record- Senate. July 28, \' -Senate
\ \ 2806 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE. JULY 28, \' -SENATE. A bill (S. 2837) granting a pension to Matilda Robertson (with accompanying paper); to the Committee on Pensions. MoNDAY, July ~8, 1913. By .Mr. McLEAN : Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. Forrest J. Prettyman, D. D. A bill (S. 2838) granting an increase of pension to Ruth El. The VICE PRESIDENT resumed the chair. Putnam (with accompanying paper) ; and The Journal of the proceedings of Saturday last was read and A bill ( S. 2 39) granting an increase of pension to Theodore C. approved. Bates (with accompanying paper); to the Committee on Pensions. By Mr. PO~lERENE: SENATOR FROM GEORGI.A.. A bill ( S. 2840) for the relief of Edgar R. Kellogg; and The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate a certificate A bill (S. 2841) for the relief of the estate of Francis El, from the governor of Georgia certifying the election of Hon. Lacey ; to the Committee on Claims. AUGUSTUS 0. BACON as a Senator from the State of Georgia, By Mr. SHIELDS: _ which was read and ordered to be filed, as follows: A bill ( S. 2842) to reimburse Jetta Lee, late postmaster STATE OF GEORGIA, at Newport, Tenn., for key funds stolen from post office (with EXECUTIVE DEPAJlTMENT, accompanying paper) ; to the Committee on Claims. Atlanta, July 25, 191S. To the President of the Senate of the UnUea States: THE .MODERN BY-PRODUOT COKE OVEN (S. DOC. NO. 145). This is to certify that at an election held pursuant to law in the l\I~·· BANKHEAD. I ask unanimous consent to have printed State of Georgia on the 15th day of July, 1913, by the electors in said State. -
The Counterproductivity of Protectionist Tariffs
Liberty University Journal of Statesmanship & Public Policy Volume 1 Issue 2 Article 8 January 2021 The Counterproductivity of Protectionist Tariffs David Korn Liberty University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/jspp Part of the American Politics Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Korn, David (2021) "The Counterproductivity of Protectionist Tariffs," Liberty University Journal of Statesmanship & Public Policy: Vol. 1 : Iss. 2 , Article 8. Available at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/jspp/vol1/iss2/8 This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Liberty University Journal of Statesmanship & Public Policy by an authorized editor of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Korn: The Counterproductivity of Protectionist Tariffs Introduction Protective tariffs have been a part of fiscal policy since the inception of the United States. They have been tried in many historical contexts and stages of technological development. While protective tariffs benefit the protected industries by shielding them from foreign competition, they have consistently damaged domestic economies as a whole, regardless of their implemented setting. Resources that would have been used for improving domestic economies are diverted towards industries less efficient than their foreign competitors. Proponents of protectionist tariffs, like Franklin D. Roosevelt, often claim domestic markets need shielding from unfair competition, but whenever they are implemented, instead of bolstering domestic industry, the U.S. economy is slowed. The Creation of Protectionist Tariffs Early United States history reflects the side effects of protectionist tariffs. As a fledgling country, the U.S. -
Chapter 3 the Creation of the US Tariff Commission
Chapter 3 The Creation of the U.S. Tariff Commission Photo: Frank Taussig, the first Commission Chairman. Page | 71 Chapter 3: The Creation of the U.S. Tariff Commission W. Elliot Brownlee155 Introduction The great movement for economic and political reform that swept the nation in the early 20th century—the movement that historians commonly refer to as “progressivism”—provided the impetus for the creation of the U.S. Tariff Commission. At the national level, the progressive movement had as one of its major targets the tariff system that had emerged from the American Civil War. The high-water mark of progressive reform of tariffs was the enactment in 1913 of the Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act as a central expression of the “New Freedom” agenda that President Woodrow Wilson had championed in his successful bid for the presidency in 1912. (The sponsors of the act were Oscar W. Underwood, a Democratic Representative from Alabama, and Furnifold M. Simmons, a Democratic Senator from North Carolina.) In framing this agenda Wilson called for sweeping reforms that would constrain corporate power and expand economic opportunities for middle-class Americans. The result was an unprecedented burst of federal legislation. It began with the Underwood-Simmons Tariff (referred to below as the Underwood Tariff) and was followed in short order by the Federal Reserve Act (1913), the Federal Trade Commission Act (1914), and the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914). In the process of enacting these measures Wilson displayed more effective executive leadership than had any another President since Abraham Lincoln. And, the measures themselves permanently expanded the role of the federal government in the economy and, at the same time, enhanced the power of the executive branch. -
Congressional Record-Senate. June 24, ·
1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JUNE 24, · SENATE. ena~tment of legislation. intended to _destrqy the prese~t system of ticket brokerage; whtch were referred to the Committee on THURSDAY, June 24, 1897. Interstate Comnierce. Mr. TURPIE presented a petition of sundry citizens of Kemp The Senate met at 11 o'clock a. m. ton, Ind., praying for the enactment of protective-tariff legisla Prayer by Rev. HUGH JOHNSTON, D. D., of the city of Wash tion, at the earliest possible date, such as will adequately secure ington. American industrial products against the competition of foreign The Secretary proceeded to read the Journal of yesterday's pro labor; which was ordered to lie on the table. · ceedings, when, on motion of Mr. CHILTON, and by unanimous Mr. TELLER presented the memorial of S. R. Crawford and 51 consent, the further reading was dispensed with. other citizens of Colorado, remonstrating against the enactment PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS. of legislation intended to destroy the presen·t system of ticket brokerage; which was referred to the Committee on Interstate Mr. CHANDLER presented thememorial of H. A. Jandt and 51 Commerce. other citizens of Iowa, .of E. R. Spaulding and 50 other citizens of Mr. SPOONER. The Senator from illinois [Mr. CuLLOM] is Iowa, of J. Commody and 52 other citizens of New 1\!exico, of B. J. absent, ill. I have just received a note from him asking me to Lohman and 52 other citizens of New Mexico, and of E. G. Ross present to the Senate, for him and on his behalf, a number of me and 52 other citizens of New :Mexico, remonstrating against the morials, one of which I send to the desk. -
A History of US Trade Policy
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Clashing over Commerce: A History of U.S. Trade Policy Volume Author/Editor: Douglas A. Irwin Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBNs: 978-0-226-39896-9 (cloth); 0-226-39896-X (cloth); 978-0-226-67844-3 (paper); 978-0-226-39901-0 (e-ISBN) Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/irwi-2 Conference Date: n/a Publication Date: November 2017 Chapter Title: Index Chapter Author(s): Douglas A. Irwin Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c14306 Chapter pages in book: (p. 823 – 860) Index Acheson, Dean: on Hull’s reciprocal trade policy stance of, 541, 549– 50, 553; Trade agreement commitment, 422– 23; multi- Act (1974) opposition of, 549– 50, 553; lateral trade agreement role of, 458–59, trade adjustment assistance stance of, 462– 63, 476, 478, 505; reciprocal trade 523, 553. See also American Federation agreement role of, 466, 468, 469, 470 of Labor (AFL); Congress of Industrial Adams, John: on cessation of trade, 46; Organizations commercial negotiations of 1784–86 African Growth and Opportunity Act (2000), by, 51– 54; reciprocal trade agreements 662 stance of, 97, 98; on tariffs, 46; trade Agricultural Adjustment Act, 418, 419– 20, policy philosophy of, 68; treaty plan of 511 1776 by, 46 agricultural products: American System Adams, John Quincy: American System sup- impacts on, 143; antebellum period port from, 148, 153; in election of 1824, importance of, 193; “chicken war” over, 148; in election of 1828, 148–49, -
Postbellum Protection and Commissioner Wells's Conversion
Postbellum Protection and Commissioner Wells’s Conversion to Free Trade Stephen Meardon A moment of consequence to the postbellum U.S. tariff controversy was the conversion of David Ames Wells (1828-1898), Commissioner of the Revenue from 1865-1870, to free trade. When he began his work Wells was a disciple of the eminent American protectionist Henry C. Carey (1793-1879). Within five years, by the time of his commission’s termination, Wells strove and was encouraged by notable others to be an American Richard Cobden: the standard-bearer for free trade in both the intellectual and 1 political arenas of the United States, as Cobden had been in Britain. Correspondence may be addressed to Stephen Meardon, Department of Economics, Williams College, Williamstown MA 01267, USA. E-mail to [email protected]. I thank Douglas Irwin and Anthony Howe for comments that inspired this paper, and Bradley Bateman, William Barber, Philippe Fontaine, Anthony Howe, Alain Marciano, James Wible, and participants in the ninth European Conference for the History of Economics and the Williams College Economics Department seminar for suggestions that improved it. 1 Edward Atkinson to Wells, Atkinson Papers, carton 16; Elihu Burritt to Wells, 14 May 1869, Wells Papers, reel 1, cited by Howe (2000, 146); see also Atkinson to Wells, 8 Nov. 1884, cited by Sproat (1968, 179), and Joyner (1939, 203). Wells’s is not the only conversion story coloring nineteenth-century tariff history. Nor is it the most colorful one, much less the most celebrated. Before he inspired Wells’s original embrace of protection, Henry Carey was a free trader. -
A History of US Trade Policy
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Clashing over Commerce: A History of U.S. Trade Policy Volume Author/Editor: Douglas A. Irwin Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBNs: 978-0-226-39896-9 (cloth); 0-226-39896-X (cloth); 978-0-226-67844-3 (paper); 978-0-226-39901-0 (e-ISBN) Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/irwi-2 Conference Date: n/a Publication Date: November 2017 Chapter Title: Policy Reversals and Drift, 1912–1928 Chapter Author(s): Douglas A. Irwin Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c13857 Chapter pages in book: (p. 330 – 370) Chapter seven Policy Reversals and Drift, 1912–1928 lthough the United States emerged as the world’s leading industrial Apower and became a net exporter of manufactured goods in the 1890s, these developments failed to change the course of US trade policy. Instead, import duties remained high, a brief fl irtation with reciprocity sputtered out, and the partisan stalemate over trade policy continued unabated. De- spite a brief period of lower tariffs under the Democrats (1913–1922), Re- publicans reverted to economic isolationism after World War I by raising import duties in 1922 and again in 1930. However, the goal of trade policy slowly began to shift from protecting manufacturing industries against imports to protecting agricultural producers from low prices, something import duties were ineffective in doing. THE DEMOCRATIC TRIUMPH OF 1912 Despite signifi cant changes in the US economy in the fi rst decade of the twentieth century, no major changes were made to US trade policy. -
1829 *I861 Appropriations, Banking, and the Tariff
1829 *I861 Appropriations, Banking, and the Tariff The Committee of Ways and Means nence in the decades immediately preceding e period 1829-1861, the committee’s chairman came to be regarded as the d the tariff. The c ver the nation’s the creation of policy, probably to a larger extent than any other ee during the antebellum era. “The great body of ndrew Jackson’s election to the Presidency marked the culmination legislatzon was referred A of a period of social, economic, and political change that began to the committee of ways with the American Revolution and intensified after the War of 1812. One of the most significant of these changes was the introduction of and means, whzch then democratic reforms in order to broaden the political base, such as the had charge of all extension of the vote to all adult white males. The Virginia dynasty appropnatzons and of all ended with the presidential election of 1824. From the disaffection fax laws, and whose surrounding the election and Presidency of John Quincy Adams, a chazrman was recognzzed new and vigorous party system began to coalesce at the state level. as leader of the House, The second American party system developed incrementally be- practzcally controllang the tween 1824 and 1840. The principal stimulants to the development of the new parties were the presidential elections. By 1840, two parties order of zts buszness. ” of truly national scope competed for control of ofices on the munici- (John Sherman, 1895) pal, state, and federal level. The founders of these new parties were not all aristocratic gentlemen. -
Tariff Politics and Congressional Elections: Exploring the Cannon Thesis Andrew J. Clarke* University of Virginia Andrewclarke@V
Tariff Politics and Congressional Elections: Exploring the Cannon Thesis Andrew J. Clarke* University of Virginia [email protected] Jeffery A. Jenkins University of Virginia [email protected] Kenneth S. Lowande University of Virginia [email protected] While a number of studies have examined the politics of tariff decision making in the United States, little work has examined the subsequent political effects of tariff policy. We help fill this gap in the literature by analyzing—both theoretically and empirically—the electoral implications of tariff revision. Specifically, we investigate the veracity of the Cannon Thesis – the proposition advanced by Speaker Joe Cannon in 1910 that the majority party in the U.S. House was punished when it made major revisions to the tariff. We find that from 1877 to 1934, major tariff revisions were, on average, associated with a significant loss of votes for majority-party members – both regionally and nationally – that translated into a loss of House seats. We find support for the notion that major tariff revisions generated inordinate uncertainty among various business interests, which the opposition party could then use (by leveraging fear and market instability) to mobilize its base and gain ground in the following election. Our results provide a new explanation for the delegation of tariff policymaking to the Executive branch. *All authors were equal contributors. Paper presented at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the Congress & History Conference, University of Maryland. We thank Richard Bensel and Chuck Finocchiaro for comments. Introduction The tariff – and international trade more generally – has been among the most contentious issues in American politics since the Nation’s inception. -
A History of US Trade Policy
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Clashing over Commerce: A History of U.S. Trade Policy Volume Author/Editor: Douglas A. Irwin Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBNs: 978-0-226-39896-9 (cloth); 0-226-39896-X (cloth); 978-0-226-67844-3 (paper); 978-0-226-39901-0 (e-ISBN) Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/irwi-2 Conference Date: n/a Publication Date: November 2017 Chapter Title: Notes Chapter Author(s): Douglas A. Irwin Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c14304 Chapter pages in book: (p. 699 – 773) Notes Introduction 1. PJM 10:265– 66. 2. Martis (1988) points out that sectionalism has been a feature of congressional voting from the very beginning of the country. 3. For surveys of work by economists on the political economy of trade policy, see Rodrik 1995; Gwande and Krishna 2003; and McClaren 2016. The widely cited Gross- man and Helpman (1994) model of “protection for sale” focuses on the determinants of tariff rates across industries, whereas this book focuses more on the average tariff rate, something captured by an exogenous parameter in their model: the weight that politi- cians put on social welfare. 4. Works on trade policy by political scientists include O’Halloran 1994; Hiscox 2002; Destler 2005; and others. For works by historians on trade policy, see Stanwood 1903; Ratner 1972; Dobson 1976; and Eckes 1995. 5. The Export-Import Bank was created in the 1930s to provide credit guarantees for exporters, but overall its fi nancial support for exports has been small.