DOCSLIB.ORG

Linked Dangers to Civilization

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Linked Dangers to Civilization LINKED DANGERS TO CIVILIZATION John Scales Avery March 11, 2020 2 Contents 1 DANGERS FROM COVID-19 13 1.1 Rapid mass transport and pandemics . 13 1.2 Will the explosively growing COVID-19 epidemic become a global pandemic? 13 1.3 The language of molecular complementarity . 15 1.4 Paul Ehrlich, the father of chemotherapy . 16 1.5 Mechnikov . 21 1.6 Burnet, Jerne and the clonal theory of immunity . 23 1.7 K¨ohler,Milstein and monoclonal antibodies . 27 1.8 Molecular biology and genetic engineering . 27 1.9 A monoclonal vaccine against COVID-19? . 41 1.10 Mass-production of a COVID-19 vaccine . 44 1.11 Balancing dangers in an emergency . 44 2 CATASTROPHIC CLIMATE CHANGE 51 2.1 The climate emergency . 51 2.2 The UK declares a climate emergency . 51 2.3 The 2018 IPCC report . 53 2.4 Greta Thunberg . 54 2.5 Worldwide school strike, 15 March, 2019 . 57 2.6 Solar energy . 57 2.7 Wind energy . 64 2.8 Hydroelectric power . 67 2.9 Energy from the ocean . 69 2.10 Biomass . 72 2.11 Geothermal energy . 77 2.12 Hydrogen technologies . 80 2.13 Reducing emissions from the cement industry . 83 2.14 Reducing emissions from transportation sectors . 86 2.15 Renewables are now much cheaper than fossil fuels! . 95 2.16 Lester R. Brown . 98 2.17 We must create a livable future world . 100 2.18 The Evangelicals believe that there is no need to act . 114 2.19 Banks give fossil fuel giants $1.9 trillion since Paris . 114 3 4 CONTENTS 2.20 Fossil fuel industry's disinformation campaign . 122 3 THE DANGER OF THERMONUCLEAR WAR 133 3.1 Militarism and money . 133 3.2 Ethology . 133 3.3 Population genetics . 138 3.4 Hope for the future . 140 3.5 Religion and ethnic identity . 140 3.6 Tribal markings; ethnicity; pseudospeciation . 141 3.7 The arms race prior to World War 1 . 150 3.8 Krupp, Thyssen and Germany's steel industry . 152 3.9 Colonialism and the outbreak of the First World War . 152 3.10 Prescott Bush and Hitler . 153 3.11 Fritz Thyssen supports Hitler's rise to power . 155 3.12 Eisenhower's farewell address . 161 3.13 The nuclear arms race . 163 3.14 Global famine produced by nuclear war . 169 3.15 Military-industrial complexes today . 171 3.16 A culture of violence . 179 3.17 The threats and costs of war . 182 3.18 The threat of nuclear war . 188 3.19 Flaws in the concept of nuclear deterrence . 192 3.20 Dangers of nuclear power generation . 196 3.21 Militarism is the US national religion . 202 4 THE DANGER OF WIDESPREAD FAMINE 221 4.1 Several billion people might suffer . 221 4.2 Child mortality rates . 221 4.3 The threat of large-scale famine . 222 4.4 Optimum population in the distant future . 224 4.5 Population growth and the Green Revolution . 225 4.6 Energy-dependence of modern agriculture . 228 4.7 Effects of climate change on agriculture . 230 4.8 Harmful effects of industrialized farming . 235 4.9 The demographic transition . 237 5 THE GLOBAL REFUGEE CRISIS 245 5.1 People fleeing from wars and climate change . 245 5.2 A UN ruling on climate refugees . 245 5.3 Climate change as genocide . 246 5.4 The United Nations High Commission on Refugees . 247 5.5 Populations displaced by sea level rise . 247 5.6 Populations displaced by drought and famine . 248 CONTENTS 5 5.7 Populations displaced by rising temperatures . 248 5.8 Populations displaced by war . 249 5.9 Political reactions to migration . 249 5.10 A more humane response to the refugee crisis . 250 6 THE LOSS OF DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS 257 6.1 Drifting towards neo-fascism . 257 6.2 Racism, colonialism and exceptionalism . 257 6.3 Heart of Darkness . 257 6.4 The racism of Cecil Rhodes . 261 6.5 Nazi atrocities . 262 6.6 Donald trump was elected on a platform of racism . 268 6.7 Children in cages . 274 6.8 Demonizing the Squad . 279 6.9 Jair Bolsonaro, the Trump of the Tropics . 281 6.10 Revival of Nazi ideology after World War II . 284 6.11 Trump copies Hitler's rhetoric . 298 7 APACOLYPTIC LOSS OF BIODICERSITY 311 7.1 A new mass extinction . 311 7.2 A warning from the World Bank . 314 7.3 Permian-Triassic extinction event . 315 7.4 The Holocene (Anthropocene) extinction . 316 7.5 Global warming and atmospheric water vapor . 318 7.6 The albedo effect . 318 7.7 The methane hydrate feedback loop . 321 7.8 A feedback loop from warming of soils . 321 7.9 Drying of forests and forest fires . 322 7.10 Tipping points and feedback loops . 324 7.11 Climate change denial . 326 7.12 Humanity betrayed by the mass media . 326 7.13 From child author to marine biologist . 328 7.14 The Sea Around Us . 332 7.15 The Silent Spring . 334 7.16 Overuse of pesticides and the insect apocalypse . 338 8 INTOLERABLE ECONOMIC INEQUALITY 345 8.1 Shocking statistics . 345 8.2 Benefits of equality . 345 8.3 Extreme inequality today . 348 8.4 Oligarchy replaces democracy in many countries . 348 8.5 Media in the service of powerholders . 351 8.6 Television as a part of our educational system . 351 6 CONTENTS 8.7 Neglect of climate change in the mass media . 353 8.8 Climate change denial in mass media . 354 8.9 Showing unsustainable lifestyles in mass media . 357 8.10 Alternative media . 357 8.11 Outstanding voices calling for climate action . 358 INTRODUCTION1 Contrasting rates of change Cultural evolution depends on the non-genetic storage, transmission, diffu- sion and utilization of information. The development of human speech, the invention of writing, the development of paper and printing, and finally, in modern times, computers and the Internet: all these have been crucial steps in society’s explosive accumulation of information and knowledge. Human cultural evolution proceeds at a constantly-accelerating speed, so great in fact that it threatens to shake society to pieces. The strong contrast between the slow rate of genetic change and the lightning-like, constantly accelerating rate of cultural change means that we face the serious problems of today with an emotional nature that has changed little since our ancestors lived in small tribes, competing for territory on the grasslands of Africa. It is not surprising that human nature still contains an element of tribalism, to which militarists can all too easily appeal. Within cultural evolution, there are also contrasting rates of change. Sci- ence and technology move extremely rapidly, compared with the slow rate of change of our institutions and habits. This is part of the explanation of our inadequate response to the dangers of catastrophic climate change and thermonuclear war. Thus, while the explosive growth of knowledge has brought many benefits, the problem of achieving a stable, peaceful and sustainable world remains serious, challenging and unsolved. Some of the main dangers that we face today are listed below. These dangers are linked to each other, and I will try to put forward some thoughts about the various ways in which they are linked. Dangers from the COVID-19 epidemic Today, air travel takes people almost instantly between continents. Despite the need to reduce fossil fuel consumption, air.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • RANDY SCHEKMAN Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
    GENES AND PROTEINS THAT CONTROL THE SECRETORY PATHWAY Nobel Lecture, 7 December 2013 by RANDY SCHEKMAN Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA. Introduction George Palade shared the 1974 Nobel Prize with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve for their pioneering work in the characterization of organelles interrelated by the process of secretion in mammalian cells and tissues. These three scholars established the modern field of cell biology and the tools of cell fractionation and thin section transmission electron microscopy. It was Palade’s genius in particular that revealed the organization of the secretory pathway. He discovered the ribosome and showed that it was poised on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it engaged in the vectorial translocation of newly synthesized secretory polypeptides (1). And in a most elegant and technically challenging investigation, his group employed radioactive amino acids in a pulse-chase regimen to show by autoradiograpic exposure of thin sections on a photographic emulsion that secretory proteins progress in sequence from the ER through the Golgi apparatus into secretory granules, which then discharge their cargo by membrane fusion at the cell surface (1). He documented the role of vesicles as carriers of cargo between compartments and he formulated the hypothesis that membranes template their own production rather than form by a process of de novo biogenesis (1). As a university student I was ignorant of the important developments in cell biology; however, I learned of Palade’s work during my first year of graduate school in the Stanford biochemistry department.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander Fleming
    PMI Ciência: Mitos, Histórias e Factos A. Fleming Referência: http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/fleming.html Alexander Fleming A spore that drifted into his lab and took root on a culture dish started a chain of events that altered forever the treatment of bacterial infections By DR. DAVID HO The improbable chain of events that led Alexander bacteriologist." Although he went on to perform Fleming to discover penicillin in 1928 is the stuff of additional experiments, he never conducted the one which scientific myths are made. Fleming, a young that would have been key: injecting penicillin into Scottish research scientist with a profitable side infected mice. Fleming's initial work was reported in practice treating the syphilis infections of prominent 1929 in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology, London artists, was pursuing his pet theory — that his but it would remain in relative obscurity for a decade. own nasal mucus had antibacterial effects — when he By 1932, Fleming had abandoned his work on left a culture plate smeared with Staphylococcus penicillin. He would have no further role in the bacteria on his lab bench while he went on a two-week subsequent development of this or any other antibiotic, holiday. aside from happily providing other researchers with When he returned, he noticed a clear halo surrounding samples of his mold. It is said that he lacked both the the yellow-green growth of a mold that had chemical expertise to purify penicillin and the accidentally contaminated the plate. Unknown to him, conviction that drugs could cure serious infections.
    [Show full text]
  • Insight from the Sociology of Science
    CHAPTER 7 INSIGHT FROM THE SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE Science is What Scientists Do It has been argued a number of times in previous chapters that empirical adequacy is insufficient, in itself, to establish the validity of a theory: consistency with the observable ‘facts’ does not mean that a theory is true,1 only that it might be true, along with other theories that may also correspond with the observational data. Moreover, empirical inadequacy (theories unable to account for all the ‘facts’ in their domain) is frequently ignored by individual scientists in their fight to establish a new theory or retain an existing one. It has also been argued that because experi- ments are conceived and conducted within a particular theoretical, procedural and instrumental framework, they cannot furnish the theory-free data needed to make empirically-based judgements about the superiority of one theory over another. What counts as relevant evidence is, in part, determined by the theoretical framework the evidence is intended to test. It follows that the rationality of science is rather different from the account we usually provide for students in school. Experiment and observation are not as decisive as we claim. Additional factors that may play a part in theory acceptance include the following: intuition, aesthetic considerations, similarity and consistency among theories, intellectual fashion, social and economic influences, status of the proposer(s), personal motives and opportunism. Although the evidence may be inconclusive, scientists’ intuitive feelings about the plausibility or aptness of particular ideas will make it appear convincing. The history of science includes many accounts of scientists ‘sticking to their guns’ concerning a well-loved theory in the teeth of evidence to the contrary, and some- times in the absence of any evidence at all.
    [Show full text]
  • The Joys and Burdens of Our Heroes 12/05/2021
    More Fun Than Fun: The Joys and Burdens of Our Heroes 12/05/2021 An iconic photo of Konrad Lorenz with his favourite geese. Photo: Willamette Biology, CC BY-SA 2.0 This article is part of the ‘More Fun Than Fun‘ column by Prof Raghavendra Gadagkar. He will explore interesting research papers or books and, while placing them in context, make them accessible to a wide readership. RAGHAVENDRA GADAGKAR Among the books I read as a teenager, two completely changed my life. One was The Double Helix by Nobel laureate James D. Watson. This book was inspiring at many levels and instantly got me addicted to molecular biology. The other was King Solomon’s Ring by Konrad Lorenz, soon to be a Nobel laureate. The study of animal behaviour so charmingly and unforgettably described by Lorenz kindled in me an eternal love for the subject. The circumstances in which I read these two books are etched in my mind and may have partly contributed to my enthusiasm for them and their subjects. The Double Helix was first published in London in 1968 when I was a pre-university student (equivalent to 11th grade) at St Joseph’s college in Bangalore and was planning to apply for the prestigious National Science Talent Search Scholarship. By then, I had heard of the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA and its profound implications. I was also tickled that this momentous discovery was made in 1953, the year of my birth. I saw the announcement of Watson’s book on the notice board in the British Council Library, one of my frequent haunts.
    [Show full text]
  • 書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 N1 Ueber Das Zustandekommen Der
    書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei thieren / Emil Adolf N1 1890 Georg thieme 1901 von Behring N2 Diphtherie und tetanus immunitaet / Emil Adolf von Behring und Kitasato 19-- [Akitomo Matsuki] 1901 Malarial fever its cause, prevention and treatment containing full details for the use of travellers, University press of N3 1902 1902 sportsmen, soldiers, and residents in malarious places / by Ronald Ross liverpool Ueber die Anwendung von concentrirten chemischen Lichtstrahlen in der Medicin / von Prof. Dr. Niels N4 1899 F.C.W.Vogel 1903 Ryberg Finsen Mit 4 Abbildungen und 2 Tafeln Twenty-five years of objective study of the higher nervous activity (behaviour) of animals / Ivan N5 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by W. Horsley Gantt ; with the collaboration of G. Volborth ; and c1928 International Publishing 1904 an introduction by Walter B. Cannon Conditioned reflexes : an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex / by Ivan Oxford University N6 1927 1904 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by G.V. Anrep Press N7 Die Ätiologie und die Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose / Robert Koch ; eingeleitet von M. Kirchner 1912 J.A.Barth 1905 N8 Neue Darstellung vom histologischen Bau des Centralnervensystems / von Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1893 Veit 1906 Traité des fiévres palustres : avec la description des microbes du paludisme / par Charles Louis Alphonse N9 1884 Octave Doin 1907 Laveran N10 Embryologie des Scorpions / von Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1870 Wilhelm Engelmann 1908 Immunität bei Infektionskrankheiten / Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ; einzig autorisierte übersetzung von Julius N11 1902 Gustav Fischer 1908 Meyer Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen : Syphilis, Rückfallfieber, Hühnerspirillose, Frambösie / N12 1910 J.Springer 1908 von Paul Ehrlich und S.
    [Show full text]
  • Curing Childhood Leukemia, October 1997
    This article was published in 1997 and has not been updated or revised. CURING CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA ancer is an insidious disease. The culprit is not bacterial infections, viral infections, and many other a foreign invader, but the altered descendants illnesses. _) of our own cells, which reproduce uncontrol­ The fight against cancer has been more of a war of lably. In this civil war, it is hard to distinguish friend attrition than a series of spectacular, instantaneous vic­ from foe, to tat;get the cancer cells without killing the tories, and the research into childhood leukemia over the healthy cells. Most of our current cancer therapies, last 40 years is no exception. But most of the children who including the cure for childhood leukemia described here, are victims of this disease can now be cured, and the are based on the fact that cancer cells reproduce without drugs that made this possible are the antimetabolite some of the safeguards present in normal cells. If we can drugs that will be described here. The logic behind those interfere with cell reproduction, the cancer cells will be drugs came from a wide array of research that defined hit disproportionately hard and often will not recover. the chemical workings of the cell--research done by scien­ The scientists and physicians who devised the cure for tists who could not know that their findings would even­ childhood leukemia pioneered a rational approach to tually save the lives of up to thirty thousand children in destroying cancer cells, using knowledge about the cell the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • | Sydney Brenner |
    | SYDNEY BRENNER | TOP THREE AWARDS • Nobel Prize in Physiology, 2002 • Albert Lasker Special Achievement Award, 2000 • National Order of Mapungubwe (Gold), 2004 DEFINING MOMENT To view the DNA model for the first time. 32 |LEGENDS OF SOUTH AFRICAN SCIENCE| A LIFE DEDICATED TO SCIENCE C. ELEGANS WORK In the more than eight decades that Nobel Laureate, Prof Sydney Brenner, “To start with we propose to identify every cell in the worm and trace line- has all-consumingly devoted his life to science, he twice wrote powerful age. We shall also investigate the constancy of development and study proposals of no longer than a page. Short but sweet, these kick-started the its control by looking for mutants,” is how Brenner ended his proposal on two projects that are part of his lasting legacy. Caenorhabditis elegans to the UK Medical Research Council in October 1963. He was looking for a new challenge after already having helped to The first was to request funding to study a worm, because he saw in the show that genetic code is composed of non-overlapping triplets and that nematode Caenorhabditis elegans the ideal genetic model organism. messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) exists. He was right, and received the Nobel Prize for his efforts. The other pro- posal, which set out how Singapore could become a hub for biomedical His first paper on C. elegans appeared in Genetics in 1974, and in all, the research, earned him the title of “mentor to a nation’s science ambitions”. work took about 20 years to reach its full potential.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of DNA Technology 1865 - Gregor Mendel the Father of Genetics
    A Short History of DNA Technology 1865 - Gregor Mendel The Father of Genetics The Augustinian monastery in old Brno, Moravia 1865 - Gregor Mendel • Law of Segregation • Law of Independent Assortment • Law of Dominance 1865 1915 - T.H. Morgan Genetics of Drosophila • Short generation time • Easy to maintain • Only 4 pairs of chromosomes 1865 1915 - T.H. Morgan •Genes located on chromosomes •Sex-linked inheritance wild type mutant •Gene linkage 0 •Recombination long aristae short aristae •Genetic mapping gray black body 48.5 body (cross-over maps) 57.5 red eyes cinnabar eyes 67.0 normal wings vestigial wings 104.5 red eyes brown eyes 1865 1928 - Frederick Griffith “Rough” colonies “Smooth” colonies Transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae Living Living Heat killed Heat killed S cells mixed S cells R cells S cells with living R cells capsule Living S cells in blood Bacterial sample from dead mouse Strain Injection Results 1865 Beadle & Tatum - 1941 One Gene - One Enzyme Hypothesis Neurospora crassa Ascus Ascospores placed X-rays Fruiting on complete body medium All grow Minimal + amino acids No growth Minimal Minimal + vitamins in mutants Fragments placed on minimal medium Minimal plus: Mutant deficient in enzyme that synthesizes arginine Cys Glu Arg Lys His 1865 Beadle & Tatum - 1941 Gene A Gene B Gene C Minimal Medium + Citruline + Arginine + Ornithine Wild type PrecursorEnz A OrnithineEnz B CitrulineEnz C Arginine Metabolic block Class I Precursor OrnithineEnz B CitrulineEnz C Arginine Mutants Class II Mutants PrecursorEnz A Ornithine
    [Show full text]
  • Barbara Mcclintock's World
    Barbara McClintock’s World Timeline adapted from Dolan DNA Learning Center exhibition 1902-1908 Barbara McClintock is born in Hartford, Connecticut, the third of four children of Sarah and Thomas Henry McClintock, a physician. She spends periods of her childhood in Massachusetts with her paternal aunt and uncle. Barbara at about age five. This prim and proper picture betrays the fact that she was, in fact, a self-reliant tomboy. Barbara’s individualism and self-sufficiency was apparent even in infancy. When Barbara was four months old, her parents changed her birth name, Eleanor, which they considered too delicate and feminine for such a rugged child. In grade school, Barbara persuaded her mother to have matching bloomers (shorts) made for her dresses – so she could more easily join her brother Tom in tree climbing, baseball, volleyball, My father tells me that at the and football. age of five I asked for a set of tools. He My mother used to did not get me the tools that you get for an adult; he put a pillow on the floor and give got me tools that would fit in my hands, and I didn’t me one toy and just leave me there. think they were adequate. Though I didn’t want to tell She said I didn’t cry, didn’t call for him that, they were not the tools I wanted. I wanted anything. real tools not tools for children. 1908-1918 McClintock’s family moves to Brooklyn in 1908, where she attends elementary and secondary school. In 1918, she graduates one semester early from Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn.
    [Show full text]
  • POPPER's GEWÖHNUNGSTHEORIE ASSEMBLED and FACED with OTHER THEORIES of LEARNING1 Arne Friemuth Petersen2
    POPPER’S GEWÖHNUNGSTHEORIE ASSEMBLED AND FACED WITH OTHER THEORIES OF LEARNING1 Arne Friemuth Petersen2 Former Professor of General Psychology University of Copenhagen Abstract. With the publication of Popper’s Frühe Schriften (2006), renewed possibilities for inquiring into the nature and scope of what may be termed simply ‘Popperian Psychology’ have arisen. For although Popper would never have claimed to develop such psychology there is, however, from his earliest to his last works, a wealth of recommendations as to how to come to grips with problems of the psyche without falling victim of inductivist and subjectivist psychology. The fact that most theories of learning, both traditional and modern, have remained inductivist, and therefore logically invalid, places Popper’s hypothetico- deductive approach to learning and the acquisition of knowledge among the most important conjectures in that entire domain, akin to Edelman’s biological theory of consciousness. Central to Popper’s approach and his final rejection of all inductive procedures is his early attempt at a theory of habit-formation, Gewöhnungstheorie (in ‘Gewohnheit’ und ‘Gesetzerlebnis’ in der Erziehung, 1927) – a theory not fully developed at the time but nevertheless of decisive importance for his view on education and later works on epistemology, being ‘of lasting importance for my life’ (2006, p. 501). Working from some of the original descriptions and examples in ‘Gewohnheit’ und ‘Gesetzerlebnis’, updated by correspondence and discussions with Popper this paper presents a tentative reconstruction of his Gewöhnungstheorie, supplemented with examples from present-day behavioural research on, for example, ritualisation of animal and human behaviour and communication (Lorenz), and briefly confronted with competing theories, notably those by representatives of the behaviourist tradition of research on learning (Pavlov and Kandel).
    [Show full text]
  • Norman Borlaug
    Norman Borlaug Melinda Smale, Michigan State University I’d like to offer some illustrative examples of how scientific partnerships and exchange of plant genetic resources in international agricultural research have generated benefits for US farmers and consumers. 1. It is widely accepted that the greatest transformation in world agriculture of the last century was the Green Revolution, which averted famine particularly in the wheat and rice-growing areas of numerous countries in Asia by boosting levels of farm productivity several times over, lowering prices for consumers, raising income and demand for goods and services. Most of us here are familiar with the history of this transformation. • You will remember that the key technological impetus was short- statured varieties that were fertilizer responsive and didn’t fall over in the field when more of the plant’s energy was poured into grain rather than the stalk and leaves. • Less well known is that the origin of the genes that conferred short- stature in wheat was a landrace from Korea--transferred to Japan, named Daruma, and bred into Norin 10. Norin 10 was named for a Japanese research station, tenth selection from a cross. Later, Norin 10 was brought as a seed sample by an agronomist advisor who served in the MacArthur campaign after WWII. At Washington State University it was crossed to produce important US wheat varieties. The most extensive use of Norin 10 genes outside Japan and the US was by Norman Borlaug, who won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize. He was the founder of the World Food Prize (won, for example, by Gebisa Ejeta).
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report Fy 2018 Human Frontier Science Program Organization
    APRIL 2017 APRIL 2018 — MARCH 2019 ANNUAL REPORT FY 2018 HUMAN FRONTIER SCIENCE PROGRAM ORGANIZATION The Human Frontier Science Program Organization (HFSPO) is unique, supporting international collaboration to undertake innovative, risky, basic research at the frontier of the life sciences. Special emphasis is given to the support and training of independent young investigators, beginning at the postdoctoral level. The Program is implemented by an international organisation, supported financially by Australia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland, the United States of America, and the European Commission. Since 1990, over 7000 researchers from more than 70 countries have been supported. Of these, 28 HFSP awardees have gone on to receive the Nobel Prize. 2 The following documents are available on the HFSP website www.hfsp.org: Joint Communiqués (Tokyo 1992, Washington 1997, Berlin 2002, Bern 2004, Ottawa 2007, Canberra 2010, Brussels 2013, London 2016): https://www.hfsp.org/about/governance/membership Statutes of the International Human Frontier Science Program Organization: https://www.hfsp.org/about/governance/hfspo-statutes Guidelines for the participation of new members in HFSPO: https://www.hfsp.org/about/governance/membership General reviews of the HFSP (1996, 2001, 2006-2007, 2010, 2018): https://www.hfsp.org/about/strategy/reviews Updated and previous lists of awards, including titles and abstracts:
    [Show full text]