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2806 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE. JULY 28, \' -SENATE. A bill (S. 2837) granting a pension to Matilda Robertson (with accompanying paper); to the Committee on Pensions. MoNDAY, July ~8, 1913. By .Mr. McLEAN : Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. Forrest J. Prettyman, D. D. A bill (S. 2838) granting an increase of pension to Ruth El. The VICE PRESIDENT resumed the chair. Putnam (with accompanying paper) ; and The Journal of the proceedings of Saturday last was read and A bill ( S. 2 39) granting an increase of pension to Theodore C. approved. Bates (with accompanying paper); to the Committee on Pensions. By Mr. PO~lERENE: SENATOR FROM GEORGI.A.. A bill ( S. 2840) for the relief of Edgar R. Kellogg; and The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate a certificate A bill (S. 2841) for the relief of the estate of Francis El, from the governor of Georgia certifying the election of Hon. Lacey ; to the Committee on Claims. AUGUSTUS 0. BACON as a Senator from the State of Georgia, By Mr. SHIELDS: _ which was read and ordered to be filed, as follows: A bill ( S. 2842) to reimburse Jetta Lee, late postmaster STATE OF GEORGIA, at Newport, Tenn., for key funds stolen from post office (with EXECUTIVE DEPAJlTMENT, accompanying paper) ; to the Committee on Claims. Atlanta, July 25, 191S. To the President of the Senate of the UnUea States: THE .MODERN BY-PRODUOT COKE OVEN (S. DOC. NO. 145). This is to certify that at an election held pursuant to law in the l\I~·· BANKHEAD. I ask unanimous consent to have printed State of Georgia on the 15th day of July, 1913, by the electors in said State. having the qualifications requisite fo1· electorn of the most as a public document a pamphlet I hold in my hand, by C. A. numerous branch of the State legislature, AUGUSTUS OCTAVIUS BACON Meissner, chairD)an coke committee, United States Steel Corpo­ was by said electors duly chosen a Senator from said State in the ration. I will say by way of information to the Senate that it Senate of the Congress of the United States for and during the re­ mainder of the t erm of six years beginning on the 4th day of March, is a treatise by an eminent autllor on the conservation of th~ 1913, and ending on the 3d day of March, 1919, the returns from said mineral resources of the United States. I have examined it election having been canvassed by the general assembly of said State carefully, and I think it contains more valuable information and the r esult certified to this department on this date. In witness whereof bis excellency, the governor. and the great seal which will lead to greater economy in the production of coke; of the State of· Georgia hereto affixed at the capitol in Atlanta this the iron, and steel, if the suggestions are carried out, than any other1 25th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1913. document printed. The paper contains illustrations which I JOHN M. SLATON, Go'l:ernor. ask may be printed in connection therewith. By the Governor : PHILIP CooK, Secretary of State. The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? The Chair Mr. SMITH of Georgia. Mr. President, for over 20 years hears none, and the paper with illustrations will be printed as· a public document. past the advocates of popular government have been pressing t forward toward a change of our plan of electing United States THE TARIFF. I Senators. During theepresent year a sufficient number of States The VICE PRESIDENT. The morning business is closed. had ratified the right of the people to elect their Senators, and l\Ir. Sll\Il\IONS. I ask unanimous consent that the Senate the proclamation was issued announcing an amendment to the proceed to the consideration of House bill 3321, the unfiuishea Constitution to this· end. On July 15 the first election was held business. under the new amendment, and in the State of Georgia the There being no objection, the Senate, as in Committee of the people for the first time selected a United States Senator at Whole, resumed the consideration of the bill (H. R. 3321) to the ballot box. reduce tariff duties and to pro\ide revenue for the Go"\"ermnent, · It is with great pleasure that I bring to the attention of the and for other purposes. ' . ·· Senate the fact that, without opposition, the senior Senator l\1r. THORNTON. I desire to announce that at the close of the from Georgia received all the votes cast at this election, that routine business on next Thursday I shall expect to address the his credentials are here and have been read, and that he is Senate on the pending tariff bill with particular reference to the present. I ask that an opportunity ·be given that he may sugar schedule. qualify as elected. Mr. GilONNA. I wish to announce that at the conclusion of The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator elect will present him­ the remarks of the Senator from Louisiana [:Mr. THORN 'ro ] I - self at the Vice President's desk for that purpose. shall wish to make some observations on tlle tariff bill, and· Ur. BACON was escorted to the Vice President's desk by ~Ir. especially on the agricultural schedule. SMITH of Georgia; and the oath prescribed by law was ad­ .l\Ir. TOWNSEND. l\fr. President, before the pending tariff bill ministered to him. can be intelligently discussed it is necessary to tmderstand the CALLING OF THE ROLL. circumstances and conditions under which it was concei>ed and l\Ir. GALLINGER. I suggest the absence of a quorum. brought forth. It may not be without profit to review briefly The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will call the roll. the events of the last four or five years, which have culminated The Secretary called the roll, and the following Senators in the legislation of this Congress. answered to their names : I shall not enter upon a detailed discussion of the bill A. burst Fall Martine, N. J. Smith, S. C. now before us, for all know how useless that would be, inas­ Bacon Fletcher Myers Smoot much as it is already clearly known that u. sufficient number of Bankhead Gallinger Nelson Sterling Democratic Senators are bonnd to vote for the administration's Borah Gronna Norris Stone Bradley Hollis O'Gorman Sut\ierland measure, either upon its first passage through the Senate or Rrady James Overman . Swanson after conference, as it will be after the final vote is had. Fur­ Brandegee Johnoon, Me. Page Thomas thermore, it is better for the country to have this question set­ Bl'istow Johnston, Ala. Perkins Thompson Bryan Jones Pittman Thornton tled without further delay. Already weary months haYe been Catron Kenyon Reed Tillman spent by the majority in shaping a . bil1, the fundamentals of Chamberlain Kern Robtnson Townsend which had been established by Executive order in advnnce, and Chilton La Follette Saulsbury Vardaman Japp Lane Sheppard Walsh I h·ust no one will unduly postpone the time when the now Clark, Wyo. ·Lea Sherman Warren inevitable fiscal policy, promulgated by men more foreign in larke, Ark. Lewis Shields Weeks their sympathies than .American, shal! begin its operation. I Crawford Lodge Simmons Williams Cummins McLean Smith, Ga. Works shall delay the vote but a short time. Dillingham Martin, Va. Smith, Mich. It is said that the Payne ta1iff bill caused the pending meas­ The VICE PRESIDENT. Seventy-one Senators have answered ure. To a certain extent that is true; but it was not because to the roll call. There is a quorum present. The presentation the Payne bill was intrinsically a bad bill that a political up­ of petitions and memorials is in order. heaval occurred, but rather it was partially because politicians PETITION. said it was a bad bill and a betrayal of Republican pledges. I am clear in my own mind, however, that the act of 190!) was l\Ir. TOWNSEND presented a petition of sundry citizens of the convenient means which accomplished Republican defeat Ingham County, Mich., praying for the adoption of an amend­ and gave the Democratic Party its opportunity. ment to the Constitution granting the right ·of suffrage to Industrial, moral, and intellectual progress was never so women, which was referred to tile Committee on Woman Suffrage. great as under the unhampered operation of the Payne tariff BILLS INTRODUCED. law. It closed no factory. It denied to none an opportunity to Bills were introdnced, read the first time, and, by unanimous work at the greatest wage ever paid in any land at uuy time. consent, the second time, and referred as follows : It filled our Treasury to overflowing and supplied the money By .Mr. SMOOT: for the most extensive internal improvements ever undertaken A )Jill ( S. 2. 3G) to provide a penalty for retention or misuse in our national life. Under it the iwcsperity of every produc­ o: confiuential records by former Government employees; to the ing and creating class of our ·citizens hns been increased. Committee ou the Judiciary. Under it our markets abroad ba ve been extended. Under it ;l I ( ( 1913. -- -. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE·. 2807-

f I I our production at home has multiplied. The impetus given to The Democratic Party was the beneficiary of this condition, manufacture drew labor from every quarter and the demand it having been furnished the ammunition with which to rout which high wages created for foodstuffs causecl these products its disorganized opponents. to increase in -value, and the Democratic campaign cry of 1896 From the insurgent effort has come great ~ood to the coun­ that prices were too low was changed, and in 1912 they were try, and, as usual in matters of reform, some harm has attached. too high. Nothing could more clearly show the substantial busi­ Popular government, except in this Congress, is more a fact to­ ness prosperity which has maintained under the existing tariff day because of the agitation against machine methods and po­ than its ability to withstand up to this time even approxi­ litical bossism. The demand for cleaner politics and wider par­ mately the destructive attacks by the present administration. ticipation in government by the people is irresistible, and, if a But if this is so, how can it be said that the Payne law was republic is desirable, this mo-vement is right. Real, genuine the cause of the unfortunate political condition in which the reform is never lost, although it may be retarded ·and tempo­ country finds itself to-day? · · · rarily suspended; It seems to me that greater and more sub: Recently veterans of the Civil War from Dixie and the North­ stantial progress could be made if those elements which effect land held a reunion on one of the most famous battle fields of it and really desire it would not forget that in striving for a the world. They gathered at that ·place, made sacred by the good care should be taken to do no wrong. The muckraker results of those gloriously awful three days' struggle, and with while wearing the livery of a just cause is its worst enemy. faltering steps and age-dimmed eyes they sought familiar spots Justice is not advanced by doing injustice. To-day, as at all which lagging memories said were there. Gettysburg is a beau­ tfmes in the past, the sensational is too p1~ominently featured tiful place, where grass and flowers and trees and marble and too little attention given to the truth. Indeed, a saturnalia attempt to cover the scars. of war on the sides of its bills, but of abuse and misrepresentation seems to be reigning, and Con­ it is not that sloping gra>e-studded field of Pennsylvania that gress has been stampeded into investigations of itself, and the· makes Gettysburg sacred. It is because that there 50 years two Houses are struggling between themselves to get posses­ ago lG0,000 of the flower of the fairest Nation on earth met in sion of self-con_victed scoundrels who have capitalized for finan­ the greatest battle of history. It is because from its hills and cial gain the existing disposition to abuse Congressmen. Too vales the spirits of 40,000 American heroes took their flight to frequently investigating committees of Congress become thb in­ the realm where war drums never beat and where battle flags struments of partisan politics, and contempt is thereby beaped are forever furled. It is because that was the spot where the upon the National Legislature. In the wild scramble to disc~ose resurrection· light of a redeemed and united Nation penetcated corruption the honest and sincere are deliberately and with the gloom of agony and death. malice aforethought besmirched with the slime of the muck­ The Battle of Gettysburg had to be fought, but the field is raker. This is not only wrong to the individual unjustly at­ entitled to neither blame nor censure. tacked but it tends greatly to weaken just and proper criticism The Payne bill was the Gettysburg where the factions of the by creating doubt in the mind of the public as to the truth .of Republican Party were formed in battle array, and it was but anything that is published. an incident to the political results which followed. The Dem­ Business men and laboring men who have felt that under ocratic Party, in the campaigns of 1910 and 1912, were bene­ the Constitution they were permitted to present their views to ficiaries of Republican dissensions. When the tariff revision of their representatives and that it was their duty to do so are 1909 occurred, the inevitable conflict between certain long-recog­ being attacked because some mountebanks have boasted of their nized and arrogant leaders of the Republican Party on one side ability to influence public men and mold legislation. That im­ and a new set of equally determined men who desii::ed to be proper methods have been employed at times, that some cases leaders on the other side was on. The tariff furnished the of corruption have existed, no one doubts) but that men in opportunity of the latter class to exploit the dictatorial and in­ public and private life as a general rule are honest and incor­ excusable methods· of the former, and in the struggle for leader­ ruptible is beyond dispute. Is the Nation to be strengthened ship the Republican Party was sacrificed. I myself -desired either at home or abroad, is liberty to be more secure and a more radical revfsion of the tariff, not that I expected any government more desirable, by creating general contempt great benefit therefrom to the consumers, but because there for business men and Congressmen? Have we reached tl}e seemed to be a great demand for such a revision, and it could time when success in business without regard to the be made at that time without injury to the welfare of the means employed to attain it is to be condemned? Criticism country. of wrong should be as severe as the facts warrant, and The struggle against the political boss was waging before public men especially should not escape if their public acts the tariff bill of 1909 was drawn. Its first expression was and conduct are such as to merit condemnation. Faithful­ gi \en when certain Republican leaders in the House resisted ness to public service demands that criticism of improper the reform measures of President Roosevelt. Insurgency against action should be free and ·unhampered, but it should always the rules of the House developed into insurgency against be . based upon unquestioned facts and not upon innuendo or Speaker Cannon and his kitchen cabinet. . It was a protest of falsehood. . · Representatiyes against the close corporation of legislative Why,· sir,· our grandeur as a Nation has been achieved, so fai: party managers. The cause of insurgency was everlastingly as its material greatness is concerned, by men of superior right, as history will record, but it furnished the opportunity genius who have had the ability and courage to see and under: for. the professional agitator. It became popular to attack any take and accomplish the things which have been done. Our active and prominent Republican, and many men who other­ mines and factories, our railroads and steamboat lines, om; wise would have been born to blush unseen in the desert of telegraph and telephone, in fact, our every great thing, has been obscurity suddenly sprang into prominence, and the lecture plat­ brought to pass by men who were wise enough to see oppor~ forms throughout the country were the opportunity both for tunities, courageous enough to undertake their development, and profit and exploitation as they were also for much desirable skillful enough to carry them to success. information and entertainment. This would be a sad and poor world if all of its citizens had In the midst' of this excitement the tariff bill of 1909 came no greater business ability than is possessed by the professional · up for consideration. The history of that struggle when read political agitator. The great majority of those who place success­ in the clearer light of the future will disclose that it was a ful men in the class of semicriminals have never given labor a contest waged principally for the object of leadership. The bill day's work, have never established or maintained an industry in the Senate was in charge of men who gave little thought to that has added a material thing of value to the comfort and hap­ Republican harmony and treated all opponents of the measure piness of mankind. It should be our business to so legislate as to as part of the enemy. The minority faction of the Republicans prevent oppression and wrong by the influential and strong upon had the opportunity to gain notoriety by fighting the majority, the weak and helpless, but the door of opportunity for un­ and neither side manifested any strong desire to unite their bounded honest success should be kept wide open, and simply forces against the common political enemy and in favor of a bill because a man has and is, is not sufficient reason for wholesale which would be reasonably acceptable to all. condemnation. It is only wrong which should be attackecl, and In the Civil War tliere were guerrilla bands which fought success is not prima facie evidence of wrong. from ambush and fi1~ ed from the rear. · . The Democratic Party, through a division in the Republican Stonewall Jackson, one of the greatest generals of the Con­ ranks, is in charge of the Government by virtue of a minority federacy and one whom the Northern Army had not captured of the votes cast at the last election. Government by the er destroyed, was, by mistake, shot by. his own. soldiers. - So, minority is contrary. to the spirit of democracy, and at the in the tariff war, there were influences which worked by meth­ earliest legal opportunity the majority should assume control. ods not known to usual warfare, and the Republican Party, The Democratic Party as at present constituted has had little either intentionally or by mistake, was· shot to pieces by .its own 'experience in affirmative legislation and administration. Some :forces. of its members have had, but such are in the hopeless minority._ \ \ 2808 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE~ JULY 28,. \

Its mission has been one of opposition. For years it has been since. The southern planter has no fear of strikes and eight­ engaged in the work of destruction. It has experienced its hour days. His labor is not organized. It is not disturbed by any most exquisite pleasure in fomenting discord and encouraging wicked notions of lobbying for higher wages and a wider par­ cla s strife. Coming, as a majority of its strength does ticipation in the profits of the master. And yet, in spite of the come, from a section where labor is the poorest paid, the most fact that its labor is the most abject and unambitious, the servile, and has the fewest political rights of any in the Ullited cotton interests are demanding and receiving enormous protection States, it stands as the laboring man's friend; yet one of its at the hands of the Federal Government. Elery year since I first acts of legislation was to write into the sfatutes a law hav-e been a Member of Congress, I believe, representatives of which while giving labor a stone when it asked for bread the cotton States have asked and generally received hundreds . records the shameful fact of cl.ass legislation dangerous to the · of thousands of dollars for the benefit of cotton. Hundreds of very life of the Republic. thousands of public treasure have been spent to combat the Such a party is now in full control of the Nation, and after boll weevil. I have gladly voted for these appropriations, be­ months of secret work the Democratic Senate has presented cause I have believed that cotton was a product legitimate to the pending bill. It was conceived in hatred of the American America and necessary to its highest welfare. But it is not more policy of protection and brought forth in the darkness of the legitimate, not more indigenous to the United States, than secret caucus chamber under the professional charge of one who sugar cane, sugar beets, wheat, maize, or. other products of has never ha.d any experience in business obstetrics. Is it any agriculture. Just recently I listened to an eloquent argument .wonder the thing is misshapen and deformed? Is it any won­ by the junior Senator from South Carolina in favor of a propo­ der American progress and prosperity look with disfavor sition to expend millions of public money to purchase a zone of _upon it? land 50 miles wide from the Gulf to the Cumberland :Moun­ In the campaign of 1912 Mr. Wilson assured the people that tains through Alabama, in which zone no cotton was to be no legitimate business would be disturbed by a Democratic raised, in order to stop the eastward march of the cotton pest. revision of the tariff. The Baltimore platform, as understood Is the boll weevil more to be dreaded than the fiood of pauper­ by the ordinary citizen, declares that no legitimate business made products which it is proposed shall inundate our pros­ ,would suffer, 'but now we are told that by legitimate business perous northern and western fields and factories? Ab, gentle­ .was meant business that could stand without protection. Is men, you may refine your definitions of reform aud preach your that what the Democratic candidate meant before election? foreign-born doctrines. You may loudly proclaim your inten­ ·certainly that is not what many of the men who voted for tion to benefit the consumer the while you are in secret caucus ibim understood him to mean. I realize, of course, that Demo­ writing a sectional and destructive tariff, yet in the last analy­ cratic platforms have declared that protection is unconstitu­ sis you will be obliged to face the American people in the open tional, and since election the President has announced that a when they will have found you out. If protection is good for protective tariff is a clog to industry, and by throwing it off any legitimate industry in any section of thU; country-and by business will be benefited. It is predicted that the wits of legitimate industry I mean any industry which can and ought busiiiess men will be sharpened so as to meet their foreign to be maintained here-then it is good for all such industries competitors. in all parts o:t the country where it is needed, and the Congress All Democrats wiil claim when they come to vote on this can not in fairness or good conscience discriminate in favor of bill, although many of them will not so claim in private con­ one industry as against others. .versation, tqat the proposed bill· when enacted into law will I realize, of course, that some Senators of long and distin­ make business better. It is loudly asserted that it will reduce guished experience and of great ability have more influence the cost of living and at the same time encourage business. A in great matters of legislation than others of less ability and great benefit will result to American producers by the admis­ experience. I can understand how potently eloquent th~ chair­ sion of millions of dollars' worth of goods made by foreign labor man of the Finance Committee, who but two short years ago and foreign capital, which these American manufacturers must prote~ted with righteous indignation against the cotton schedule supplant if they are to keep their factories running and their in a tariff bill then pending before the Senate because its men employed. How will they do it? The Democrats say proposed duties were too low, although they were much higher reduce their profits. But suppose, as is the fact with a majority than those he bas reported in the pending bill, could be. I can of them, the profits are already as small as possible for a going readily imagine how he could secure enough sympathy to tem't concern. They could reduce their wage scale, but that might porarily raise the House duties on cotton products, the manu­ ·subject them to an investigation by this administration and, facture of which has roused his somnolent State with the hum besides, it means injustice and suffering to the laborers. Finally of industry. I can understand how the distinguished senior _the advocates of this bill will say, then let these men go out Senator from Missouri, with his mysterious yet all-powerful ·of business, for inasmuch as it needs protection it is not legiti­ diplomacy, couJd, in a measure at least, provide for the zinc ~ mate. But this would leave the field to the foreigner and to the and lead industries of .Missouri, but I can not understand how big concerns who are already condemned as trusts. Will this Senators from other States similarly situated can submit to 1fldministration abandon its anteelection arguments and favor the dictates of their party leader against their publicly and ;monopoly in order to meet the conditions of foreign competi­ privately declared convictions. Has party fealty and caucus tion? Turn whichsoever way they• may the advocates of com­ rule reached that stage when they can control the consciences petition between American producers and foreign producers and votes of United States Senators? I fear the record will so ,without a tariff to equalize the difference between conditions disclose. here and abroad will meet disaster. I believe in party harmony, and to that end I am in favor of But let us see how consistent our Democratic friends are in party conferences where great policies are disc'QSsed and where ·their position as to legitimate industries. every legitimate argument can be presented, but the highest · American sugar production, according to the junior Senator public service by the legislator can not be secured by secret from Kentucky, is not economically legitimate if it r~uires caucus action when such action is intended to and actually protection. Comparatively few people produce sugar, while all does bind him to do otherwise than his ideas of duty dictate. the people consume it. Therefore instead of artificially promot- -Parties are necessary to the proper conduct of government, \. ing it the Government should destroy it and all of the financial but no party platform of principles can be framed which will : investments in it. Why should not this argument apply to all command the unqualified approval of all of its members, much Iproducts North and South if it is the proper policy to follow? less can such a platform bind any free man upon_all matters · But in this bill rice, a southern product, is protected. Is rice of legislation the provisions of which are not known and can more economically legitimate tha.n sugar? Certainly not. It not be known when the platform is adopted. No free, intelli­ seems to be politically economical to protect a southern prod­ gent, patliotic representative is bound by everything in a party uct. For years the c-0untry has been told that cotton was an platform,andhefeelsatlibertyatall times to express by his voice example of a legitimate American product. It needs no protee-­ and vote his conscientious views. The .secret caucus and undue tion. Is that true? Does not cotton need and receive protec­ influence of the President sometimes dissuades a legislator from tion? his notions of duty. This is wrong and subversive of true rep­ I admit that, according to the Republican doctrine of pro­ resentative government. tection, viz, a duty which measures the difference in cost of I stated before the lobby investigating committee that I had production here and abroad, there would be little chance to not seen nor discovered any insidious lobby working for or put a legitimate duty -on cotton, :tor certainly the wages paid against the 'tariff bill through improper methods, but that the in the cotton fields are the lowest paid in the United States, a.nd nearest approach to improJ)er influence was that exerted. by they compare more favorably with ptices paid in. competing the President through the secret party caucus. After weary countries. Negro slaves rocked and nurtured the cotton in­ weeks o:t investigation by the committee I am still of that -du::> try of the South in its infancy, and they and their equally opinion. Nothing has been disclosed by the ~earin(J's which bear hopeless descendants have tended southern cotton fields ever out the innuendo of the President tha.t the largest and most in-

\ I I 1913. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2809

dustrious 1obby ever known was working insidiously, with legislative bodies should be revived the most effective and thorough­ going debate should take place within their chambers. Undoubtedly the plenty of money to influence Congressmen, to defeat the present hope of the immediate future is that, by slowly getting rid of machine tariff revision; but it is generally believed that some Senators control and the control of secret interests of other kinds inside our will vote for the bill as reported because it is an administration legislative chambers, they may thoroughly regain their self-possession and their self-respect, and in regaining these may return to their one­ measure. And because the President will not compromise, these time practice of debate and put everythin~ that they do to the public Senators will not support amendments which they believe would ordeal. That way lies the recovery of theu· prestige, and I think there make the bill better if they were adopted. I have no fault to can be no doubt that the present processes of reform will presently bring about that much-to-be-desired result, when the people will again find with an Executfre who urges his views sh·ongly upon Con­ depend, and depend with confidence, upon their legislators and not lean gress, but his true relation to legislation is that which attaches as if for rescue upon their Executives. to his power and duty of recommendation before a measure is Every thoughtful man will agree with the words of Gov. enacted and of approving or vetoing after it is passed by Con­ Wilson that legislation should be in the open and free from gress. It is the duty of Congress to legislate, and the presump­ dictation by special interests either from without or from tion is, or should be, quite as strong that a Senator is as within the Go•ernment; by organizations of capital, of labor, conscientiously striving to do his duty as is the President; but or by political machines, and everything which is condudve to because of the surrender of the Senators and Representatives legislative freedom is to be commended. to the Executive and to the will of the caucus Congress is made Has this administration discouraged secret 1egislative meth­ subordinate to the President and its l\Iembers condemned if they ods or has it encouraged them and participated in them to an shall dare- to differ from him. extent never known before? Every time this matter is called to Legislation should be in the open. Its preparation should be public attention Democrats arise and make answer by calling in the light and all discussions which result in effecting it attention to similar offenses by Republicans in previous Con­ should be public. I have distinguished authority for this state­ gresses. Is such answer sufficient? Why, Mr. President, I ment if it needs any substantiation, which it does not. Permit have taken much satisfaction in contemplating the fact that this me to quote, however, from a speech made by .Gov. Wilson, was a progressive age and that we had our faces to the future then candidate for President, at Portland, Oreg., on May 18, instead of to the past. Until this Congress I had not supposed 1011: that it was a good answer to the charge of bad methods to It would be a great benefit both to our legislatures themselves and point to previous practices. The Republican Congress did · to the whole of the people if our methods of legislation might. be simplified and made more public and open, so that everybody might indulge what I regard as improper methods, and I have neyer know at each stage of legislation just what was being done and who excused them; but it never employed any so flagrantly violative was doing it. of the principles of open and therefore frank and honest means As a matter of fact, it is a very eonfused and almost necessarily pri­ vate process. When one asks who drafts the measures which are sub­ of legislation as those practiced at this session of Congress and milted by the hundreds to our legislatures the answer must be " Every­ since the President delivered at Portland the speech from which body." 1-'he bills inh·oduced are by no means confined to those which I have quoted. It is more than possible that the semiclose­ are drafted by Members of the House. Indeed, it is probable that in corporation methods employed in framing the Payne bill may every legislature the number of bills drafted by the members themselves is very much smaller than the number drafted by outsiders. They are have been a reason why the people put the Republican Party drawn up, most of them, in lawyers' offices here, there, and everywhere out of power, and yet th.e Democratic administration goes its for the purpose of accomplishing every sort of object sought by in­ dividuals or by groups of individuals or by organized business interests predecessor several better and refers to Republican precedents of one kind or another. Such bills are introduced by the Members as its only excuse. of the Houses " by request" or else are taken over by them as their Until the Congress of the United States assumes its full own and introduced without any indication that they come from outside quarters. constitutional functions as the lawmaking branch and divests When they come to be ~onsidered it is only a bill here and there that itself from all coercile or other improper influences either from is debated in public upon the floor of either House. Our legislation is. without or from within the Government it will not command as a matter of fact, chiefly done in committee room. Sessions of legis­ lative committees, except when they consent to hold public hearings and the respect and confidence of the people, and never in the his­ occasionally arrange to hea:~ argument by outsiders, are private and, tory of our country has it been placed in so abject and humili­ for the most parti confidential. It is considered a breach of legislative ating a position as it finds itself in to-day. Why, Senators etiquette to revea what took place in committee. Bills are smothered by the dozen after getting into committee it the members of the com­ in charke of this bill do not understand it. We can not mittee itself do not wish them reported out for action by the Houses. get an intelligent explanation of its items, and when we ask 1'hose which are reported out are generally accepted by the Houses on for one we are told that the matter in question was put in the authority of the committees which report them and are passed for by the committee's expert, and the committee knows little th(~ most part almost without comment, or else rejected equally without debate. about it. It is easy to see that the characteristic feature of all this method of It is no answer to the charge of caucus coercion to say that li>~islation is privacy. I do not mean that the privacy is in all cases deliberate. It springs out of the system itself-out of the multitude no vote was taken to bind its Members to support the adminis­ of bills to be handled and the inevitable haste in handling them. But tration measure. I am, of course, unacquainted with what often this privacy ls made use of in the most sinister fashion for pri­ actually occurred in the secret Democratic caucus, but I speak vate ends and undoubtedly constitutes the main opportunity for those who wish to work schemes of their own and get legal regulations which the common belief thnt a thorough understanding was reached will serve their own purpose. The political machine, when it controls which will be most effectirn in binding some Senators to vote legislation, can operate successfully only in private. The minute what against amendments which they believe would impi·ove the bill. is going on is marle public it becomes impossible to carry it out. Simi­ larly, when great commercial or financial interests have schemes of their If this is true, then surely machine dictation has been potential own to work through legislation privacy is indispensable. What they in shaping this legislation. wish to do could not be done in the open without such exposure and As a total result of this Congress up to date it has been criticism as would inevitably defeat lt. These circumstances are not often consciously and distinctly analyzed humiliated and disgraced before the country by unwarranted by the mass of voters, but undoubtedly the great body of our citizens insinuations that its Members are unfit to legislate, and by theii· is vaguely conscious of them and they lie at the basis of a great deal action they have acknowledged the impeachment. The business of the dish'llst and uneasiness which is felt when our legislatures are in men, farmers, and laboring men, who had felt that they were a session. The great thing to be desired in this, as in all other matters of government, is publicity. There is no more reason why committee part of this Government and entitled to be heard by their rep­ meetings, where important public matters are handled, should be resentatives on matters affecting their comfort, prosperity, and private than that legislative sessions themselves should be private. happiness, have been made to feel like trespassers and offenders. If legislation is in fact accomplished in committees, committees should be public and not private instrumentalities. The vilest self-convicted scoundrels have been permitted to smirch with their own unsupported statements the characters, He then discusses at length the seeming necessity for the or at least the reputations, of honest, conscientious men in Chief Executive to urge by every means within· his power the and out of public life; and because of the official publication measures which he believes are right, in order that the people of these matters decent men have felt compelled to make may have their cause properly presented, but this whole method answer to charges which no court of justice would have ad­ be admits is defective. Listen further to what he says: mitted in evidence, because of their total lack of truth and The defect of the whole method is that it does not lead to sufficiently thorough debate. 1-'here is no one of equal authority and influence probability. with the Executive to debate public matters officially with him; no It is confidently expressed that ·this bill now before us will sin.,.le legislator occupies his place of :+dvantage in getting at public result ~n better business, greater general prosperity, and cheaper opinion. There is no one in a situation of authority which enables him to answer the governor or the President as effectively as the governor living. The Democratic Party promised these conditions. The or the President can himself speak by reason of his larger authority. President before his election and since has publicly expressed This is not a desirable state of affairs. The great thing to be desired his confidence that they would prevail, and yet recall bow in­ is debate, debate among authoritative persons as well as debate upon the stump, and the more thoroughgoing, the more fearless this debate consistent has been the administration's conduct with its is, the better. promises. Soon after his inauguration President Wilson is re­ Moreover, it is still further belittling to our legislators that the dis­ ported to have made a speech in which he proposed "to hang cussions led by om· Executives should be held outside of the legis­ lative chambers. To do this is to make the little debate that occm·s in as high as Haman" any man or concern that precipitated a the legislature a thing of little or no significance, and it is clearly de­ panic. But why_talk of a panic? A.re business men or even sirable, indeed imperative, that in order that the authority of our speculators opvosed to greater prosperity? Not long after this

J \ I ' \ "2810 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE. JULY ·28, \ \ ( threat by the President his ·secretary -0f Commerce is reported The distinguished ·chairman, Mr. SIMMONS, frankly admits ,as intimating that if a business mau failed .or if :in order to that the bill is intended to permit the importation of more \ meet the foreign comp~tition recommended by the President be foreign goods. Who is to make tl.1:ese imported goo-ds? F-0r­ lhad to reduce his force of labore!'s or lessen tbeir wages he eign labor~ which in no place on earth, save possibly in Oansda, would be in~stigated, and perhaps prosecuted. 'Why :suggest t•eceives ·more than 50 per cent as high wages as in the United such a thing at the -dawn of the brighter day for business? States, will produce them if they are used at all. These im­ Not long .after this remark.able statement by the Secretary of . ported goods will be made abroad, and therefore can not be Oommerce the distinguished and capable Secretary of t'.be Treas- . made .at home, and so far as they at least are conc.erned Ameri­ 'ury assures the country that he has $500,-000,000 of public 'Can lnbor will be denied the oppnrtunity to work. The dis-­ money which he is ready to distribute among the banks in case tinguished Senator, however, speaking for his Democratic of need. What need? Are demands for money being made be- . colleagues, suggests that while our borne market, which is the cau e of any unusual necessity for it by reason of moving .crops best on earth, m-ay have to be surrendered in a measure to the or increase of business? It can not be that with increased . foreigner, markets abroad will be opened to us. But again, pr-0sperity leaping .and bounding just ahead there is need of what shall it profit our people to give up the best on enrth for this reassuring unsolicited promise of the Secretary of the · the hope -of gaining a greater chance at the markets of the Treasury. world in competition with the monopoly-encou1·aged, bounty- Ilut this is not all When it became sure that the President's fed products of other countries? tariff bill was to be ratified by his party in Congress Mr. Wil- Mr. President, this bill is inspired by antagonism to Amerlcan son presented his currency bill with the clear inference that it prosper1ty. Trusts and monopolies are Ure expressed objects is needed to offset any bad effects of the tariff. Surely all this · of attack, but every legitimate industry is subject to Democ­ ri.s treason to the oft-repeated assurances by those in control of racy'.s destructive fire, and in its ostensible efforts to injure the the Government that the tariff per se and of necessity is to strike bad it recklessly and wantonly destroys the good. We can .the shackles from business. .and should destroy 'domestic monopoly, and great progress has l\Ir. President, if business disaster prematurely comes, its t been made in that direction; but the policy of free trade is a coming will be due more to the ·oft-expressed fears of this ad- · blow to all domestic business conducted under the American ministration than to aey efforts by wicked business men, who conditions of wages and living and opens the door to destruc­ .as patriots are expected to be happy the w:...:.1e their business is tion by possible foreign trusts and monopolies, under whose :threatened with destruction .and themselves with prosecution. tyranny this Government would be helpless. There is one thing which stands out clearly at this time We can rid our barns of rats without burning the buildings. nnd that is this: The administration would be supremely We ean cut -0ff all special tariff favors without destroying the happy if it was well assured that the condition of the country opportunities for American labor and enterpt1se. .would be no worse than it is to-day. It has no real hope The distinguished chairman has stated as a. fact that some that things will be better; it ]JJ.stly. fears they will be worse, things up-on which a tariff is now levied c-0st no more to pro­ a.nd it is looking everywhere for some scapegoat for its own duce here than in the competing :foreign countries. Unfortu-. handiwork. nately I and other Senators of the minority hnve not been privi- This measure for the 1b.·st time in· -our bi.story disclaims the leged to hear the arguments which hav~ led the Senat-0r to his ·principle <-0f protection. Whatever protection is in the bill is conclusions, but U it is true that :such duties do exist, then I purely incidental, although from its sectional character I can certainly would favor 1.·educing them to a minimum, which not say that it is accidental. There is too much method dis- would be an am-0unt sli:fficient to protect against the possible 'Closed for :accident The distinguiehod chairman o:f the Finance inundation of our markets for the temporary purpose of destroy­ 'Committee, in speaking for the majority members of his com- Ing home production. mittee., stated that no attention had been given to the question I voted f-Or Canadian il'eciprocity, ·SO called, and in doing so I of ·cost o:f production. That is 'but one illustration of the fore- am now aware that I made n political mistake. I was eonfid.ent going st11tement that protection had been ignored, for the true at that time that the reciprocal arrangement thus proposed would ·principle of protection is founded on -difference in cost o:f pro- unlte the two countries, -0f -common ancesti.·y., of :simila1· condl­ duction here and abroad. He cleaa.·Iy -demonstrated that the one tions :as to wages and li\."ing, by closer ties 'Of common interests. publicly declared reason fur tb.e revision made is a desire to I felt that the waterways which lie along the boundary and whieh dleapen ·the cost -of articles to the consumer. Now, Mr. Presi- · belonged to both nations should have their mighty possiblllties -dent, things must ·be cheapened to the consumer or this legisla- -developed for those nations' common good, and it seemed to me .tion must result in failure and its creators will be condemned, that the agreement for mutual benefits might be helpful to that nnd if it does cheapen eonsumption it must not be done at the gre:it ;purpose. Since reciprocity was defeated, howe~e-r, th-e expense o'f ~neral prosperity or by reducing the ability of the United States Senute has passed a resolution authorizing the people te purchase. 'There ls but one J)O:Ssible theory on which President to enter into treaty relations with Canada for this goods can ibe 'Cheapened in price :and general pr-o'Sperity main- purpose. I did not, h"Oweve1·~ r1ghtly interpret the sentiment tained by t1le reducti-0ns in tariff proposed in this .bill, and that either ()f ()Ur own people -or that of the Canadians. Many of the is that the -profits -0f the manufacturer and the Jfarmer are so men. and papers who supported President "Taft in his efforts for large that they -can be reduced to meet foreign competition and Canadian rec1:proeity a.fterwa!'ds were eitller silent when he w :is further that the consumer will get the !benefit of such reduction. attacked for urging the pact or else they -openly oo.ndemned him I s it within reason to suppose that our -farmers and manufac- for his efforts. Canada re1}l1diated the action of this Govern­ rturers are as a whole-enjnying extraordinary and unreasonable ment and ·defeated the -agreement when the matter came before profits? her people. Since that action by Oanadu I ha-ve taken e~ery The i·ecords do not ·so -disclose. It is possible that some of ,opportunity to Jreverse the vote by which Congress passed the -0ur largest concerns who produce vast -quantities <:>f goods at measul'e, .and I felt then, as I do now, that no form or Canadian a small txrotit per unit may continue to do business. but the i'eciprocity will eyer again receive my support unless Canada. great majority <:>f tb.e business of manufacture and agriculture shall have first passed and presented the proposal :and is conducted :at so small ·a margin ·of profit that it can not the American people shall have given it their approval. ccmtinue if that margin is reduced. 'The large concern may And yet, here is a proposition to gi"ve to Cn.nada all and more endure through the temporary reign of Democracy. It may than was offered under the Teciprocity act without a king be able to cooperate with ' its foreign competitors so as to do .anything in return, .a.nd the same privilege i extended to business, but is that to be the policy -Of Democracy? The trenil every nation . on earth where cost of production and -con­ of the times is against mono1>0ly. ditions of living are ,greatly below those maintaining in . the Is there any -assurance that a reducticm of the tariff will be United States. t.'eflected in retail priees? It was not so refiected in the retail No ta.riff bill was ever presented to Congress so unjustly dis­ price of shoes when in 1909 hides were put on the free list 'a.Ild criminatory against the northern and western farmer, a.nd yet the duties on shoes was reduced 75 per cent. Lumber was not its advocates have the temerity to say that the farmer will be lessened in price to the consumer when the fa.riff was reduced benefited by subjecting him without any protecti-On t-0 the com­ one-half. But it is possible t-o 'l'e0.uce the retail price of things. petition of the world. If the fnrmer resented reciprocity, what It was d-one in 1893 to 1897. General industrial depi·ession is wlll he say to this measure which sacrifices -eTerything and ob· absolutely sure to reduce retail prices. Olose the factories of tains nothing? this country, destroy in a measure home production, and the It might be interesting to take up in detail and discuss thousands of wage earners and small business men who furnish th~ items -of this bill, but it would be unavailing so far as the best market for the products of agriculture and industry changing the decree which has gone out to the effect that it will be compelled to reduce their consumption and these prod- must pass without change, and the country is impatient for the ucts will outrun the demand and their price will drop. But final vote. what will it p:rofit a man if the price of food nnd raiment is I -eould call attention to numerous cases where in t'.bis bill the small if h~ has not the power to ))urchase? foreign producer has been placed not on an equality simply with 1913. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 28111

American producers, but where he has been given a direct and The Senator from Mississippi [Mr. WILLIAMS], also a promi­ material advantage over them. I could point out many provi­ nent and distinguished member of the Finance Committee, in sions in which duties are raised upon articles which do not and some remarks submitted a few days ago seemed to take the could not compete with American products and which therefore same ground when he claimed that the so-called Wilson-Gor­ without question increase the cost to the consumer by the full man Tariff Act had nothing to do with the panic which followed; amount of the duty and that without conferring even an in­ that the American people have since found out that any state­ cidental benefit upon a single American. I could specify items ment to that effect was a lie-- which will result in placing our people in the hopeless grasp Mr. WILLIAMS. l\fr. President-- of foreign monopolies over which our Government can exercise The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Wyoming no control. yield to the Senator from Mississippi? I could refer to instances which show the potential in­ Mr. WARREN. Certainly. not compete with American products and which therefore with­ Mr. WILLIAMS. I desire to ask the Senator if I understood out let or hindTance the American people. I could show that him to use the words "panic which followed "? the policy and result of this measure is to place this great Mr. WARREN. I did. Republic at the mercy of other nations for some of the very .Mr. WILLIAMS. Did the Senator intend to use the word necessaries of life, such as sugar, wool, meat, and flour. Other "followed," or did he intend to say "which preceded"? civilized countries have felt that it was the height of wisdom Mr. WARREN. I intended to use it as I have r;aid it. to become and remain independent of every other nation so fa'l' Mr. WILLIAMS. I merely wanted to know. as necessaries are concerned. Swords have not yet been beat~n Mr. WARREN. The Senator from Mississippf claimed ·that into plowshares nor spears into pruning hooks, and even as the he was authorized to so state "by the authority of the last rumbling of international trouble disturbs our ears it is pro­ election, which put Woodrow Wilson in the White House." posed that we shall make our Republic dependent upon foreign PARTY PL.A.TFORMS-1912. nations for those things which are necessary to its existence in Now, Mr. President, the facts are that three great political peace and war. But, l\Ir. President, many of these things have conventions were held last year, each of the three political par­ already been disclosed and others will be specified as we proJ ties adopting a platform of principles on which it sought the gress with the consideration of the bill. I am sorry that the votes of the people. As to the tariff, the several declarations Senate is foreclosed from effecting ch~_nges which unfettered of principles were, in effect, as follows : patriotic judgment dictates as right. I can only hope that my Republican: Maintenance of a protective tariff. with a reduc­ fears are groundless and that American peace, prosperity, and tion of duties that may be too high and with a general read­ progress will continue. justment of duties by means of accurate information obtained I have the honor to represent in part one of the greatest States by an expert commission. in this Union of great States. Her agriculture, manufacturing, Progressive Republican: A protective ta.riff which shall mining, and lumbering interests are of mighty importance not equalize conditions of competition between the United States only to her people but to the people of the whole country. In and foreign countries, both for the farmer and the manufac­ patriotism and love of country she is unsurpassed by any other. turer, and which shall maintain for labor an adequate standard She sent more than her full quota of her best citizens to help of living. preserve the Union. More than were needed of her loyal sons Democratic: A tariff for revenue only, on the ground that a presented themselves at McKinley's call for men to maintain protective tariff is unconstitutional. the Nation's honor in the War with Spain. She is ready at all To soften this declaration, notwithstanding the solemn assur­ times, as she has been in the past, to do everything which ance of our friend the Senator from Mississippi that the people becomes a liberty-loving, patriotic Commonwealth to contribute no longer believe that harm can come from destroying the pro­ to the stability and greatness of the United States. She asks tective-tariff system. the Democratic platform contained these )lo favors which she is not willing to accord to every other words: State; but she insists that this country, with all of the resources We recognize that our system of tariff taxation Is intimately con­ and possibilities which have been bestowed by a bountiful nected with the business of the country, and we favor the ultimate Providence upon her shall be held and developed primarily by attainment of the principles we advocate by legislation that will not and for the American people. She believes in benefiting the injure or destroy legitimate industry. world, but that such benefit shall be given not by lowering To further allay the fears of the American people that the American standards to that of the lowestcompetitor, but through success of the Democratic Party would mean the destruction. such a beneficent administration of national affairs as will of the protective system of tariff legislation, Mr. Wilson, the attract to us the eyes of all nations, who will here see and emu­ then candidate, now President, in his speech at Pittsburgh on late the glorious possibilities of a Government not only of and October 18. said : by, but for its own people. She would not equalize world condi­ The Democratic Party does not propose free trade or anything ap­ tions by degrading our people to a lower level, but through ex­ proaching free trade. It proposeB merely a !"econsidei'ation of the ta.riff ample would inspire others to raise themselves. As an humble schedules such as will adjust them to the actual business conditions and interests of the country. • • • They will not undertake the representative of such a State I protest against the enactment task like amateurs, either. They will seek n.nd obtain the best possible into law of a bill inspired by prejudice, framed in darkness, and advice in the country, but they will seek it far and wide and not only with no possibilities for good to any American except the im­ in the quarters from which it bas usually come. porter who sells foreign-made goods and the retired capitalist, Without stopping here to comment up"on the atrocious be­ who neither toils nor spins and who, contrary to Divine injunc­ trayal of these ante-election p1·omises by the Democratic Party tion, takes his only care for what he shall eat and drink and and its nominee for President, and its President, as evidenced wear. This Government should be interested more largely in in the bill now before us, which confessedly will "destroy legiti­ opportunities for doing and being than in the chances for simply mate industry" in striking down the sugar and wool and other existing. industries, we pass on, and find that, so far as the tariff is con­ Mr. President, I can see no good that will come to the Amer- cerned, the Republicans and the Progressive Republicans were . ica.n people by the enactment of this bill into law. It contains practically as one party in the last campaign. Any Republican some things which I would be willing to support if I could would have been content to have the Progressive tariff plank vote upon them divorced from · their caucus-forged bonds to substituted for that of his own party, and the Progressives other provisions which I regard as dangerous not only to our would have been content with the Republican tariff plank. revenues but to our prosperity. I shall support such amend­ Consequently, in voting on the tariff the two parties might well ments as are offered which, in my judgment, will improve the be considered as united. meusul'e. If every Sena tor would vote his honest convictions HOW THE PEOPLE VOTED. we would be able to remedy some of its glaring defects; bu-c The returns show that of the popular vote of country­ believing as I do that the measure as a whole is wrongly based the Votes. and inimical to the progress, prosperity, and happiness of my Mr. Taft, on a protective platform, received______3, 484, 520 countrymen, I shall vote against it on its final passage, and I Mr. Roosevelt, on a protective platform, received ______4, 123, 206 am now ready to perform that duty. · . Mr. WARREN. Mr. President, in his able defensive speech Total for protection______7, 607, 735 on the pending bill the chairman of the Finance Committee Mr. Wilson, on a tariff-for-revenue platform, received----- 6, 290, 818 sought to justify the drift of the bill toward free trade by cit­ Majority of protection vctes over tariff-for-revenue ing the result of the last presidential election. The tariff, he votes------1,316,917 said, was the paramount issue in the campaign, and out of the Surely a very handsome majority. 531 votes in the electoral college President Taft received only Had the votes for protection, over those for a revenue tariff, 8, and 1\fr. Wilson received 435. decided the election of electors, Mr. Wilson instead of receiving The bill now before the Senate, Chairman SIMMONS contends, 435 votes in the electoral college would have received but 152, is "a fair interpretation of the will of the people." or only a little more than. one-third as many~ 2812 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JULY 28,

Had the electoral vote, by States, been decided upon the Delaware------202,322 ldjho ______~------325,594 numbers cast for protection and the numbers cast for a revenue Illinois ______5,638,591 tariff, the result would have been like this: Ilndowaiana- ______------_ 2,700,876 ICansas ______2,224,771 1,690,949 Marylandhiaine------______742,371 Wilson. Roose-velt. 1 Taft. 1,295,346 Massachusetts------Mlchigan ______3,366,416 2,810, 173 ~~~~------~ · =I 2,075,708 Minnesota ------­ For a revenue tariff: M~souri------­ 3,293,33G Alabama._ ... _...... 12 82, 438 22, 680 9, 732 Montana------­ 376,0tia Arizona...... 3 10,324 6,951 2,986 Nebraska------­ 1,192,214 Arkansas...... 9 68,838 21,673 24,467 Nevada------81,875 Florida...... 6 36, 417 4, 535 4, 279 New Hampshire ------430,572 Georgia...... ~i 92, 076 ~~; ~~g u~; m New Jersey ------­ 2,537,167 1 New 1.fexico ------­ 327,301 New York------9, 113, 614 North Dakota ------577,056 ~~~~~~~::::~~:~~~::::::::~::~ :~ :~~E J.m J:i: Ohio------­ 4,707, 121 Oklahoma ...... _...... 10 ll!l, 156 90, 786 Oregon------~------672,765 SouthCarol!na. ················--···--- 9 48,3-17 1,293 536 Pennsylvania------­ 7,665, 111 Tennessee...... 12 130, 275 63, 710 59, 392 Rhode Island ------­ 542, GlO Texas...... 20 219, ~89 Z6, 745 25, 830 South Dakota ------583,888 Virginia...... 12 . £0, 332 21, 777 23, 288 Utah------­ 373,351 Vermont------355,956 Total(l4State<;) .•..•.••••••• : •••••.. 1,141,990 --m-====1== ~!:f1v'f:~fnia:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1,221,119 Wisconsin ------­ 2,333,860 For &8Jr~~~~: :~:~: ...... 13 283,486 283,610 3,914 145,96:) Colorado ...... 6 114,232 72,306 58,386 Wyoming------Connecticut ...... -.. 7 74,561 34, 129 68,324 Total (34 States)------65,097,309 Delaware ...... 3 22,631 8,886 15,997 Idaho ...... 4 33, 921 25,527 32,810 Thus the vote for the revenue-tariff idea represents but Illinois ...... : .. : ...... 29 405,848 386,478 253,593 twenty-six and a half millions of our people, while the vote for Indiana ...... •...... 15 281,890 162,007 151,267 Iowa ...... •...... 13 185,325 161,819 119,805 the protectirn idea represents sixty-five millions, speaking in Kansas ...... 10 143,663 120,210 74,845 round numbers. Maine ...... 6 51, 113 48,495 26,545 Carrying the point a step further, we find from the latest Maryland ...... _...... 8 112,674 57, 789 54,956 Massachusetts ...... 18 173,408 142,228 155,948 available statistics that the estimated true value of all property 15 150, 751 214,584 152,244 in 1904 in the 14 tariff-for-revenue States was as follows: 12 106,426 125,856 64,334 g=~~:::: . :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 330, 746 124,371 207,821 Alabama------~-- $965,014,261 Montana ...... 4 27,941 22,456 18,512 Arizona------·------306,302,305 Nebraska ... : ...... 8 109,008 72,614 54,216 Nevada ...... _...... _. 3 7,986 5,620 3,196 ~f:Aa!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-:..-:..-:..-:..-:..-:..-:..~-:..~-:..-:..-:..-:..-:..-:..-:..-:..~:::::::: ~gi:~&~:~Z3 4 34, 724 17, 794 32,927 Geor~a------1,16~44~671 14 178,289 145,410 88,835 LouisianaKentucky------______1,01,527,486,23032, 29V, 006 m:~E~~~::::::. :::::::::::::::::: 3 20,437 8,347 17, 733 New York ...... 45 655,475 390,021 455,428 Mississippi______688, 249, 022 North ·Dakota ...... --...... 5 29,555 25, 726 23,090 North Carolina______842, 072, 218 Ohio ...... 24 423, 153 229,327 277,066 Oki a h oma an d I n d"ian T err i tory______{ 63459,, 013,021, 700355 Oregon ..... ; ...... ! .. 5 47,064 37,600 34, 673 6 38 395,619 447,426 273,305 South Carolina______58~85~222 i1~~~~g:_·.: :: ::: :: :: :::: :::: :: :: :: 5 30,412 . 16,878 27, 703 Tennessee------1, 104,223,979 - South Dakota .... : ..... _...... 5 48,982 58,811 Utan ...... , ...... 4 36,579 24, 174 42,100 ~[;:i~ia::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::: i: ~~~:~¥~:~is. Vermont ...... 4 15,354 22, 13.2 23,332 7 86,840 113,698 70,445 TotaL ______14, 673, 520, 324 8 113,046 78,977 56,667 ;~!~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 13 164,228 62,460 130,695 The estimated true ya1ue of all property in the 34 protective­ Wyoming ...... 3 15,310 9,232 14, 560 tariff-voting States in 1904 was: California ______------$4,115,491,106 Total (34 States) ...... - .. : . ... -... . 379 •·••••••·• ········-. ··-······· Colorado ______1,207, 542, 107 Connecticut------1,414,635,063 Two and one-half times as many electoral votes for a protective tarill presidential Dela ware ______~------230,200,976 candidate as for a revenue tariff candidate. · Idaho------·------­ 342,871,863 And so free trade or tariff for rev~nue only received the in­ Ill ino~------­ 8,816,556, 191 Indiana------Iowa ______3, 105, 781, 739 dorsement of but 14 out of 48 States, while a protective tariff 4,048,516,076 was adhered to by 34 States-more tha:i two-thirds of the Kansas------­ 2,253,224,243 775,622,722 Maine------~aryland States in number. And it is also a significant fact that of those ______1, 511, 488, 172 free-trade or tariff-for-revenue-only States, 12 of them were ~fassachusetts------4,956,578,913 the old solid South, rock-ribbed, always-that-way States, the Mlchigan ______3, 282, 419, 117 3,343,722,076 other 2 being th~ newer States of Oklahoma and Arizona; whil~ M}~~e;~i~a_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--~----_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_----~:::::::: 3,759,597,451 on the other hand all of the old northern and western group that Montana ______746,311,213 ha\e ever heretofore declared for a protective tariff, and in­ Nebraska------·------­ 2,009,563,633 cluding the southern States of Maryland, Missouri, and West Nevada------220,734,507 New Hampshire------516,809,204 Virginia and the new State of New l\Iexico, 34 in all, recorded New Jersey ____ ------______------___ _: 3,235,619,973 their votes for protection. New hiexicO------·------­ 332,262,650 So it is idle to claim that the people of this country are New York------14,'169,042,207 NorthDakota------735,802,909 clamoring for a change from protection to free trade or a 5,946,909,406 OhiO------­ 852,053,232 tariff for revenue only. Oregon------Pennsylvania ______11,473,020,306 Taking it another way : In point of population the States Rhodelsland------­ 799,349,601 voting for the revenue-tariff idea contain the following: South Dakota------·------679,840,93!} Utah------­ 487,768,615 f~~~~:ia_:=:=:=:=:=:=::=:::=::::::=:-.:::~=:-.:::=:=:=:=::=:::=:::=::::::::: 2, ~g~: g~~ Vermont------~------~------­ 300,330,089 1 "\Vashlngton------1,051,671,432 West VirginiL------840,000,149 #t~~~d~~~======-====::-.::-.::::::=:=::=:::-.:::=:::::::::=:::::: ·~~~:~1~ \Visconsin ______2,838,678,239 Wyom.ing------·------:- 329,572.241 TotaL------91, 390, 308, 420 NorthMississippi Carolina ------______:______1,2, 797,206, 114287 ~~~!~~======~======. ~:l~l;i~~ Thus it will be seen that the relative standing in the country Oklahoma ____ ~ ------1,65~155 South Carolina------1,515,400 of the protective-tariff and the revenue-tariff ideas is as fol­ Tennessee------2,184,789 lows: Texas------3,896,542 Virginia------2,061,612 Protective Revenm tariff. Total (14 States)---.------26, 543, 828' tariff. The States casting a majority vote for the protective idM ha Ye a population as follows: - Electoral votes ...... _...... 152 379 2,377,54!:) Population ...... _...... -· ...... 26, 543, 828 65, 097' 369 California ------.:------Property value ...... : ...... : ...... 14, 673, 520, 324 $91, 390, 308, 420 Co~radO ------­ 799,024 Connecticut------~:------1, 114, ~56

. ~

\ . ( I 1913. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE.-· 2813.

1\lr. President, it is perfectly apparent from the discussion After the close ot the war the prohibitive war duties were re­ so far of the pending ta.riff measure that the opinions of Sen­ duced by temporary legislation 29 per cent; and then followed ators are as widely apart, almost, as the poles, relative to the the act of April Z'l, 1816, which was not as protective as the subject, between those who believe in protection so placed as to advocates of that policy desired. - be practically a tariff for revenue also and those who oppose It is worthy of notice that one of the strongest advocates of protection and insist upon a tariff for revenue only, not even the protective-tariff idea at the time this bill was under con­ willing to have incidental protection,. but instead a tariff so sideration was John 0. Calhoun, of South Carolina, and one of placed, mnch of it, that neither protection nor any considerable his speeches was the most notable effort of the session in favor 1·evenue can result. of protection. I myself am a believer in a protective tariff, and wish at all INADEQUATE TARIFl? BRINGS DIS.A.STER. times to be counted upon that side of the equation. The inadequate protective duties of the act of 1816 opened If a line of conduct or belief has led invariably to success, we the way for an onslaught on American markets and industries should credit it accordingly. And in my own opinion, if I by Great Britain which proved more injurious to this country have read history correctly and have observed events with care, than a successful war would have been. First came a brief it is safe for me to assert that an adequate protective tariff period of fictitious prosperity in which floods of foreign goods at bas brought us prosperity and consequent happiness, while a low prices came into the country, bringing on extravagant specu­ free-trade policy-Or its first cousin or nearer relative, a tariff lation in business. Then came liquidation and bankruptcy to for revenue only-has invariably brought us into nonprosperous the merchant and farmer. times and consequent sorrow. Thomas H. Benton, writing of that period, said: Notwithstanding the fact that the subject of the tariff is old No P'l'ice for property, no sales except those of the sherifl' and the and has been talked about and thought of much by all of us, marshaJ, no employment for industry, no demand for labor, no sale for the produce of the farm, no sound of the hammer, except that of the yet from the very nature of things it is never shopworn nor out­ auctioneer knocking down property. Distress was the universal cry of lawed. It is always with us, and must necessarily be with us the people; relief, the universal demand, was thundered at tbe doors of so long as we have a Government and the Government is sup­ all legislatures, State and Federal. ported in whole or in part from the levying of taxes, directly How accurately this description fits a later period of depres­ or indirectly. sion which most of us remember, namely, the depression caused Pursued as I am, and as doubtless others are, by inquiries by the Wilson-Gorman law. as to what the pending bill contains and how it compares with The iron trade, the pottery industry, the glass factories, the former bills, and by many requests for some history concerning manufactures of cotton goods, the woolen industry-all were the numerous bills which have been enacted during the life of hard hit. England glutted the markets of this counti·y with the Republic, I have thought it best to prepare and put into cheap goods and nearly ruined us. the RECORD a sort of brief resume of the leading and important The hard times of that early period were attributed by the tariff measures, with facts and comments as to tariff legisla-. free-trade advocates to the failure of banks and the decrease of tion according to my views, even though it may smack a little currency, just as the free ti·aders of to-day blame the panic and of the elementary. hard times of 1893-1897 on former President Cleveland and the It was very early in the history of our Republic when the banks as per Senator THOM.As a few days ago. doctrine of protection found a place in our laws. The State of A memorial to Congress adopted by a convention in which Pennsylvania in 1785 enacted a protective tariff law imposing delegates participated from nine States contained the following specific duties on articles imported into the State from abroad statement showing . the unfortunate condition of the manufac- and ad valorem duties on others. It was intended to encourage turing industries : , manufacturing within the State, and so well did it fulfill this While so many of our manufactures are thus ruined, our working intention that Pennsylvania to this day has been an advocate people destitute of employment and of the means to support their familiesz our cities and towns are filled with the manufactured produc­ of the protective idea. The Pennsylvania law was the model tions or other nations. by which we have been and are ruinously for the first tariff law enacted by the Federal Government, in drained of our wealth. That these complicated evils which oppress us and which have taken place during a season of profound peace of nearly, 1789. - five years' dnratlon, after a war closed with honor, which left us in a FIBST N.A.Tlmi.A.L PROTECTIVE LAW. state of high prosperity, evince that there is something radically un­ The date of the first protective tariff law, July 4, 1789, is sound in our policy which requires a radical remedy in the power of the National Legislature alone to supply. / significant, and the language of s~ction 1 of the act is equally so. It is: COUNTRY DEMANDS PROTECTION. Whereas it is necessary for the support of the Government, for the The demand for a remedy was met by Congress with the discharge of the debts of the United States, and the encouragement and passage of the protective-tariff act of May 22, 1824, and the still protection of manulacturers that duties be laid on goods, wares, and more highly protective act of l\fay 19, 1828, the latter act re-. merchandise imported : Be it enacted, etc. maining in force five years. Protective legislation in connection with laws for protection Under the operations of those two tariff laws prosperity re­ to American shipping brought immediate prosperity to the turned to the country, manufacturing .was revived, work was young Nation, paid the expenses of the Government, and enabled abundant, and the public debt was rapidly wiped out of it, by 1834-35, to wipe out the national debt, including the existence. $15,000,000 paid for the purchase of Louisiana. Henry Clay, in a speech deliv_ered in 1832, said that if a term Various revisions of the first ta.riff law were made in the of seven years were to be selected of the greatest prosperity, period between July 4, 1789, and the War of 1812, none of them enjoyed by the people since the establishment of the Consti­ downward and most of them upward. Conditions improved tution it would be exactly that period which immediately fol­ wonderfully during this period, and the transformation from lowed the passage of the tariff act of 1824. household industry to an organized system of factories was The history of our country shows that ofttimes prospedty as begun. well as adversity brings discontent. · Mr. President, I do not wish to go very deeply into ancient Under the protective tariffs of 1824 and 1828 there was uni­ history; but in order to make some comparisons and to show versal prosperity and, as stated, the revenues of the Govern• some coincidences I shall trespass upon the time of the Senate ment exceeded the expenditures to such an extent that the for a few moments to touch upon some of the high points from public debt· was paid and a surplus of funds in the Treasury, that period up to the present time. was being accumulated. To reduce revenue and avoid the dan... Census reports for 1810 show that the manufactured products gers of a great surplus revision of the tariff was urged. It was of the country aggregated $127,694,602, the growth of but a few contended that the tariffs of 1824 and 1828 imposed duties on years under protection. many fabrics and commodities not made in the United States During the progress of the War of 1812 a tariff practically and thus imposed unnecessary burdens of taxation on the people. prohibitive was in force, and this extreme application of the It was during this period of discussion that the consideration protective idea threw the people of the country on their own of the tariff question lost its economic features and took on a resources, and establishments for the manufacture of cotton political and sectional side, which seems to have ever since goods, woolen cloth, iron, glass, pottery, and other articles ~ra~ri~tt - increased in number wonderfully. The antagonism between the North and South was- becoming A report of conditions in the United States at the close of the more and more marked, radical free trade being advocated war, made by Mathew Carey, showed that employment was at generally by southern statesmen and protection by those from hand for every man, woman, and child able and willing to the North. · · work, cotton manufactures aggregating $24,000,000 annually; The questions involved in slavery entered into the considera~ woolen manufactures, $19,000,000; all manufacturing establish­ tion of the ta.riff, so that tariff became one of the acute ments busy; money easy; debts collected without difficulty, and political issues of the time. the country generally prosperous except in a few places which One outcome of the controve1·sy was Henry Clay's famous suffered desolation during the war. "compromise,. tariff act of 1833, which reduced rates of duty 2814 -CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE.- JULY 28, and pro-rided for a. sliding scale of further reductions and ulti­ tection had so stimulated the skill and ingenuity of Americans and had brought from Great Britain so many skilled workmen that our mate free trade in a large number of articles. own market was ours for at least an infinite variety of hardware and That act greatly increased the importation of. foreign goods, we have held it in . many departments of the business from that day which were forced into our markets, sold at auction and on to this, no one being able to undersell us in our own streets. liberal terms of credit to merchants and speculators, . whose While the act remained in force only four years and three commercial paper was taken and discounted by the banks. The months and was the last protective measure in operation until imports increased from $108,609,700 in 1834: to $176,579,154 in the Republican Party restored and extended the policy in 1861, 1836, and the balance of trade for the four years of 1834 to it operated to so strengthen established industries and to give 1837, inclusfre, was $99,168,104 against us. others a firm foothold that they were able, by retrenchment DEPRESSIO~ FOLLOWS TA.RIFF REDUCTIO~. the practice of great economy, reduction of wages, and exten~ The panic of 1 37 told the same story of depression as that sion of working hours, to better withstand the severe competi­ following the tariff reduction of 1816. The American market tion to which they were subjected from 184G to 18GO. was ornrwhelmed; domestic production displaced; the labor Efforts to repeal the 1842 protective law were made in 1844 and indu tries of the country disorganized; the people impover­ and" failed. Speaking in opposition to a change in the tariff at ished and their purchasing power destroyed. Then followed that time, Senator Berrien, of Georgia, said there had been diminished importations, loss of revenue, and universal fi,nancial since August, 1842, a sensible improvement in the condition embarrassment. The Treasury became practically bankrupt. of the country; whether because of that tariff or in spite of it Receipts fell below expenditures year by year and were replen­ was not the subject of his inquiry. He stated the following ished by increasing the national debt. facts: The balance of trade against the country and consequent ex­ 1. The credit of the country was prostrate and bas been redeemed. Its stock is again above par. portation of specie brought on a financial panic in which a great 2. The Treasury was empty ; it is now replenished. many of the banks of the country were obliged to suspend 3. The commerce and navigation of the country have increased. 4. Its agricultural condition has improved. specie payments. 5. There has been a marked improvement of our great staples. As usual, and as now, the defenders of the low-tariff and 6. A reduction in the prices of almost all if not absolutely of every free-trade policies attributed the hard times and panic to the article of consumption. bankers, when, in fact, the banks were victims, with others, of 7. To crown the whole, every branch of industry bas been stimulated the adoption of a tariff system not in accord with our industrial to increased activity, and confidence has been restored. and business life. The presidential election of 1844, resulting in the defeat of The condition of the country as it existed before protection Henry Clay, protectionist, and the election of James K. Polk, was restored is described in Hunt's .Merchants' Magazine for free-trader, brought the era of protection to an end until it 1842, page 482, as follows: was restored in 1861. The Walker tariff law, based on the These continually accumulated disasters down to the 1st of April theory of a revenue tariff, went into effect December 1, 1846, had thrown a degree of gloom over the commercial circles seldom wit­ and remained in force until July 1, 1857, when duties were nessed. The heavy spring payments had been falling due; remittances further reduced to harmonize with the revenue standard, and a from the country could not be obtained; the banks were fearful of extending themselves in the smallest degree ; goods could scarcely be material change was made in the principles of the Walker tariff sold for money at any price; the a.ccounts fot· abroad gave but little by placing many raw materials on the free list. indication of a speedy revival and of a demand for Amel'ican produce; During the period those tariff laws were in operation a prob­ and the sluggish and uncertain a.ction of Congress tended to enhance the dread of the future. lem of greater importance-that of slavery-occupied the atten­ - In Colton's Life of Henry Clay, volume 1, is this deplorable tion of the country, and the relative merits of protection and free trade were placed in the background. picture: The revulsion of 1837 provided a far greater havoc than was ex­ Nevertheless the revenue tariff of 1846, which practically perienced in the free-trade period of 1820 and 1824. The ruin came placed manufactures on the free list while retaining duties on quick and fe:ll'ful. They were few that could save themselves. Prop­ raw material, was the cause of increasing importations of erty of every description was parted with at prices that were astound­ competing manufactures, the reduction of wages, and the sur- ing, and as for currency, there was scarcely any at all. render of profits. . The Go-\ernment failed in efforts to place a loan of $12,000,000 Thus the correcting of one error by making a second one in Europe, and in response to advertisements for a popular did not bring success. The first error was taxed raw materials loan only $250,000 was offered, at rates ranging from 28 per and free manufactures; the second, free raw materials and cent to 32 per cent per annum. The American Almanac esti­ taxed manufactures, neither -0f which theories can be accepted mated the losses during that depression in six leading lines of as correct. A true protective theory requires an adequate trade at $785,000,000. Over 30,000 merchants went into bank­ tariff on both raw materials and manufactures. A free­ ruptcy, and 50,000 settled with creditors, who sustained losses trade policy, to be consistent, must naturaUy demand that both of $250,000,000. shall be free. The country returned to the protecth·e policy in 1842, when The culmination was the panic of 1857, when, through the the act of August 30 restored protective duties, substituting on exhaustion of the country, trade declined, the sales of public many aricles specific for ad valorem rates. land almost stopped, and the reyenues of the Government re­ Of that ta.riff act John Quincy Adams said: ceded below the expenditures. The depression of business con­ The tariff of 1842 has wrought wonders for the purposes for which it was enacted-the procurement of an adequate revenue and protection tinued until 1861. The balance of foreign trade against us for the native industry and free labor of the land. It has .fully per­ for the four years 1857 to 1860, inclusi\e, amounted to $169.- formed its promise in the production of revenue. It has restored the 555,44,. The national debt was increased from $45,000,000 pal ied credit of the Nation, filled the coffers of the Treasury, and has already paid off a large proportion of the heavy debt contracted by the in 1847 to $90,000,000 in 1861. The credit of the Government preceding admlnistrntion. was poor, and bonds offered by President Buchanan in 1860 A Kew York paper in November, 1842, said: brought practically no offers, while an issue of Treasury notes When the tariff bill was passed imposing a greater duty on foreign were bid for at from 12 to 30 per cent discount. goods it wa.s alleged by most men that it would increase . the price of In his message of December 14, 1860, President Buchanan foreign articles nearly or quite to the amount of the duty, and then it said: ould be an indirect tax on the people. Contrary to this prediction~ Panic and distress of a fearful character prevail throughout the the fact has turned out differently. land. Our laboring population is without employment, and conse­ Th2 flouri hing condition of the country which immediately quently deprived of the means of earning their bread. Indeed, all hope followed enabled the people to increase their purchases of all seems to have deserted the minds of men. kinds of commodities, domestic as well as foreign. Although In fact, I think there may be Senators now in this body the importation of protected articles diminished, those of the who can recall the pinching times of the Buchanan admin­ noncompetiti•e classes, upon which the duties operated simply istration and can remember the poor credit of our Government .for reyenue, so increased, owing to the general prosperity · of at that time. the country, that the '.rreasury soon held a surplus. Before the And yet the country was operating under the most anti­ act of 1842 was superseded by the act of 1846 $15,000,000 was protective tariff law ever enacted, a law based upon the views paid on the national debt. · and report of President Polk's Secretary of the Treasury, In conh·ast with .the adverse balance of trade of $99,168,104 Robert J. Walker, the ablest opponent of the policy of protection against ns in the four yea.rs 1834 to 1837, there was a trade the country has produced. balance in our favor of $28,000,000 for the four protective-tariff The test of that law was made under favorable conditions. years 1843 to 1846, inclusive. . When it was enacted the country was enjoying a.n amazing William D. Kelley said in his speech before Congress Janu- degree of prosperity and business enlargement. The discovery ary 3, 1866: of gold in California, the construction of thousands of miles When the tariff of 1842 went into effect our country was being of railroad, the opening to settlement of millions of acres of flooded with British manufactures of every variety, from a tenpenny nail to a circular saw, ancl from table cutlery to butt hinges, thumb land in the Mississippi Valley and beyond, all contributed to latches, etc. But when 1847 came around four years of adequate pro- keep capital invested and labor employed. Had it not been 1913. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE. 2815

for these extraordinary aids to commerce and business the [l\fr. THOMAS], that it was the result of a conspiracy between ren'nue system doubtless would have broken down long before President Cleveland and Wall Street. . 1 57. It is certain, however, ·that no financial panic could cause the The conspicuous results of the Walker tariff between 1846 general misfortunes which visited the country during Mr. and 1860 were that wages of labor were not increased, but re­ Cleveland's second administration and continued until the en­ Dingley Act-brings The protective element obtained control of Congress in 1860 into view the fact that coincident with all legislation alonh the and n protective tariff bill was passed March 2, 1861, receiving lines of free trade or revenue tariff this country has suffered President Buchanan's signature shortly before his retirement from depressions in business, stoppage of manufacturing, dearth from office. This bi11 provided for a moderate increase of ad of work for all classes of workingmen, increase of importations Yalorem rates but changed many duties from ad valorem to of manufactured articles, disarrangement of the finances of the specific. The act did not provide enough revenue to meet the Government, and what may be generally classed as "hard extraordinary expen es of the Civil War and the rates were in­ times." creased at a special session of Congress in August, 1861. On the other hand, coincident with the periods of protective It is worthy of note that during this period one of the most legislation, there have been generally prosperous conditions, effecttre adyocates of protection was a northern Democrat, ~mple work, increased wages, growth in manufacturing, growth Willi:im D. Kelley, of Pennsylvania, once a free trader but m agriculture and stock raising, generally sound financial con­ conyerted to protection by observing himself the effect of the ditions, and general "good times." two policies on the business of the country. Without insisting that the hard-times periods of our history In his introduction to his published speeches and addresses, were due absolutely to the low tariffs of the same periods or l\Ir. Kelley said: that the good-times periods were caused by high tariffs, I con­ The theory that labor-the productive exercise of the skill and tend that it is nevertheless significant that adversity has at­ muscular power of men, who are responsible for the faithful and tended one and prosperity the other. intelligent performance of civic and other duties-is merely a raw material, and that the Nation which pays least for it is the wisest Conditions at the present tim~ are similar to what they have and best governed, is inadmissible, in a democracy ; and when we been many times in the past, and while I hope history is not to shall determine to starve the bodies and minds of our operatives in repeat itself, I confess that I am apprehensive that the causes order that we may successfully compete in common markets with the productions of the underpaid and poorly fed peasants of Europe, and which operated so disastrously in our case in the past will have the paupers of England, we shall assail the foundations of a Govern­ the same effect when again applied. ment which rests upon the intelligence and integrity of its people. •ro defend our country against this result is the office of a protective I earnestly hope that our experiences under this legislation tarifr, and for this duty it alone is sufficient. will show that protection has built up our industries and cC;rn­ merce to such a plane of stability that we can withstand the It was during this period of a protective tariff that the flood of competing goods from all parts of the world which al'e country prospered in the face of a financial panic. The panic being now accumulated to pour in upon our home market as of 1873 was short lived and was followed by a period of great soon as the barrier of protection is removed by the enactment industrial prosperity and growth. The wealth of the country, of the pending bill. 1873-1879, increased 44 per cent. The manufactures of the country increased 27 per cent. Iron and steel production in­ We shall have to contend with sugar from Cuba and Java; creased 200 per cent. Railroad mileage increased 40,000 miles. w9ol from Australia and Argentina; coal from Canada; fruits The national debt was reduced by $322,462,622. from Italy; manufactures of all kinds from England and Ger­ In his speech delivered December 8, 1881, justin S. 1\Iorrill, many and, perhaps, Japan; cattle and meats from Mexico, of Vermont, said : Argentina, Australia, and Canada-in fact, we shall have to defend our market from unequal competition dil:ected against In six years ending June 30, 1881, our exports of merchandise ex­ ceeded imports by over $1,175,000,000-a large sum in itself, largely us from every quarter of the globe. increasing our stock of gold, filling the pockets of the people with I shall not predict that we can not withstand the onslaught more than two hundred and fifty millions, not found in the Treasury or banks, making the return to specie payment easy, and arresting that will be made against us, for I have faith in the ability the painful drain of interest so long paid abroad. It is also a very of the American people to cope with every misfortune and eyery conclusive refutation of the free-trade chimeras that exports are de­ adversity which they may be called upon to face. pendent upon imports, and that comparatively high duties are in­ variably less productive of revenue than low duties. The pertinent I do not want to be a prophet of evil, but at the same time question arises, Shall we not in the main hold fast to the blessings we I feel that the experiences of this country as a result of low­ have? tariff or revenue-tariff legislation and consequent reduction of A surplus in the Treasury invited reductions in the tariff ~om~ensation of labor have been sufficiently distres ing to and downward revision was enacted in the law of March 3, Justify the apprehension, anxiety, and distrust in the future of 1 3. our business and commercial interests. It was thought by the protectionists that if concessions were There is this light in the situation : The Ameriean people made tariff agitation would cease, and that act contained are quick of discernment and quick to act. A majority in Con­ reductions and compromises which proved unsatisfactory in gress may fool itself, but it can not fool the people who created that they injured the industries affected. The act was a gen­ that majority. And if the predicted disasters follow the enact­ eral downward revision of the tariff, an increased free list, and ment of this law it will be speedily replaced by one in harmony its effect on a number of industries was disastrous. with the theory of protection. The act of October 1, 1890, the McKinley Act, was a complete The history of the _tariff is full of coincidences, and for that and practical revision of the tariff. Many changes were made reason I took the short time to put in a resun1e of the facts. from ad valorem to specific rates. The free list was enlarged. The elec.tion of President Polk, free-trader, over Henry Clay, The McKinley Act was in force four years, during which there protectionist, thus making possible the Walker Free Trade Act was unusual prosperity in all lines of industry in the country. of 1846, was brought about through the defection from the Employment was plentiful and wages were high. Whig Party of the Abolitionists, who corresponded in a meas­ The history of that period again shows that prosperity as ure to the Progressives of to-day, whose third-paTty movement well as adYersity breeds discontent. defeated the Republican candidate in the recent election. Re­ The Cleveland administration, with antiprotection control of gardless of the Abolitionist defection, Clay probably would have Senate and House, came into power, and its m~t noted achieve­ been elected if Mr. Polk, during his candidacy for the Presi­ ment was the Wilson-Gorman Act of August 27, 1894. dency, had not assured the voters of Pennsylvania that he I~ is needless to recite here the conditions of the country would not injure American industries. In a letter to Judge which attended the passage and administration of the Wilson­ Kane, of Pennsylvania. which was widely circulated in that Gorman law. Its scars have not been entirely effaced even by State, Mr. Polk said: the lapse of nearly a score of years of prosperity. That the In my judgment it is the duty of the Government to extend as far as it may be practicable to do so. by its revenue laws and all other means counti·y was prostrated, business almost annihilated, factories within its power, fair and just protection to all the great inte1·ests of and works closed, real estate depreciated in value, work denied the .whole Union, embracing agriculture, manufactures, comme1·ce, and millions of men willing to work, wages reduced to a mere pit­ naVIgation. tance is not denied. But that the depression was due to the This promise to the voters of PennsylY-ania saved that State effect of the Wilson-Gorman law is now denied by the oppo­ to Polk. nents of the protective-tariff system, the latest explanation of Again, in 1892, Mr. Cleveland at various times during his the depression being, as stated by the Senator from Colorado candidacy sought to allay the fears and apprehensions of the L--177 2816 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE: · JULY 28,

people in reO'ard to the tariff. In a speech in Madison Square Martine, N. J. Reed Smith, Ga. Thompson Norris Robinson Smith, l\fd. Thornton Garden, July 20, 1892, he said: O'G-Orman Saulsbury Smith. llich. Tillman We are not reckles ly heedless of any American interests, nor will Oliver Shafroth Smith, S. C. Town end we abandon <>Ur regard for them. Overman .Sheppard Smoot Vardaman Page Sherman Stone Walsh In his letter of acceptance, September 26., 1892, he wrote : Perkins Shively Sutherland Warren Tariff reform is still our purpose. We wage no exterminating war Pome1·ene Simmons Swanson Williams against any American ttnterests. We believe a readjustment can be Ransdell Smith, Ariz. Thomas Works accomplished in accordance with the principles we profess without disaster or demolition. We contemplate ~ fair and careful distribution Mr. SHEPPARD. My colleague [J.'lr. CULBERSON] is unavoid­ of necessary tariff burdens rather than the precipitation of free trade. ably absent. He has a permanent pair with the Senator from We will rely upon the intelligence oi'. our fellow countrymen to rilject the charge that a party .comprising the majority of our people is plan­ Delaware [Mr. nu PONT]. I will let this announcement stand ning the destruction or injury of American interests. for the day. And in 1912 we ha\e Mr. Wilson asserting at Pittsbmgh l\fr. GROl\TNA. I wish to announce that my colleague [Mr. that- McCuMBER] is necessarily absent from the city, due to serious The Democratic Party does not propose free trade or anything ap­ illness in his family, at Detroit Lake, 1\Iinn. proaching free trade. It proposes merely a consideration of the tariff The VIOEJ PRESIDE~~. Sixty-eight Senators have an­ sehednles such as will adjust them to the actual business conditions swered to the roll call There is a quorum present. nnd interests of the country. Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, I hold in my hand u plain How alike the ante-election promises of Polk, Cleyeland, and letter from a plain man which, however, I think is a sufficient .Wilson! answer to the very elaborate argument of the Senator from And thus doth history repeat itself. Utah [Mr. SMOOT] the other day upon the subject of American Despite his promises to Pennsylvania, President Polk was wages, especially in the mining business. I have not had time sponsor for the most extreme free-trade tariff act in our history. to verify all the figures in it, but I think it will be found to be Despite his promise to the American people that a readjust­ correct. I ask to have it read as a part of my remarks. ment of the tariff would be ma.de without disaster or demolition, The VICEJ PRESIDENT. The Senator from l\fississippi asks Mr. Cleveland favored the Wilson bill as it passed the House, consent to have read the letter he has sent to the de k. Is there ! with a greatly extended free list, including free wool, free coal, objection? The Chair hears none, and the Secretary will read free hides, free lumber, and so forth. as requested. And despite his promise of less than a year ago that the The Secretary read as follows: Democratic Party pr<>poses merely a consideration of the tariff PROVIDE."lCE, July 26, 1918. · schroules such as will adjust them to the actual business con­ MY DEAR .Srn: Having read your debate in the Senate Chamber with ' ditions and interests of the country, Presideut Wilson is now Mr. SMOOT, of Utah, in the CONG:RESSIONAL RECORD .July 18, H>l3, in which the Utah Senator claims the tarill' laws of his party are responsi­ I forcing his party to place certain products on the free list, with ble for the high rate of wages in our country, and in order to prove the inevitable result, in the minds of many of his own party, · his claims in that respect he cites the lead-mining industry as a shining . Members of Oongress and others, that the industries producing example of what protection will do for the individual engaged in that line of industry. Now, Mr. WILLIAMS J am not going to indulge in those products will be seriously crippled, if not entirely de­ glittering generalities, hot-air logic, or blow-hard argument. I am just stroyed. going to prepare for your consideration some figures and a few facts And thus again will history repeat itself. which I have learned after studying the returns of the last national census reports in connection with mines and mining. In speaking of the The VICE PRESIDEriT. The question is on the amendment industry throughout the country they say we have employed during offered by the Senator from Utah [l\Ir. SMOOT). the period above mentioned l,086,7S2 wage earners, and they receive Mr. SIMl\IONS. What is the amendment? $599,705,989 as compensation for their services, which gives each wage earner 551.82 per year, 10.61 per week, or $1.77 per day. This The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will read it. national average includes every branch of the industry throughout the The SECRETARY. In paragraph 71, page 18, lines 7 and 8, the length and breadth of our land, and the gross valuation. The total cost Senator from Utah proPoses to strike out, after the word was $1,238,410,322, which allows each individual worker 1,140 as his share of total amount. Now, Mr. Senator, let us go into his State of "ounce," the semicolon and the words "vanilla beans, SO cents Utah and find out how much they are paid there. The same solll'ce of per pound; tonka beans, 25 cents per pound." information which I quote from says there is employed in the mining 1\Ir. SHIMONS. I understood the Senator from Utah, just business 11,004 wage earners and they are paid ~8,986,851, averaging before we adjourned on Saturday, to withdraw that amendment. $816.69 per year, $15.70 per week, or $2.61 per day, and as the re­ sult of their united eJiorts they produce $22,083,282 of mining com­ The VICE PRESIDENT. The RECORD shows that the amend­ modity which gives each man or boy 2,007 as the result of his toil. ment was pending. That is all the present occupant of the In the State of Utah the principal productions consist of copper1 .silver, chair knows about it. and g.old ores-this accounts for their high rate of wages witnm the State. We will now take up the particular industry Mr. SMOOT speaks l\fr. Sllil\IONS. The Senator from Utah is not in the Cham­ of-the lead-mining Industry. The reports says there are 21,603 ber, and I will ask that the amendment be passed o-ver during wage earners distributed among a half dozen of States; chief of or principal one is the State of Missouri, which employs and produces lrus absence. He undoubtedly stated that he would withdraw about 75 per cent of men and material connected with the business. the amendment, though the clerks may not have gotten his Now, those 21,603 men and boys receive $10,477,657 as the reward of , statement; but I would not like to have action taken upon it ' their yearly toil, which gives each one of them the p1·incely sum of $485 on my statement about it in the absence of the Senator from per year, $9.33 per week, or $1.55 per day. This pay, Mr. Senator, is in the lead business, which Mr. SMOOT says pays all the way from 3.50 Utah. per day up to $4..75 per day. Why, sir, the actual average pay is only 1 Mr. S'!'O ITD. That the Senator from Utah may be present, . one-third-33?; per cent-of what he claims it is-$3.50 the lowest pay · I suggest the absence of a quorum. he mentioned. Now, Mr. Senator, we have working right here in the city of Providence in nonprotective industries such people as Sene­ The VICE PRESIDEl'.1T. The Secretary will read the last gambian niggers from the Cape de Verde Isl:mds, dark-skinned Arabs ! lines of the RECORD of the proceedings of Saturday. from the northern shores of the Mediterranean, who receive $2.25 per The Secretary proceeded to read from page 2805 of the REC­ day for nine hours' work, and this pay received by those unskilled alien workmen employed in nonprotected industries is more than the wages ORD, and read as follows : received by the wage earners -employed in the highly protected industries Mr. GRONNA. I ask that this item be passed over until Monday. of the State of Rhode Island. And those industries that I refer to are should like to go into it. I do not care to delay the Senate. but I woolen and worsted, cotton and jewelry, foundry and machine-shop ,would prefer to have it passed oYer until Monday. • products. In the woolen and worsted trade there are 24,924 wa"'e ' Mr. CLARKE of Arkansas. According to the arrangement under which earners who get $11,537,699; the average per operative amounts to l we are _proceeding that reservation was made in favor of any Senator $463 per year. 8.90 per week, or $1.48 per day. The cotton business .who de ;ired a paragraph to be laid aside for further consideration. employs 28,786 workers, and they receive $11,796,733 per year, which gives each one employed in that business 410 a head. or $7.88 per Mr. JONES. I understand that the absence of a quorum was week, -or L31 per day. The jewelry business-one of the most highly suggested by the Senator from Missomi. protected pets in the tariff laws-employs f>,511, whose total income is The VICE PRESIDEll.~. The Chair did not hear him. $4,760,780, a>erage 500 each per year, 9.-01 per week, or 1.60 per day-1 while the highly skilled workmen that are engaged in the foundry anu l\Ir. JONES. I lmow that he made the demand, because I machine- bop business number 10,937 and receive $6,899,657 for the ibad risen to make it when he raised the point. year's work, which averages $631 each, $12.13 per week, or $2.02 per l\fr. SIMMONS. The Senator from Missouri did suggest the day. Now, any fair-minded person can by carefully comparing the wages received by those wage earners that are employed in the pro­ absence of a quorum. tected industries that I .have described with the wages received by those The VICE PRESIDENT. The absence of a quorum having · uneducated, ignorant, unintelligent aliens that are employed in such been suggested, the Secretary will call the roll. industries as the building trades, sewer construction, macadamiz.lng and The Secretary called the roll, and the following Sena tors an­ road building, freight handling, longshoreing, coal, includlng trimming swered to their names : ~ng ~v{~~g'tb~bi~ cf~c~g;~iv~~ii~~-M~.wS~T s~~1~uJ;Y rf;:;~~ Bacon Chamberlain Gallinger Kenyon preaches, and fervently prays for does not rais wages in Rhode Islan.i Bankhead Chilton Gronna Kern ..any more than it does in Utah Ol' l\lississippi. Now, Mr. Senator, let us Brady Clark, Wyo. Hollis La Follette ta.ke the tariff rates or taxes that iB levled for the benefit of the wage Brandegee Clarke, Ark. Hughes Lane earners employed in the lead business. According t'o the rate in the Bristow Crawford .James Lea Payne-Aldrich bill, li cents a pound on lead ores, that amounts to Bryan Cummins .Johnson, Me. Lewis $30 a ton, while the rate on zinc ores is 1 cent a pound. which makes Burton Dillingham .Johnston, Ala. Lodge $20 on zinc ores. Now, 21,603 wag~ earners get 10,477,657, or $485 Catron Fletcher .Jones Martin, Va • each ; they produce 1,335,637 tons of lead and zinc, which cost 1913. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SEXATE. 2817

$31,363,094 to produce. :N'ow, the labor cost is $7.84 per ton. If so many, the amount paid to each la borer per day would be so • you imported this much l~ad and zinc from any foreign country-the combined product, 1,335.637 tons, 2,671,274,636 pounds-you would much. It does not make any difference. The way the Senator have to pay at the customhouse on the lead $14,021,153.85, while the from Utah arrive at his figures is to take some fictitious per­ 1-..inc product would co t 17.363,243.79; here we have a total tax of son who was employed the entire yenr, and then he multiplies .'31,3 6,397.64. This protection is $23,903 more than the cost of pro­ duction. Now, Mr. Senator, who gets this overprotection of $20,­ that per diem by 365 days and arri"rns at his conclusion in that !>08,7 40.G4, the miner or the mine owner? I solemnly say it is the way. mine owner and not the bumble mine worker. Now, Mr. Senator, 1n .Mr. S~fOOT . The Senator from l\lississippi does me a wrong looking over the statistical abstract of the United ~tatcs for the year 1912 I find that the price of lead in the New York City macket is $86 and he does his own intelligence a wrong when he makes that per ton, and on the same page in the same volume I find the market statement. I say to the Seaator now that there is no miner in price of zinc in St. Louis, Mo., is $108 per ton for the year of 1909, am} the State of Utah or in the State of Idaho or in anv of the the following year-HllO-lead rose to $88 while zinc remained the same-$108 per ton. Now, sir, if those two prices I find in the ab­ Western States who is employed for the production of gold or stract are bone t facts, where does the labor cost $7.84 come in? The silver or lead who works for $1.71 per day. The miners' union freig-ht rate along with marine insurance is ample and sufficient pro­ regulates that. Their wages range from $3.50 up to $4.75 per tection for the scanty mite he is paid for his labor in that industry. Why it is a mere bagatelle, a beggarly pittance, compared with the day, according to the work that is done. wholesale selling price in New York City. There is not a commission 1'..Ir. WILLIAMS. That is while they are working. man in the United States that would contract to supervise the impor­ l\Ir. Sl\IOOT. That is per day. tation and distribute the same amount of lead and zinc that was pro­ duced in this country for 1909 for the original cost-$31,363,094-for l\Ir. WILLIAMS. Yes. the simple reason that the cost of receiving, delivering, and distributing Mr. Si\IOOT. Now, the Senatm· brings in figures here, or is in our country nearly if not as large as the original cost of produc­ pre ents them here to be read, to try to make it appear that the tion. Now, Mr. Senator, if I were a Member of the United States Senate I honestly and candidly say to you I would use all the influence within amount that is paid to the miners in the State of Utah is $1.71 my ability to place lead and zinc on the free list. Hoping my humble a day. contribution to this great national di cussion-tarilI reform-may Another things he refers to, l\Ir. President-- throw a little light on the subject, I remain, Yours, most respectfully, Mr. WILLIA.MS. I presume the figures are correctly quoted THOlfAS F. CAWLEY, from the census report. Does the Senator dispute the census 69 Hope Stt·eet, Providence, R. I. figures? :i\Ir. S1\IOOT. l\Ir. President, of course I ha\e not the honor 1\Ir. SMOOT. The gentleman misconstrues what the census of knowing that plain, truthful gentleman who has just written figures mean. I will say to the Senator that if the wage for. to the Senator from Mississippi [1\fr. WILLIAMS], and I do not miners was $800 a year-I am speaking now in round figures, believe that the Senator from Mississippi has closely examined so as to make it plain-and one man was employed three the letter, or he would not have had it read. . months and he had $200 paid to him, and another man was em­ In the first place, I want to state that no man who employs ployed for the three months follo"\\1ng him and he was paid miners in the lead mines, not only in Utah, but in other States $200, and another man was employed for the three months fol­ in the West. will say that they are employed for $1.71 a day lowing and he was paid $200, and another man was employed or for $1.16! a day, as is stated by this writer in his second for the next three months and he was paid $200, that would statement. The Senator from Colorado [1\Ir. THOMAS] is a show, by the census figures, that there were four men employed, Member of this body; he knows what the miners' wage is in receiving$ 00; and the way that this man has figured it out here, Colorado; and I do not think it is very much different from four men being employed for one year with a wage paid of what it is in Utah. The wages, Mr. President, of miners in the $800, therefore the wage of the miner in the State of Utah is State of Utah are regulated by the miners' union. I myself $200 per annum. That is the way that the writer of that letter have been somewhat interested in mining in my own State. I has figured it out. have seen the pay rolls; I know what miners are paid; and Mr. HUGHES. 1\Ir. President, is not the Senator from Utah I know that what I stated here to the Senate was absolutely mistaken? Do not the census figures show, as to the wage true. Now, a man in Rhode Island nicks up what he claims earners, their average number? to be statistics and tries to controvert the statement that was Mr. SMOOT. That is the average number. made by me, when he does not know what he is talking about, l\lr. HUGHES. No; the-average number means the average ~nd I will prove it to the Senator from i\Iississippi. number that are employed, -not for one clay, but during the year. l\Ir. WILLIA.MS. 1\Ir. President-- 1\fr. SMOOT. That is not the way the report is made. '.fhe The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Utah yield average number is the number employed during the whole year. to the Senator from Mississippi? l\Ir. HUGHES. Of course, that gives you the average num­ ~fr. SMOOT. I do. ber. Therefore it could not happen, as tlie Senator has said, l\Ir. WILLIAl\IS. If the Senator will pardon me a moment, that the man would be carried in the final list, although he was he does not seem to have caught the drift of the letter. The employed for only two months. He would only show in the writer is not telling what some individual miner is paid upon average. .... some particular day or during some particular month, but he Mr. SMOOT. The way the report is made-and I know it is has gone to the United States census reports to find the num­ made from the mines in the West-is, we take the number of em­ ber of wage earners and the amount of wages paid, and he ployees during the year that have been reported, and report has divided one by the other and he has exploded-the Senator that. We also report the amount of production in tons, but from Utah is right that I have not had any time to verify the not in dollars and cents received. quotations from the census report; but if the writer of the Mr. HUGHES. The Senator must be mistaken about that. letter has quot~d the census figures correctly, and I presume I am in a position to say that the Senator is mistaken about that he has-he has exploded that fallacy and he has proven that. that under the guise of a high per diem, when you come to 1\Ir. SMOOT. Well, let the Senator's word go for that. It c:onsider the constancy of employment and the gross amount has been discussed here many times, and it has not been dis­ paid for the gross number of laborers, your figures do not puted here before. hold out. 1\fr. HUGHES. I have made some personal investigation of. Mr. SMOOT. The trouble with the whole thing is that the this matter, not only in private establishments but in the cen­ number of employees in the mines, as well as in the cotton and sus reports, and I never heard that statement. the woolen mills of the country, as given by the Census Bureau, Mr. Sl\IOOT. I have made the investigation a good many includ'e all the employees that have been employed during the times, and I know that there is no miner in the State of Utah year. They may have worked 3 months, they may have worked who receives $1.71 a day for mining. G months, they may haye worked 9 months, or they may have Mr. HUGHES. I did not say that. worked 12 months, but the number given includes them all. Mr. SMOOT. But that is what this writer says. l\Ir. WILLIAMS. I understand that. 1\fr. HUGHES. I am not speaking about his figures. l'\:Ir. SMOOT. If a man had worked 3 months and then quit 1\fr. SMOOT. ·That is what I am talking about. and another man had been employed to take his place and he l\fr. HUGHES. I do not know anything about them. I am worked 3 months and then quit, and another one had beeb em­ simply calling the Senator's attention to the fact that there is ployed who worked 3 months more and then quit, and at the a column here in the Statistical Abstract, which shows that end of the 0 months another one was employed to work the these figures relate to the average number of men employed, remainder of the 3 months of the year, that would show that not the actual number. there were four men employed. Mr. JA.l\IES. 1\fr. President, I should like to ask the Senator 1\fr. WILLIAMS. I understand that; but the Senator from from Utah a question. The Sena.tor tells us that one miner Utah also understands that, no matter how many employees works for two months and gets $200 and then quits; that there were, if the aggregate amount paid to labor during the another miner goes to work for two months and gets $200, and year was so much and the aggregate number of laborers were then he would quit; that another would do the same thing; and 2818 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD- SENATE . JULY 28,

then that another would do the same thing. Why tlo all those· ; Mr. WILLIAMS. In so far as the man's method in getting • miners quit after working for two months in such profitable ' at what the true wages are, it is not inaccurate, but, on the con­ employment? . . trary, the statements of the Senator from Utah are inaccurate. Mr. Sl\IOOT. They go from one mme to another; they go . So. fru.· as the man's calculation of the rate upon lead is con­ :tJ:om. one district to another; they may have friends in another . cerned, it is self-evidently inaccurate, because he multiplied d1sh·1ct, and they move from one to another. I ask the Sena- the r:ate· per pound by the entire weight of the lead ore. tor from Colo~ado [l\Ir. THOMAS] if that is not. so? ~:t the , It i~ God's everlasting gospel truth,. and you can not get away Senator from New Jersey knows so much about this, I w1ll ask : from. it, that the amount of money paid out for wages in a. year bim what do the miners in the State ?f Utah r~ceive? · ~ivided by the number of men who have worked throughout the· l\lr. HUGHES. I do not have any idea. I did not venture an yem· for those wages for the a\ei·age time worked durin~ the opinion as to what they receive, and I am not talking about year is the absolutely true wage payment of American i;bor that. The Senator may be absolutely right. I am simply call- When. you say that your lead miners are paid $3.65 a day and ing his attention to- the way the Statistical Abstract figures are then neglect to notice the fact that half or two-thirds of them prepared. a.re not employed all the year~ and when you arrive at an l\lr. Sl\IOOT. I want to ask the Sena.tor from Colorado if annual payment for w~ges and divide that by 365 days you are there is any miner in the State of Coiorad-0 employed in mining not nrnving at a correct result. The census does proceed upon copper or silver or lead who receh·es only $1.75 a day? the right principle.. The census take the average number of IT. THO.MAS. No, Mr. President. I think the contention of men employed, and it takes the entire amount paid for w::iac . the Senator fl'om Utah with reference, to the wage scale 1s cor- Now, in another respect the letter which has been rend is not rect. He has al:so gi>en the reason for it, that the miners' iik't

I asked the Senator when he rose what he was going to intro­ $35; and if the Senator from Mississippi knew conditi'ons in the duce, but I did not hear him. I do not say that I would have West as I know them he would know that when laboring men objected to its introduction, because I would have had confi­ of that class get $35 it almost burns a hole in their pockets. dence . in the good judgment of the Senator from Mississippi and they are ready to spend it for some purpose. It talrns. But it does not seem to me that it has any place in the REcoRD. all the way from 25 to 30 men to constitute a thrashing crew. l\fr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, I have been duly impressed Let us say that we thrash 10 days. That wo.uld be, at the with the sacrosanct manner of the Senator from :Michigan, and maximum, 300 men. We may have employed 500 men durin<>" I feel rebuked to an extent that I can hardly express, especially that time, not because we do not want to employ the sam: as it comes from the other side of the Chamber, where they men right along, but because they do not want to stay on have never hesitated to put into the RECORD every time they the job. coul · l\Ioutana.. They \Vill go and stay away . two or three days. ser\ations on this paragraph, No. 71, but not for the purpos~ They wUl come back, not to work for me, but perhaps for my of criticizing the action of the committee, because I helievtJ neighbor. After they h.."l.Ye worked 10 days they have earned the committee has acted wisely in reducing the duty on Y.anilli.

( 2820 . - CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE. JUiiY 28, extract. I belie>e the duty was too high and is too high in the into this country. But it is purely as a reYenue measure that present bill. But I wish to ask the Senator in charge of this the duty is imposed. schedule of the bili why there should be a duty on the natural Mr. LODGE. Does the Senator menu that they are exported product-that is, the vanilla bean? As I understand, the in the same form in which they are imported? vanilla bean is a product of South America, and possibly there l\Ir. JOHNSON of l\Iaine. No; they are sorted, and ·some is some raised in Mexico. We import all of this product. None work is done upon them ; so there i something done in the ,vay of it i produced in the United States. of manufacturing them-ad>ancing them in value. Vanilla may be classed as a luxury, but we know that it is Mr. LODGE. Of course under the existing law there would used by e.ery hou ewife and that in every home you will find be a drawback. I do not know how the administrative features vanilla uNed for Yarious purposes. It is not regarded to-day as of thi bill are in that regard. a luxury any more than spice is a luxury. So I desire to sug­ l\lr. JOHNSON of Maine. I ha-ve been informed that there ge t to the committee that yanilla beans be placed on the free would be a drawback provision because of the work expended list. upon them in the way of sorting. I do not hare the belief of the Senator from Utah that tonka l\Ir. LODGE. I mean I should think that would appear in the beans should be placed on the free list. I, for one, wish no figures. . tonka bean were permitted to be imported. Mr. JOHNSON of l\Iaine. They ha>e not taken aclrnntnge of Mr. GALLIXGER. Mr. President-- it; but there has been no reason for .doing o, because vaIJilla The VICE PRESIDE.NT. Does the Senator from North Da­ beans haYe been upon the free list heretofore. kota yield to the Senator from New Hampshire? l\lr. LODGE. That is true. Mr. GRO~NA. Certainly. Mr. JOHNSON of l\Iaine. While I am on my feet I will say l\Ir. GALLINGER. I will ask the Senator from North Dakota a few words in regard to tonka beans. They are u ed in mak­ if he can imagine any article that is more universally used than ing coumarin, u preparation which is largely used as a flavor­ vanilla? ing extract in the manufacture of tobacco. The duty here im­ l\Ir. GR02'"'"NA. No, Mr. President; I will say to the Senator posed is a small one of 25 cents per pound, equirnlent to 14.2 that I can not. per cent nd valorem, which we felt was in accordance '1iith other l\Ir. GALLIXGER. It is in practically e>ery home-of the duties laid in this schedule. rich and of the poor. l\Ir. S;\JOOT. l\lr. Pre ident, in 1912 there were imported Mr. GRONNA. It is in every home, so far as I know. from Tahiti 325,264 pounds of Yanilla beans. Of that amount Mr. GALLINGER. It has been on the free list heretofore, as there were exported, for the same year, 239,158 pountls. There I understand. were imported from other counh·ie than Tahiti 516,364 pounds, Mr. GRONNA.. Ye ;_it has been on the free list, and it is on or there remained in the United States, to be consumed in the the free list in the pre ent law. United States, 602,470 pounds. l\Ir. GALLINGER. It is now proposed to make it dutiable? The estimate that is O'i\en in the Democratic handbook states l\Ir. GRONNA. Yes. that there will be a million pounds of vanilla beans imported, Mr. GALLINGER. The Senator does not think that ought to which, at the rate of 30 cents a pound, amounts to $300,000. If be done, I apprehend, and some of the rest of us do not think it we export from now on the same proportion that we haYe in ought to be done. the past, that will be 400,000 pounds, leaving 600,000 pounds to Mr. GRONNA. No, Mr. President; I had hoped, and I hope be used in the United States. At 30 cents a pound that is only now, that the Senate will again place it on the free list. I say $180,000, instead of $300,000, as estimated in the handbook. this in no spirit of criticism at all, since I approYe the action The importers of rnnilla beans say it i._, almost impo sible for of the Senate committee in reducing the duty on Yanilla extract. them to handle the bean after it reaches this country in connec­ I believe there should be a duty on the tonka bean. I do not tion with other beans that are imported here and export the agree with the statement made by the Senator from Utah. The same bean. It is almost an impossibility, and unless it were the tonka bean, as I understand, is used for various purposes; but same bean it would be impossible for them to get the drawback the oil is also extracted from the tonka bean and sold for on the amount exported. vanilla. I have been told by men who are engaged in the l\Ir. GALLlNGER. l\Ir. President, I will ask the Senator extract business that it is a mild poison. For that reason I from Utah to what countries these beans are exported after they desire to suggest to the committee that a duty, perhaps a have been imported into the United States? It seems to me heavier duty, should be placed on the tonka bean, but certainly rather a singular trade situation that a product of that kintl the vanilla bean should be on the free list. should be imported into the United States and then exported I do not care to delay the Senate further. I simply desired to from the United States. make these few observations. Mr. SMOOT. After these beans are prepared by the im­ l\Ir. WORKS. l\lr. President, the trade in yanilla beans has porters of the country some of them go to Ireland, some to become quite an important one with the bu •iness men of San England, and other European countries. The trade with San Francisco. There has grown up a system of exchange or barter Francisco has brought from Tahiti the vanilla beans to the of the vanilla bean raised in the island of Tahiti for the goods merchants of San Francisco, and the business of preparing them of this country shipped to that island. In other words, the for the market has been carried on there to a great extent. vanilla bean i taken as money in exchange for goods from this Mr. GRONNA. Mr. President-- country sent to the island. The VICID PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Utah yieM. The vanilla bean has been on the free list, and this trade has to the Senator from North Dakota? been built up under that system. If a duty of 30 cents a pound l\lr. SMOOT. I do. is now imposed upon vanilla beans, the result will be that the l\Ir. GRONNA. I rose to ask the Senator from Utah if be is merchants of San Francisco, in the first instance, will be com­ not mistaken in his figures. A million pounds at $2 a pound pelled to pay that 30 cents a pound in addition to what they would be $2,000,000. have been paying, and of course that will be carried along to the Mr. SMOOT. I had reference to the duty. consumer. In other words, it is simply imposing a direct tax l\lr. GROl\TNA. At 15 per cent ad yalorem it would amount upon the people of this country for a necessary that is used to $300,000. · in almost every household in the United States. I am unable Mr. S~IOOT. I said that the estimate of 30 cents a pound to see upon what theory any such tax as that can be imposed. duty on a million pounds amounted to $300,000. l\Ir. GRO~'NA. Mr. President, I move as an amendment, to l\Ir. GRONNA. My objection to the duty on the vanilla bean strike out, after the semicolon, in line 7, page 18, the words is that it taxes the breakfast table of the American people to " vanilla beans, 30 cents per pound." the extent of $300,000 a year, according to the committees own l\fr. JOHNSON of Maine. Mr. President, the duty imposed estimate. upon vanilla beans in this paragraph is imposed purely as a l\lr. Sl\IOOT. Mr. President, the motion which I made on revenue duty. The statistics show that we imported in the year Saturday was to strike out " vanilla beans, 30 cents per pound; W12, $2,025,153 worth of vanilla beans. The duty laid is a very tonka beans, 25 cents per pound." I understand, howeYer, that small one, 30 cents per pound, equivalent to an ad valorem duty the Senator from North Dakota has offered an amendment. of about 15 per cent, and simply for purposes of re>enue. The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair suggests that it would It is true that there are some vanilla beans, called the Tahiti be better to yote on it as a divided question. beans, imported from Tahiti into San Francisco. Some of them, l\Ir. GALLINGER. Let the amendment be stated from the but not all, are exported. From the brief of the firm engaged desk. in the business it appears that about two-thirds of what were l\lr. STONE. l\lr. President-- imported by them were exported. The committee heard the 1\Ir. GALLINGER. Will the Senator permit the amendment representative of the firm, and felt that if the firm wanted to proposed by the Senator from North Dakota to be stated from reexport and chose to do so a drawback could be obtained u11der the desk? the tariff act if the goods were exported after being imported l\Ir. STONE. Yes; let it be stated. 1913. CONGRESSIONAL RECQRD-SENATE. 2821'.

The SECRETARY. The Senator from North Dakota ·proposes, Mr. SU\fl\.IONS. The :figures are · takenl if the Senator will on page 18, lines 7 and 8, to strike out " -rnnilla. beans, 30 cents permit me, from the imports af merchandise for the yeru.' ending per pound." June 30, 1911. . .Ur. STONE. The Senator from North Dakota mea.ns t-0 trans- Mr. CLARK of Wyoming. I wa.s asking the question beca u e fer vanilla beans to the free list? the Tariff Hail.dbook that is furnished us, on page 6, gives the Mr. GRONNA. Yes; transfer them to the free list. importation for 1910 as seven hundred and ninety~six thousand M1·. S'I'ONE. Vanilla beans ha~e been ()11 the free list. and odd pounds, and in 1912- Mr. GRONN.A.. Yes; so I understand. Mr. SIMMONS. That is eori-ect for 1910; but for 1911 the Mr. STONE. I should like to ask the Sena.tor from Utah if iigures the Senato1· ha.s there-- he is prepared to say whether the :figures .I now give are cor­ Mr. CLARK of Wyoming. he importation for 1911 is not rect, or approximately correct-that the imports for the last here. In 1912 the last importations were 841,63B pound-s. Is year were 1,140,000 pounds? that correct? 1t1r. SMOOT. For the year 1912? Mr. SMOOT. That is correct. M:r. STONE. Nineteen hundred and -eleven. Mr. SIMMONS. Yes; that is correct. Mr. SMOOT. Yes; for the year 1911 they were 1,140,630 Mr. CLARK of Wyoming. That is the la.st year's importation pounds. when they were on the free lis.t Now, the e-stimate of the com­ Mr. STONE. That is about the same as I stated. mittee is that by putting it on the dutiable list at 30 cents a Mr~ SMOOT. That is correct. pound we will increase the importation 200,000 pounds. Mr. STONE. The figures were giYen to me as 1,140,000, Mr. STONE. I do not know whether we will increase the without the odd :figures. importation 200,000 pounds or decrease it 200,000 :vounds. An J\I:!:. Slt:OOT. T'hat is correct. estimate made by Treasury officials based upon percentages in lilr. STONE. Tbe great bulk of these beans came from the past bills is an exceedingly unreliable basis upon which to pro- • Tahiti Islands, the French Oceanic possessi-ons. ceed. You can not tell; it may be greater or it may be less. ! .l\Ir. SMOOT. About 60 per cent. I will gi"fe the Senator Those estimates are made by officials. I do not know how the exact figures. From Tahiti there came 617,076 pounds, and valuable they are. from all other countries 523,554 pounds. l\fr. SIMMONS. I will state to the Senator, if the Senator 1\fr. STONE. Yes; but a good part of that which came from from Missouri will permit me. that the importation of this other countries was from France, and those were beans that article seems to vary very much in different years. In 1907 it were taken from the Tahiti Islands to France and from France was 969,000 pounds; then, in 1908, it fell to 571,000. The next I imported into the United States. They do not produce the year, 1909, it went up to 1,121,000 pounds, and immediately fell '. beans in France. They come from a French possession, French down the next year to 797,-000 pounds. In 1911 it went up to Oceania. 1,140,000 pounds. Mr. SMOOT. The Tahiti bean is imported directly from Mr. STONE. Now, Mr. President, I think we ha"fe spent time Tahiti to San Francisco ; but the Indian beans that the French enough on vanilla beans,. and I ask that we may proceed. handle, of which the Senator speaks, perhaps, go directly to Mr. BURTON. Mr. President, I desire to be heard briefly. France. The Tahiti beans do not go to France and then come Mr. STONE. Very well. into the United States. .Mr. BURTON. I trust Senators on the other side of the aisle Mr. STONE. I think they do. will vote to retain vanilla beans on the free list. There are 1\1r. S~IOOT. I am informed that they do not, :.\fr. President. numerous objections to the imposition of this duty. In the first Mr. STONE. I think they are taken from this French pos- place, it is making an article dutiable which has not been so session to Franee, and that quite a large amount in pounds is before. That in itself should arouse inquiry. afterwards sent from France to the United States. It is said as a justification of th.is act that i is for re"fenue. The great bulk of these beans coming into the United States­ No'Y, if you are going to raise revenue by the imposition of the Senator says 60 per cent, and I think he is approximately duties OD: these classes of noncompeting articles, why not im- , correct about that-come from the Tahiti Islands to San Po~ duties on coffee and on tea, on categories of products Francisco. There is a firm in San Francisco that has built up which amount to something instead of creating vexation andl a ."fery considerable business in the importation of these beans, confusion in the administration of the i·evenue laws by picking a good part of which are distributed in the United States, but up a score of items like this? - I think the greater part of which they carry on through the .Mr. STONE. Does not the Senator from Ohio think there is United States to foreign countries. any difference between the workingman taking his cup of coffee .l\Ir. SMOOT. About two-thirds. an{l the young man and the young woman who go to a -ca.fe .l\Ir. STONE. About two-thirds. . For what purpose does the after the theater to get a dish of ice cream? Senator understand that these vanilla beans are used? Mr. BURTON.. I think the young lady and the young gentle­ .l\Ir. SMOOT. They are used for the manufacture of extract man are quite as fond of the ice cream and the glass of soda as of vanilla and some classes of people use them in closets as of a cup of tea. a scent. Mr. STONE. And the workingman s cup of coffee? \: Mr. STONE. Perfumery? l\fr. BURTON. One is a necessary article just as much as the Mr. SMOOT. No, vanilla. other. Mr. ST01'.1E. They are used to manufacture "fanilla extract. ~gain, it is very und,esiruble to interfere with the general l\Ir. SMOOT. The grea.t bulk, I think. adJustrnent of trade. Manufacturing aud commercial opera­ Mr. STONE. The greater part of them, practically all of tions ha"fe adjusted themselves to a condition in which these them, which in turn is used as n. fla"for in the manufacture of articles have been free from duty. ice cream and things of that kind. There is another objection which lies in the fact that these l\Ir. SMOOT. In puddings and everything almost that is beans are largely exported as well as imported, and it is the cooked in the home. experience that, notwithstanding our drawback provision, this ai·ticle is so materially .modified after it is imported and before Mr. STONE. It is a flavor, and a part of it is used to make exportation that it is very doubtful whether the drawback · perfumes, and, as the Senator says, in closets, bure_au drawers, could be collected. and trunks, and things of that kind. It strikes me that that .A.gain, this article has increased in value "fery considerablYJ is a lu.~ury; and I submit that it is a subject of legitimate taxa­ tion in a bill framed upon the theory of raising revenue by im­ in the last 12 months, perhaps as much as a dollar a pound. posing duties on lUXUl'ies especially, higher duties on luxuries I have here a couple of letters, Mr. President, which I shall and lower duties on necessities. ask to have printed in the RECORD. One of them states the case Mr. CLARK of Wyoming. Mr. President-- so cleaTly, however, that I will read it. If there is no objec~ I The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Missouri tion to it, I should like to have the letter printed in the REcoru1~ yield to the Senator from Wyoming? - 'rhe VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair hears n-0 -objection. Mr. STO.i. TE. I am through. l\Ir. BURTON. I will say that I have received. letters in re-. gard to this article not. only from manufacturers of fiavorin~ · ~fr. CLA.TIK of Wyoming. I wanted to ask for information extracts but from chemists, grocers, and bakers, all making a. from the Senator from l\Iissom:i, in charge of this schedule-­ strenuous protest. This letter is under date June 5: 1, Mr. STONE. I um n{)t in charge of the schedule. 1 NEWARK, OHIO, Jm1e 5, 191il. : i Mr. CLARK of Wyoming. Oh ! I wanted to ascertain where Senator THEODORE BURTON, Washington, D. 0. l the million pounds came from that bus been discussed. ! DEAR Sm: We wish to enter our protest against the placing of any: l\Ir. STONE. Where it comes from? duty on oil of lemon or vanilla beans, and ask that you consider the 1\Ir. CLARK of Wyoming. Yes; where are the figures found? following reasons : 1. These itema-ean not be produced in this country. ' Mr. STONE. The figures that I have before me-I do not 2, They are used almost exclusively by flavoring-extract manufactur­ '\"Ouch for their entire accuracy ~xcept as _they are taken-= ers, and the burde.o. ot any duties wo'uld be borne by the poorer classes 2822 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE. JULY 28,

of people. The wealthy can use fresh fruits to obtain ·the flavor of wish to transfer it to the junior Senator from Nevada [Mr. orange, lemon, etc., while the poor, and especially the rural classes, must depend upon flavoring extracts. PITTMAN] and vote. I vote "nay." 3. The advance in prices made necessary by existing pure-food laws The roll call was cone! uded. bas already plac d lmrdens upon this industry equal to, if not in excess, l\fr. JONES. I will transfer my pair with the junior Senato1· of that borne by any other industry except the tobacco and liquor business. from Virginia [Mr. SWANSON] to the Senator from Wisconsin . 4. Any further advance is like " the straw that broke the camel's [Mr. STEPHENSON] and vote. I vote "yea." back," and it will- Mr. GALLINGER (after having voted in the affirmative}. I ! want to call attention to this point- have a general pair with the junior Senator from New York and it will entirely eliminate the 5-cent package and make it necessary [Mr. O'GonMAN], who has not voted. I will transfer that pair to change the 10-cent package to a JJ')-cent seller. to the Senator from New Mexico [Mr. FALL] and allow my There are a number of these little duties here. The per­ vote to stand. centage may seem to be very small, but it w·ill make to the Mr. LEA. I am paired with the senior Senator from Rhode consumer-the person who buys at the retail store-the differ­ Island [Mr. LIPPITT]. I transfer that pair to the junior Senator ence between what is now a comparatively cheap parcel-say 5 from Virginia [Mr. SWANSON] and vote" nay." cents and 10 cents, or possibly 15 cents-because the manufac­ Mr. OVERMAN. l\Iay I inquire if the senior Senator from turer and the retailer will take into account this duty and com­ California [Mr. PERKINS] has rnted? pel the purchaser to bear the full burden of it. The VICE PRESIDENT. He has not voted. 5. Flavoring extracts should rightly :llld justly be considered as neces­ Mr. OVERMAN. I ham a general pair with the senior Sena­ sities and not luxuries, and the raw flavoring materials hhve always tor from California. As he i not pre ent I will withhold my been on the free list. Tote. - Now, here is another point that has not been brought out in Mr. CLARKE of Arkansas. I have a general pair with the this discussion : junior Senator from Utah [Mr. SUTHERLAND], who is neces­ 6. Any further duty would likely result in manufacturers making imita­ sarily detained from the Chamber· on important business, and tion extracts in which they would use onlv 20 pe~· cent alcohol. This would mean that the Government would 'lose much more in internal therefore I withhold by vote. revenue than they would gain by the proposed duty. The internal .!\Ir: BANKHEAD. I announce my pair with the junior Sena­ cevenu~ on a gallon of alcohol is now $2.09, and it does look as though tor from West Virginia [Mr. GOFF]. I will let this announce­ this ought to be enough to exact from the extract manufacturer. 7. The addition of these duties would bring protests from millions of ment stand for the remainder of the day. housekeeper all over the land. l\Ir. PITT~ying to build up a business The result was announced-yeas 30, nays 37, as follows: on pure goods will be very much hampered in this situation, and as it particularly affects ourselves and others in this State we hope you can YEA.S-30. consistently give the matter your attention in the direction indicated. Borah Clark, Wyo. La Follette Smoot Yours, truly, Bradley Crawford Lodge Sterling THE CA!'IBY, .A.CH & CA2rnY Co. Brady Cummins Nelson Townsend Brandegee Dillingham Norris Warren Mr. BURTON. In view of the fact that this discussion has Bristow Gallinger Oliver Weeks been rather lengthy, Mr. President, I do not wish to take up Burton Gronna Page Works Catron Jones Sherman more time. It is evident that this will impose an additional Clapp Kenyon burden on the consumet· far in excess of any benefit derived by Smith, Mich. the revenue. It is likely to lead to the use of substitutes which NAYS-37. .A. hur t Kern Robinson Stone will diminish the quantity of internal-revenue tax, which will Bacon Lane Shafroth Thomas diminish in an altogether greater sum than anything that can be Bryan Lewis Sheppard Thomp on collected in the ·way of duties. Chamberlain l\Iartin, Va. Shields Thornton Fletcher l\Iartine, N. J. Shively •.rm man l\Ir. GALLINGER and Mr. STONE. Question! Gore Owen Simmons Vardaman · The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on the amendment Hollis Pittman Smith, Ariz. Walsh proposed by the Senator from North Dakota [Mr. GRONNA] to James Pomerene Smith, Ga. Johnson. Me. Ransdell Smith, Md. strike out, in line 7, "vanilla beans, 30 cents per pound." Johnston, Ala. Reed Smith, S. C. Mr. BRANDEGEE, Mr. BURTON, and Mr. GALLINGER NOT VOTING-29. called for the yeas and nays, and they were ordered. Bankhead Goff Myers Saul bury The Secretary. proceeded to call the roll. Bw·leigh Hitchcock New lands Stephenson Mr. BRANDEGEE (when his name was called). I am paired Chilton Hughes O'Gorman Sutherland Clarke, Ark. Jackson Overman Swanson for the rest of the afternoon with the junior Senator from New Colt Lea Penrose Williams Jersey [l\Ir. HUGHES ]. I transfer that pair to the junior Sena­ Culberson ~Iicppuitmtber Perkins tor from l\!aine [Mr. BURLEIGH] and will vote. I vote "yea." du Pont J..• C Poindexter Mr. CHILTON (when his name was called). I have a general Fall McLean Iloot pair with the junior Senator from Maryland [Mr. JACKSON]. So 1\Ir. GRONNA's amendment was rejected. If I were at liberty to vote, I would vote "nay." I withhold The VICE PRESIDENT. The· question recurs on the amend­ my vote. ment of the Senator from Utah [Mr. SMOOT], which will be l\fr. JONES (when his name was called). I am paired with stated. j;he junior Senator from Virginia [Mr. SWANSON] during the The SECRETARY. On page 18, lines 7 and 8, strike out "va­ rest of the afternoon. If I were at liberty to vote, I would vote nilla beans, 30 cents per pound; tonka beans, 25 cents per ."yea." pound." Mr. SAULSBURY (when his name was called). I am paired The amendment was rejecteiir with the junior Senator from Rhode Island [Mr. COLT]. If at The reading of the bill was continued, as follows : liberty to vote, I should vote "nay." SCHEDULE B-EARTHS, EARTHENWARE, A!'ID GLASSWARE. .Mr. THOMAS (when his name was called). I have a general 72. Fire brick, magnesite brick, chrome brick, and brick not specially provided for in this section, not glazed, enameled, painted, vitrified, pair with the senior Senator ·from New York [Mr. RooT]. I ornamented, or decorated in any manner, 10 per cent ad valorem; if .transfer that pair to the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. HlTCH­ glazed, enameled, painted, vitrified, ornamented, or decorated in :my manner. and bath brick, 15 ·Per cent ad valorem. • cocK] and vote. I vote "nay." 73. Tiles,· plain unglazed, one color, exceeding 2 square inches in size, Mr. WILLIAMS (when his name was called)_, I have a pair 1! cents per square foot; glazed, ornamented, hand-painted, enameled, with the senior Senator from Pennsylvania [l\Ir. PENROSE]. I vitrified, semivitrified, decorated, -encaustic, ceramic mosaic, flint, spar, 1913. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. ·2823 embossed, gold-decorated, gl'ooved and corrugated, and all other earth­ Mr. Sil\11\fONS. The Senator is speaking about Keene's enware tiles and tiling, except pill tiles and so-called ~uardes or quarry tiles. but including tiles wholly or in part of cement, o cents per square cement? foot ; so-called quarries or quarry tiles. 20 per cent ad valorem; Mr. S~fOOT. No; Keene's cement is provided for in para.­ mantel . friezes, and articles of every description or parts thereof. graph 76. It is white Portland cement. I think that the word­ compo3ed wholly or in chief value of earthenware tiles or tiling, except pill tiles, 30 per cent ad Yalorem. ing of it can be arranged so that it will apply only to that cement and not to common Portland cement. :Mr. WEEKS. I rise, Mr. P1:esident, to ask the Senator in l\lr. STONE. I will not ask the Senator to state now what he charge of the bill if he knows what percentage in the cost of thinks the wording should be. We will let it be passed over tiles indudes the labor cost? What part of the total cost is and later hear what he has to say. labor cost in making tiles? The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment will be passed l\Ir. STONE. I ask the Senator if he knows. over. Mr. WEEKS. I am asking for information. The next pa ragraph was read, as follows : l\Ir. STONE. The bill, of course, is not based on the Repub­ lican theory the Senator has in mind of the difference in the 75. Lime, 5 per cent ad valorem. cost of production in this country and abroad. l\fr. JO:NES. I ask that that paragraph may go over. I will .Mr. WEEKS. Thnt would not make any difference, then, in say that I will be ready to take it up either to-morrow or at the duty which would be imposed in this case? any time before the conclusion of this schedule. Ir. STONE. It would not. - l\fr. STONE. The lime paragraph? Mr. WEEKS. The Senator says it would not? l\Ir. JONES. Yes . . l\Ir. STONE. It would not. I should like, howeYer. as the The VICE PRESIDENT. It will go over. Senator asked the que tion, to repeat the question, just for in­ The next paragraph was read, as follows : formation, being a little curious myself, as the_ Senator is, to 76. rlaster rock or gypsum, crude, grnund or calcined pearl harden­ ing for paper makers' use, Keene's cement, or other cefnent of which know what the difference in the labor cost is. gypsum is the component material of chief value, and all other building Mr. WEEKS. I would not take the time of the Senate to have ~~~~~~- not specially provided for in this section, 10 per cent ad a ked the question if I had had the information at hand, but I supposed that those who framed the bill would ha\e it ready to l\lr. CUillMINS. Mr. President, I should like to ha\e th.:! at­ impart to those who had not the information. tention of the Senator from l\1isEouri, because I know that un­ l\Ir. STONE. For what purpose did the Senator seek th~ less I can make some impression upon him I ha\e no hope of infornrn.tion? being able to make any upon the paragraph. Mr. WEEKS. I will go on and ex.plain the purpose for which Mr. STONE. If the Senator will pardon me, as my attel!tion I sought the information. I ha\e a protest from the Inter­ was di\ertecl for a moment, I should like to have the amendment national Brick, Tile, and Terra Cotta Workers' Alliance against read. this duty, in which they say : The YICE F:RESIDENT. The Secretary w-ill state the amend­ We protest against the heavy reduction proposed. The American tile ment. worker, presser, and kiln placer receive $14.50 and $15, respectively, The SECRETARY. In paragraph 76, page lD, line 11, after the while the Belgium worker receives $3.92 and $4.90 for the same labor; wages for the same line of work in Spain and Italy are less than those word "section," it is propo ed to strike out "10" and to i.llsert paid in Belgium. Ruination for plants as well as for the laborers " 20," and at the end of the paragraph to add the following if the tariff proposed is enacted. proviso: I simply want to submit that information to demonstrate the Prorided, That the duties levied and collected upon the commodities fact that no attention whatever has been given to the result to cov.ered by this paragraph shall in no event be less than the dnties le!ied and C

Canada. Canada now bas very extensive manufactures both parts of the interior of the United States, for a less freight ea t and west. Our market for hard plaster in Canada formerly rate than can our own factories; and you will have legislated \ was in the western portion of the D-0minion. Canada, however, our enterprises into a position of positive disadvantage as com- inspired with a desire to further the interests of her own pared with their foreign competitors. · pe-0ple, has ad>anced the duty upon this commodity to $2.50 per Why not treat Canada in this respect as Canada treats us? ton, whereas the 10 per cent provosed in this bill will levy If Canada were willing to give us f1·ee trade in this commodity, 1, a duty on importations from Canada into the United States of it would be a serious question with me as to whether we ought 1 from 35 to 50 cents per ton, which will give the market of this not to accept the proposition; but so long as Canada excludes country in large meas~re to Canada. us absolutely from her market, to admit this product of that Mr. JAMES. Ur. President-- Dominion into our market upon a ridiculously low duty, which The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Iowa yield is merely nominal, and that must have been imposed with no to the Senator from Kentucky? other idea than that of being nominal, does not comport with my · .l\lr. CUM..\UNS. I do. id~a of tariff making. .Mr. JAMES. The Senator from Iowa states that the duty I do·not know how carefully the committee has studied this under the Dingley law was practically 50 per cent. question. It may be that it has gone all over these facts and l\Ir. CUl\fl\II1TS. Forty-four or forty-five per cent; I have for­ many others of which I may be ignorant, and may, therefore, gotten which. have reached a conclusion that is entirely satisfactory to its Mr. JAMES. Forty-five per cent, and it was reduced in the intelligence and its patriotism; but if it happens that some present law 25 per cent. point of this history has been omitted from the consideration of Mr. CUl\fl\HNS. It was reduced to 25 per cent; not reduced the committee I hope that mere pride in the authorship of this 25 per cent. bill and a mer..:? general intent of not admitting amendments to Mr. JAMES. Very welL Is it not true that the rate was still it pro~osed by this side of the Chamber will not interfere with a prohibitive and that there have been practically no more im­ fair consideration of this question. portations under the Payne-Aldrich law than there were under I have not asked for even the Payne-Aldrich duty, although the Dingley law, showing that the rate under the present law it was a reduction of 50 per cent from the old duty. I have is just as prohibitive as was the rate under the Dingley law? asked only for a duty of 20 per cent upon the product, with the Mr. CUMMINS. I think, l\Ir. President, that the Senator countervailing provision that we must get into Canada upon the from Kentucky has stated substantially the truth, but he for­ same terms that Canada comes into the United States. I hope, I gets that Canada bas just prepared herself for taking the mar­ therefore, that it the Senator from Missouri who has charge of i ket of this country. These great factories in Canada are of this schedule is not ready to make decisive answer at this comparatively recent origin, and it seems to me that when you m~m~nt .he will take time for reflection and ascertain whether I propose to allow Canada to come into the United States with a thIS is Just what ought to be done for a great American in· duty of 35 cents a ton, and Canada is requiring us to pay $2.50 dustry. a ton upon the same product, you are legislating not in behalf Mr. STONE. Mr. President, practically all gypsum imported of the people of the United States, but you are legislating in into the United States comes from Canada. In 1912 w~ pro- . behalf of the people of Canada. It will be so interpreted, and duced $12,800,000 worth of gypsum and gypsum products. ,1 it will be so found in effect. Mr. CUMMINS. Mr. President-- f l\1r. WEEKS. Ur. President- - l\1r. STONE. I did not mean to interrupt the Senator. I The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Iowa yield thought he was through. to the Sena tor from l\Iassachusetts? Mr. CUMMINS. I had finished save for one question. Has .Mr. CUMMINS. I do. it come to the knowledge of the committee that Canada origi- I Mr. WEEKS. The Senator from Kentucky [l\Ir. JAMES] has nally imposed a duty of a dollar and a half a ton upon wall just stated that the duty which now prevails is practically pro­ plaster, but, finding that that would not entirely protect her hibiti>e. I have here a statement that 4-00,000 tons ·of this market against the invasion of the American product, had ad· article were imported from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick vanced her duty from a dollar and a half to two dollars and a 1 into New York alone last year, which would not indicate that half per ton? the duty was prohibitive. Mr. STONE. Mr. President, I do not think what Canada or Mr. JAMES. Four hundred thousand what? any other country does is important in reference to impo ing l\fr. WEEKS. Four hundred thousand tons. duties upon gypsum . when the :fact remains, which I was about 1\Ir. CUMl\IINS. I understand the Senator from KentuchJ7 to to state, that we produced $12,800,000 worth in 1912 against mean that the amount of this article imported into the United $566,000 worth of importations; or, in other words, we make of States was but a small proportion of the amount consumed here. gypsum and gypsum products about twenty-two times as much l\fr. WEEKS. I think that may be true. as we import. Mr. CUMMINS. And in that sense the statement of the Sena­ Mr. CUMMINS. I understand that, and I know the force of tor from Kentucky is correct. it; but with commodities manufactured in adjoining countrie , Mr. JAMES. In order to be absolutely accurate about it, so assuming that they are manufactured at about the same cost, that there will be no mistake, I will state that the record shows when one country bars us out of her market with a duty of two that there were $363,000 worth imported in 1905 under the r~te dollars and a half per ton does the Senator intend to take the of 44.21 per cent under the Dingley law, and $437,000 wortll im­ position that he is satisfied to allow that country to compete in ported under the 25 per cent rate of the present law in 1912. our market under a nominal duty? · So the increase by reason of reducing the tariff, as the Senator Mr. STONE. Mr. President, that proposition might be ap· says, practically 50 per cent was ~bout $60,000. The total pro­ duction in this country is $12,803,758 worth. plied to almost every commodity we import. We might be a ked by Senators on the other side, who advocate distinctively a Mr. WEEKS. That was in 1909. protective duty, whether there is reason for it or not; whether · Mr. CUMMINS. l\fr. President, it must not be forgotten that we ought not to insist in every case that we will not permit thiB is a comparatively new industry; it is now really in a their commodities, their manufactures, or their productions to stage of development, although the hard plaster is gei;ierally be imported into our country and admitted to our markets accepted as a most available and most valuable co~od1ty for unless they consent to allow our productions and commodities use in the building of houses. Canada, however, will produce and manufactures to go into their markets on equal terms. the article as cheaply as it can be produced in the United States. I am not contending that it can be produced much more cheaply Mr. President, I do not take that view in the aspect of the in Canada than in the United States, but assuming that it can case as presented. There may be exceptional instances for be produced with substantial uniformity in cost, it is still, as it adopting that policy; but in relation to this particular article seems to me, unpatriotic to allow Canada to come here with we are now considering we produce it largely in the United a duty imposed by us upon her product that amounts to noth­ States, and of that production there is consumed in the United ing whatsoever; it is a mere nominal duty. You might just as States twenty-two or twent;y:-three times as much as we import. well put the commodity on the free list. Of course, you do Our importations come chiefly from Canada, comparatively. secure a little revenue, but it will have no tendency, or sub­ little coming from other countries. For example, last year we sUl.ntiaJly no tendency, to prevent importations. A very little imported of gypsum and gypsum products $566,000 worth, of· difference in freight rates will more than overcome all the duty which there came from Canada $437,155 worth. I have the that is here imposed, and if we are to perpetuate what I regard figures here before me, running back through a series of years, as a false filYStem of all.owing freight rates from Canada to the showing a similar comparison. Canada is the producer whose United States to be adjusted upon the basis of through rates, products are entered for competition on our markets. the outcome will be that there will be factories in Canada that .Mr. President, when we are producing so vastly more than can reach the interior of the United States, or at least some our competitor produces or offers for market here, we might •

1913. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2825 as wen ask, Are we fronting a condition where we need fear :Mr. STONE. May I ask my friendLwby Canada puts a wall this competition? of two dollars or two dollars and a half a ton on gypsum against Then, l\Ir. President, we are brought to answer this question : the United States unless she is afraid the United States will For ·what purposes are gypsum and gypsum products used? invade her market? They are used in making plaster far more largely than in any­ Mr. CUl\1J\fINS. I can tell the Senator from l\Iissouri why thing else, ancl in wall plasters, in paints, and in fertilizers. Canada puts a duty of two dollars and a half a ton on gypsum. Gypsum is a fertilizer, and is so used in the country. There l\1r. STO~TE. Is it bec;ause Canada thinks we can produce it is a growing demand for it as a fertilizer. here, from our gypsum quarries, with our labor, and carry I heard the Senator from Kansas [l\Ir. BRISTOW] the other it into Canada and sell it there so much cheaper than they can dav and other Senators on the other side speaking with wailing produce it there? voice and almost with tears pearling down their cheeks about Mr. CUMMINS. The Senator from Missouri can not drive the ingratitude and the inattention of the Democratic Party me into any inconsistency about that. I know why Canada put to the welfare of the farmers of the country. Here is one a duty of two dollars and a half a ton upon this commodity. It instance where we are proposing to reduce duty to give to the was because we would have taken her markets if the duty had farmers of this country a cheaper fertilizing product, and the not been imposed. In these days, however, markets are very Senator from Iowa comes and asks us to postpone the con­ largely a matter of cost of transportation. If Canada allowed sideration of this paragraph and appeals to us to take into us free entry into her borders, I think we could compete with consideration whether we should not increase the duty imposed Canada in the United States without any duty whatever. This by the pending bill by doubling the rate proposed in the ~nterest is not a protective duty in the proper sense of the word. It is of some concern in the great agricultural State of Iowa, one of an effort to expand the commerce of the United States. It is the greatest in the Union. Yet, 1\Ir. President, the fact remains an effort to give us a fair chance to do business outside of the that we have practically no competition with the world antl United States. practically no competition with Canada in the sale in our mar­ You put a countervailing duty upon wheat. I agree that it ket of this product, used, as I have said, for various purposes, can not be said as to every commodity that we must insist upon and, among others, for fertilizing the lands in Iowa ; though, I the same rate as a condition of entering a foreign market that may say in passing, the lands of Iowa need little fertilization, we impose as a condition of entering our market. That could but they may need it in the future. They are like the lands not be asserted as a general principle. I agree with the Sen­ in l\fissouri · but there are other Stntes where the agricultural ator from Missouri that we must take account of all the cir­ lands do n~d to be fertilizoo. The Sena tor, I think, is making cumstances and conditions which surround us in determining a request of the cominittee that is hardly warranted by the facts, whether or not that ought to be done. and, so far as I am concerned, I am not in favor of granting it. But I should like to have the· Senator from Missouri tell me Mr. CU~Ii\IINS. Does the State of Missouri or any other a good reason for putting a countervailing duty on wheat that State of which the Senator who has just taken his seat knows will not apply to a duty upon hard wall plaster. We produce a use a large amount of gypsum rock as a fertilizer? yery large amount of both. Our resources are practically un­ l\Ir. STONE. As I have just said to the Senator, the virgin limited as to both. Yet you have said in this bill that Canada land<:; of l\Iissouri up to date ham not needed much fertiliza­ can not bring her wheat into the United States free until she tion, and I do not think the ·firgin lands of Iowa need much permits us to enter her markets free. I ask you to say the same fertilization· but I do say that, according to the statistics and thing with regard to this enterprise. If you can give me any the e,·idenc~ furnished by the Geological Survey, to which I good reason for differentiating between the two products, I refer the Senator, gypsum and its products are used and can be should like to hear it. used to very great advantage as a fertilizer, and we want to We are here legislating, as I suppose, for · the good of the give the farmers of the country cheap fertilizer. . ·I should like American people. We want to preserve, so far as we can, our to know whether the Senator from Kansas [l\lr. BRISTOW] favors home markets, and we want to widen and broaden our markets that? in other countries. We want an opportunity for every American 1\fr. CUMMINS. I have no doubt, l\Ir. President, that there who is willing to work to work a full day and as many days is some gypsum used for fertilizing. of the year as he may be willing to employ himself. The result 1\fr. l\IARTINE of New Jersey. A very great deal of it. of his labor must be sold either in our own markets or in the Mr. CUMMINS. It is used, I apprehend, mainly in the East. markets of foreign countries. It is just as much your duty, Fortunately, we have better use for it in the West. But the when you come to an enterprise like this, to see that we have Senator from l\fissouri is always delightfully entertaining and a fair chance in Canada as it is to see that our laboring men charmingly insincere [laughter]-and I do not say that in any are employed to supply the American market. disparaging way-because he knows how to reach his object, and just now he has sought to reach it by retorting upon my If I agree with you therefore-and I am not prepared to friend from Kansas on account of his solicitude for the farmer. dispute it, because I do not know; I have not investigated it­ I want the Senator from Missouri, however, to know that while that there is no difference in the cost of production, if I assume we have concern for the farmer, we also have concern for the it, when I know and you know that this commodity is being manufacturer. sold all over the United States under competitive conditions at If I believed that a duty of 20 per cent on a product that is the lowest possible price that will yield any profit whatever to not worth more than a dollar a ton in its crude state would be those who are engaged in it, you must concede that the duty a burden upon the farmers who had occasion to use it as a fer­ that has been put upon it does not affect in any degree what­ tilizer I Inight surrender my convictions to the eloquence of my ever the price, if we can produce it as cheaply as it can be friend from l\fissouri. But I know and the Senator from Mis­ produced in Canada. souri knows that it would be no burden if this duty were ad­ Under these circumstances, if these statements be true, to vanced to 20 per cent. stand here and weakly surrender our chance abroad, to stand The high-priced product is wall plaster. By far the larger here and weakly allow Canada to exclude us from her borders part of the domestic product in value is the hard plaster. The while throwing wide open the gates for her products, is to me effect of what is proposed by the Democratic side of this Cham­ as indefensible as it is mysterious. I can not understand that ber is, in the first place, to allow Canada to supply New Eng­ way of making a tariff law. I can not understand that way of land, or a part of New England, from Nova Scotia, where the taking care of the people of this country. We want as many gypsum rock is found in large quantities. The second thing men engaged in making gypsum and hard plaster as we can put that will be accomplished is to allow the Canadian factories to to work; and if we are making it as cheaply as they are making supply the western part of our country with hard plaster simply it abroad, if it is being sold under competition, as it is, if it is because she may have some advantage in freight rates to certain being sold at a low price, as it is, why, in the name of justice, parts of our Western States. will you not do something to batter down the high wall that Personally I do not believe a duty of 20 per cent will change Canada has built up between herself and t.he United States and the price of this commodity one farthing. If it were made free, give our people who can reach certain parts of Canada under I do not believe it would change the price a farthing. What it more advantageous conditions than her own factories an oppor­ will do, however, is to shut up a part of our market, so far as tunity to supply those markets? the domestic producers are cpncerned, and give that market to 1\Ir. BRANDEGEE. 1\fr. President, I have received from Canada. There are parts of Canada that we can reach more constituents at home a statement on this question which is ad­ cheaply than they can be reached from the Canadian factories. dressed to Congress, issued by the president of the United I want the chance to go to Canada to sell our output. I want States Gypsum Co. It is very brief, and I ask that the Secre­ you to give us the same chance there that you intend to give tary read it. Canada in certain parts of the United States. The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? 2826 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JULY 28,

:Mr. JAMES. I could not hear the request of the Senator. it ont with your :fingei· nail. But with the improved system Wl:rnt was it? of using calcined plaster-Keene's cement. as we term it-and ~fr. BR.A.J\TDEGEE. That a document on this subject be read. plaster of Paris it becomes as: hard · as adamant and is known Mr. JAMES. Who is the document from o-r by? in many instances as adamant plaster. l\lr. BRANDEGEE. The document is from the United States Mr. GRONNA. 1\1.r. President-- Gyp um Co. It is their statement on this question. I ask that The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from New Jer ey it may be read by the Secretary. yield to the Senator from North Dakota? The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? The Chair Mr. MARTINE of New Jersey. I do. hears none, and the Secretary will read as requested. Mr. GRONNA. I wish to ask the- SenatoJi from New Je1· ey The Secretary read as follows : it he. knows who controls the industry of manufacturing gyp um

CO:N'C~~G' THE TARIFF ON GYPSUM. in Canada? (Schedule B.-H. R. 3321, sec. 76.) Mr. MARTINE of New Jersey. ] do not lmow anything about To the honor able M embers of the Si:&ty~thira Congress, United States that. Senate and Hou~c of Representatives, Washington, D. 0.: Mr. GRONNA. Then,. if the product of that country is in the The present tariff on crude gypsum rock is 30 cents a ton, and $1.75 hands of a trust, what reason has the Senator to believe that on manufactured gypsum products. The proposed rate is 10 per cent ad valorem, which means practically no duty, while Canada maintains the foreign· trust would be more reasonable in their prices than a prohibitive tariff of 2.50 against entry of our manufactured product. they are in the United States? The proposed tariff will virtually give Canada the benefit of bee trade. Mr. ~!ARTINE of New Jersey. I know nothing about the .Approximately 400,000 tons is imported from Nova Scotia and New Bt·unswick into New York. At Caledonia and Pru:is, Ontario, there are· situation there. three gypsum mills whose products can be tu-rned into western New Mr. LODGE. A foreign. trust is all right. Yor·k and Pennsylvania markets immediately. This wm interfere with Mr. 1\IARTTh-:E of New Jersey. I am informed and believe, the American mills in Oakfield, Akron, Garbutt, and Wheatland, N. Y., and !ichigan mills at Grand Rapids, Grandville, and Alabaster will however, that while "trust,.. is natura.Ily, an unpleasant word likewise sn.Jrer from this competition. There are two large Canadian to the other sid~it has been your death knell, and it will keep mills at Winnipeg which have forced six manufacturers at Fort Dodge, you buried: for many year&--this combination or corporation, Iowa, out of Canadian markets through the aid of the present Canadian tariff of $2.50. The e Winnipeg mill now have an open field and are or whatever else you may term it,, known as the United States as ailing the trade of six Amel'ican gypsum companies in Iowa, two Gypsum Co., owns these mills. I say, while there may be a few. in South Dakota, one in Montana, one in Oregon, . a.nd one in Wash­ mills that may be affected detrimentally and disastrously, there ington. The Canadians, as you are already aware, trnat their tariff in a very different fashion than hl customary in the Unite~ States. They are a million and one householders who are affected by the evidently et out to prohibit the use of our products and imposed, at tariff on this: product. Everyone who builds a small cabin to­ first, a duty of $1.50. They also have a clause which prevents dump· day instead of having his ceiling plastered nearly an inch thick ing, and ha ve not hesitated to send their inspectors to our offices to determine that no lower prices were being made in Canada than our with plaster that is liable to fall off and do damage to those average mill price received for American markets. Finding that the beneath is now using a thin skin of Keene's cement, if you 1.50 rate just mentioned was insufficient, they added $1 on it, and choose, or adamant, or .Plaster of Paris. All these things affect at once accomplished their purpose, which is effective at the present time, and will be doubly so when all Olli' bo1·der markets are thrown every householder. As a builder, hav.ing used it in some 85 open to their industries and we stand defenseless in the open outside houses, I say God speed the Clay .of cheaper adamant, cheaper thefr wall . plaster, cheaper plaster o:f Paris. On the other hand, if it were the inclination of Canada to treat us as well as we treat her at the present,. which treatment will be even Mr. SIMMONS, Mr. KENYON, Mr. GRONNA, and Mr. more generous under the proposed tarifl'. of 10 per cent ad valorem, the LODGE addressed the Chair. Americnn gypsum industry would be willing to forego such tariff The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair will suggest to Senators entirely and favor free trade if such conces ion were necessary to warrant and obtain reciprocity from Canada, but the improbability of that we are getting into the chorus business again. Canadian reciprocity makes it imperative, in the interest ot those Mr. GRONNA. :May I ask th~ Senator another question Am rica.n properties mentioned above, that the p-resent rate or increased before he takes his seat? tariff be strictly maintained. Respectfully, u.~nTEo STATES GYPSUM Co., · Mr. MARTINE of New Jersey. Yes sir. s. L. AVETIY, President. Mr. KENYON. Who has the floor, Mr. Pre ident? CHI CA.GO, ILL. Mr. MARTINE of New Jersey.. I think my friend from :Mr. MARTIN'"E of New Jersey. Mr. President, I should like North Dakota has the floor. to ask the Senator who has presented that document if it is Ur. GRONNA. I desire to ask the Senator from New Jer ey not a fact that the United States Gypsum Co. is practically the a question. He seems to be an expert in building; but I think owner of all the companies and mills that ham been recited? he is mistaken in saying that he would prefer a thick coat of Mr. BilANDEGEE. Oh, I do not lmow. plaster to a very thin on-e. Mr. MARTINE of New Jersey. And that it is in fact a Mr. :MARTINE of New Jersey.. I did not say that. The Gyp um Trust? Senator misinterpreted what I sai"d. I said that in days pa t l\Ir. BRANDEGEE. I suppose the Senator would· tack on a thick coat of plaster was u ed; and probably in the structure the word .. h·ust" to any company or corporation which makes · of this very building there are instance where you will find an anything in this country. 1 inch of plaster, or mortar. It was not plaster; it was a material Mr. MARTINE of New Jersey. I will take out the word so soft that it could be dug out with the finger nail. But the in­ "tru t," then. Has not the United States Gypsum Co. an abso­ -vention of what is lmown as Keene's cement, adamant, or plaster lute monopoly of this industry? of Paris, has redueed the thickness necessary until it is now a :\fr. BRANDEGEE. I -know nothing about the company, Mr. mere shell or skin, answering the same purpose, making lighter

Pr ident. I stated to the Senate, when I asked that the docu­ 1 ceilings, and hence a blessing. So it enters into everybody's ment be read, that it ad been forwarded to me. by several of househol~ and I can not understand why my friend from Iowa my constituents, who, I presume, are stockholders in the com­ should stand up and make sucb a defense of the farmer. Why, pany. I do not know where it is located, or what dividends it the day will come in the very near future when you will need pay , or whether it has any watered stock, or anything of the plaster of Paris every day, and as builde:rs we need it an the kind. time. Mr. LODGE. The Senator does not even !mow whether it was Mr. ORAWFORD. Mr. President, does the Senator from New organized in New Jersey, does he? Jersey undertake to guarantee that we will have cheaper plaster Mr. BRANDEGEE. I do not. If it is a trust, I suppose it because we are going to buy it from a trust in Canada? did not get far from New Jersey. Mr. MARTINE of New Jersey. I can only say that I can not Mr. MARTINE of New Jersey. I shcmld like to say, Mr. get it out of my mind that a tariff is a tax, and that if the Pre ident, that the Senator from Iowa [Mr. CUMMINS] seems tariff does not increase the price it defeats the purpose for to treat rather majestically and lightly the question of gypsum which it is levied_ It does increase the price. I am not wor­ a a fertilizer. It may be, as has been stated by the Senator ried about Canada.; Canada can take care of herself. I am from l\fi ouri [Mr. STONE], that in the rich fertility of the lands worrying about the American people. in the State of that Senator and in the State of Iowa they Mr. KENYON. Mr. President, I desire to correct one state­ know no such thing as u ing gypsum as a fertilizer, but gypsum ment that was made by the Senator from New Jer ey [Mr. is a unh-er 1 fertilizer in my part of the world. I have bought MARTINE]. I did not rise to "start anything"; but I simply many tons of it in my life. It is a universal fertilizer for clover wish to say that I think the United States Gypsum Co. in its and vegetation of that character, and in the form of plaster of inception was intended to be a trust, and to fake in all the Paris it enters directly into the home of every man. woman, and gypsum mills of the country. They failed in that, however, o child in the country. that in my home town, Fort Dodge, there are some five or six in­ Where there are a few mill owners that may be, directly or dependent concerns engaged in competition. I dislike a trust indirectly, detrimentally affected by this tariff there are a as much as does the Senat01· from New Jersey. million and one householders that are more seriously affected. I can add nothing to- what has been said by the senior Sen­ The day was, as almost all of us will remember, when the ator from Iowa on the subject of Canadian competition and the plaster of a house was of a very soft character, You could dig Canadian market. There is a theory abou~ this matter, how- HH3. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2S27

ever, that I desire to call very seriously to the attention of the product mentioned in the first line would come under fer­ my Democratic friends. tilizer. The cements, of course, have nothing to do with fertili- It is true, as my colleague [Mr. CuMMINS] has said, that zers. I thought before I spoke there was a separate duty on the gypsum industry is the main industry of Fort Dodge. That crude gypsum, but I see there is not. It is proposed to lowar the is my home, and that was Senator Dolliver's home; but I am duty to such a rate that our market will be open to Canndian not pleading for any protection to the industry because of local competition, while Canada will not admit us to her market. interest. In fact, it is ane of the schedules that I shall ask to That is hardly a f;i:ir basis of competition. The only argument be excused from voting on, because one member of my family in behalf of it is that our production is worth $12,000,000 a year, happens to have a little stock in one of the mills; and although and it is praposed to give entrance to that great market to that member of my family is not of my political persuasion, I Canada and get nothing in return. have such a conviction that Members of Congress ought not to Then, we hear the old song that it will lower prices. What vote on schedules in which they or any members of their possible reason is there to suppose that the Oanadian manufac­ families may be at all interested that I shall not vote on the turers are coming in here to lower prices? They live on the gypsum schedule, and I am not going to discuss the merits of it. same continent with us. Their wages probably do not differ That industry, however, was a thriving industry in Fort materially. They could not sell very much lower. Neither their Dodge. Senator Dolliver, as the l\Iembers of the Senate know, natural advantages nor their economic advantages are sufficient in the tariff fight of 1909 broke away from his party and con- to enable them to do that. They will undoubtedly want to make ducted a vigorous and courageous fight to reduce the tariff as much as the traffic will bear. It is a simple gift of our mar­ duties on woolen goods. He fought Schedule K. This reduc- ket to the Canadian producer without any return. tion in the Payne-Aldrich Act was made, as I firmly believe, Further, it is legislation along the line of the new theory of and his friends firmly believed, for no purpose in the world but giving. protection advantage to the foreign producer. We are for revenge as to Senator Dolliver. The then chairman of the told, I think without sufficient authority, judging from what Fina.nee Committee cut the gypsum tariff. to the quick in order has been said by the junior Senator from Iowa [Mr. KENYON], to humiliate him at home, and to show that he had no in- that there is a trust in this country. There is no reason to 5up­ fiuence in the Halls of Congress. That is the reason the tariff pose there is not another trust over the line in Oanada. But the duties were cut on gypsum in the Payne-Aldrich Act. American trust or monopoly from which our Democratic frit.nds Before that time Senator Dolliver, who had earned a place shrink with horror has no alarm for them when it comes in on the Finance Committee by long years of service, was denied pleasant foreign dress. that place; and then, on top of that, these duties weTe cut. That is the reason of the cut in those duties. There is no use Mr. President, I merely wanted to call attention to what in beating around the bush on that proposition at all. That did seemed to me the underlying principle here. I have not exam­ not accomplish its purpose, however. It did not discredit Sen- ined the case sufficiently to know the details in the labor cost, ator Dolliver in his home. It did not drive him out of the and I should not enter into it if I had. The Senator from Iowa Republican Party, because our people at home honored him an has covered the entire case; it could not have been done better; the more eyen if their industries were to suffer. They honored and it seems to me there is no answer to the argument he made him for his courage and his bravery and his manhood in fight- for the proviso he has proposed. I merely wish to call attention ing the high tariff duties of the Payne-Aldrich bill. to the underlying theory which lies in the result of this duty Mr. President, I am sorry that after that has been done in and the resistance to the proviso and many other duties im­ the Payne-Aldrich bill our Democratic friends go still further posed in this bill. and cut that tariff in two. That was a tariff duty, levied, not Mr. SIMMONS. Mr. President, I simply want to say a few for protection, not for revenue, buf for revenge; and I am words. sorry the process has to go on any further. The Senator from Iowa referred to the uses of this material. Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, I had risen for another pur- I have some familiarity with it, because it is used rather ex­ pose; but after what has }}een said by the junior Sena.tor from · tensively in my part of the country, and especially for purposes Iowa [Mr. KENYON}, I think I ought to say, as a member of of the fertilization of land. It is a substance very similar to the Fioonce Committee of 1909, that if the duty on gypsum was lime. Of course, it is a superior substance in every way, but rednced for purJ)Oses of revenge on Senator Dolliver it cer- it is used for · almost the identical purposes for which lime is ta.inly was not known to the members of the Finance Committee. used. Lime is used for plastering houses, and so is gypsum. I had no such knowledge, and I do not know of any other Lime is used as a fertilizer, and so is gypsum. Neither lime Senator woo had. nor gypsum is in the proper sense a fertilizer; that is to say, Mr. KENYON. I did not say the members of the committee it does not add anything to the fertility of the soil directly, but did it. I specifically charged it to the chairman of the com- both are used upon sour soil, such as we have in the South, mittee. and which, I suppose, they have in some States in the West, Mr. LODGE. This is all news to me, Mr. President. I did for the purpose of liberating certain impriHoned properties of not suppose there was any such motive in the reduction at that productivity- in the soil. In one year there were sold in the time. But what I rose to call attention to was what I think city of Norfolk 30,000 tons of this material for use upon the has been overlooked-that the provisions of this section, and soil of the ~urrounding country. the opposition to the proviso offered by the Senator from Iowa Mr. President., there are in the United States, I think, 82 Il\Ir. CUMMINS], arise from the introduction into this bill of factories or mills engaged in manufacturing this material an entirely new economic theory in the imposition of tariff This crude gypsum material is called land plaster when it is duties. used as a fertilizer. Five of those factories are located upon Hitherto it has generally been supposed, I think, by all the coast; the other 77 factories are located in the interior of economists that there were two opposing theories in the Im- the counh-y. position of tariff duties. One was that known as the free-trade Crude gypsum is found in various parts of this country-in ' theo1-y; the other the theory of imposing a duty for the pur- New York, West Virginia, and in various States in the interior. · pose of protection of domestic industries. Of course, "tariff There is absolutely no competition, and in the nature of things for revenue only " is a mere political phrase. It is not a the- there can be no competition, between the gypsum produced in : ory, and no tariff for revenue only can exist. A duty may be the 77 factories that are located in the interior of this country 1 jmposed for revenue only, but a ta.riff throughout can not exist and the gypsum produced in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick,. 'for revenue only, because if you once impose duties generally for. the very simple reason that on account of its bulky cha1·- you are bound to have- some duties produce protection. acter and its low value-about $1.17 per ton-high transporta- This bill has free-trade provisions, protective provisions, anc1 tion cost makes competition in the "interior impo-ssible. what may be called tariff-for-revenue duties, I suppose. It The only competition that exists or can in the nature of things certainly ill-ustrates and combines the two great conflicting . exist, whatever the tariff rate may be, is within a zone of, say, .theories in the imposition of tariff duties. But it has intro- 100 miles along the coast. The five factories located oII the : duced a third theory, and a wholiy new one, and that is the coast are the only ones that have complained, so far as I know, . imposition of duties in such a manner as to give protection to of the duty in this bill. .the foreign competitor. That, I think I am not mistaken in Mr. SMITH of Michigan. If the S-enator from North Caro­ saying, is a novel idea. I have pointed it out in one or two lina will permit me, I should like to say that competition may . instances aleeady, where the duty is raised on the raw material, prevail along the border on the Lakes. It is the mills and or kept at the same rate, while it is lowered on the manufac- manufactories in Michigan that would naturally sell their prod­ tured article. uct to Canada if there were not prohibitive duties there, and Now, in this particular case our only competitor in regard to to prohibit the factories in Michigan from crossing the border gypsum is Canada. I am not quite cleur what the fertilizer by a duty of two and a half dollars and voluntarily give to proposition has to do with the only duty in the paragraph the Oanadian manufacturer our market in Michigan at a paltry. .which the Senator from Iowa has tried to amen~ I suppose 10 per cent ad valorem looks to me to be a little reckless. CONGRESSIO~A~ RECO:IiD-.SENATE. JULY 28,

l\Ir. SHL"\IONS. I do not know that there are any of these it is his duty to help, if -we can be helped without injury to the factories located upon the Lakes, nor do I know what would be country at large, to regain that market? the cost of transportation from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Mr. SIMMONS. l\Ir. President, I will say to the Senator very to the points the Senator speaks of. frankly that so far as I am personally concerned I should like l\Ir. SMITH of Michigan. I am not speaking of New Bruns­ to see a countervailing duty upon a great many things that are wick or Nova Scotia. produced mutually in Canada and in this country, but I do l\Ir. SIMMONS. That is about the only part of Canada where not think this is a case similar to that of wheat and flour. it is produced. . Mr. President, if we can pay these Canadian duties and sell Mr. SMITH of Michigan. I am speaking of the place where this material in large quantities to Canada, it sho"s we can· it is produced immediately on the border, in the Central West; produce it cheaper than Canada and need not fear Canadian and I ask you why you should give Canada our State as a competition. market in the face of the fact that they have erected an abso­ I think the Senators are laboring under the mistaken as- lutely impassable wall over which we can not go with our prod­ . sumption that the 425,000 tons of gypsum we imported last year uct to the Canadian market? was manufactured or calcined gypsum, whereas it was crude l\Ir. SIMMONS. l\Ir. President, we ha·rn not gi\en nor will· gypsum. The importations of manufactures of gypsum are this bill give Canada the market of the interior. As I have just negligible. explained, so far as the committee was advised-and we had a Mr. CUMMINS. If the Senator from North Carolina got that good deal of data upon this subject-we were advised that there idea from me I was faulty in expression. I think a very large could be no competition by reason of freight rates with refer­ part of the imports was of the crude material used for ferti­ ence to the 77 factories located in the interior of the country. lizing in New England and Eastern States. If there are some factories located on the Lakes, I do not know Mr. SIMMONS. Mr. President, as a matter of fact, we are what that situation would be. They might be in the- same posi­ large producers of crude gypsum in this country. As I said, it tion as the factories located upon the coast. is found in various States, in various localities, and in con­ l\Ir. Sl\IITH of Michigan. It is because I do know-- siderable quantities. 1\Ir. SIMMONS. The factories located upon the Lake would In 1911 we mined in the United States 2,323,970 tons of crude have the same position as the factory located upon the coast. gypsum. In 1910 the entire production of crude gypsum in the Mr. SMITII of Michigan. It is because they are located at Dominion of Canada amounted to only 525,000 tons. So Canada my home, it is because hundreds of men are employed i:r;:i. that is not much of a producer of crude gypsum and we would not be industry, that I ask you not to present the American market to in much danger of being overwhelmed with Canadian importa­ Canada as a free gift, when they are building a protection wall tions of gypsum even if the whole Canadian output was im­ so high we can not possibly take our product there. ported. Mr. SIMMONS. Does the Senator know the difference be­ I can not see, l\fr. President, any reason why this duty should tween the freight rate to the point he speaks of in his State and be higher than we have fixed it in the bill. When you consider the freight rate from Nova Scotia to New York? the fact that the labor cost he1·e, even from the Republican Mr. SMITH of Michigan. I know it is the water rate, and not standpoint, and in Nova Scotia is about the same, that it is a only from Lake Michigan but the shore of Lake Superior, Lake mineral product and the labor cost of mining is small, I can not Huron, and Lake Erie, and it is the cheapest possible rate. see the necessity of a larger duty than 10 per cent, even from While we could take our products there if we have an oppor­ the protection standpoint. It is twice as high as the duty which tunity, why you should level our protection against Canada now we put upon lime, which, as I said before, is used practically for developing this industry to proportions which ought at least to the same purpose. This would seem a case where the Repub­ have our serious consideration, when they are at the same mo­ lican argument that a duty is needed to equalize difference in ment constructing a tariff wall so high that we can not sell our labor cost does not apply, for there is no difference. products to them, is beyond my calculation. l\fr. SMOOT. Mr. President, I am not going to enter into a Mr. SIMMONS. Mr. President, we have not leveled the wall. discussion of this matter, but as I was a member of the Finance We have retained in this bill an ample duty to give the Ameri­ Committee in 1909 I wish to say that I never heard it intimated can producer, either on the seacoast or the Lakes, under even the by Senator Aldrich or any member of that committee tbat the Republican theory of protection, sufficient advantage to com­ r'eduction of the duty on crude gypsum was made as a revenge pensate the difference between any cost here and in Canada. against the then senior Senator from Iowa. There is but little difference, if any, in the cost of producing Mr. CUMMINS. I think the Senator from Utah is now reply­ this material in Canada and in this country. In Canada they ing to what my colleague, the junior Senator from Iowa, said. . have practically the same scale of wages that we have in the Mr. SMOOT. The junior Senator from Iowa. · United States. In Canada gypsum is found in the bowels of Mr. CUMMINS. I may say, however, in justice to my col­ the earth and can be gotten out of the bowels of the earth under league, who is not here at this moment, I ha\e never made it a their system of labor just as cheap as it can be gotten out of subject of discussion~ although I know that Senator Dolliyer the bowels of the earth under our system of labor. There is so believed. practically no difference in labor or material cost. Mr. SMOOT. l\Ir. President, I never heard it before inti­ Mr. GALLINGER. Mr. President-- mated, and it came as a surprise to me to-day that that inti­ The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North Caro­ mation should be now made. I simply state that as a matter lina yield to the Senator from New Hampshire? of history. Mr. SIMMONS. I do. Mr. STONE. l\Ir. President-- Mr. GALLINGER. If that be so, why can not Canada com­ The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Sentor from Utah yield pete with us with the same rate of duty? If Canada can pro­ to the Senator from Missouri? duce it as cheaply as we can, and she does, why does Canada Mr. SMOOT. I do. want to build up a wall so high we can not compete with Mr. STONE. Mr. President, I beg the Senator's pardon, but Canada after we are giving her an opportunity to compete he was addressing himself in a somewhat low tone of voice to with us? the Senator from Iowa [Mr. CUMMINS], and I caught just Mr. SIMMONS. I can not explain to the Senator the reason enough of what he said to make me somewhat interested in it. for Canadian duties. Canada has duties upon a great many Mr. SMOOT. 1\1r. President, I will say for the information things that she can produce as cheaply as we can produce. It of the Senator from Missouri that I stated that I was a mem­ is not to be assumed that all the Canadian duties are leveled ber of the Finance Committee of the Senate in 1909, when the at the United States. Canadian tariff laws apply to the world, present tariff law was framed and passed, and that I never I assume, just as our tariff la:ws apply to the world. heard it intimated before to-day that the rate upon crude gyp­ Mr. CU:M~HNS. Mr. President-- sum was reduced as a revenge upon the then Senator from Iowa, The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North Caro­ Mr. Dolliver. I repeat, I was very much surprised to hear it lina yield to the Senator from Iowa? to-day, because it is the first time that I ever heard it intimated. Mr. -SIMMONS. If the Senator will let me develop the idea I say this by way of information and that alone. I have in my mind I will be glad to yield to him in a minute. I do remember, Mr. President, that at that time the reduction 1\1r. CUMMINS. I intended to ask a question in regard to of duty on that article was discussed. l\Iy own State of Utah that very point. . produced crude gypsum, and the great bulk of the shipments Mr. SIMMONS. Well, go ahead. from my State went to California. I tried to have the then Mr. CUMMINS. I think it was the year before; Canada existing rate of 50 cents per ton maintained, and I remember advanced her duty to $2.50 a ton; possibly it -may have been the argument then made was that it was a fertilizer used in longer than that-I am speaking now of my State-we sent into the. Eastern States, that it was shipped direct from Nova Scotia, Canada toward Winnipeg, in one year 100 carloads of plaster. and that the freight rate ~rom the interior part of the country Now, I 'ask the Senator from North Carolina whether he think::; was so great .that the duty could not be maintained without 1913 .. OONGRESSION AL RECORD-SENATE. 2829 working a great hardship upon the people of the border States. Mr. JAl\fES. If the duty which has been imposed upon this That was the argument -and the only argument that was made article has not affected its price, then certainly the reduction at that time which I ever heard. I was then opposed to the df the duty will not affect its price. reduction of the duty to 30 cents a ton, and no doubt former · Mr. CUMMINS. Very wen; but after we have agreed on all Senator Dolliver would sustain this statement if be were in the that, will not the Senator do a little to enable us to sell this Chamber toJday. commodity in Canada? Mr. BOilAH. l\Ir. President, I understood the Senator from Mr. JA1\IES. That argument, Mr. President, carried to a Iowa [l\lr. CUMMINS], in discussing this matter a few moments finality, would mean that you never. would get tariff duties re­ ago, to say that the cost of production in this country was no duced at all. In Canada-they will say, "We have a rate now greater or even less than it was in Canaon >arious sched­ own. The reduction of this tariff will make it easier for them ules in that tariff bill, it did not serve its purpose. Wllile we to own a home. I believe we ought to look out for them just ha \·e been so often assured that the Payne-Aldrich bill was a a little, instead -0f 'looking out for the Canadian market for the bill framed for protection, as most Senators on the other side manufacturers in the Senator's own State. were glad to say, but, I always thought, for plunder, now we l\Ir. CUMMINS. I notice, however, that the Senator from ha\e found out that it had also another ingredient in it-that Kentucky has agreed in th.is bill that if the President finds of punishment. That, however, is not our purpose here. that any country is discriminating unduly against us the duty Personally, I had great affection for Senator Dolliver; I shall be raised. I should like to hear the Senator explain the thought, and I yet think, that he was one of the greatest men two doctrines, and tell us if they do not conflict with each who ever sat in this Senate; but however much I may revere other? his memory, I am not content that a duty in this bill shall Mr. JAMES. In the first place, as to this article, there is no remain prohibitive because the factories which are engaged in discrimination against us by Canada. Canada will simply come the manufacture of the article happen to be in the city which into this country and sell in competition with our manufac­ claimed him and honored him so highly and loved him so turers, provided she can by paying the 10 per cent duty; but greatly. the Senator has told us she can not, and that the Canadians In 1905 there were practically $370,000 worth of this gwsum could not even hold their own market unless a duty of $2.50 a imported into this country under th~ Dingley bill rate. After ton was placed on gypsum. the uuty was lowered in the Payne-Aldrich bill in the year 1912 Mr. CUMMINS. I did not say that. only $4.00,000 worth of it was imported here. Mr. JAMES. What did the Senator say? 1\fr. CUMMINS. I beg pardon, but may I interrupt the Sen­ Mr. CUM:MINS. I said there were certain parts of Cannda a tor from Kentucky? that we could enter because of the cheaper cost of transporta­ The YICE PRESIDEl'"T. Does the Senator from Kentucky tion. The truth is that regarding all such commodities as these yield to the Senator from Iowa? the great protection is in the co t of transportation. Canada :Mr. JAMES. Certainly. can get to certain parts of our country, no matter what reason­ Mr. CU~L"\IINS. The amount just mentioned by the Senator able duty is placed upon this commodity, and we can get to. from Kentucky includes gypsum rock, ground gypsum, and cal­ certain parts of Canada more cheaply than Canada can, with cined gypsum, as well as the article to which he refers. any kind of a reasonable duty; but Canada has imposed a pro­ l\Ir. JAMES. So much more the reason why this duty ought hibitive duty of $2.50 a ton, which is really, at the present price, to be reduced. The production in this CDuntry in the year 1912 probably 60 or 70 per cent of the entire value of the product. was $12,000,000 worth. I have always understood that the l\Ir. JAMES. Because Canada wants to give to the manufac­ Republican policy of protection was based upon the theory that turers of gypsum a monopoly upon her people is no reason why the tariff should equal the cost of production-that is, the differ­ we should give to the manufacturers of gypsum the same char­ ence in the cost of labor-between this and the foreign acter of monopoly in this country upon our people. country. Now, it is not contended here that we can not pro­ l\Ir. President, in this country the production of this com­ duce this article as cheaply as they can produce it in Canada. modity is $12,000,000 worth a year, the revenue derived from I believe we can produce it cheaper than they can in Canada, the duty now imposed is only $111,000, and the imports amount and. I believe the argument the Senator from Iowa has made­ to <>nly $400,000; but we are now told that the tariff must equal that Canada imposed a high tariff rate upon gypsum and then the cost of transportation instead of the cost of production. had to increase it in order to keep our United States manufac­ I believe this is a just reduction, and, really, if I had my own turers from taking their market-shows that we can produce it way I would place the article on the free list. There is no here cheaper than they can produce it there. competiti-0n at all under the present tariff rate. We fix the Mr. CUMMINS. J\1r. President-- rate at 1-0 per cent ad \alorem in the hope and belief that it The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Kentucky will bring both honest .competition and produce revenue. yield to the Senator from Iowa? l\fr. STONE. l\fr. President, I should like to ask my friend Mr. .JAMES. I yield to the Senator. the Senator from Iowa whether I am correct in the impression Mr. CUl\UfINS. If all that be true, does the Senator from I have that he voted against what is known as the bill provid­ Kentucky think that his entire duty is discharged when h~ at­ ing for reciprocal trade relations between the United States taches a rm·enue impost upon this article? Does he not think and Canada during the last administration? that he ought to do something to open up the markets of Cauada l\Ir. CUMMINS. I have not referred to the reciprocal provi­ to our people? If we can produce the commodity more cheaply sion in this bill-- than it can be l)roduced in Canada, why is he not willing to help Mr. STONE. I asked the_Senator-- the American people a little to get into Canada, if by trying to Mr. CUMMINS. Which is that if the President finds that klo so be will not increase the price one penny in his own any country is unfairly .discriminating against this country or country? is not recognizing fair and reasonable reciprocal obligations, :Ur. JAl\IES. Mr. President, all the argument the Sena-tor then an added duty is placed upon certain commodities, thereby has made has been for the manufacturer. He seems to see only recognizing the retaliatory theory. the manufaeturer. The Senator loses sight of the consumer. I Mr. STONE. The Senator and I do not quite understand am not willing to give this market to the manufacturer of gyp­ each other. We had here before us some two years ago, I sum or plaster l'OCk simply because the Senator argues that if think, a proposition for reciprocal trade relations between we do not put the duty high enough Canada will come into this Canada and the United States. country and will take the market away from the American Mr. CUMMINS. That is what it was named; but it was not manufactm·er. so in fact. Mr. CUl\L'\fINS. Does the .Senator from Kentucky believe l\lr. STONE. Well, that is not important at present. I do that the duty which has been imposed upon this article .has not care to enter into that. I thought it was, but the Senator affected its price one particle? thinks it was not. 2830 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE~ JULY 28;

Mr. CUMMINS. Well, it was called that. example set by another country, instead of building its tax Mr. STOJ\"'E. But what I wish to ask of the Senator now is laws upon the necessities and conditions of its own people with­ whether I am right in understanding that he opposed that trade .out regard to anybody else. pact, that international trade agreement? As I understand, a ton of gypsum rock is worth at present Mr. CUMMINS. I opposed the bill to which the- Senator about a dollar and a half. If so, if you put a tax of 10 per refers. I do not call it a trade pact, however. cent upon it, you would possibly raise its price, if imported from Mr. STO:NE. Oh, welJ, we will not quarrel about mere mat­ Canada, to $1.65; or if it were sold in the American market ters of terms. by the American producer and he feared Canadian importations, l\fr. CUMl\IINS. I do not want to assent to the Senatoi''s or if Canadian importations threatened his market, the price terminology ; that is all. might be lower than that. Mr. STONE. We are agreed that the Senator was opposed As I understood the Senator from Iowa, he said a moment to it. How would the Senato-r now feel if the proposition were ago, I belie-.e, that 60 carloads of gypsum rock had gone froni made in the Senate of the United States for mutual free b·ade his own country up to Winnipeg;· in how short a time I have between the United States and Canada on gypsum? forgotten. Mr. CUMMINS. The Senator from Iowa has no hesitation Mr. CUMMINS. I did not say that. whatever in answering that question. He is not as mysterious Mr. WILLIA.i.\IS. How much was it the Senator said went to as he thinks some of his brother Senators are. Guided by what Winnipeg? I believe to be the truth with regard to gypsum and its prod­ Mr CUl\Il\lINS I said that in one year we shipped to Winni­ ucts, if Canada were to agree that our product might enter her peg 100 carloads of plaster ; not gypsum rock. markets free, I should be willing to agree that Canada's prod­ Mr. WILLIAMS. Very well; I thought it was 60 carloads, uct should enter the markets of the United States free. or rather, I remembered it wrongly. One hundred carloads of Mr. STONE. In the act to_which I have adverted and against plaster, then, were shipped in that one year to Winnipeg; and which the Senator spoke and voted I find, on examination, that that was at a time when Canada had what duty? plaster rock or gypsum was put upon the free list as between l\fr. CUMMINS. I do not remember whether at that time these two countries. Canada had a duty of $1.50 or not. l\fr. CUMMINS. Certainly; but the trouble-- Mr. WILLIAMS. Afterwards she raised it to $2.50. Mr. STONE. How did that strike the Senator at that time? Mr. CUMl\HNS. But it was at a time, of course, when the Mr. CUl\fMINS. The difficulty with that bill was precisely eastern mills in Canada-could not get to Winnipeg on anything the difficulty with the Democratic bill now before the Senate. like the freight rate that we could reach Winnipeg. ' It had some good things in it, but it had so many bad things l\lr. WILLIAl\IS. As I understand, now, we shipped 100 in it that no patriot could vote for it, as I viewed the question. carloads in one year to Winnipeg, paying a Canadian duty of There are a lot of good things in the bill now before the Sen­ $1.50 a ton. ate-plenty of them-but it has so many inconsistent and inde­ Mr. CUMMINS. I am not sure about the duty at the time fensible things in it that I can not vote for it. I have no apol­ of these shipments. ogy to make for voting against the so-called reciprocal agree­ Mr. WILLIAMS. At any rate, we paid the Canadian duty, ment with Canada. I believe in reciprocal treaties and I be­ whatever it was. lieve in reciprocal trade; I think, however, such agreements can Mr. -CUMMINS. We paid whatever the Canadian duty was. not be effectuated by any general law. I think they must re­ Mr. WILLIAl\IS. We paid the duty and shipped it. It does late to a particular thing, so that there can be intelligent ex­ not look from that as if we were in danger of any great flood amination and a conclusion with respect to the benefits to be of Canadian gypsum coming into our country. The Senator derived from trade in the particular commodity or commodities from Iowa, with his usual candor and intellectual integrity, has that are covered by the treaty. admitted that so far as he- knows the cost of production is Mr. STONE. Now, Mr. President, if the Senato_r is thro~h about the same in the two countries, the cost of labor being with his explanations and apologies, I should like to have this about the same, and the other factors that enter into the cost of paragraph disposed of. production being about the same. Mr. CUMMINS. I beg pardon, Mr. President. What did the There is nothing in the world more absurd than having a Senator say? Did the Senator say "if I am through with my gypsum bed on the American side of the Canadian line and­ apologies "? another gypsum bed on the Canadian side of the American line, Mr. STONE. I said if the Senator was through with his ex­ and fixing a tax which must be paid upon the American side by planation and apologies. They have been well said; the work the American farmers and the American constructors and fixing has been well done-- a tax upon the Canadian side that must be paid by the Canadian Mr. CUMMINS. As I remarked a few moments ago, it is farmers and the Canadian constructors. If anything is more impossible for the Senator from Missouri to be serious. absurd than protectionism itself, it is levying these duties where l\fr. STONE. Oh, I am very serious about that. both sides admit that taking the entire line from east to west, Mr. CUMMINS. Oh, -very serious! The Senator from Mis­ if there were absolute free trade it would be about as fair for souri, in -that low tone of his which catches the reporter's ear one as for the other. I should like to see free trade in gypsum but often misses the ears of his brother Senators, frequently between the two countries-in fact, free trade in everything. says something that he does not really mean. I resent a little I think it would be a good thing if the United States and what he has just said. · Canada could enter into a zollverein-a customs union-of some Mr. STONE. Then I withdraw it. sort. Mr. CUMMINS. Certainly; I knew the Senator would with­ 1\Ir. GALLI NGER. Mr. President-- draw it, because when he speaks so that everybody can hear The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from l\lississippi he always tells the truth as he understands it. _ yield to the Senator from New Hampshire? Mr. WILLIAMS. l\fr. President, the argument in favor-­ Mr. WILLIAMS. In one moment I will. But the Senator Mr. CUMMINS. Does the Senator from Mississippi desire can not state a single reason for the application of a counter­ to ask me a question? vailing duty on gypsum that would not apply to every other Mr. WILLIAMS. No ; I got up to make a few innocuous ob­ product produced in both countries; and he can not make an servations of my own. argument in favor of it, if his purpose in raising our duty is to Mr. CUMMINS. I have not the least objection in the world force Canada to lower hers, that is not an argument in favor to the Senator doing so, but somebody called me and said that of freer trade and therefore an argument in fayor of what we the Senator from Mississippi desired to ask me a question. on this side would welcome as readily as he. Mr. WILLIAMS. I desire to make " a few unnecessary I do not believe you can force Canada into lowering her duties remarks," as the darky said about John Allen's speech. upon gypsum by raising our duties upon gypsum, because ac­ [Laughter.] cording to the Senator's own statement we have the better of Mr. President. the argument underlying the theory o~ coun­ Canada in cheapness of production or, at any rate, in the ability tervailing duties is as old as is the spirit of retaliation, and to sell cheaply, whether it be from b·ansportation rates, cheap­ there never was a particle of sense in it. When you reduce it ness of production, or what not, as is evidenced by the fact that," to its ultimate analysis it is this: One country says to another although we have had a very stiff duty to pay, we shipped 100 counb·y, " If you do not quit punishing your people by refusing carloads to Canada from one place in this country during one to let them have valuable things from my country at a cheap year. price I will punish my people by refusing to let them have I now yield to the Senator from New Hampshire. valu~ble things from your country at a cheap price." So they Mr. GALLINGER. 1\Ir. President, there is a notion preva-­ go on forever retaliating under the guise of reciprocating. The lent in -certain quarters that Canada is ready to enter into free· consequence is that one counb·y builds its tax laws upon the trade with the United States. That is a mistaken notion, as I 1913. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2831 ~

chance to know myself. Certainly under the Laurier govern­ The VIOE PRESIDENT. The question is on a-greeing to the ment the public men of Canada over and over declared that amendment offered by the Senator from Iowa [Mr. CuMMINS]. they would not enter into frae trade with the United States. The amendment was rejected. hlr. WILLIAMS. Did the Senator understand me to say that Mr. STONE. Mr. President, I now ask to have the Senate Canada was ready to enter into free trade with us? pass on the committee amendment. Mr. GALLINGER. No; I did not. My observation is made The VICE PRESIDENT. The committee amendment will be simply to disabuse the minds of some people who have said to stated. m~ that Canada was ready for that. I know that Canada has The SECRET.ABY. On page 19, line 10, before the word " ce­ not baen ready for it, for the reason that Canada wants to keep ments" it is proposed to strike out the word " building," so as out our manufactured products. to read: I\Ir. WILLIAMS. Yes; I think the Senator is right. 76. Plaster rock or gypSUI!!J crude, ground or calcined, pearl harden­ l\Ir. GALLINGER. There is no doubt about that. ing for paper makers' use, h.eene's cement, c.r other cement of which gypsum is the component material of chief value, and all other cements Mr. WILLIAMS. I think Canada has committed the very not specially provided for in this section, 10 per cent ad valorem. foolish error of undertaking to build up her manufactures at The amendment was agreed to. the expense of her people generally. I think she is worshipping The reading of the bill was resumed and continued to the the idol almost as much as we ever did, and that nothing will end of paragraph 77, page 19, as follows: convert her from its worship for some years to come. I did not 77. Pumice stone, unmanufactured, 5 per cent ad valorem ; wholly sny that. What I said was that I should like to see it. I or partially manufactured, ~ cent per pound ; manufactures of pumice know that the free trade that stretches from the State of Wash­ stone, or of which pumice stone is the component material of chief ington to the State of Florida, and from the State of Maine to value, not specially provided for in this section, 25 per cent ad valorem. the Sate of Texas, has been the chief cause of the prosperity Mr. BRISTOW. .Mr. President, I should like to inquire of and upbuilding of this country, and that if a customs union the Senator in charge of this part of the bill why he deems ·t applied from the frozen seas to the Panama Canal it would necessary to maintain a duty of 50 per cent on pumice stone build up all of this North American country. Therefore I ex­ wholly or partially manufactured, while he reduces the duty on pressed the idea that I should like to see it, as far as I was the unmanufactured stone from 21 per cent to 5 per cent? concerned. No; Canada has not yet progressed that far. Mr. STONE. Mr. President, if we are going to have discus­ Mr. WEEK'.J. Mr. President-- sion of this paragraph, I think we had better proceed now to The VICE PRESIDEl~T. Does the Senator from Mississippi the consideration of executive business, and take up this para­ yield to the Senator from Massachusetts? graph to-morrow morning. I am told that it is desired to have Mr. WILLIA.MS. I do. an executive session. l\Ir. WEEKS. There is one element in the cost of producing l\fr. GALLINGER. The question will be pending. gypsum which I think the Senator from Iowa overlooked in Mr. BRISTOW. Pending; yes. making.his statement, and that is the cost of the crude material. Mr. STONE. I move, .Mr. President, that the Senate proceed In Nova Scotia the crude material is found on the seashore and to the consideration of executive business. on the surface. It is mined and produced almost exactly as BANKING AND CURRENCY (S. DOC. NO. 144). iron ore is produced in the l\Iesabi Range, practically with a Mr. OWEN. Just a moment, before the motion is acted steam shovel, while the crude gypsum in the United States is upon. I should like to ask unanimous consent to have printed mined or quarried, and the cost of producing it is materially a little four-page pamphlet which I have here upon the banking greater. It does not strike me as important from the stand­ question. point of the Senator from .Mississippi that we paid $1.50 a ton The VICE PRESIDENT. As a public document? duty for sending 100 carloads of finished gypsum into Canada, Mr. OWEN. As a public document. _ and were able to do it, becattse the freight rate from any point Mr. GALLINGER. I will ask the Senator who is the author where it was then produced in Canada was so much greater of the document? than the duty that it was absolutely necessary that the in­ Mr. OWEN. The author is the chairman of the Committee / habitants of Winnipeg should buy at a nearer point than the on Banking and Currency of the Senate. producing point in Canada. For instance, the freight rate to Mr. GALLINGER. I have no doubt it is of great value. Washington from a producing plant in Virginia is $2.60 a ton, Mr. OWEN. It is of great value. . :-__ J yet I believe it is not more than 100 miles from here. So .Mr. SMOOT. l\fr. President, I simply wish to ask the Senato1• tbe freight rate is the large element in determining the sale whether it is a statement made by him in the Senate? l:oint of the finished gypsum. Mr. OWEN. It is not. Mr. WILLIAl\IS. Mr. President, I know nothing about those !\Ir. SMOOT. Then I have no objection. facts. I mean I knew nothing-about them until the Senator in­ The VICE PRESIDENT. There being no objection. the formed me of them. I am very glad to hear them, and what request of the Senator from Oklahoma will be complied with. the Senator has said reenforces the strength of my argument. EXECUTIVE SESSION. If such a valuable product as rock gypsum, valuable for fer­ tilizing purposes, valuable for cement, and valuable for plaster Mr. STONE. Mr. President, I renew my motion that the or for construction, is to be obtained in such a very cheap man­ Senate proceed to tbe consideration of executive business. ner, is to be found right on the surface, so that all you have The motion was agreed to, and the Senate proceeded to the to do is to shovel it into a car and bring it to our people, it consideration of executive business. After 15 minutes spent in would be all the greater shame to put a heavy tax upon it and executive session the doors were reopened, and (at 6 o'clock make it expensive to them. The blessings that God has given and 10 minutes p. m.) the Senate adjourned until to-morrow, His children in this world, the valuable things that can be Tuesday, July 2D, 1913, _at 12 o'clock meridian. gotten cheaply, are not too great; and it would be folly, just in proportion as a thing is cheap and valuable, to make it cost CONFIRMATIONS. more to your own people. It would be still more foolish to do that merely because somebody else wanted to make it cost more E mecutiL'e nominations confirmed by the Sena.te July 28, 1913. for their people to get some valuable thing cheaply from you. AMBASSADORS. It is the old phrase of" cutting off your nose to spite your face.'" It is equivalent to saying: "Here, Canada, stop it. If you James W. Gerard to be ambassador extraordinary and pleni­ do not quit refusing to let your people have at a cheap rate potentiary to Germany. our things that are worth a great deal to them, we will refuse to Frederic Courtland Penfield to be ambassador extraordinary let ·the people of the Republic have at a cheap rate :the things and plenipotentiary to Austria-Hungary. you have that are worth a great deal to them "-cutting off MINISTERS. your nose to spite your face. Charles S. Hartman to be envoy extraordinary and minister The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the plenipotentiary to Ecuador. amendment proposed by the Senator from Iowa [l\Ir. CUMMINS]. Joseph E. Willard to be envoy extraordinary and minister Mr. CU:Ml\IINS. Mr. President, this amendment is properly plenipotentiary to Spain. divisible; but inasmuch as apparently I have made no impres­ ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. sion upon the Senator from Missouri [l\Ir. STONE], and believing as I did when I began that if I could not make an impression Charles S. Hamlin to be Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. on him I had no hope of any recruits from the other side, I do NAVAL OFFICER OF CUSTOMS. not intend to ask for a roll call, and therefore I shall not ask James H. Barry to be naval officer of customs, clish·ict of for a division of the amendment. San Francisco, Cal. L--178 2832 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. · JULY 28,

S'URYEYOB OF CUSTOMS. 3. A letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting Jnstns S. Wardell to be surveyor of customs in the district a copy of a communication from the Acting Secretary of Com­ of San Francisco, Cal. merce submitting an estimate of appropriation for subsistence, tru:vel, and other expenses of (letuiled employees in the Bureau COLLECTOR OF INTERN AL REVENlJE. of the Census (H. Doc. No. 1G7); to the Committee on Appro­ Joseph J. Scott to be collector of internal revenue for the first priations and ordered to be printed. district of California. CoLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS. PUBLIC BILLS, RESOLUTIONS, A1'1) 1\H1..\IORIALS. •, John 0. Davis to be collector of customs for the district of Under clause 3 of Rule XXII, bill , re~ olutions , and memo­ San Francisco. SOLICITOR GENERAL. rials were introduced and severalJy referred as follows : By 1\fr. OGLESBY: A bill (H. R. 7137) to proYide for the John WIHiam Davis to be Solicitor General. purchase of a site for a Federal building at Mount Vernon, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE. N. Y.; to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds. Maurice T. Dooling to be United States district judge for the By Mr. HAY: A bill (H. R 7138) to pro>ide for raising the northern district of California. volunteer forces of the United States in time of actual or UNITED STATES A1.'TORNEY. threatened ~ar; to the Committee on l\Iilitary Affair . By l\1r. SHERLEY (by request): A bill (H. Il. 7139) to pro­ Albert Schoono·rnr to be United States attorney for the south­ vide for the use of water power at Dam Ko. 41 in the Obio ern district of California. River at Louis\ille, Ky.; to the Committee on Interstate and POSTMASTERS. Foreign Commerce. IOWA. By l\Ir. AUSTIN: Resolution (H. Res. 213) requesting the J. F. Goos. Sabula. Secretary of the Interior to furnish certain information to the KA.NS.AS. House of Representuti\es; to the Committee on Expenditures Hugh O'Hara, Frontenac. in the Interior Department. • L. A. Walker, Parsons. By l\1r. HOWARD: Resolution (H. Res. 214) directing the Civil Service Oommi sion to transmit to the House all papers NEW YORK. and documentary evidence in its possession relatincr to the solici­ Frank C. Lent. Atlanta. tation of campaign funds in the Government building in the Frederick H. Payne, Berkshire. city of Atlanta in the year 1912, and for other purposes; to the Barton L. Piper, Watkins. Committee on Reform in the Civil Service. OKLAHOMA. L. B. Avant, Avant. PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS. J. H. Cunningham, Carnegie. Lee Roy Daniels, Hydro. Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, priYate bills and resolutions J. C. Groves, Porum. were introduced and seyerally referred as follows : W. E. Hunt, Thomas. By Mr. BELL of Georgia: A bill (H. R. 7140) for the relief J. E . .Mccutchan, Pawnee. of the heirs of Joshua Nicholls; to the Committee on War L. U. Nichols, Bristow. Claims. By .Mr. BOOHER: A bill (H. R. 7141) granting a pension to George W. Nave; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. By 1\Ir. CULLOP: A bill (H. R. 7142) granting an increase , of pension to John. Russell; to the Committee on Invalid Pen­ MoNnAY, July ~8, 1913. sions. Also, a bill (H. R. 7143) gTanting an increase of pension to The House met at 12 o'clock noon. David S. Trent; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. The Chaplain, Rev. Henry N. Couden, D. D., offered the fol­ By Mr. DYER: A bill (H. R. 7144) granting an increase of lowing prayer : pension to Pleasant F . Clutts; to the Committee on Invalid O Lord God. our heayenly Father, we wait upon Thee for Pensions. that light which never shone on sea or shore, but which il­ By .Mr. RUSSELL: A bill (H. R. 7145) granting an in~rease lumines the soul and brings it in rapport with Thee; which is of pension to Frank Unnerstall; to the Committee on Invalid altogether reassuring, uplifting, ennol:>ling, fitting it for what­ Pensions. ever comes of joy or sorrow, hope or disappointment, victory Al o, a bill (H. R. 7146) authorizing the Secretary of War or defeat. Give us of that light that we may go on our way to donate to the city of Sikeston, Mo., two cannon or fieldpieces; with faith, hope, and confidence doing whatsoever our hands to the Committee on Military Affairs. findeth to do with might, leaving the results to Thee, who doeth all things well, ruling and overruling by Thy providence for the good of Thy children. And we will praise Thy holy name PETITIONS, ETC. forever. Amen. . Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, petitions and papers were laid I\Ir. GARD1'"ER. Mr. Speaker, I raise the point of order that on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows : there is no quorum present. By Mr. KAHN: Petition of the Public Owner hip Association The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. of San Francisco, Cal, demanding that the United States Gov­ GARDNER] raises the point of order that there is no quorum ernment take over the Central Pacific Railroad under Go"fern­ present. The Chair will count. [J\.fter counting.] Ninety-one ment ownership; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign gentlemen are pre ent, not a quorum. Commerce. .ADJOURNMENT. By l\Ir. K;ONOP: Petition of sundry citizens of l\Iilwnukee, l\fr. CLAYTON. Mr. Speaker, I think we will ha'\'e a quorum Wis., protesting against action of Au tria in Balkan ten·itory; present to-morrow. I move that the House do now adjourn. to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. The motion was ag1·eed to. By Mr. RAKER: Petition of the Public Ownership A socia­ Accordingly (at 12 o'clock and 3 minute p. m.) the House ad­ tion of S.an Francisco, Cal., asking that tbe Government take journed until Tuesday, July 29, 1913, at 12 o'clock noon. over the Centml Pacific Railroad; to the Committee on Inte1·­ sta te and Foreign Commerce. By Mr. ROGERS : Petition of the o>erseers and Yoting EXECUTIVE COlllUNICATIONS. operatiyes of the Appleton Mills, of Lowell, l\fa s .• protesting under clnuse 2 of Rule XXIV, executive communications were against the wool and cotton schedules in the tariff bill; to the taken from the Speaker's table and referred as follows: Committee on Ways and Means. 1. A letter from the Acting Secreta.ry of War, transmitting, By Mr. SCULLY: Petition of the Girard Life Insurance Co., with a letter from the Chief of Engine~rs, report of exumination of Philadelphia, Pa., protesting against mutual life insurance of Leipsic River, Del. (H. Doc. No. 165) ; to the Committee on funds in the income-tax bill; to the Committee on Ways and Rivers and Harbors and ordered to be printed. Means. 2. A letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting Also, petitions of the New Jersey As ociation Opposed to a copy of a communication from the Public Printer submitting Woman Suffrage, protesting :;igainst a re olution for a Federal an estimate of appropriation for deficiency in the approprifttion constitutional amendment granting suffrage to women of the for leaves of absence for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913 United States; to the Committee on the Judiciary. (H. Doc. No. 166); to the Committee on Appropriations and Also, petition of the National Civil Service Reform League of ordered to be printed. New York, protesting against the clause in the tariff bill pro-