ISSN : 2301 – 668X

PATTERNS AND INDICA ARCHITECTURE STYLE AS A WEALTH OF CULTURE IN SUPPORTING SPECIAL INTEREST TOUR IN THE CITY OF YOGYAKARTA

Indro Sulistyanto

Department of Engineering, Universitas Tunas Pembangunan Surakarta Email: [email protected] Received Date: July 18, 2017 Approved Date: July 22, 2017

ABSTRACT

Heritage and Cultural Heritage objects loaded with historical and cultural content have a high level of significance to be preserved. This position is reinforced by the resence of a set of legislation that is highly relevant to this need. The parent is the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 1992 on Heritage Objects. Mentioned in the reamble of the Act that the Heritage Preserve is important to be preserved is for the sake of maintaining local identity. For the city of Yogyakarta, it is clear that the Objects of Cultural Heritage and Heritage which became one of the forerunner of ancestral cultures, is a form of identity and a source of pride for the community that should not be eliminated. Heritage and Cultural Heritage objects need to be preserved, not just social cultural life, but also all artifacts, ’petilasan’s and objects that are left with the life of the past. Understanding of Architectural Research and some matters relating to Heritage and Cultural Heritage by architectural style need to be understood. In this research research, limited to Pattern and Style of Architecture in Indie Period which during the past period grow and develop as Heritage and Cultural Heritage objects in Yogyakarta City. Bintaran area becomes a sample of this research activity because of the development of style and pattern of Architecture of Building.

Kata kunci : Indis Architecture, Culture, Special Interest Tour, Bintaran, Yogyakarta

1. INTRODUCTION things either artificial or natural, whether The Position of Research on Pattern moving or immobilized, whether intact or and Style of Indys Architecture as partial which is more than 50 years old or Cultural Wealth in Supporting Special has a specificity or long style (more than Interest Tour in Yogyakarta City 50 years), And which have significance becomes an important part to be able to in terms of history, science and culture. do an inventory of architectural elements Related to the Heritage Preserve is the that exist in every cultural heritage Site, ie the location or the suspected objects and cultural heritage of Indis location of the Object of Culture plus a Period in all area of Kota Yogyakarta. It certain surrounding area that becomes the is a very big work to get all the safety environment. Both, need to be architectural elements in each Heritage conserved and utilized for certain and Cultural Heritage, but as a first step, purposes insofar as they do not conflict this activity can be a general description with the purposes of its preservation. of the entire Heritage and Cultural Cultural Heritage objects can be Heritage of the Indies Period scattered in controlled and owned by the state and the city of Yogyakarta. individuals as far as remaining oppor- According to Law No. 5 of 1992, tunities open social function. Anyone the Object of Culture is defined as all who controls the Object of the Cultural Heritage shall be obliged to protect and

e-Jurnal Teknik Sipil Dan Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik UTP Surakarta Vol. 21 No 25, Juli 2017 preserve its historical value, authenticity, c. Display shape/shape of the building, or safeguard. Despite mastering/ materials, coloring, ornament/ possessing cultural heritage objects, decoration, place and layout of the anyone is prohibited from damaging building, the placement of open them. Even if it will change the shape space, vegetation, and outdoor space and color, restoring or buying and selling furnishings in accordance with the required special permission from the architectural style of each cultural Government. heritage/cultural heritage. The management of Heritage Objects is in the hands of the Government, 3. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES although the responsibility is in the OF RESEARCH Government, but the participation of the The purpose of Research on Indis community in this management is wide Architecture Pattern and Style as Cultural open. While the utilization of cultural Wealth in Supporting Special Interest heritage objects can be for the sake of Tour in Yogyakarta City, is to get a religion, social, education, science, picture of Architecture Style Nuanced culture and of course tourism. It is also Area in Indis Period, which is in the area required by this Law that the use of of Yogyakarta City. cultural heritage must be non-profit. 4. METHODOLOGY 2. POTENTIAL CONSERVATION The methodology is planned in the LEVELS OF CULTURAL form of scientific research used in the HERITAGE Research on Pattern and Style of Indies The architecture of Indies Period Architecture as Cultural Wealth in Indies building in Yogyakarta City is Support of Special Interest Tours in expected to increase the dignity of Yogyakarta City. It is expected that humanity with specific characteristics, as through this methodology can give direction to the realization of the follows: a. Able to create a beautiful work description of elements and architectural of architecture that represents appearance of Cultural Heritage and his era; Cultural Heritage in the Indies Period in b. The creation of building the area of Yogyakarta City. aesthetics through architectural Research on Pattern and Style of elements that exist in every part Indies Architecture as Cultural Wealth in of the building; Supporting Special Interest Tour in c. Able to provide protection for Yogyakarta City is done with inductive the need for privacy in reasoning. According to Sukendar accordance with the functions it (1999), induction is a research based on occupies, and observations up to inference, so that d. Able to give a clear picture of empirical generalization is formed. This the position of space program type of research applies expedative or that has public functions as well descriptive type of research. Eksplicative as private functions. or descriptive, ie giving a description of In this research described some archaeological data found, both in time, formulation of problem related to shape, and spatial and disclosing intention and purpose of research, that is: relationships among various research a. Architectural Style with Nuances of variables (Sukendar, 1999: 20). The Regional Culture; applied method is done to achieve the b. Architectural elements in each purpose of this research. Architectural Style;

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Approach applied in this research is (3) Urban Context, and (4) Physical approach in science of architecture study. Approach Building (Physical Respect). One approach in the study of architecture In the journal "Contextual Approach is the contextual approach. Widati (2015) in Frank Lloyd Wright's Architecture" explains that there are several contextual (Widati, 2015), a chart of contextual approaches in architectural design: (1) approaches is as follows: Cultural Respect, (2) Nature Approach,

Figure 1 Chart: Parameter Conceptual Approach (Source: Reconstruction 2016, based on Alhamdani, 2010 in Widati, 2015)

Based on the chart, the application of the a planned construction control needs approach in this study refers to the follow-up with building regulations. physical approach of the building Some Local Government Regulations, (physical respect) which includes Yogyakarta City from the Year 2012- variable scale, facade, and form. The 2014, need to be followed up, one of application of the approach was chosen them through this research. related to the object and purpose in this The revitalization policy will serve study. In addition, the physical approach as the basis for the latest architectural of buildings in the contextual approach research results of cultural heritage and can be aligned with the archaeological cultural heritage of the Indies Period, analysis methods used in this study. which will be sampled from the initial planning, up to several parts of the 5. REVITALIZATION POLICIES building, due to its revitalized condition. OF CULTURAL HERITAGE This study does not fully illustrate AND CULTURAL LOCAL originalitas, but paing can not provide a LEVEL runtutan on the architectural style of The existence of a presumption that a cultural heritage buildings and cultural heritage that can still be found-recognize rearrangement will be able to encourage, direct and control development, the use samapai current research conducted. of space and buildings are expected to be Whatever the results obtained from the well ordered. Research on Pattern and Style of Indies Architecture as Cultural Wealth in But what is often overlooked is that Supporting Special Interest Tourism in the rearrangement of the product does not Yogyakarta City depends on the yet cover the rules of a particular revitalization that has been done, building in an area. Therefore, to realize including the steps that have been done in

e-Jurnal Teknik Sipil Dan Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik UTP Surakarta Vol. 21 No 25, Juli 2017 order to maintain and maintain the was coordinated by Yogyakarta Cultural sustainability and environmental quality Office in 2006-2007, in Yogyakarta Living around each of the heritage Special Region there are 505 locations of buildings and cultural heritage. These immovable Preserve, 751 Moves of conditions will certainly affect the efforts Culture and 5 sites. Of these, up to 2007, to present and reveal the existence of only 40 pieces of Cultural Heritage heritage buildings and cultural heritage Objects have been granted official status itself as well as the environment as Cultural heritage objects (BCB) based completely. on Law no. 5 of 1992 on Heritage Because basically all heritage Objects. There are still many important buildings and cultural heritage that has sites and cultural heritage objects that been through the process of revitalization have not been unveiled as a cultural requires special steps in every effort heritage object in Special Region of handling as a tool to control the Yogyakarta (DIY). It is generally, and revitalization through the mechanism of morally, that historical and building permits and the removal of archaeological remains are protected by buildings, so as to create orderly the Cultural Heritage Act. development and building in order to However, without the official status create a harmonious environment and of Cultural Heritage on the basis of a which Pay attention to the rules of ministerial decree as stipulated in the environmental preservation. Culture Heritage Act, the existence of the The problems that become the Object of the Cultural Heritage remains consideration of the research on the vulnerable. Various actions that do not pattern and style of Indis Architecture as lead to conservation will be easy to Cultural Heritage in Supporting Special happen to these objects. Local Interest Tour in Yogyakarta city will not government commitments are tested here; be separated from the transformation To quickly as certain the status of so function of each building of Cultural many of these high-value sites and Heritage and Cultural Heritage, the historic objects. The mapped cultural special characteristic of each building heritage is a building or site that has been (History, architecture, social, culture) as awarded a Cultural Heritage status under well as the direction and wisdom of the the Cultural Heritage Act. Government of Yogyakarta City in the Architectural Building in the context planning and development of the Cultural of this research, is a building architecture Heritage and Cultural Heritage buildings that has the feel of a regional culture in during this time, including: the the City of Yogyakarta, a building implementation of revitali-zation, architecture that grows and evolves that building safety requirements, building manifest aam of architectural relics of permitting requirements, building buildings in the Dutch colonial period supervision, As long as this is done. especially in the Indies Period. Buildings Heritage Building Assets and either in the form of buildings or non- Cultural Heritage as a picture of the buildings, interpreted as a physical form substance of this study, in the form of an of construction work that integrates with understanding of the architecture of the place of his position, partly or wholly nuanced buildings, architectural patterns, located above and / or in the soil or and architectural style Indis Period that water. The building referred to in this has been growing and developing from study is a building that is functioning as a the time to time. place for people to do their activities, Based on data from the Inventory either for residential or residential and Mapping of Heritage Reserves which purposes, religious activities, social and

e-Jurnal Teknik Sipil Dan Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik UTP Surakarta Vol. 21 No 25, Juli 2017 cultural activities, as well as special Heritage Areas, in accordance with activities planned. While non building is kebuuhannya, including: core zone, a building that does not function as a buffer zone, development zone, and zone place of business man doing its activities, support. Core Zone (Protection Zone), is which can be in the form of outdoor the area or area needed for the direct furniture, circulation paving for protection of a Cultural Heritage for its circulation paving, and water drainage. sustainability purposes. Buffer Zone As the first step of Research process (Zone Buffer Zone) is an area or About Patterns and Styles of Indies additional space enclosing a cultural Architecture as Cultural Wealth in heritage that is regulated by additional Support of Special Interest Tours in rules, either in the form of custom or Yogyakarta City, several matters formal law restrictions, in order to concerning: cultural heritage buildings, strengthen the protection efforts against cultural sites, cultural areas, and cultural the cultural heritage. Development Zone, heritages, zoning, architectural style, is an area or area not far from where the architectural patterns, alignment in cultural heritage is located, and is architecture, Architectural elements, specified as a place for the development building elements, building facades, of a cultural heritage, or for general building ornaments, and building compo- development in a controlled and nents, all of which must be understood as continuous planning. Supporting Zone, is the foundation of the research an area or area near the existence of undertaken. cultural heritage, which is intended for The cultural heritage building the establishment of supporting facilities intended in this study, is the built of a site preservation activities. structure made of natural objects, or man- Architectural style, in this study is made objects , To meet the need for interpreted as a characteristic that appears walled and/or t rooms no walled, and in the physical face (visual) appearance a roofed. building (object) archi-tecture, due to the Cultural preservation sites, are land election of a form of shape, appearance, and/or water locations containing cultural design techniques, and special heritage objects, cultural buildings, workmanship (with a particular and/or cultural heritage structures, as a technology) that refers to a period of result of human activities or evidence of cultural culture. Pattern of Architecture, past events. The cultural heritage area is a in this study is interpreted as the criteria geographic space unit that has two or of architectural design in accordance with more cultural sites, which are adjacent to the appearance of buildings and and/or exhibit specific spatial features. architectural style of buildings in his While the cultural heritage is material, it time, in accordance with the criteria and is: objects, buildings, structures, sites, forms of architecture when he created. terrestrial and/ or water areas, which The design can be: original sustainability, require conservation efforts by their peer figure, and partial alignment. existence, because they have a significant Architectural Elements in this study, significance that has been recorded in the interpreted as part of the component Regional Cultural Heritage List, but has shaping the architectural style of a not been designated as a Preserve cultural heritage building. Elements of Culture, and applied the same as the the building is a building chart that Cultural Heritage. became the main shaper of a cultural Zoning, in this study is interpreted as heritage building, so that the cultural the determination of the spatial heritage buildings embodied in the boundaries of Cultural Heritage Sites and building sutau intact. The appearance of

e-Jurnal Teknik Sipil Dan Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik UTP Surakarta Vol. 21 No 25, Juli 2017 the building is the building-building and the art of building (Banhart C.L. and section that appears on the outer surface Jess Stein, 1959) In relation to some of of the building as one of the the Benchmark Building Design Temple embodiments of the architectural style of (Parmono Atmadi, 1979), the architecture the heritage building. Ornaments in this or the art of waking up is building in study, interpreted as decoration and terms of beauty, while establishing the building articulation, which is planned as building in terms of construction called a building aesthetics, and is not part of the science building. Both can not be the system. separated expressly. The structure of the heritage Usually a building will include building. Building components, in this elements of construction and beauty. In study is defined as the parts of the practice both are difficult to separate building is planned as a shaper of the because in general the construction building, into a single circuit system and affects the overall beauty. The industy the structure of architectural aesthetics building typology in the bintaranIndis budaya.6 heritage buildings. Zone derives from the term Nederlandsch Indie or the . The Dutch 6. RESULTS STYLE ARCHITEC- first came to Indonesia in 1619. The TURE BUILDING HERITAGE presence of the Dutch for three centuries AND CULTURAL RESERVE in Indonesia certainly gives effect to all CULTURE INDIS PERIOD aspects of life. Changes among others are Research results on asset building also seen in the art of building or and heritage, is understanding the architecture. In the beginning of the architecture nuanced area, architectural building of the Dutch in Indonesia, patterns, and style of architecture which especially in Java, beginning with is in Building Heritage and Heritage in accordance with Period Indies in the city of Yogyakarta, the tropical conditions and cultural environment, which is often called by taking a sample that is able to represent through scientific research on landhuizi, which is an outgrowth of the building typology Indis. Architecture traditional houses of Hindu-Javanese, as from the Greek "architekton" consisting amended by the use of techniques, stone of "Arche" which means the original, material, Iron, and tile or zinc. The early, authentic, main, and the word famous landhuizen architects today are "tekton" means stable, solid. Wolff Schoemaker, DW Berrety, and Cardeel. Indies culture is a mixed culture Further architecture can be supported by a group of Indies society. interpreted as art and building techniques The cultural mixture encompasses used to meet practical and expressive various cultural elements. In the early needs (Encyclopaedia Britanica, 1961: days of the presence in the archipelago, 276). Architecture can also be interpreted Dutch civilization dominated Indonesian as the art of building science including culture. Then gradually become planning, design, construction and assimilation. However, before this completion of ornaments. It can also be cultural blending takes place, Indonesian interpreted as the art of building science civilization is already high. Indis and technology related to the building architecture is an assimulation or a and creation of space for human use; mixture of elements of Western culture, Activity or building process; Building especially Dutch with Indonesian culture buildings in terms of beauty and especially from Java. The development of construction; Nature, character or style of a city or region as part of a city is building; Building or group of buildings; essentially an effort to continue and

e-Jurnal Teknik Sipil Dan Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik UTP Surakarta Vol. 21 No 25, Juli 2017 direct the course of history so that architecture of Indonesia. Dutch identity can be maintained. When faced architects made various approaches to with the ever-increasing complexity of architectural design in the Dutch East life requires the right paradigms and Indies. In addition to tropical elements, it theories to understand an area so that it also incorporates traditional Indonesian can develop without leaving its identity. elements (Hadinoto in Sukawi, 2009). As we know that the development of And in studying the traditional Indis area in Indonesia especially architecture of Indonesia, they emphasize Yogyakarta in the past is very fast. The that the design can be friendly with the are quite active. In the climate and other conditions. (Sidharta, process of mixing this culture, so the 1998). Mentioned some innovations in Javanese culture does not disappear. The design responding to tropical climate is role of the personality of the Javanese (Sidharta, 1998): (local genius). Participate in giving color a. Creating an open veranda in front of, in indie culture. The elements of Dutch behind, or around the building; culture were first brought by traders and b. Wide overhang to protect the surface VOC officials, then Protestant and of walls and windows from direct Catholic clergy also followed. The role of sunlight and rain; scholars in the development of indis c. 4-meter ceiling height and natural cultures is enormous in the fields of ventilation above doors and education, agricultural technology, and windows; transportation, especially after liberal d. Tropical garden with enough trees. politics is run by the colonial While the use of traditional art government. In the next stage, Indonesian elements, applied to the variety of educated people received European hiasnya. education in continuing education in the The Dutch architect appreciated the Netherlands, according to various fields exquisite and admirable details of of indie culture in Indonesia. In the Indonesian traditional art to be inspired process of acculturation of these two as an idea for building modern cultures, the role of colonial rulers in the architecture in the Indies (Soekiman, Indies was decisive. Meanwhile, the 2000). The ornamental variety of Indis Indonesian people accept the fate as a architecture can be seen in (Soekiman, colonized nation and adapt themselves as 2000): colonial or colonial ruling apparatus. The a. Roof shape and decoration kemuncak results of the combination show that the Roof shape can use the shape of the characteristics of western (Europe) Dutch model, can also use traditional appear more prominent and dominant. Indonesian roof shape such as , The tropical nature of the island of Java limasan, pencu, village house, and so determines in realizing forth. Cultural work it is seen from the b. As for the material using the material architectural forms of houses, how to contained in the environment such as dress, lifestyle and so forth. Thus, it can tile, bamboo, palm tree leaves, be formulated that the development of grasses, and others. For awhile Indis architecture in Indonesia originated decoration of kemuncak can be: from Indonesian domination by VOC. At 1) Wind direction pointer first the style of architecture still uses the (windwijzer) and 2) Tadhah Angin. traditional Dutch style, but over time, this In Netherlands, decorative on wind style continues to evolve, ranging from tadhah angin have symbolic adjustments to the tropical climate, to the meaning, but in Indis building in adjustment of the elements of traditional Indonesia, the decoration has lost its

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meaning and only serves as between the shape and meaning of the decoration. architecture of the city, one of which has c. Passive ornamental variety from the characteristics of Indis architecture. metal materials ornamental variety Interesting development occurred in the that complements the iron part of the decade of the 80s, when the commence- house, for example fence porch ment of renovation Vredeburg Castle, the (stoep), buffer roof of the front porch discourse of colonial architecture busy and back of the house (kerbil), wind discussed about the need to care for, or direction, page lamp, wall lamp, and eliminate the Indis architectural style. Yet lawn chair. the wisdom of artists, historians-and of d. Body Building Decorative style course the government of that time-has contained in the body of buildings pushed and greatly emphasized the such as building columns and vent. importance of preserving past Decorations on the vent can be architectural artifacts, including the carved. While on the column of the colonial Indies architecture. As it is building using the style of Doria, known, Indis architecture developed Ionian, and Korinthia composed of rapidly since the Ethical Policy was head, body, and foot pole. Historical declared by Dutch ruler in 1901. The journey brings the city of Yogyakarta politics of Dutch repayment to the people into a fusion of various architectural of Dutch East Indies so that other cultures. people's life would be more feasible, Javanese architecture is special within the limits of indigenous welfare, because of its wood construction, also to remain faithful to the Dutch. Chinese architecture that enriches Jogja Indigenous people who became Dutch architecture with construction and employees seemed to get fortune, building style of thick and masiv especially the increased position of their material. As well as European social status. Until Japan came to an end architecture, Netherland, a sturdy-rigid, of it all, including the local government high-large, and elegant with modern Indis (Djoko Suryo, 1998). priyayi style. Looking at the architecture In line with the succession of in the city of Yogyakarta can be from the generations, which automatically also form of material, noun, which is to alter the tastes and fashions, the Indis recognize the architecture in wadag, architecture is definitely replacing the old based on the reference style, style, building. Commercial buildings are geometric shape. Architecture as a tool of located on the strategic side of the road physical culture to fulfill the functions of forming the face of the city, looks Jogja's activities so far. Urban dashing, ferocious and lilting-grave architecture becomes the fulfillment of ornamented floral gentle charming. the demands of its citizens as well as White or other bright colors, and now describes the achievement of construction always combined with wide glass, into a technology and visual aesthetic build. new look of the European style that Here the culture of the period is well- always looks solid. As if the Kalang accommodated, according to the taste of Architecture in that marked the the city's increasingly developed and presence of a wealthy Javanese merchant, open citizens. docked back in the modern universe to History shows that European the center of Jogja. The architecture of architecture, or rather using the term that time was a very eclectic architectural Indies Architecture rather than Colonial style, confusing the Java Architecture Architecture, has already become an icon with elements of Deco, Art Nouveau and for this cultural city. So there was a link other European styles, which did not

e-Jurnal Teknik Sipil Dan Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik UTP Surakarta Vol. 21 No 25, Juli 2017 leave the nuances of Jogja in the past. The festive display of Javanese There was a tetenger that marked a new architectural architecture ornamented identity. Identity to justify others, others carvings ever rife in the Enlightenment, (the Other). Architecture With Indis style or even the forerunner Art Nouveau in as born lagiter with a new charm. Initially the early 19th century which is very some features that are always repeating is popular in the past, is now reborn as a a large, sturdy, and solid, with ornaments commercial building, a typical Jogja that cause a very strong horizontal snack center. Carrying ornaments carved impression. Now the shape is re- legend during the glory of Rome, felt presented with a more transparent wall back in the past when the Kingdom of area using a wide glass, horizontal Surakarta experienced its heyday and so impression is now invisible again and closely with European culture, or even vice versa become very vertical. This is Kingdom of Yogyakarta built with due to the increasing number of floors Portuguese architecture style. The new and the narrowness of land so that the building is covered by European style building is getting higher. Then become ornaments and patterns of decoration but part of the city part of Yogyakarta today. can not be denied this adalh a new work Neo Garden City Style for Tomorrow, with an eclectic cirnya, which of course home of the beautiful garden in front of have specific intentions not to go back in wide berberanda house reappreciated and centuries past. Bintaran area is a adapted for the present needs. The gates development of early Dutch settlement in and high fences provide a novelty for the Yogyakarta, namely in Loji Kecil and style, which was never present, even for Loji Besar (Benteng Vredeburg), because government offices. The security factor, the two places are not able to both to ward off unrest caused by social accommodate the Dutch citizens. Please conflicts and other criminal acts. note that before the Diponegoro War, the However, this same gate is also familiar number of Europeans in Yogyakarta has to us in ndalem prince who uses the form reached 400 people. Initially Bintaran of Semar Tinandu architecture, and the area has not been equipped with public like. Typologically the shape and facilities and infrastructure needed by message of this gate has existed since the residents. Dutch people who live in first, but his appearance is now more Bintaran still use public facilities located colored with intricate ornaments and in the area of Loji Kecil and Loji Besar. expensive. The octagonal roof is not Increasing number of Dutch people who because the room under it berdenah live in Bintaran, the church was built, octagon also. The relationship between and even prison. The Dutch people who roof and sheltered space is only a matter live in Bintaran are officers, and the of visual aesthetic. This is possible owners or employees of sugar factories in because reinforced concrete technology some areas of Yogyakarta. Residential has become easier to implement and is buildings in the area of Indies-style cheaper than wooden buildings. Bintaran and has a form of architecture Similarly, at the end of the roof that looks similar to the Dutch settlement in the area like a hollow down, void, as an Indis Loji Kecil, but The page is wider. Indis building that tries to insert the outside air buildings have distinctive characteristics into the spaces in the building as much as and different from indigenous buildings. possible. Now the problem of air and The houses have large windows, and high building construction is no longer a ceilings, so air can be Circulate easily. In critical issue, and in fact the roof of the addition, the supporting structures such roof is the variety of ornaments that give as walls and iron columns are made life power to the entire building. sturdy. Similarly, the character of the

e-Jurnal Teknik Sipil Dan Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik UTP Surakarta Vol. 21 No 25, Juli 2017 buildings in the area also has some distinctive details, such as: relatively Starting from the entry of the Dutch small traces, balustrade from iron trellis, people, which of course brings a thick outer shaped wooden leaf-shaped door colonial style which later evolves into and interior door of glass, and have Indis Architecture in its buildings, the pillars. Building with Such architectural arrival of the Chinese who brought forms include: residential buildings of the progress in the economic sector, until the financial officer Puro Paku Alam VII - independence period that put the now the Sasmitaloka Building of Great education function in the region. This Commander Sudirman, and the residence study reveals the most dominant of Joseph Henry Paul Sagers-now the influence in the historical development of residence and office of the Fire Bintaran, namely Indis architecture. As a Command, the military superintendent large part of its historical portion, the for the Paku Alaman area - now Museum development of Indies Architecture is the of Biology, and SMP BOPKRI II. main thing that becomes the "soul" or Bintaran, one of the areas in "spirit" of the Bintaran area. As the body Yogyakarta which has a long history in can live with the "soul" then the its development, became an important sustainability of Indis architecture is part of the development of the city of expected to be "live" the Bintaran area as Yogyakarta. Various influences come and an important part of the city of go coloring the area that used to be one Yogyakarta. of the royal palace of Yogyakarta.

Figure 2 Location Map of Bintaran Area Still Identifiable Building with Indis Style

Bintaran area has been through settlement area until 1940 turned into various times that bring this region on a military area in the era of struggle. stay awake, with physical relics like This is supported by the growing buildings we can still enjoy. Although presence of the era. In addition, the it has undergone a change of land use, existence of local church (Java) since the period of 1890 into a strongly supports the development of

e-Jurnal Teknik Sipil Dan Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik UTP Surakarta Vol. 21 No 25, Juli 2017 community activities. Some of this is development of a city area can not be what causes a lot of standing School separated from the existence of non- in Bintaran area and also student physical aspects (culture and social) dormitory. Currently it can be that coloring the area. concluded that seeing the

Figure 3 One of the buildings with an Indis style is functioned as an Army base now called Satmiloka Museum

The expression comes from the name that time, the land area was still wide. of a Karaton Yogyakarta craftsman The Dutch residing in Bintaran are who once lived here, namely Prince workers such as officers, employees Haryo Bintoro. Prince Haryo Bintoro of the Pakualaman Palace and lives in a house called Ndalem employees of the sugar factory (Reni Mandala. The history of Bintaran Vitasurya, 2014, 6). area development is closely related to Although already living in Bintaran, the existence of the existing the Dutch people still use public residential areas of the Dutch facilities that are in Loji Besar and community in Yogyakarta, namely Loji Kecil. As more and more, the Loji Besar Loji (Benteng several public facilities are Vredeburg) and the Loji Kecil (east established around Bintaran such as side of the Vredeburg fortress to the cinema (Permata Cinema), church Code river). It turns out that these two (St. Joseph's Church) and a prison areas are considered unfit to be (Wirogunan Prison). Residential inhabited again because the land is so buildings in Bintaran have almost narrow. Therefore the Dutch, the same architecture in the Loji especially the wealthy Dutch, moved Kecil area, only the pages are larger their dwellings to the Bintaran area and larger in size (Inajati 173-174, on the east side of the Code river. At 2009).

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Figure 4 Map of Indys Building Artefact Conditions In the Bintaran Area a. Sasmita Loka Museum Sasmita Loka Museum, also known front, designed with three very high as the General Sudirman Museum in double-leaved doors. the road Bintaran Wetan. The former On the inside, looks statue of General museum building is a residence Sudirman. General Sudirman and his belonging to a financial official family indeed lived in this house named Pakualam Wijnschenk is during the Physical Revolution. The suspected to be the largest house in items exhibited in this museum are the area Bintaran. the remains of General Sudirman. The front yard is wide and tall. The After General Sudirman did not live front joists of cast iron look elegant in this house, the building was used with the ornaments lined up. The as a military headquarters until in pyramid-shaped roof is not coated 1982, the building was inaugurated as with a tile like a building in general, a museum. but covered with shingles. At the

Figure 5 The Sasmita Loka Museum Room Layout and the Whole Building Appearance that Showcases the Indies Building Features

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Inner floor plan is quite simple, was drawn to the floor of the room which consists of a middle corridor that was not covered with marble with two rooms on the right-left side. again, but with a tile tile. This tile In these rooms, both the Wijnschenk tile looks beautiful with ornaments family and the General Sudirman lolling on it. Interestingly again, this family used to sleep. Getting into the tile tile also coated some of the walls interior of these rooms, my attention of the room.

Figure 6 Several Interior Ornaments become the Hallmark of Sasmitaloka Museum, Among Them as Tile Ornaments Inside the Museum, and Bovelincht or An Arrow-Shaped Ventilation that Leads to the Middle Room

At the back, there is a back porch. If Located on the right and left side of the first front porch is a semi-public the main building, there is a small area where the host receives the building called the guest pavilion. guest, the back porch is a private This small building was formerly area for families living in this house. occupied by General Sudirman's On the back porch this family spends aide. time while looking at the back garden.

Figure 7 The Supporting Room of the Museum, Developed When Used as a Military Command Place Under General Sudirman, among others the Back Porch and Guest Pavilion. b. Twin House on Bintaran Wetan completion of each part of the Road facade. Until now still well Indis Twin House Individuals in maintained, and functioned as a Bintaran, became one of the typical place to live and business household. appearance. Both of these residential This twin house became a unique buildings look almost symmetrical, form of indis architecture design both in the form of the building and amid the appearance of several indis

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buildings that feature distinctive ornaments, large yard with attractive features in each building with the landscaping, massive barrier forms, design according to their specific is an interesting feature of the twin function. buildings. High form of building, completion of very detailed and elaborate

Figure 8 Appearance of Twin House Buildings that Characterized Indis as One of the Specific Architectural Works in The Bintaran Area

As a cultural heritage building built owner of this house was still a in front of the house, this house is family with dr. Wiryo, President inhabited by Mr. Sutrisno and Mr. Sukarno’s personal physician. Sujatmiko. Both houses are roof- Overview from the outside, the facing roof front. The original two shape of this house is exactly the houses are open front porches but same with the Sasmita Loka the veranda is now closed to add Museum General Sudirman but the space. From above, the two houses size is a little small. There is a front have additional buildings that are verandah and an open back shaped like L. Just north of verandah, visible iron columns at Sujatmiko’s house, there is a small the front and there are three large building that was once part of the front entrances on the front. The pavilion of the house. Now this high krepak window beside the building is used as a place of early house further adds to the childhood education (PAUD). impression that this house is still original from the colonial period. c. Dr. Wiryo’s Family Home As the home of an official in his Along Sultan Agung road, there time, the indis characteristic of the are still some old buildings that dr.Wiryo family house shows the stand even though many are gone. character of a specific authority, One of the old buildings that can both in the completion of the still be found is at the corner of supporting elements of the building Sultan Agung road, and Bintaran (the columns, the roof’s roof, and Wetan road. From the outside, the the height of the building), the building looks empty but once symmetrical appearance of the inside through the wooden gate building, and finishing design of beside the house, this building is the facades. still occupied by the owner. The

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Figure 9 Dr.Wiryo's family home appearance still shows his level of position as an official with a symmetry design as one of the hallmarks of the building indis d. Biology Museum preserved animal bodies and animal The shape of the Museum Biology bones. Some parts have undergone building, still visible from its some adjustments, in accordance with appearance as a building with indis its function as a museum, but as a characteristics, which is specifically whole the hallmark as an indis designed for office buildings, with building, can still be maintained. front and back porches are not open Biology Museum is still functioned as anymore. On the wall part visible a place to study the science of elements of European arsiktetur biology that is managed by the called pilaster. Pilaster is a wall Department of Education and Sports decoration shaped like a stick post. Province of Daerah Istimewa The museum contains collections Yogyakarta. relating to the world of Biology like

Figure 10 Biology Museum as some parts have undergone some adjustments, in accordance with its function as a museum, but as a whole the hallmark as an indis building, can still be maintained e. Permata Cinema there is an old building of ex-cinema Along the Sultan Agung road still gems. From an art deco building many buildings with models of Indis style, this building was built in the patterned buildings. But along with 1930s. the times, buildings that once stood Permata cinema is a means of along the road, now gone. entertainment that represents the Across the street, precisely at the form of entertainment in the colonial corner of the red light crossroad, period. The shape and appearance of

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the building, has changed the damaged in line with the age of the perception of the community that has building. This condition is more developed before, including its severe with the occurrence of proximity to the environment of vandalism in the form of mural Pakualaman. Currently this paintings on the large side of the cinema building is not functioned building. anymore, and the condition is getting

Figure 11 Former Permata Cinema, Currently is Not Functioned anymore, and the Condition is Getting Damaged in Line with the Age of the Build f. KADIN Office Located on Bintaran Kulon road, design expression that occurs not which from the facade is clearly only because of the prolonged visible characteristic of Indis-style availability of the site, but rather the Building. Shaped elongated, and has effort to maximize the tread potential undergone several changes in of the interests of several offices accordance with the function/ designed along Bintaran Kulon road. designation. But still can see the This can be seen from the design general shape and some of its facade model that experienced some that shows its existence as a building repetition of the design of the facade with Indis style. that stretches along the road. There is a tendency for this elongated building as part of the

Figure 12 Appearance of Indis Building as Representation of Elaborate Designed Office Design With Characteristic Repetition at its Facade Resolution

e-Jurnal Teknik Sipil Dan Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik UTP Surakarta Vol. 21 No 25, Juli 2017 g. Saint Joseph's Church of Bintaran Javanese Catholics, but the style of At the intersection of Bintaran architecture is not seen there is a Kulon road with Bintaran Tengah traditional element Javanese. road, there is a quite unique church This unique church roof is made of building. The church is Saint concrete and does not have a pillar at Joseph's Church of Bintaran. The all. In the history of this roof forming uniqueness of this church lies in the process is done by making a large form of a curved roof. bamboo wicker and then made This church was inaugurated on curved, then on the roof was poured Sunday, April 8, 1934 by Pastor A. concrete batter. After the concrete TH. Van Hoof.S.J. The architectural dries, woven bamboo was removed, design of this church was made by J. so it still looks used plaited as H. van Oijen B.N.A. While the hiasandi church ceiling. All of the building of this church was done by windows in this church are circular Hollandsche Beton Matschapipij (Aji with vents whose patterns are made Bakhtiar, Antonius. 2010; 34). In this to look like a rose-window pattern, a church once served a priest who also type of window pattern commonly became one of the national heroes, used in church buildings. Mgr. Soegijapranata. Although the original church is intended for the

Figure 13 Church of Saint Joseph Bintaran with a Unique Dome-Shaped Roof Design that Extends With a Typical Facade of Rose Window Decoration

h. Paroki Orphanage Saint Yoseph function as a building to Church Bintaran accommodate large-scale activities. Located behind the church of Saint The height of the building and the Yoseph Church Bintaran, it is number of vent on the sides of the designed with a very large and building are designed to support the relatively large front porch. The creation of a masculine air entrances are also no less high. This circulation. veranda is so widely used as a hall. Large columns are more able to Here, it depends on a portrait of Mgr. express the robustness of the Soegijapranata who once served in building, in addition to creating a this church. religious scale as a Parish building Its elongated building forms with an supporting the existence of St. open hall, expressing its building Joseph's Church Bintaran.

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Figure 14 Paroki Orphanage Saint Yoseph Church Bintaran Designed with a Very Large and Relatively Large Front Porch its Elongated Building Forms to Accommodate Large-Scale Activities i. The Home of John Henry Paul The interior of the residence of John Sagger Henry Paul Sager residence is unique The most striking building on in the completion of plafond, wall Bintaran Tengah road is the former decoration and floor pattern, visible residence of John Henry Paul Sager's acculturation efforts that try to residence. The shape of this house is combine the building with Colonial very different from the Indis-style style with various motifs of Classical houses in general, because there are Java. no large pillars on the front. On the inside, can be found floor Uniquely, this old house turned out tiles are still original. The inner wall to have two front porches separated is decorated with metal wall by a large room in the middle. On hangings. In the plafondd part of the the facade looks exposed bricks on house in the design with a high the edge of the wall corners and roof aesthetic elements, but because of top ornaments called makelaar. Just the age factor so that this ceiling like the Sasmita Loka Museum, the looks dull. roof of this house is made of shingle.

Figure 15 Residence of John Henry Paul Sager residence is unique in the completion of plafond wall decoration and floor pattern. Try to combine the building with Colonial style with various motifs of Classical Java j. Student Dormitory Area on are used as student dormitories from Bintaran Tengah Road outside the region. This calm Central Bintaran Road is relatively environmental condition encouraged quiet, especially at night, with the the development of student existence of heritage buildings that dormitories from various regions of

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Indonesia by exploiting some of the Rahadi Osman 1. There is a previously developed colonial distinctive design rhythm with buildings. Borneo style ornament, especially at So developing several buildings with the touch of the fence design of the indis characteristics, by modifying building. Although it has undergone the colonial building with a touch of several changes in accordance with architectural design, in accordance the characteristics of the area, but the with the origin of the origin of the hallmark as a building with Indis area. One of the wake up is West architecture, can still be recognized. Kalimantan Student Dormitory

Figure 16 Indis Buildings Used as West Kalimantan Student Dormitory Rahadi Osman 1 There is a Distinctive Design Rhythm with Borneo Style Ornament k. Dutch Colonial Official Residence house, there are similar buildings A prominent building that shows with large columns of dorik. The typical features of Indis Housing unusual design of Indis Building in which houses a large number of general is the existence of the front columns. The building has three very yard of this house in direct contact high front doors. To the east of this with the street.

Figure 17 Some Buildings with the Characteristics of Indis Arschitecture Have Experienced a Physical Decline, Because it is Not Maintained Properly Although Physically can Still Show the Typical Characteristic of Indis

l. Ndalem Mandala Giri These two houses apparently have Located opposite the Twin House a similar shape though it looks Bintaran, found two old houses different. that are smaller in size than the Ndalem Mandala Giri, formerly a buildings of Indis in general. residence of Prince Haryo Bintoro

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lived at a cross roads of Bintaran some parts of the building has Tengah road with Bintaran Kulon changed, although the original road. Ndalem Mandala Giri is style as Indis Building is still now functioned as a restaurant, so recognizable.

Figure 18 Ndalem Mandala Giri used to be used as Karta Pustaka Foundation Office m. High School of Tamansiswa includes two porch sections of a Education corridor in the middle with Two or From the results of this study, the three rooms on either side of it, and a structure and environment in Bintaran side building or Bijgebouwen in the area have some similarities, namely form of the letters 'L' or 'U'. By Adolf one-story, has three high front door, Heuken, such buildings are referred there are column columns in the front to as Indisch Woonhuizen (Heuken, porch, a simple basic plan that always Adolf, 9, 2001).

Figure 19 An Indisch Woonhuisen House. Unknown Location (Source: Colonial Architecture.eu).

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8. CONCLUSIONS OF RESEARCH and a large lounge chair lined with cozy The search results of the existence of cushions; Tall palm trees and potted Indis buildings in the Bintaran area has a plants of nail suplir, as well as some high historical and architectural value, so vases of kana flowers with deep reds and that it can be dedicated Special Interest blazes (for whatever flowers there are or Tours about the past history of an intact not in your garden kana flowers always area about the design of the building and bloom every year). the environment with a strong Indis style, Furthermore, if paying attention to although it has undergone changes related the front of Indis buildings in Bintaran, to Function and utilization. Therefore, its some of these buildings there are front existence must be preserved. So that the columns made of thick bricks and some existence of Indis buildings in Bintaran are made of iron that is given a certain not displaced by the development in the decoration. Columns made of bricks are city of Yogyakarta is growing rapidly. typical elements of Indis Empire-style buildings that flourished from the mid- The background of the emergence of 19th century to the beginning of the 20th the Indis building, caused by two factors. century. Meanwhile, the iron front The first factor is related to the social column is a hallmark of buildings dating strata made by the Europeans in the from the late 19th century. Also the colonial period. The Europeans felt they original building made of brick columns were at the top, so to reinforce their replaced with iron position before the Natives, whom he considered to be inferior, the Europeans 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY built their residential buildings in a Angkouw, R., Kapugu, H. (2012). special form. The second factor is related “Ruang Dalam Arsitektur to the adaptation of Europeans to the Berwawasan Perilaku”. Media local climate. As is known, the Matrasain, 9 Europeans are accustomed to living in Antoniades, A. C. (1990). Poetics of cold climates, so that their residential Architecture: Theory of Design. buildings are closed so that the room Von Nostrand Reinhold, New inside is warm. With the climatic York conditions, the existing environment in Barliana, M.S. (2010). “Tradisionalitas Indonesia the building is done by dan Modernitas Tipologi different design approaches, and is Arsitektur applied with the expression of high-sized Masjid”. Bandung : Metatekstur design design, thick walls, spacious Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Arsitektur, room, and high windows to gain comfort Bentuk, Ruang dan Tatanan. level in the room. : Erlangga The basic concept of Indis building Encyclopaedia Britanica, (1961) by designing voorgalerij, wide veranda in Fauzi B, Salura, P & Kurnia, A. (2013). front of the actual house is open space Sintesis Langgam Arsitektur without walls on three sides. This Kolonial pada Gedung Restoran Voorgalerij is a pride resembling an Hallo di Surabaya. exhibition in every home, large and Bandung: UNPAR small. Because it does not have a front Handinoto, H., Hartono, S. (2006) wall except maybe stairs and stone “Arsitektur Transisi Di pillars, this room can be seen clearly Nusantara Dari Akhir Abad 19 from the street. The walls of the room are Ke Awal Abad 20 (Studi Kasus decorated with brass ornaments and blue Komplek Bangunan Militer di dishes and plates. There was an armchair Jawa pada Peralihan Abad 19 ke

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20)”. Sukada, B.A. (1996). Memahami Harriet W. Ponder, (2013) Java Pageant Arsitektur Tradisional dengan in Rush James, R, 2013 Pendekatan Tipologi, dalam Jati Krier, R. (2001). Komposisi dalam Diri Arsitektur Indonesia”. Arsitektur. Jakarta : Erlangga Disunting oleh Eko Budihardjo. Lestari, D.S.S (2012). “Studi Bandung: Alumni Undang- Tipomorfologis Bangunan Undang Republik Indonesia Kantor Peninggalan Arsitektur Nomor 5 Tahun 1992 tentang Kolonial di Surakarta Periode Benda Cagar Budaya 1900-1940”. Teknik Sipil dan Yulianto Sumalyo, (1977), Ciri Khas Arsitektur, 12 Gaya Arsitektur Eropa. Nainggolan, F.M.R. (2011), Gaya Kolonial Yang Kontekstual. AUTHOR BIODATA: Parmono Atmadi, (1979), Patokan Perancangan Bangunan Candi Indro Sulistyanto, Alumni Department Purwanto, L. M. F. (2004). Kenyamanan of Architecture UGM Yogyakarta (1982), Termal pada Bangunan Kolonial Post Graduate (S2) Master Program of Belanda di . DIMENSI Engineering University of Atmajaya (Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur), 32 Yogyakarta (1999), Lecturer at Sukawi., Iswanto, D. (2011). “Adaptasi Architecture Engineering Program Tampilan Bangunan Indis Akibat Faculty of Engineering UTP Surakarta Perubahan Fungsi Bangunan Year 1985 until now, Has served as Studi Kasus Resto Diwang dan De Chairman of Department of Architecture, Joglo Semarang”. Jurnal And Dean of Faculty of Engineering UTP MODUL, 11 Surakarta, Chairman of the Association of Indonesian Architects (IAI) Surakarta Branch Year 2010 until now, Building Expert Team (TABG) Surakarta City Year 2011 until now.

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