1829 *I861 Appropriations, Banking, and the Tariff
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Senators You Have to Know John C. Calhoun –
Senators You Have To Know John C. Calhoun – South Carolina / serving terms in the United States House of Representatives, United States Senate and as the seventh Vice President of the United States (1825–1832), as well as secretary of war and state. Democrats After 1830, his views evolved and he became a greater proponent of states' rights, limited government, nullification and free trade; as he saw these means as the only way to preserve the Union. He is best known for his intense and original defense of slavery as something positive, his distrust of majoritarianism, and for pointing the South toward secession from the Union. Nullification is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional. The theory of nullification has never been legally upheld;[1] rather, the Supreme Court has rejected it. The theory of nullification is based on a view that the States formed the Union by an agreement (or "compact") among the States, and that as creators of the federal government, the States have the final authority to determine the limits of the power of that government. Under this, the compact theory, the States and not the federal courts are the ultimate interpreters of the extent of the federal government's power. The States therefore may reject, or nullify, federal laws that the States believe are beyond the federal government's constitutional powers. The related idea of interposition is a theory that a state has the right and the duty to "interpose" itself when the federal government enacts laws that the state believes to be unconstitutional. -
The Storycontinues
FLORIDA . The Story Continues CHAPTER 10, The Age of Jackson (1828–1840) PEOPLE Mid 1700s: The Miccosukee Creeks settle in Florida. e Lower Creek and Upper Creek Indians moved from Georgia and Alabama to Florida in the mid-1700s. e two groups lived in Florida, but had di erent languages. e Upper Creek Indians came to be known as the Seminoles. e Lower Creek Indians, who came to be known as the Miccosukee, settled in central Florida where they built log cabins and farmed on communal plantations. Together the Seminoles and Miccosukee fought against the United States in the Seminole Wars. EVENTS 1832: The Seminole Indians are forced to sign the Treaty of Payne’s Landing. e Indian Removal Act of 1830 stated that all Native Americans who lived east of the Missis- sippi River must move to a newly created Indian Territory, in what is now Oklahoma. Two years later, Florida’s Seminole Indians were forced to sign the Treaty of Payne’s Landing, in which they stated they would move west to the Indian Territory and give up all of their claims to land in Florida. PEOPLE 1837: Chief Coacoochee (circa 1809–1857) escapes from the United States prison at Fort Marion. Chief Coa- coochee, whose name means “wild cat,” was a Seminole leader Florida. .The Story Continues during the Second Seminole War. After being captured by American soldiers in 1837, Coacoochee and a few Seminole cellmates escaped. Coacoochee returned to lead his people in See Chapter 1 battle against the United States. As the Seminole War contin- ued, the Native Americans su ered hunger and starvation when they could not plant crops to feed their people. -
Martin Van Buren: the Greatest American President
SUBSCRIBE NOW AND RECEIVE CRISIS AND LEVIATHAN* FREE! “The Independent Review does not accept “The Independent Review is pronouncements of government officials nor the excellent.” conventional wisdom at face value.” —GARY BECKER, Noble Laureate —JOHN R. MACARTHUR, Publisher, Harper’s in Economic Sciences Subscribe to The Independent Review and receive a free book of your choice* such as the 25th Anniversary Edition of Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government, by Founding Editor Robert Higgs. This quarterly journal, guided by co-editors Christopher J. Coyne, and Michael C. Munger, and Robert M. Whaples offers leading-edge insights on today’s most critical issues in economics, healthcare, education, law, history, political science, philosophy, and sociology. Thought-provoking and educational, The Independent Review is blazing the way toward informed debate! Student? Educator? Journalist? Business or civic leader? Engaged citizen? This journal is for YOU! *Order today for more FREE book options Perfect for students or anyone on the go! The Independent Review is available on mobile devices or tablets: iOS devices, Amazon Kindle Fire, or Android through Magzter. INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE, 100 SWAN WAY, OAKLAND, CA 94621 • 800-927-8733 • [email protected] PROMO CODE IRA1703 Martin Van Buren The Greatest American President —————— ✦ —————— JEFFREY ROGERS HUMMEL resident Martin Van Buren does not usually receive high marks from histori- ans. Born of humble Dutch ancestry in December 1782 in the small, upstate PNew York village of Kinderhook, Van Buren gained admittance to the bar in 1803 without benefit of higher education. Building on a successful country legal practice, he became one of the Empire State’s most influential and prominent politi- cians while the state was surging ahead as the country’s wealthiest and most populous. -
The Capitol Dome
THE CAPITOL DOME The Capitol in the Movies John Quincy Adams and Speakers of the House Irish Artists in the Capitol Complex Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way A MAGAZINE OF HISTORY PUBLISHED BY THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL HISTORICAL SOCIETYVOLUME 55, NUMBER 22018 From the Editor’s Desk Like the lantern shining within the Tholos Dr. Paula Murphy, like Peart, studies atop the Dome whenever either or both America from the British Isles. Her research chambers of Congress are in session, this into Irish and Irish-American contributions issue of The Capitol Dome sheds light in all to the Capitol complex confirms an import- directions. Two of the four articles deal pri- ant artistic legacy while revealing some sur- marily with art, one focuses on politics, and prising contributions from important but one is a fascinating exposé of how the two unsung artists. Her research on this side of can overlap. “the Pond” was supported by a USCHS In the first article, Michael Canning Capitol Fellowship. reveals how the Capitol, far from being only Another Capitol Fellow alumnus, John a palette for other artist’s creations, has been Busch, makes an ingenious case-study of an artist (actor) in its own right. Whether as the historical impact of steam navigation. a walk-on in a cameo role (as in Quiz Show), Throughout the nineteenth century, steam- or a featured performer sharing the marquee boats shared top billing with locomotives as (as in Mr. Smith Goes to Washington), the the most celebrated and recognizable motif of Capitol, Library of Congress, and other sites technological progress. -
Congressional Reoord- House
.950 CONGRESSIONAL _REOORD- _HOUSE. JANUAR~ 11, Asst:- Surg. l\forton W. Bak~r to be a passed assistant sur PHILIPPINE TARIFF. geon in the Navy from the 10th·day of July, -1905, upon the com Mr. PAYNE. -Mr, Speaker, I move that the House resotve pletion of three years' service in his present grade. itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the state of Asst. Surg. James H. Holloway to be a passed assistant sur the Union for the further consideration of the bill H. R. 3, and geon in the Navy from the 26th day of September, 1905, upon the pending that I ask unanimous consent that general debate on completion of three years' service in his present grade. this bill be closed at the final rising of the committee on SatUr- Gunner Charles B. Babson t-o be a chief gunner in the Navy, day ·of this week. · · from the 27th day of April, 1904, baving completed six years' The SPEAKER. The gentleman from New York asks unani service, in accordance with the provisions of section 12 of the mous consent that general debate on House bill No. 3 be closed "Navy personnel act," approved March 3, 1899, as amended by ·SatUrday next at the adjournment of the House. · the act of April 27, 1904. Mr. UNDERWOOD. Mr. Speaker, I would like to ask the Carpenter Joseph M. Simms to be a chief carpenter in the gentleman from New York as to whether he has consulted with Navy :from the 6th day of June, 1905, upon the completion of Mr. -
History of Richard Ratcliff
CAMP PRESIDENT 3 ••• Rev. Clarence E. Ratcliff, Mt. Olivet Church, Box 458 Picture taken in 1953. 38 years old. Camp President Rev. Clarence E. Ratcliff Picture taken 1975. RICHARD RATCLIFF of Lancashire, England & Talbot Co., Maryland and his Ancestors and Descendants 1066-1982 by Clarence Earl Ratcliff (#1)463) P. 0. Box 2j.£8 Hinton, W. Va. 2 £9^1 C~M#*\ y- * -•• <^*~ ~ftijAAACcJ^**J£ ~A7*iy> ^yAyuptc,.--: Copyright 1963 XtA_ Ik^jA*-^ \JJ. \A.. by Clarence E. Ratcliff Richard Ratcliff of Lancashire, England & Talbot Co., Ild. and his Ancestors and Descendents 1066- ir INTRODUCTION For a long time the writer has been greatly interested in knowing about his Ratcliff ancestors, but could learn little about them from his own immedi ate family. Several years ago he began a systematic search through various gejjdalogical libraries, such as the Library of Congress in Washington, D. C. , and the Mew England Historic Genealogical Society's library in Boston, Mass. Bx5*olc stores, such as Goodspeedrs Book Shop in Boston, and the Genealogical y'fiook Company in Baltimore, I-Iaryland, were also visited, to see if Ratcliff genealogies had already been prepared which would shed light upon his partic ular branch of the family. All this search was to no avail as he found not one single Ratcliff family history at any of these likely places. At that point it seemed Operative that our family genealogy be written. Then the decision was made to compile all Ratcliff family data that could be found; here "and there. Next I -wrote Rev. Everett N.' Ratcliff (#228U) of Columbus, Ohio, who, I hoped, might be a distant cous:m, which he is, and through him other cousins were located. -
Missouri Compromise (1820) • Compromise Sponsored by Henry Clay
Congressional Compromises and the Road to War The Great Triumvirate Henry Clay Daniel Webster John C. Calhoun representing the representing representing West the North the South John C. Calhoun •From South Carolina •Called “Cast-Iron Man” for his stubbornness and determination. •Owned slaves •Believed states were sovereign and could nullify or reject federal laws they believed were unconstitutional. Daniel Webster •From Massachusetts •Called “The Great Orator” •Did not own slaves Henry Clay •From Kentucky •Called “The Great Compromiser” •Owned slaves •Calmed sectional conflict through balanced legislation and compromises. Missouri Compromise (1820) • Compromise sponsored by Henry Clay. It allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a Slave State and Maine to enter as a Free State. The southern border of Missouri would determine if a territory could allow slavery or not. • Slavery was allowed in some new states while other states allowed freedom for African Americans. • Balanced political power between slave states and free states. Nullification Crisis (1832-1833) • South Carolina, led by Senator John C. Calhoun declared a high federal tariff to be null and avoid within its borders. • John C. Calhoun and others believed in Nullification, the idea that state governments have the right to reject federal laws they see as Unconstitutional. • The state of South Carolina threatened to secede or break off from the United States if the federal government, under President Andrew Jackson, tried to enforce the tariff in South Carolina. Andrew Jackson on Nullification “The laws of the United States, its Constitution…are the supreme law of the land.” “Look, for a moment, to the consequence. -
NEW ORLEANS NOSTALGIA Remembering New Orleans History, Culture and Traditions
NEW ORLEANS NOSTALGIA Remembering New Orleans History, Culture and Traditions By Ned Hémard Royal Gumbo “What is New Orleans?” asked Kermit Ruffins, New Orleans jazz trumpeter and vocalist. His answer is the very essence of the Crescent City: “New Orleans is Creole gumbo, filé gumbo, cowan gumbo, chicken gumbo, smoked sausage gumbo, hot sausage gumbo, onion gumbo.” Cowan, or snapping turtle, for sale in New Orleans’ Ninth Ward For a remarkable description of a mouth-watering Louisiana gumbo, there is none better than that offered by food historian, writer and documentary filmmaker, Lolis Eric Elie, in an article appearing in the Smithsonian (2012). And of course, as we all might do, he said his mom’s was by far the best: “My mother’s gumbo is made with okra, shrimp, crabs and several kinds of sausage (the onions, garlic, bell pepper, celery, parsley, green onions and bay leaf go without saying). My mother’s gumbo is a pleasing brown shade, roughly the color of my skin. It is slightly thickened with a roux, that mixture of flour and fat (be it vegetable, animal or dairy) that is French in origin and emblematic of Louisiana cooking. When served over rice, my mother’s gumbo is roughly the consistency of chicken and rice soup.” Chef John Besh’s idea of his “Mamma’s Seafood Gumbo” Gumbo, called a soup by some, a stew by others, is categorized by which of the the three thickeners is used: okra, filé or roux. It is understandable that there is much controversy surrounding the origins and etymology of this popular South Louisiana dish. -
Calhoun Webster
CALHOUN WEBSTER : AND TWO VISIONS OF THE FEDERAL UNION SOUTH CAROLINA SENATOR JOHN C. CALHOUN SAW THE FEDERAL UNION AS A COMPACT OF STATES. MASSACHUSETTS SENATOR DANIEL WEBSTER SAW IT AS A NATION OF ONE PEOPLE. THEIR DIFFERING VISIONS LED TO HISTORIC DEBATES, BUT UNDERLYING THEM ALL WAS THE QUESTION OF SLAVERY. The intent of the writers of the Calhoun also pursued a career in Constitution was to create a politics. He was elected to the U.S. stronger central government than House of Representatives in 1810 and Library of Congress of Library existed under the old Articles of was the chief deputy of Speaker of John C. Calhoun (1782–1850), who served Confederation. During the ratifica- the House Henry Clay. Calhoun was as vice president, U.S. senator, and tion of the Constitution, many ex- a strong nationalist who pushed for member of Congress in his long political pressed fears the federal war against Britain in 1812. career, was the leading advocate for states’ rights. government would expand its pow- After the war, Calhoun sup- ers at the expense of the states. ported Henry Clay’s “American Sys- to the South, such a majority might The Bill of Rights, in the form of tem,” which called for Congress to someday vote to abolish slavery. 10 amendments, was added to the fund roads, canals, ports and other These developments changed Cal- Constitution to further limit the pow- national improvements. In 1816, he houn from a nationalist to an advo- ers of the federal government. The voted for a tariff (a tax on foreign cate for states’ rights. -
Seventy-First Congress
. ~ . ··-... I . •· - SEVENTY-FIRST CONGRESS ,-- . ' -- FIRST SESSION . LXXI-2 17 , ! • t ., ~: .. ~ ). atnngr tssinnal Jtcnrd. PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE SEVENTY-FIRST CONGRESS FIRST SESSION Couzens Harris Nor beck Steiwer SENATE Dale Hastings Norris Swanson Deneen Hatfield Nye Thomas, Idaho MoNDAY, April 15, 1929 Dill Hawes Oddie Thomas, Okla. Edge Hayden Overman Townsend The first session of the Seventy-first Congress comm:enced Fess Hebert Patterson Tydings this day at the Capitol, in the city of Washington, in pursu Fletcher Heflin Pine Tyson Frazier Howell Ransdell Vandenberg ance of the proclamation of the President of the United States George Johnson Robinson, Ark. Wagner of the 7th day of March, 1929. Gillett Jones Sackett Walsh, Mass. CHARLES CURTIS, of the State of Kansas, Vice President of Glass Kean Schall Walsh, Mont. Goff Keyes Sheppard Warren the United States, called the Senate to order at 12 o'clock Waterman meridian. ~~~borough ~lenar ~p~~~~;e 1 Watson Rev. Joseph It. Sizoo, D. D., minister of the New York Ave Greene McNary Smoot nue Presbyterian Church of the city of Washington, offered the Hale Moses Steck following prayer : Mr. SCHALL. I wish to announce that my colleag-ue the senior Senator from Minnesota [Mr. SHIPSTEAD] is serio~sly ill. God of our fathers, God of the nations, our God, we bless Thee that in times of difficulties and crises when the resources Mr. WATSON. I desire to announce that my colleague the of men shrivel the resources of God are unfolded. Grant junior Senator from Indiana [Mr. RoBINSON] is unav.oidably unto Thy servants, as they stand upon the threshold of new detained at home by reason of important business. -
The Democratic Party and the Transformation of American Conservatism, 1847-1860
PRESERVING THE WHITE MAN’S REPUBLIC: THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF AMERICAN CONSERVATISM, 1847-1860 Joshua A. Lynn A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2015 Approved by: Harry L. Watson William L. Barney Laura F. Edwards Joseph T. Glatthaar Michael Lienesch © 2015 Joshua A. Lynn ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Joshua A. Lynn: Preserving the White Man’s Republic: The Democratic Party and the Transformation of American Conservatism, 1847-1860 (Under the direction of Harry L. Watson) In the late 1840s and 1850s, the American Democratic party redefined itself as “conservative.” Yet Democrats’ preexisting dedication to majoritarian democracy, liberal individualism, and white supremacy had not changed. Democrats believed that “fanatical” reformers, who opposed slavery and advanced the rights of African Americans and women, imperiled the white man’s republic they had crafted in the early 1800s. There were no more abstract notions of freedom to boundlessly unfold; there was only the existing liberty of white men to conserve. Democrats therefore recast democracy, previously a progressive means to expand rights, as a way for local majorities to police racial and gender boundaries. In the process, they reinvigorated American conservatism by placing it on a foundation of majoritarian democracy. Empowering white men to democratically govern all other Americans, Democrats contended, would preserve their prerogatives. With the policy of “popular sovereignty,” for instance, Democrats left slavery’s expansion to territorial settlers’ democratic decision-making. -
Union Calendar No. 607
1 Union Calendar No. 607 110TH CONGRESS " ! REPORT 2d Session HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 110–934 REPORT ON THE LEGISLATIVE AND OVERSIGHT ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS DURING THE 110TH CONGRESS JANUARY 2, 2009.—Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union and ordered to be printed U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 79–006 WASHINGTON : 2009 VerDate Nov 24 2008 22:51 Jan 06, 2009 Jkt 079006 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4012 Sfmt 4012 E:\HR\OC\HR934.XXX HR934 sroberts on PROD1PC70 with HEARING E:\Seals\Congress.#13 COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS CHARLES B. RANGEL, New York, Chairman FORTNEY PETE STARK, California JIM MCCRERY, Louisiana SANDER M. LEVIN, Michigan WALLY HERGER, California JIM MCDERMOTT, Washington DAVE CAMP, Michigan JOHN LEWIS, Georgia JIM RAMSTAD, Minnesota RICHARD E. NEAL, Massachusetts SAM JOHNSON, Texas MICHAEL R. MCNULTY, New York PHIL ENGLISH, Pennsylvania JOHN S. TANNER, Tennessee JERRY WELLER, Illinois XAVIER BECERRA, California KENNY C. HULSHOF, Missouri LLOYD DOGGETT, Texas RON LEWIS, Kentucky EARL POMEROY, North Dakota KEVIN BRADY, Texas STEPHANIE TUBBS JONES, Ohio THOMAS M. REYNOLDS, New York MIKE THOMPSON, California PAUL RYAN, Wisconsin JOHN B. LARSON, Connecticut ERIC CANTOR, Virginia RAHM EMANUEL, Illinois JOHN LINDER, Georgia EARL BLUMENAUER, Oregon DEVIN NUNES, California RON KIND, Wisconsin PAT TIBERI, Ohio BILL PASCRELL, JR., New Jersey JON PORTER, Nevada SHELLY BERKLEY, Nevada JOSEPH CROWLEY, New York CHRIS VAN HOLLEN, Maryland KENDRICK MEEK, Florida ALLYSON Y. SCHWARTZ, Pennsylvania ARTUR DAVIS, Alabama (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:20 Jan 06, 2009 Jkt 079006 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 E:\HR\OC\HR934.XXX HR934 sroberts on PROD1PC70 with HEARING LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL U.S.