Sectionalism and Nationalism

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World Class Education www.kean.edu 1 Topic 2 2 Loyalty to one’s state, region, or locality as opposed to a national orientation Emphasis on protecting local economic and social interests Seek control of the federal government to foster sectional interests Especially strong in the South 3 Northeast – the states of New England / Middle Atlantic region – industrializing region – textiles, leather goods, iron manufacturing, machinery – new factory system of production West – central and northwestern states / territories - small farms –food crops for home and larger market South – southern states / the Cotton South – plantations, exporter of cash crops – “King Cotton” – Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionizes cotton processing technique –expansion of cotton production and slavery 4 Protective Tariff Second Bank of the United States Internal Improvements Land Policy Territorial Expansion Expansion of Slavery The Meaning of the Constitution States Rights v. Federalism 5 1816 - first protective tariff 1824 - South fails to stop increased tariff “Tariff of Abominations” – 1828 South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) Webster-Hayne Debate (1830) Nullification Crisis: Jackson v South Carolina Compromise Tariff of 1833 6 7 Defense of the doctrine of States’ Rights Sovereignty of the individual states Limited power of the central (federal) government 8 Created by the People Constitutional issues to be settled by the Supreme Court not an individual state No right to nullification and secession 9 Created by Congress, 1816 Modeled on Bank of England Private corporation Stock – private investors and federal government Depository - private and federal money - Issued federal banknotes Provide loans Dividends - Northeastern and foreign investors Restricted private / state banks (“wildcat banks”) Controlled inflation North supports / West and South opposes bank 10 11 Jackson opposes the bank Considered it unconstitutional Withdraws federal funds Vetoes bank recharter bill Jackson v Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Nicholas Biddle Election of 1832 issue Specie Circular 1836 / Panic of 1837 Independent Treasury Act Election of 1840 12 13 Distrust of the federal government – (Tea Party?) Seen by Jackson and “common man” as a victory over special privilege (Joe the Plumber v the elite?) No central banking system until Federal Reserve (1913) Richard H. Sewell, A House Divided: Sectionalism and Civil War, 1848-1865 George Dangerfield, The Awakening of American Nationalism, 1815-1828.

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Calhoun Webster
CALHOUN WEBSTER : AND TWO VISIONS OF THE FEDERAL UNION SOUTH CAROLINA SENATOR JOHN C. CALHOUN SAW THE FEDERAL UNION AS A COMPACT OF STATES. MASSACHUSETTS SENATOR DANIEL WEBSTER SAW IT AS A NATION OF ONE PEOPLE. THEIR DIFFERING VISIONS LED TO HISTORIC DEBATES, BUT UNDERLYING THEM ALL WAS THE QUESTION OF SLAVERY. The intent of the writers of the Calhoun also pursued a career in Constitution was to create a politics. He was elected to the U.S. stronger central government than House of Representatives in 1810 and Library of Congress of Library existed under the old Articles of was the chief deputy of Speaker of John C. Calhoun (1782–1850), who served Confederation. During the ratifica- the House Henry Clay. Calhoun was as vice president, U.S. senator, and tion of the Constitution, many ex- a strong nationalist who pushed for member of Congress in his long political pressed fears the federal war against Britain in 1812. career, was the leading advocate for states’ rights. government would expand its pow- After the war, Calhoun sup- ers at the expense of the states. ported Henry Clay’s “American Sys- to the South, such a majority might The Bill of Rights, in the form of tem,” which called for Congress to someday vote to abolish slavery. 10 amendments, was added to the fund roads, canals, ports and other These developments changed Cal- Constitution to further limit the pow- national improvements. In 1816, he houn from a nationalist to an advo- ers of the federal government. The voted for a tariff (a tax on foreign cate for states’ rights.
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