Postbellum Protection and Commissioner Wells’s Conversion to Free Trade Stephen Meardon A moment of consequence to the postbellum U.S. tariff controversy was the conversion of David Ames Wells (1828-1898), Commissioner of the Revenue from 1865-1870, to free trade. When he began his work Wells was a disciple of the eminent American protectionist Henry C. Carey (1793-1879). Within five years, by the time of his commission’s termination, Wells strove and was encouraged by notable others to be an American Richard Cobden: the standard-bearer for free trade in both the intellectual and 1 political arenas of the United States, as Cobden had been in Britain. Correspondence may be addressed to Stephen Meardon, Department of Economics, Williams College, Williamstown MA 01267, USA. E-mail to
[email protected]. I thank Douglas Irwin and Anthony Howe for comments that inspired this paper, and Bradley Bateman, William Barber, Philippe Fontaine, Anthony Howe, Alain Marciano, James Wible, and participants in the ninth European Conference for the History of Economics and the Williams College Economics Department seminar for suggestions that improved it. 1 Edward Atkinson to Wells, Atkinson Papers, carton 16; Elihu Burritt to Wells, 14 May 1869, Wells Papers, reel 1, cited by Howe (2000, 146); see also Atkinson to Wells, 8 Nov. 1884, cited by Sproat (1968, 179), and Joyner (1939, 203). Wells’s is not the only conversion story coloring nineteenth-century tariff history. Nor is it the most colorful one, much less the most celebrated. Before he inspired Wells’s original embrace of protection, Henry Carey was a free trader.