Analisis Biaya-Manfaat Terhadap Transportasi Transjakarta/Busway

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Analisis Biaya-Manfaat Terhadap Transportasi Transjakarta/Busway Jurnal Ilmiah Niagara Vol. VII No. 2, Desember 2014 ANALISIS BIAYA-MANFAAT TERHADAP TRANSPORTASI TRANSJAKARTA/BUSWAY Oleh : Rurry Andryanda (Dosen Kebijakan Publik STIA BANTEN) Abstrak Perubahan dalam proses pembangunan masyarakat merupakan sinergi dari perubahan spontan dan terencana menuju kondisi kehidupan yang lebih diharapkan. Dilihat dari proses perubahan spontan, arah yang diharapkan adalah perubahan masyarakat yang semakin dewasa, semakin memiliki kemampuan untuk merespon peningkatan tuntutan kebutuhan, merespon peluang yang terbuka, dan merespon potensi yang ada. Memasuki perkembangan yang semakin maju, Bangsa Indonesia dituntut menjadi lebih baik dengan dicanangkannya pembangunan berkelanjutan ‟sustainable development’. Salah satu perkembangan sosial yang maju di Indonesia dan perwujudan dari kemandirian lokal adalah sarana transportasi darat yang memiliki jalur tersendiri di Ibu Kota Jakarta yang sering disebut transjakarta/busway. Pengadaan transjakarta atau busway merupakan bentuk pelayanan publik dalam rangka mengatasi kemacetan di ibu kota guna mengurangi jumlah kepadatan kendaraan yang berada di jalan raya. Pemerintah daerah propinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta perlu mengatahui solusi kebijakan untuk mengatasi kemacatan tersebut dan salah satu masukan yang perlu dikatahui dalam membuat kebijakan yang baik adalah mengatahui biaya-manfaat dari layanan publik tersebut. Kata kunci: pembangunan berkelanjutan, analisis biaya manfaat. BAB I Perubahan dalam proses PENDAHULUAN pembangunan masyarakat merupakan sinergi dari perubahan spontan dan 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah terencana menuju kondisi kehidupan yang lebih diharapkan. Dilihat dari proses Sepanjang abad ke 19 dan ke 20 para perubahan spontan, arah yang diharapkan teoritikus demokrasi cenderung adalah perubahan masyarakat yang semakin mengasumsikan suatu hubunga „simetris‟ dewasa, semakin memiliki kemampuan dan „sebangun‟ antara para pembuat untuk merespon peningkatan tuntutan keputusan politik dan penerima keputusan- kebutuhan, merespon peluang yang terbuka, keputusan politik. Dalam kenyataannya, dan merespon potensi yang ada. Di samping kesimetrisan dan kesebangunan sering itu, tidak kalah penting pula mengantisipasi diterima begitu saja dalam hal yang krusial, tantangan dan masalah yang muncul sejalan antara warga negara pemberi suara dengan dengan proses perubahan yang berlangsung. para pembuat keputusan yang pada Dilihat dari proses perubahan yang prinsipnya bisa dimintai terencana dalam hal ini adalah tindakan pertanggungjawabannya. Dalam perubahan untuk membangun segala aspek kehidupan ini terjadi proses-proses pembangunan dalam masyarakat. Oleh sebab itu, tidak (Held:19). salah jika dalam pengembangan kapasitas masyarakat 70 Jurnal Ilmiah Niagara Vol. VII No. 2, Desember 2014 terkandung makna bahwa manusia sebagai Sumber daya manusia memiliki posisi aktor utamanya. Pengembangan kapasitas yang sangat strategis, yakni dalam manusia dapat berupa berkembangnya pengelolaan pelayanan publik yang berarti, wawasan, kepekaan dalam merespon unsur manusia memiliki peranan penting dinamika lingkungan, meningkatnya dalam melakukan aktivitas untuk mencapai keterampilan, meningkatnya akses terhadap tujuan. Manajemen sumber daya manusia informasi, meningkatnya akses terhadap merupakan usaha yang mengarahkan dan pengambilan keputusan, dan meningkatnya mengelola sumber daya manusia di dalam ilmu pengetahuan serta teknologi pelayanan publik agar mampu berpikir (Soetomo:253). sebagaimana yang diharapkan (Rosidah:10). Sarana transportasi mendukung laju Memasuki perkembangan yang pertumbuhan ekonomi, sehingga ada banyak semakin maju, Bangsa Indonesia dituntut hal yang perlu dipertimbangkan guna menjadi lebih baik dengan dicanangkannya melakukan pengelolaan terhadap pelayanan pembangunan berkelanjutan ‟sustainable publiknya. Manajemen sumber daya development’ yang berarti bahwa manusia dipandang sebagai faktor pembangunatn oleh masyarakat yang pendorong peningkatan produktivitas dan dibangun atas dasar peran serta masyarakat. mutu pelayanan. Selain itu, pada saat yang Dalam paradigma baru pembangunan, visi bersamaan kondisi lalu lintas jalan raya yang pembangunan Indonesia adalah negara sering macet di ibu kota disebabkan oleh kesatuan yang didukung oleh wilayah daerah jumlah kendaraan melebihi kapasitas dan maju yang mamiliki kemandirian untuk luas atau lebar jalan yang tidak sesuai berkembang dan merupakan keadaan yang tidak meningkatkan kualitasnya secara berkesinambungan. Kemandirian lokal menguntungkan dan menjadi prioritas utama yang harus di perbaiki. Pemerintah daerah negara merupakan perwujudan propinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta interkoneksitas dari berbagai tatanan perlu mengatahui solusi kebijakan untuk administrative maupun fungsional dalam mengatasi kemacatan tersebut dan salah satu mengembangkan wilayahnya (Gany:04). masukan yang perlu dikatahui dalam Menurut Dunn (51) perubahan-perubahan membuat kebijakan yang baik adalah sosial dan ilmu-ilmu sosial telah mengatahui biaya-manfaat dari layanan berkembang sedemikian luas melalui kritik publik tersebut. terhadap rencana program-program perbaikan social. 1.2 Permasalahan Salah satu perkembangan sosial yang maju di Indonesia dan perwujudan dari Berdasarkan latar belakang yang telah kemandirian lokal adalah sarana transportasi disebutkan, maka yang menjadi darat yang memiliki jalur tersendiri di Ibu permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah Kota Jakarta yang sering disebut “Bagaimanakah perhitungan biaya-manfaat transjakarta/busway. Pengadaan transjakarta transportasi transjakarta/bus way?”. atau busway merupakan bentuk pelayanan publik dalam rangka mengatasi kemacetan di 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ibu kota guna mengurangi jumlah kepadatan kendaraan yang berada di jalan raya. Pada Setiap melakukan pekerjaan, pengelolaan pelayanan publik ini dibutuhkan seseorang pasti memiliki tujuan yang akan manajemen pengelolaan transportasi dicapainya. Penelitian ini mempunyai Transjakarta/bus way, sumber daya manusia tujuan, untuk mengetahui biaya-manfaat yang handal dan profesional serta (CBA) Sistem transportasi transjakarta/bus membutuhkan dana yang besar. way yang berada di Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta. 71 Jurnal Ilmiah Niagara Vol. VII No. 2, Desember 2014 1.4 Sistematika Penulisan sebagai perencanaan umum pengembangan sistem transportasi di wilayah DKI Jakarta Sistematika penulisan dalam yang ditetapkan melalui Peraturan Gubernur penelitian ini terdiri atas empat bab. Bab I Provinsi DKI Jakarta Nomor 103 Tahun 2007. pendahuluan yang berisi latar belakang Mengacu pada PTM tersebut, untuk tahap masalah, permasalahan, tujuan penelitian, awal realisasinya dibangun suatu jaringan dan sistematika penulisan. Bab II memuat sistem angkutan umum massal yang tentang transjakarta/bus way. Selanjutnya, menggunakan bus pada jalur khusus (Bus bab III berisi pembahasan tentang analisis Rapid Transit/BRT). biaya-manfaat. Terakhir, bab IV penutup berisi kesimpulan daftar pustaka dalam Badan Layanan Umum Transjakarta penelitian ini. Busway semula merupakan lembaga non struktural dari Pemerintah Provinsi DKI BAB II Jakarta yaitu Badan Pengelola (BP) TRANSJAKARTA /BUS WAY Transjakarta Busway, sebagaimana diatur dalam Surat Keputusan Gubernur DKI Jakarta Nomor 110 Tahun 2003. Sesuai 2.1 Gambaran Umum dengan Peraturan Gubernur Provinsi DKI Transjakarta atau umum disebut Jakarta Nomor 48 Tahun 2006, BP. Busway adalah sebuah sistem transportasi Transjakarta Busway diubah menjadi darat berupa bus cepat atau Bus Rapid lembaga struktural dan menjadi Unit Transit di Jakarta, Indonesia yang memiliki Pelaksana Teknis (UPT) Dinas Perhubungan jalur khusus dalam lalu lintas dan tidak yang mendapat kewenangan pengelolaan keuangan berbasis PPK-BLUD, yang boleh dilalui oleh kendaraan lainnya . Sistem ini dimodelkan berdasarkan sistem mempunyai kegiatan utama memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat pengguna TransMilenio yang sukses di Bogota, Kolombia. Perencanaan Busway telah busway. Transjakarta Busway mulai dimulai sejak tahun 1997 oleh konsultan dari beroperasi tanggal 15 Januari 2004 dengan dibukanya koridor 1 (Blok M-Kota). Inggris. Pada waktu itu direncanakan bus berjalan berlawanan dengan arus lalu-lintas Pada awal operasi jumlah penumpang (contra flow) supaya jalur tidak diserobot sekitar 40.000 orang per hari dan pada tahun kendaraan lain, namun dibatalkan dengan 2005 mengalami peningkatan menjadi rata- pertimbangan keselamatan lalu-lintas. rata 60.000 orang per hari. Tanggal 15 Meskipun Busway di Jakarta meniru negara Januari 2006 koridor 2 (Pulogadung- lain (Kolombia, Jepang, Australia), namun Harmoni) dan koridor 3 (Kalideres- Jakarta memiliki jalur yang terpanjang dan Harmoni) dibuka dengan jumlah penumpang terbanyak. Sehingga kalau dulu orang selalu mencapai 70.000 penumpang per hari. Pada melihat ke Bogota, sekarang Jakarta sebagai 27 Januari 2007, koridor bertambah, yaitu contoh yang perlu koridor 4 (Pulogadung-Dukuh Atas), koridor dipelajari masalah dan cara 5 (Ancol-Kp. Melayu), koridor 6 (Ragunan- penanggulangannya. Dukuh Atas) dan koridor (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transjakarta) 7 (Kp. Rambutan-Kp. Melayu) dengan rata- Bermula dari gagasan perbaikan rata penumpang mencapai 180.000 penumpang. Pada 21 Februari 2009 koridor sistem angkutan umum di DKI Jakarta yang mengarah kepada kebijakan prioritas 8 (Lebak Bulus-Harmoni) diresmikan angkutan umum, maka perlu dibangun suatu dengan rata-rata penumpang 250.000 per sistem angkutan umum yang dapat hari seluruh koridornya. Pada 31 Desember mengakomodasi pengguna dari segala 2010 koridor
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