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The Hungarian Ecclesiastical Patronage in the Vision of Protopresbyter Gheorghe Ciuhandu

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The Hungarian Ecclesiastical Patronage in the Vision of Protopresbyter Gheorghe Ciuhandu TEOLOGIA 1 / 2020 TEO, ISSN 2247-4382 82 (1), pp. 63-83, 2020 The Hungarian Ecclesiastical Patronage in the Vision of Protopresbyter Gheorghe Ciuhandu. Historical-Canonical Study Constantin RUS Tudor BUDEANU Constantin RUS “Hilarion V. Felea” Faculty of Orthodox Theology, Arad, Romania Email: [email protected] Tudor BUDEANU “Hilarion V. Felea” Faculty of Orthodox Theology, Arad, Romania Email: [email protected] Abstract The present paper represents a historical, political, and canonical study on the valuable contribution made by the priest Gheorghe Ciuhandu. He was an important historian and scholar from the Bishopric of Arad, who wanted to clarify the institution of the ecclesiastical patronage of Hungary and its implications in the life of the Orthodox Romanians in Transylvania before and after the time of the Romanian united state. Gheorghe Ciuhandu analyzes the problem of the ecclesiastical patronage from the perspective of the historical reality, as well as of the political and ecclesiastical impact. He establishes the nature of the patronage laws, as laws emanating from the sovereign quality of the kings of Hungary and not following the quality of apostolic kings, received based on personal merits from Rome. His contribution in establishing the basis of the supreme patronage laws was intended to clarify the situation of the relationship between cults and the state in Romania after the Great Union, inscribing his work within works of special importance for the study and development of Church Law. Keywords Gheorghe Ciuhandu, Lazar Iacob, Canon Law, Orthodox Church, Catholic Church, inter-confessional, Great Union, the right of patronage, Patrimonial Law, ownership right, concordat, Hungarian kingdom, Hungarian law. STUDIES AND ARTICLES 63 TEOLOGIA Constantin RUS, Tudor BUDEANU 1 / 2020 I. Biographic landmarks Priest Gheorghe Ciuhandu was born on April 23, 1875 in a priest family from Bihor, his father Petru being a priest in Roșia, the native village of the Ciuhandu family. His mother Maria Papp was from a family of good Romanians from Beiuș, and she was the one who organized the life of her house around the Church and “nourished the love of her sons for the Holy Altar”1 . He attended the primary school from his native village during the period 1882-1885, then the Greek Catholic Gymnasium in Beiuș, where due to administrative problems, he passed the maturity exam a few years later, in “spring of 1899”2. Wishing to continue the old tradition within the priest families, in 1893, he started the theological studies at the Theological Institute of Arad for the joy of his parents, and in 1897, he participated at the examination of “priest qualifi cation”3 to be able to opt for a fi rst class parish. Although his father wanted him to become a chaplain priest at the Rosia parish - Bihor, the young graduate chose to be a teacher at the confessional school from Căbești - Bihor, and during 1899-1900, he was a “teacher in Șiria”4. While he was teacher at Căbești, a series of changes took place in the Diocese of Arad by the appointment of Bishop Iosif Goldiş at the head of the Episcopate. In the opinion of the young theologian, HH Iosif was the man capable of bringing the balance among the Orthodox faithful from Arad, affected by internal struggles to win the Episcopal seat. At the proposal of the new bishop, Gheorghe Ciuhandu became a practitioner at the eparchial Consistory, receiving also a scholarship of 1000 crowns annually for the continuation of the doctoral studies at the University of Chernovitsy. In 1905, he received the title of doctor in theology with a thesis in Church history: “Eastern Rite on the Hungarian Territory”5 coordinated by Eusebiu Popovici. In 1902, he began his professional career as an external professor for a short period at the Theological Institute of Arad. After obtaining the 1 Pavel VESA, Clerici cărturari arădeni de altădată, coll. Biografi i Arădene, seria Personalități Clericale, Editura Guttenberg Univers, Arad, 2008, p. 299. 2 Pavel VESA, Clerici cărturari arădeni de altădată, p. 300. 3 Tribuna Poporului, anul I, nr. 29, 9/21 februarie 1897,p.123, apud Pavel VESA, Clerici cărturari arădeni de altădată, p. 304. 4 Library of the Archdiocese of Arad, Gheorghe Ciuhandu fi led, Notițe Autobiografi ce, dosar 132,f.60,. apud Pavel VESA, Clerici cărturari arădeni de altădată, p. 304. 5 Candela, nr.7/1907 apud Pavel VESA, Clerici cărturari arădeni de altădată, p. 310. 64 STUDIES AND ARTICLES The Hungarian Ecclesiastical Patronage in the Vision of Protopresbyter Gheorghe Ciuhandu... TEOLOGIA 1 / 2020 title of doctor in theology, he becomes “cultural referee and advisor at the Bishopric of Arad”6. He actively participated in the Great Union, an important moment for which he “prepares a series of solemn Prayers, read during the ceremonial”7. In 1922, he became president of the Association of Orthodox Clergy in Transylvania. Author of theological and especially historical works where he studied the Church history of the Romanians from Arad and Bihor, the problems for choosing a Romanian bishop in Arad, the “Greek-Catholic” action in Arad, and the old manuscripts in Bihor8. He was honorary member of the Romanian Academy (May 30, 1946). He died on April 29, 1947 at Vaţa de Jos, Hunedoara County. II. His work Gheorghe Ciuhandu’s work is mainly focused on local history issues, trying to determine and clarify the delicate situation in the Western part of the country and the legal, canonical, and statistical aspect of the Romanian Orthodox in relation to the administration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. For this reason, almost all his works are not just simple history but also canonical or “Church political” research9 as it can be seen in his works: Our People’s School and Cultural Tribute (Şcoala noastră poporală şi darea culturală) - Arad 1918, Dr. Georgiu Popa, a Teacher and a Scholar (Dr. Georgiu Popa, un om de şcoală şi cultură), Arad -1934, The Unifi cation of the Romanian Orthodox Churches in Great Romania and the Relationship between the Church and the State (Împreunarea Bisericilor ortodoxe române din România Mare şi raportul Bisericii cu Statul), Arad - 1919, Reorganization of the Metropolitan of Transylvania (Reorganizarea Mitropoliei Ardelene), Arad - 1920, Points of Guidance in the Issue of Administrative Church Unifi cation (Puncte de orientare în chestiunea unifi cării administrative bisericeşti) in “Analele Asociaţiei Clerului”, Sibiu - 1922, Reorganization of Hierarchical Centres and Church Unifi cation (Reorganizarea centrelor ierarhice şi unifi carea bisericească), Bucureşti 6 http://enciclopediaromaniei.ro/wiki/Gheorghe_Ciuhandu_(preot), 16.09.2019. 7 http://enciclopediaromaniei.ro/wiki/Gheorghe_Ciuhandu_(preot), 16.09.2019. 8 Mircea PĂCURARIU, Dicționarul Teologilor Români, Editura Enciclopedică, Bucureşti, 2002, p. 106. 9 http://biserica.org/WhosWho/DTR/C/GheorgheCiuhandu.html. STUDIES AND ARTICLES 65 TEOLOGIA Constantin RUS, Tudor BUDEANU 1 / 2020 - 1923, Hungarian Ecclesiastical Patronage in Relation to the Rights of the Romanian State. Historical-Statistical and Political-Ecclesiastical Study (Patronatul eclesiastic ungar în raport cu drepturile statului român. Studiu istoric-statistic şi politic-bisericesc), Arad -1928, Romanian Schism or “Union with Rome” (Schisma românească sau “unirea cu Roma”), Sibiu- 1921, Orthodox Romanians and Greek-Catholic Romanians or Two Romanian Church Organizations in Transylvania (Români ortodocşi şi uniţi români sau două organizaţii bisericeşti româneşti din Ardeal), Sibiu-1922, Papism and Orthodoxy in Transylvania or Purple and Crown of Thorns (Papism şi ortodoxism în Ardeal sau porfi ră şi cunună de spini), Arad- 1922, The Religious Division of the Transylvanian Romanians. Falsifi cation of Faith and History (Dezbinarea religioasă a românilor ardeleni. Falsifi carea credinței şi a istoriei), Arad- 1927, The Monks Visarion and Sofronie and the Martyrs of Orthodoxy in Transylvania (Călugării Visarion şi Sofronie şi mucenicii Orotodoxiei din Ardeal), Sibiu - 1932, Unionist Plague in the County of Arad and the Orthodox Reaction (Urgia unionistă din judetul Aradului şi reacţiunea ortodoxă), Arad - 1924, Union and the Return of Galsa to Orthodoxy (Unirea şi întoarcerea Galşei la Ortodoxie), Sibiu - 1924, Hungarian Catholic Propaganda at Macău within the Orthodox Diocese of Arad (1815-1864) (Propaganda catolică maghiară de la Macău în coasta diecezei ortodoxe a Aradului (1815-1864)), Arad -1926, How the Union with Rome was done in Ohaba Forgaci (Banat). Description of Some Violations and Frauds (Cum s-a făcut unirea cu Roma în Ohaba Forgaci (Banat), Descrierea unor siluiri şi fraude), Sibiu -1929, Books of Malediction or Curse in Transylvania (Cărţile de afurisanie sau de blestem din Ardeal), Sibiu - 1930, Bogomilism and Romanians (Bogomilismul şi românii), Sibiu - 1933, The Mistery of the Holy Confession at the Romanians, Ritual Notes. With Two Annexes: Serbian (1524), and Romanian (1681) (Rânduiala sfi ntei mărturisiri la români, însemnări rituale. Cu două anexe: ritualul sârbesc (1524), şi românesc (1681)), Cernăuţi - 1933, A Few Moments from the Past of the Bishopric of Arad 1767-1830 (Câteva momente din trecutul Episcopiei Aradului, 1767-1830), Arad - 1929, Two Ioanovici on the Orthodox Episcopal Throne of Arad (Doi Ioanovici pe tronul episcopesc ortodox de la Arad), Arad - 1929, Aspects from Nestor Iovanovici’s Life, the Bishop of Arad, 1767-1830 (Din viaţa Iui Nestor Iovanovici episcopul Aradului, 1767-1830), Arad - 1929, Sketches from the Past of the Romanians
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