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Ancient Civilisation’ Through Displays: Semantic Research on Early to Mid-Nineteenth Century British and American Exhibitions of Mesoamerican Cultures

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Ancient Civilisation’ Through Displays: Semantic Research on Early to Mid-Nineteenth Century British and American Exhibitions of Mesoamerican Cultures Structuring The Notion of ‘Ancient Civilisation’ through Displays: Semantic Research on Early to Mid-Nineteenth Century British and American Exhibitions of Mesoamerican Cultures Emma Isabel Medina Gonzalez Institute of Archaeology U C L Thesis forPh.D. in Archaeology 2011 1 I, Emma Isabel Medina Gonzalez, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis Signature 2 This thesis is dedicated to my grandparents Emma and Andrés, Dolores and Concepción: their love has borne fruit Esta tesis está dedicada a mis abuelos Emma y Andrés, Dolores y Concepción: su amor ha dado fruto Al ‘Pipila’ porque él supo lo que es cargar lápidas To ‘Pipila’ since he knew the burden of carrying big stones 3 ABSTRACT This research focuses on studying the representation of the notion of ‘ancient civilisation’ in displays produced in Britain and the United States during the early to mid-nineteenth century, a period that some consider the beginning of scientific archaeology. The study is based on new theoretical ground, the Semantic Structural Model, which proposes that the function of an exhibition is the loading and unloading of an intelligible ‘system of ideas’, a process that allows the transaction of complex notions between the producer of the exhibit and its viewers. Based on semantic research, this investigation seeks to evaluate how the notion of ‘ancient civilisation’ was structured, articulated and transmitted through exhibition practices. To fulfil this aim, I first examine the way in which ideas about ‘ancientness’ and ‘cultural complexity’ were formulated in Western literature before the last third of the 1800s. This results in a basic conceptual structure about the notion of ‘ancient civilisation’, which is then analysed in relation to the representations formulated by eight displays on Mesoamerican objects, monuments, and people that date from the 1820s to 1870s, all which have been poorly studied up until now. This work is an original approximation of the history of Mesoamerican archaeology that concludes that early to mid-nineteenth century British and American exhibits structured some aspects of the notion of ‘ancient civilisation’ for the representation of Pre-Columbian cultures by articulating a language code composed of a set of conceptual traits. It also shows that the representation of the notion of ‘ancient civilisation’ through Mesoamerican exhibits was a complex, problematic and changing phenomenon. On one hand, it involved the use of visual, textual, spatial, object-based and performative display technologies and, on the other, the ideas articulated by the displays developed together with the theoretical, conceptual, informational, and socio-political transformations of the era. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 4 LIST OF FIGURES 6 LIST OF TABLES 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 11 CHAPTER 1. Introduction: Research Concepts and Framework 13 CHAPTER 2. Theory and Method: Towards An Integrated Model 34 CHAPTER 3. Defining an Initial Structural Code of the Notion of 70 ‘Ancient Civilisation’ in Western Thought CHAPTER 4. Exhibiting of Objects 95 CHAPTER 5. Displaying Monuments 164 CHAPTER 6. Showing People 220 CHAPTER 7. Final Considerations 267 Appendix I. A Historical Narrative of Pre-1800s practices of 286 collecting and displaying Mesoamerican Objects in Britain Appendix II. British Museum’s Accessions of Mesoamerican 292 Objects (1753-1876) Appendix III. A Review of the Debate regarding the Urban, 296 Architecture and Social complexity of Mesoamerican cultures from mid-1500s to early-1800s Appendix IV. The Legacy of the Nineteenth-Century 304 ‘Exhibitionary Complex’ of Mesoamerica BIBLIOGRAPHY 309 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Ancient Mesoamerica: Principal Cultures (From McEwan 1994: 13) Figure 2 The Nineteenth Century Meta-narrative of History, Progress and Civilisation (From Errington 1998: 15) Figure 3 Basic Communication Model (Adapted from Hooper-Greenhill 1991: 56) Figure 4 Interactive For Museum Displays (From Hooper-Greenhill 1991: 59) Figure 5 Process of Communication (From Ferran 2007: 4) Figure 6 Communication Model of Displays (From McManus 1991: 42) Figure 7 Structural Semantics Model for Cultural Acts, Including Displays (From Eco 2005b: 58) Figure 8 Methodology of Semantic Research Figure 9 The Effects of a Hearty Dinner After Visiting the Antediluvian Department at Crystal Palace (From Mitchell 1998: 99) Figure 10 Some Mesoamerican Stone-Sculptures collected by Bullock (1824a) Figure 11 Panoramic View of Ancient Mexico (From Bullock 1824b) Figure 12 Panoramic View of Ancient and Modern Mexico (From Bullock 1825b) Figure 13 Young’s Collection of Mexican Antiquities (From ILN 1855a: 144) Figure 14 Turquoise Mosaic Mask of Tezcatlipoca Acquired by Christy during the late 1850s (From McEwan 1994: 75) Figure 15 Location of the Ethnographic Room in the British Museum circa 1850 (From BM 1852) Figure 16 An Assemblage of Works of Art in Sculpture and Painting by J. Stephanoff (From Jenkings 1992) 6 Figure 17 Two Headed Snake with Mosaic Work Acquired by the British Museum thanks to the Christy Fund (From McEwan 1994: 80) Figure 18 New Mexican Antiquities in the British Museum, 1847 (ILN 1847: 220) Figure 19 The ‘Calendar Stone’ (From Bernal 1980) Figure 20 The ‘Coatlicue’ (From Bernal 1980) Figure 21 The ‘Stone of Tizoc’ (From Bernal 1980) Figure 22 Sculpture of a Serpent Collected by Bullock (From McEwan 1994) Figure 23 Model of the Pyramid of Teotihuacan Displayed in Ancient Mexico (From Bullock 1824a) Figure 24 Detail of the engraving of the Pyramid of the Sun of Teotihuacan by Bullock Jr. (From Bullock 1824a: 410-411) Figure 25 The Pyramid of Cholula (From Humboldt 1980: II: 7) Figure 26 Verdutta dell’Arco di Tito by Piranesi (From Ficacci 2006: 325) Figure 27 Cruger Island Monument circa 1920 (Courtesy of the AMNH Archives) Figure 28 Mayan Sculptures in Cruger Island Monument (Courtesy of the AMNH Archives) Figure 29 Stone Doorjambs removed from Kabah by Stephens (From Stephens 1969 [1841]: 13) Figure 30 Mocked ruin built in Kew Gardens, London, circa 1800’s (From Woodward 1999: 15) Figure 31 Arch of Labna by Catherwood (From Catherwood 1993: 83) Figure 32 Cruger Island Monument circa 1970 (From Santora 1971, Courtesy of the AMNH Archives) Figure 33 Desiré Charnay’s casts of monumental sculpture at the 1893 Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition (From Fane 1993: 162) Figure 34 Life-size reproduction of a ‘ruin’ of a Pre-Columbian building displayed in the World’s Columbian Exposition (From Fane 1993: 163) 7 Figure 35 Mexican Indian performing before the Spanish Court during the sixteenth century by Weiditz (From Honour 1975: 70) Figure 36 Portrait of Moctezuma from the late seventeenth century, attributed to Antonio Rodriguez (From López & McEwan 2010: 286) Figure 37 Panoramic view of Modern Mexico (From Bullock 1825b) Figure 38 Jose Cayetana in Modern Mexico (From Bullock 1824cb) Figure 39 Detail of a Mexican ranchero engraved by F. Lehner circa 1850 (From Michaud y Thomas & Prodhomme 1850) Figure 40 José Cayetana speaking with a visitor of Ancient and Modern Mexico (From Bullock 1825b) Figure 41 Pamphlet of the Aztec Show circa 1850 (Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York) Figure 42 Visualising Alterity in the Aztec Show , The Illustrated Magazine of Art 1853 (From Aguirre 2005: 117) Figure 43 ‘Aztecs!’ Pamphlet produced in the 1860s in London (Courtesy of the British Library) Figure 44 The ‘Aztec Lilliputians’ in 1853 (From ILMM 1853) Figure 45 Maximo with feather customs (From Aguirre 2005: 125) Figure 46 Ballet costume designs of American Indians circa 1660 (From Honour 1975: 103) Figure 47 The ‘Aztec Lilliputians’ among ruins (From Velazquez 1850 in Aguirre 2005: 114) Figure 48 Poster advertising the ‘Aztec Lilliputians’ as they appeared before the British royalty (From Aguirre 2005: 105) Figure 49 Craniometry on operation: Maximo and the skull of an idiot ( From Journal of the Ethnological Society of London (1856) in Aguirre 2005: 123) Figure 50 Head of an ‘Aztec’ (From Brown 1873: 71) Figure 51 Representation of Modern Mayan Indians in the 1893 Chicago World’s Columbian 8 Exposition (From Fane 1993: 162) Figure 52 Maximo and Bartola as presented in the late nineteenth century entertainment industry (From Rothfelds 1996: 161) Figure 53 Structural components and relationships of the notion of ‘ancient civilization’ within the nineteenth century Meta-narrative of Progress & Time Figure 54 Dee’s Speculum , an obsidian mirror collected in sixteenth century Britain (Courtesy of the British Museum Archives) Figure 55 Aztec mask in an European niche forming an ‘orientalised figure’ circa 1720 (From Honour 1975: 168) Figure 56 Lord Orford’s Moctezuma’s Cup drawn in the 1738 minute of the Society of Antiquaries of London (From Honour 1975: 167) Figure 57 Moctezuma’s Cup by Sandby circa 1765 (From Honour 1975: 167) Figure 58 Great Temple of the Aztecs (From Clavijero 1780, in Bernal 1980: 76) Figure 59 The Massé Détache (From Humbodlt 1980: II: 8) Figure 60 Monument of Xochicalco (From Humbodlt 1980: II: 9) Figure 61 Ruins of Mitla (From Humbodlt 1980: II: 50) Figure 62 Cover of the Angry Aztecs (From Deary 1997) Figure 63 A banner of the ‘Aztec Indian’ show circa 1940 (From Hammer & Bosker 1996: 86) 9 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Early to Mid-Nineteenth Century Displays on Mesoamerica Produced in the United Kingdom and the United States Table 2 L. Morgan Model of Cultural Evolution (Based on Morgan 1877) Table 3 Initial S-Code for the Notion of ‘Ancient Civilisation’. Table 4 General Contents of Ancient Mexico Table 5 Representations of Monuments presented in Ancient Mexico Table 6 Cartographic documents exhibited in Ancient Mexico Table 7 Historical Synthesis of the Aztec Show Table 8 Representation of Alterity in Mesoamerican Shows of People Table 9 Clarification of S-Code of the Notion of ‘Ancient Civilisation’ in the Nineteenth Century ‘Exhibitionary Complex’ of Mesoamerica.
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