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The Last Maximum Ice Extent and Subsequent Deglaciation of the Pyrenees: an Overview of Recent Research
Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 2015 Nº 41 (2) pp. 359-387 ISSN 0211-6820 DOI: 10.18172/cig.2708 © Universidad de La Rioja THE LAST MAXIMUM ICE EXTENT AND SUBSEQUENT DEGLACIATION OF THE PYRENEES: AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH M. DELMAS Université de Perpignan-Via Domitia, UMR 7194 CNRS, Histoire Naturelle de l’Homme Préhistorique, 52 avenue Paul Alduy 66860 Perpignan, France. ABSTRACT. This paper reviews data currently available on the glacial fluctuations that occurred in the Pyrenees between the Würmian Maximum Ice Extent (MIE) and the beginning of the Holocene. It puts the studies published since the end of the 19th century in a historical perspective and focuses on how the methods of investigation used by successive generations of authors led them to paleogeographic and chronologic conclusions that for a time were antagonistic and later became complementary. The inventory and mapping of the ice-marginal deposits has allowed several glacial stades to be identified, and the successive ice boundaries to be outlined. Meanwhile, the weathering grade of moraines and glaciofluvial deposits has allowed Würmian glacial deposits to be distinguished from pre-Würmian ones, and has thus allowed the Würmian Maximum Ice Extent (MIE) –i.e. the starting point of the last deglaciation– to be clearly located. During the 1980s, 14C dating of glaciolacustrine sequences began to indirectly document the timing of the glacial stades responsible for the adjacent frontal or lateral moraines. Over the last decade, in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides (10Be and 36Cl) have been documenting the deglaciation process more directly because the data are obtained from glacial landforms or deposits such as boulders embedded in frontal or lateral moraines, or ice- polished rock surfaces. -
Vegetation and Fire at the Last Glacial Maximum in Tropical South America
Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research VOLUME 14 Aims and Scope: Paleoenvironmental research continues to enjoy tremendous interest and progress in the scientific community. The overall aims and scope of the Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research book series is to capture this excitement and doc- ument these developments. Volumes related to any aspect of paleoenvironmental research, encompassing any time period, are within the scope of the series. For example, relevant topics include studies focused on terrestrial, peatland, lacustrine, riverine, estuarine, and marine systems, ice cores, cave deposits, palynology, iso- topes, geochemistry, sedimentology, paleontology, etc. Methodological and taxo- nomic volumes relevant to paleoenvironmental research are also encouraged. The series will include edited volumes on a particular subject, geographic region, or time period, conference and workshop proceedings, as well as monographs. Prospective authors and/or editors should consult the series editor for more details. The series editor also welcomes any comments or suggestions for future volumes. EDITOR AND BOARD OF ADVISORS Series Editor: John P. Smol, Queen’s University, Canada Advisory Board: Keith Alverson, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), UNESCO, France H. John B. Birks, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Norway Raymond S. Bradley, University of Massachusetts, USA Glen M. MacDonald, University of California, USA For futher -
Sea Level and Global Ice Volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene
Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene Kurt Lambecka,b,1, Hélène Roubya,b, Anthony Purcella, Yiying Sunc, and Malcolm Sambridgea aResearch School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; bLaboratoire de Géologie de l’École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8538 du CNRS, 75231 Paris, France; and cDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China This contribution is part of the special series of Inaugural Articles by members of the National Academy of Sciences elected in 2009. Contributed by Kurt Lambeck, September 12, 2014 (sent for review July 1, 2014; reviewed by Edouard Bard, Jerry X. Mitrovica, and Peter U. Clark) The major cause of sea-level change during ice ages is the exchange for the Holocene for which the direct measures of past sea level are of water between ice and ocean and the planet’s dynamic response relatively abundant, for example, exhibit differences both in phase to the changing surface load. Inversion of ∼1,000 observations for and in noise characteristics between the two data [compare, for the past 35,000 y from localities far from former ice margins has example, the Holocene parts of oxygen isotope records from the provided new constraints on the fluctuation of ice volume in this Pacific (9) and from two Red Sea cores (10)]. interval. Key results are: (i) a rapid final fall in global sea level of Past sea level is measured with respect to its present position ∼40 m in <2,000 y at the onset of the glacial maximum ∼30,000 y and contains information on both land movement and changes in before present (30 ka BP); (ii) a slow fall to −134 m from 29 to 21 ka ocean volume. -
Stratigraphy and Correlation of Glacial Deposits of the Rocky Mountains, the Colorado Plateau and the Ranges of the Great Basin
STRATIGRAPHY AND CORRELATION OF GLACIAL DEPOSITS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, THE COLORADO PLATEAU AND THE RANGES OF THE GREAT BASIN Gerald M. Richmond u.s. Geological Survey, Box 25046, Federal Center, MS 913, Denver, Colorado 80225, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION glaciations (Charts lA, 1B) see Fullerton and Rich- mond, Comparison of the marine oxygen isotope The Rocky Mountains, Colorado Plateau, and Basin record, the eustatic sea level record, and the chronology and Range Provinces (Fig. 1) together occupy much of of glaciation in the United States of America (this the western interior United States. These regions volume). include approximately 140 mountain ranges that were glaciated during the Pleistocene. Most of the glaciers Historical Perspective were valley glaciers, but ice caps formed on uplands Following early recognition of deposits of two alpine locally. Discussion of the deposits of all of these ranges glaciations (Gilbert, 1890; Ball, 1908; Capps, 1909; would require monographic analysis. To avoid this, Atwood, 1909), deposits of three glaciations gradually representative ranges in each province are reviewed. became widely recognized (Alden, 1912, 1932, 1953; Atwood and Mather, 1912, 1932; Alden and Stebinger, Purpose and Scope 1913; Blackwelder, 1915; Atwood, 1915; Fryxell, 1930; This report summarizes the evidence for correlation Bradley, 1936). Subsequently drift of the intermediate of the Quaternary glacial deposits in 26 broadly glaciation was shown to represent two glacial advances distributed mountain ranges selected on the basis of (Fryxell, 1930; Horberg, 1938; Richmond, 1948, 1962a; availability of detailed information and length of glacial Moss, 1951a; Nelson, 1954; Holmes and Moss, 1955), record. and the older drift was shown to include deposits of Because the glacial deposits rarely are traceable from three glaciations (Richmond, 1957, 1962a, 1964a). -
The History of Ice on Earth by Michael Marshall
The history of ice on Earth By Michael Marshall Primitive humans, clad in animal skins, trekking across vast expanses of ice in a desperate search to find food. That’s the image that comes to mind when most of us think about an ice age. But in fact there have been many ice ages, most of them long before humans made their first appearance. And the familiar picture of an ice age is of a comparatively mild one: others were so severe that the entire Earth froze over, for tens or even hundreds of millions of years. In fact, the planet seems to have three main settings: “greenhouse”, when tropical temperatures extend to the polesand there are no ice sheets at all; “icehouse”, when there is some permanent ice, although its extent varies greatly; and “snowball”, in which the planet’s entire surface is frozen over. Why the ice periodically advances – and why it retreats again – is a mystery that glaciologists have only just started to unravel. Here’s our recap of all the back and forth they’re trying to explain. Snowball Earth 2.4 to 2.1 billion years ago The Huronian glaciation is the oldest ice age we know about. The Earth was just over 2 billion years old, and home only to unicellular life-forms. The early stages of the Huronian, from 2.4 to 2.3 billion years ago, seem to have been particularly severe, with the entire planet frozen over in the first “snowball Earth”. This may have been triggered by a 250-million-year lull in volcanic activity, which would have meant less carbon dioxide being pumped into the atmosphere, and a reduced greenhouse effect. -
Late Pleistocene Glacial Equilibrium-Line Altitudes in the Colorado Front Range: a Comparison of Methods
QUATERNARY RESEARCH l&289-310 (1982) Late Pleistocene Glacial Equilibrium-Line Altitudes in the Colorado Front Range: A Comparison of Methods THOMAS C. MEIERDING Department of Geography and Center For Climatic Research, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711 Received July 6, 1982 Six methods for approximating late Pleistocene (Pinedale) equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) are compared for rapidity of data collection and error (RMSE) from first-order trend surfaces, using the Colorado Front Range. Trend surfaces computed from rapidly applied techniques, such as glacia- tion threshold, median altitude of small reconstructed glaciers, and altitude of lowest cirque floors have relatively high RMSEs @I- 186 m) because they are subjectively derived and are based on small glaciers sensitive to microclimatic variability. Surfaces computed for accumulation-area ratios (AARs) and toe-to-headwall altitude ratios (THARs) of large reconstructed glaciers show that an AAR of 0.65 and a THAR of 0.40 have the lowest RMSEs (about 80 m) and provide the same mean ELA estimate (about 3160 m) as that of the more subjectively derived maximum altitudes of Pinedale lateral moraines (RMSE = 149 m). Second-order trend surfaces demonstrate low ELAs in the latitudinal center of the Front Range, perhaps due to higher winter accumulation there. The mountains do not presently reach the ELA for large glaciers, and small Front Range cirque glaciers are not comparable to small glaciers existing during Pinedale time. Therefore, Pleistocene ELA depression and consequent temperature depression cannot reliably be ascertained from the calcu- lated ELA surfaces. INTRODUCTION existed in alpine regions (Charlesworth, Glacial equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) 1957; ostrem, 1966; Flint, 1971; Andrews, have been widely used to infer present and 1975). -
The Early Wisconsinan History of the Laurentide Ice Sheet
Document généré le 30 sept. 2021 19:59 Géographie physique et Quaternaire The Early Wisconsinan History of the Laurentide Ice Sheet L’évolution de la calotte glaciaire laurentidienne au Wisconsinien inférieur Geschichte der laurentischen Eisdecke im frühen glazialen Wisconsin Jean-Serge Vincent et Victor K. Prest La calotte glaciaire laurentidienne Résumé de l'article The Laurentide Ice Sheet L'identification, surtout en périphérie de l'inlandsis, de dépôts glaciaires que Volume 41, numéro 2, 1987 l'on croit postérieurs à la mise en place de sédiments non glaciaires ou de paléosols datant de l'interglaciaire sangamonien (phase 5) et antérieurs aux URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/032679ar sédiments non glaciaires ou des sols mis en place au Wisconsinien moyen DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/032679ar (phase 3) a amené de nombreux chercheurs à supposer que la calotte laurentidienne s'est d'abord développée au Sangamonien ou au Wisconsinien inférieur (phase 4). On passe en revue les différentes preuves associées au Aller au sommaire du numéro début de la formation de la calotte glaciaire wisconsinienne recueillies au Canada et au nord des États-Unis. En l'absence quasi généralisée de données géochronométriques sûres pour déterminer l'âge des dépôts glaciaires datant Éditeur(s) probablement du Sangamonien ou du Wisconsinien inférieur, on peut aussi bien supposer, pour une période donnée, que les glaces ont entièrement envahi Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal une région ou en étaient tout à fait absentes. En tenant pour acquis (?) que la calotte laurentidienne était en fait très étendue au Wisconsinien inférieur, on ISSN présente une carte montrant son étendue maximale et un tableau de 0705-7199 (imprimé) corrélation entre les unités glaciaires. -
13. Late Pliocene-Pleistocene Glaciation
13. LATE PLIOCENE - PLEISTOCENE GLACIATION W. A. Berggren, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts The discussion in this chapter is broken down into two increase in the former exceeding that of the latter; or parts: the first deals with glaciation in the North Atlantic as (v) less detritals, clay and carbonate deposited per unit time revealed in the data obtained on Leg 12; in the second part (that is, decreased sedimentation rate) with the decrease in an attempt is made to provide a chronologic framework of the latter exceeding the former. In view of the demon- Late Pliocene-Pleistocene glaciation and to correlate gla- strable increase in sedimentation rate above the preglacial/ cial/interglacial sequences as recorded in land and deep-sea glacial boundary at Sites 111, 112 and 116 due to increased sediments. amounts of detrital minerals and the fact that glacial periods in high latitudes are characterized by a carbonate GLACIATION IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC minimum (Mclntyre et al., in press) it can be seen that the One of the most significant aspects of Leg 12 was the correct explanation for the increase in natural gamma activ- various results which were obtained regarding glaciation in ity in the glacial part of the section is rather complex. Thin the North Atlantic. Glacial sediments were encountered at bands of carbonate were found at various levels intercalated all sites in the North Atlantic with the exception of Site with detrital-rich clays which indicates interglacial intervals, 117 (for the purpose of this discussion the North Atlantic so that the correct explanation probably lies with (iii) encompasses Sites 111 through 117; Sites 118 and 119 are above. -
65Th Annual Tri-State Geological Field Conference 2-3 October 2004
65th Annual Tri-State Geological Field Conference 2-3 October 2004 Weis Earth Science Museum Menasha, Wisconsin The Lake & The Ledge Geological Links between the Niagara Escarpment and Lake Winnebago Joanne Kluessendorf & Donald G. Mikulic Organizers The Lake & The Ledge Geological Links between the Niagara Escarpment and Lake Winnebago 65th Annual Tri-State Geological Field Conference 2-3 October 2004 by Joanne Kluessendorf Weis Earth Science Museum, Menasha and Donald G. Mikulic Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign With contributions by Bruce Brown, Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey, Stop 1 Tom Hooyer, Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey, Stops 2 & 5 William Mode, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Stops 2 & 5 Maureen Muldoon, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Stop 1 Weis Earth Science Museum University of Wisconsin-Fox Valley Menasha, Wisconsin WELCOME TO THE TH 65 ANNUAL TRI-STATE GEOLOGICAL FIELD CONFERENCE. The Tri-State Geological Field Conference was founded in 1933 as an informal geological field trip for professionals and students in Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin. The first Tri-State examined the LaSalle Anticline in Illinois. Fifty-two geologists from the University of Chicago, University of Iowa, University of Illinois, Northwestern University, University of Wisconsin, Northern Illinois State Teachers College, Western Illinois Teachers College, and the Illinois State Geological Survey attended that trip (Anderson, 1980). The 1934 field conference was hosted by the University of Wisconsin and the 1935 by the University of Iowa, establishing the rotation between the three states. The 1947 Tri-State visited quarries at Hamilton Mound and High Cliff, two of the stops on this year’s field trip. -
A New Greenland Ice Core Chronology for the Last Glacial Termination ———————————————————————— S
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. ???, XXXX, DOI:10.1029/2005JD006079, A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination ———————————————————————— S. O. Rasmussen1, K. K. Andersen1, A. M. Svensson1, J. P. Steffensen1, B. M. Vinther1, H. B. Clausen1, M.-L. Siggaard-Andersen1,2, S. J. Johnsen1, L. B. Larsen1, D. Dahl-Jensen1, M. Bigler1,3, R. R¨othlisberger3,4, H. Fischer2, K. Goto-Azuma5, M. E. Hansson6, and U. Ruth2 Abstract. We present a new common stratigraphic time scale for the NGRIP and GRIP ice cores. The time scale covers the period 7.9–14.8 ka before present, and includes the Bølling, Allerød, Younger Dryas, and Early Holocene periods. We use a combination of new and previously published data, the most prominent being new high resolution Con- tinuous Flow Analysis (CFA) impurity records from the NGRIP ice core. Several inves- tigators have identified and counted annual layers using a multi-parameter approach, and the maximum counting error is estimated to be up to 2% in the Holocene part and about 3% for the older parts. These counting error estimates reflect the number of annual lay- ers that were hard to interpret, but not a possible bias in the set of rules used for an- nual layer identification. As the GRIP and NGRIP ice cores are not optimal for annual layer counting in the middle and late Holocene, the time scale is tied to a prominent vol- canic event inside the 8.2 ka cold event, recently dated in the DYE-3 ice core to 8236 years before A.D. -
Late Quaternary Changes in Climate
SE9900016 Tecnmcai neport TR-98-13 Late Quaternary changes in climate Karin Holmgren and Wibjorn Karien Department of Physical Geography Stockholm University December 1998 Svensk Kambranslehantering AB Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co Box 5864 SE-102 40 Stockholm Sweden Tel 08-459 84 00 +46 8 459 84 00 Fax 08-661 57 19 +46 8 661 57 19 30- 07 Late Quaternary changes in climate Karin Holmgren and Wibjorn Karlen Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University December 1998 Keywords: Pleistocene, Holocene, climate change, glaciation, inter-glacial, rapid fluctuations, synchrony, forcing factor, feed-back. This report concerns a study which was conducted for SKB. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily coincide with those of the client. Information on SKB technical reports fromi 977-1978 {TR 121), 1979 (TR 79-28), 1980 (TR 80-26), 1981 (TR81-17), 1982 (TR 82-28), 1983 (TR 83-77), 1984 (TR 85-01), 1985 (TR 85-20), 1986 (TR 86-31), 1987 (TR 87-33), 1988 (TR 88-32), 1989 (TR 89-40), 1990 (TR 90-46), 1991 (TR 91-64), 1992 (TR 92-46), 1993 (TR 93-34), 1994 (TR 94-33), 1995 (TR 95-37) and 1996 (TR 96-25) is available through SKB. Abstract This review concerns the Quaternary climate (last two million years) with an emphasis on the last 200 000 years. The present state of art in this field is described and evaluated. The review builds on a thorough examination of classic and recent literature (up to October 1998) comprising more than 200 scientific papers. -
Evidence for Synchronous Global Climatic Events: Cosmogenic Exposure Ages of Glaciations
Chapter 2 Evidence for Synchronous Global Climatic Events: Cosmogenic Exposure Ages of Glaciations Don J. Easterbrook *, John Gosse y, Cody Sherard z, Ed Evenson ** and Robert Finkel yy * Department of Geology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA, y Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2, z Department of Geology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA, ** Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA, yy Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 Chapter Outline 1. Introduction 53 2.2. Global LGM Moraines 66 2. Late Pleistocene Climate 2.3. Global Younger Oscillations Recorded by Dryas Moraines 72 Glaciers 54 3. Conclusions 83 2.1. Sawtooth Mts. Acknowledgments 83 Moraine Sequences 56 1. INTRODUCTION Why is knowledge of short-term sensitivity of glaciers to climatic/oceanic changes important? Despite three decades of research on abrupt climate changes, such as the Younger Dryas (YD) event, the geological community is only now arriving at a consensus about its global extent, but has not established an unequivocal cause or a mechanism of global glacial response to rapid climate changes. At present, although Greenland ice cores have allowed the development of highly precise 18O curves, we cannot adequately explain the cause of abrupt onset and ending of global climatic reversals. In view of present global warming, understanding the cause of climate change is critically Evidence-Based Climate Science. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385956-3.10002-6 Copyright Ó 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 53 54 PART j I Geologic Perspectives important to human populationsdthe initiation and cessation of the YD ice age were both completed within a human generation.