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Home , Charles Lyell, Louis Agassiz, Quaternary glaciation, William Buckland

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Lyell and the dilemma of glaciation

PATRICK J. BOYLAN City University, Frobisher Crescent, London EC2Y 8HB, UK

Abstract: The glacial theory as proposed by in 1837 was introduced to the in the autumn of 1840 by Agassiz and his Oxford mentor, . was quickly converted in the course of a short period of intensive fieldwork with Buckland in and around Forfarshire, , centred on the Lyell family's estate at Kinnordy. Agassiz, Buckland and Lyell presented substantial interrelated papers demonstrating that there had been a recent land-based glaciation of large areas of Scotland, Ireland and northern England- at three successive fortnightly meetings of the Geological Society of London, of which Buckland was then President, in November and December 1840. However, the response of the leading figures of British was overwhelmingly hostile. Within six months Lyell had withdrawn his paper and it had become clear that the Council of the Society was unwilling to publish the papers, even though they were by three of the Society's most distinguished figures. Lyell reverted to his earlier interpretation of attributing deposits such as tills, gravels and sands and the transport of erratics to a very recent deep submergence with floating icebergs, maintaining this essentially 'catastrophist' interpretation through to his death a quarter of a century later.

Many paradigm shifts in the development of Agassiz and his 'Discours de Neuch~tel' presi- science (Kuhn 1960) have depended less on a dential address (1837) presenting the theory of a major, unexpected intellectual leap on the part of very recent major to the SociEt6 Hrlvrtique some heroic scientific figure than on the sudden des Sciences Naturelles (Agassiz 1837, 1838). recognition of a new interpretation of well estab- However, though Agassiz was certainly of great lished evidence: re-examining and reinterpreting importance, this is a major oversimplification. perhaps very well established facts and obser- From at least the late 1820s there had been growing vations within a new theoretical framework. In the speculation about the possible role of a recent context of the this is now widely major land glaciation in processes of , recognized to be the case, particularly since the transport and across much of the now publication of the wide-ranging Ice Ages: Solving temperate regions of the . As is the Mystery by Imbrie and Imbrie (1979). The well known, more than a generation earlier both central theme of the present paper is the response of Hutton and Playfair had speculated on this Charles Lyell (1797-1875) to the reinterpretation in possibility. the autumn of 1840 by Louis Agassiz (1807-1873) In 1826 Robert Jameson published in his and Lyell's former teacher and mentor William Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal a translation Buckland (1784-1856) that much of the well from the original Norwegian of a paper by the known 'superficial' deposits of northern Britain Dane, Jens Esmark, arguing that both Norway and were evidence of a Recent land-based ice age. In Denmark had been recently glaciated (Esmark Lyell's case, following his conversion to the glacial 1826). Furthermore, Herries Davies has shown theory, he drew some of his strongest evidence for from both the recollections of J. D. Forbes and a Recent glaciation from field work that had notes in the Jameson Papers in Edinburgh that by featured in his first communication to the 1827 Jameson was discussing the former existence Geological Society 14 earlier (Lyell 1826), of in Scotland in his university lectures while Buckland similarly reinterpreted a wide (Davies 1969, pp. 267-270.) range of observations made up to 29 years earlier However, the 1837 'Discours' of Agassiz was (Buckland 1841, p. 332). certainly a key event, not least because of its indirect impact in Britain. A number of leading British scientists had been amongst the first to The discoveries of Agassiz recognize the remarkable abilities of the 29-- In regard to the recognition of glaciation, the old old Agassiz as a vertebrate palaeontologist, and 'heroic' view of geological progress focused on the British patrons and organizations (particularly the brilliant young Swiss palaeontologist, Louis Geological Society) were important sources of

BOYLAN, P. J. 1998. Lyell and the dilemma of Quaternary glaciation. In: BLUNDELL,D. J. & 145 Sco'rr, A. C. (eds) Lyell: the Past is the Key to the Present. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 143, 145-159. Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021

146 R J. BOYLAN

Agassiz's income from 1834 onwards through their possible. However, interest in the new glacial funding of his work on British fish collec- theory was growing. Perhaps most significantly of tions. It was therefore with much alarm that his all, Agassiz's 'Discours de Neuchfitel' was within a leading British patrons and supporters, above all matter of months plucked from the relative Buckland, once regarded as an arch-catastrophist obscurity and limited circulation of its original himself, learned of Agassiz's sudden espousal and publication in the Actes de la Soci~t~ Hdlvdtique exposition of the glacial theory in July 1837 (Agassiz 1837) and given worldwide circulation in (Agassiz 1886, pp. 248-251). English translation by Robert Jameson of the As early as 1831 Buckland himself had argued University of Edinburgh in Jameson's influential that the 'northern region of the seems to have Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal (Agassiz undergone successive changes from heat to cold' 1838). (Significantly, Jameson translated and (Buckland 1831). However, geological deposits of republished four other substantial Continental this last period of intense cold continued to be publications on the glacial theory between 1836 interpreted in terms of aqueous deposition, whether and 1839.) through catastrophic flooding events (in Lyell was by this time well aware that there had Buckland's case) or the gentle marine submergence been one or more geologically recent cold phases, of Lyell. Buckland saw the heterodox views of the as demonstrated by the 'Arctic' molluscan faunas 'Discours' as representing a potentially serious that were being widely recognized in the Newer threat to further British support for Agassiz's highly (soon to be renamed Pleistocene) of important vertebrate palaeontology work, and temperate latitudes, and hence he was moving resolved to visit himself in order to towards the acceptance of a glacial phase, at least in dissuade Agassiz from pursuing his glacial theory climatic terms. However, he was fundamentally any further. opposed to Agassiz's inferred mechanism of a con- Another important patron, Alexander yon tinental scale glaciation to explain the characteristic Humboldt, gave the same advice in a letter of 2 features of erosion, transportation and deposition, December 1837: and therefore prepared a major paper intended to refute the emerging glacial theory. He avoided a I am afraid you work too much, and (shall I tell frontal attack: within the accepted traditions of the you frankly?) that you spread your intellect over Geological Society this would have been regarded too many subjects at once. I think that you should as just as 'unphilosophical' as the glacial heresy concentrate your moral and also your pecuniary itself (see, for example, Rudwick 1963; Morrell strength upon this beautiful work on fossil 1976; Thackray this volume). Instead, Lyell care- fishes .... In accepting considerable sums from fully followed the Geological Society's tradition, England, you have, so to speak, contracted and in 1839 presented to the Society an apparently obligations to be met only by completing a work innocuous descriptive paper on the thick and which will be at once a monument to your own extensive superficial deposits that are so abundant glory and a landmark in the ..... in the glaciated areas of eastern England. under the No more ice, not much of echinoderms, plenty of title 'On the Boulder Formation or drift and fish... (Agassiz 1886, pp. 267-272). associated freshwater mud cliffs of eastern Because of Buckland's heavy teaching and Norfolk' (Lyell 1840). In this, Lyell described in religious duties at Oxford, his first opportunity to some detail a wide range of features including the visit Agassiz in Neuchatel was the 1838 summer very typical boulder clays, erratic boulders trans- vacation. He remained at first 'an uncompromising ported from long distances including some almost opponent' of the glacial theory (Gordon 1894, pp. certainly transported all the way from Scandinavia, 140-141) and pleaded with Agassiz to recant. freshwater Arctic shell horizons and apparently However, by the end of his Swiss tour Buckland near-contemporaneous contortions in deposits. appears to have been not only converted to Lyell accepted the evidence for a recent very cold Agassiz's argument that the and adjacent phase, but attributed the actual deposition of the lowlands had been extensively glaciated in geo- boulder clay and erratic blocks and boulders to a logically recent times, but also realized that he was phase of relatively deep submergence, with long- observing unmistakable parallels to localities in distance transport by icebergs, the grounding of Scotland and northern England which had in some which produced contortions in many of the deposits cases puzzled Buckland for more than a quarter of described. a century (Buckland 1841, p. 332). The Norfolk paper is of additional historic In those pre-railway days travel between interest in that it introduced to the standard geo- Switzerland and Britain was a lengthy and expen- logical vocabulary two words that were to become sive undertaking which Agassiz could not under- very widely used in Pleistocene geology through to take lightly, so an early visit to Britain was not the present day: the Lowland Scots farmers' name Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021

THE DILEMMA OF QUATERNARY GLACIATION 147 of 'till' for boulder clay in the narrow sense, and presidential Anniversary Address (Buckland 1840) Lyell's own term of 'drift' for glacial deposits as a to praise very warmly the recently deceased whole. The latter term had major implications, as it Foreign Member, Jens Esmark, who (as noted very clearly and unambiguously indicated Lyell's above) had argued as long ago as 1826 that there argument for a marine origin of the material, i.e. had been a recent regional-scale glaciation of much that this had been 'drifted' to its present location by of Scandinavia (Esmark 1826). In relation to this, it floating icebergs. Ironically, though it was to be is significant that the annual presidential address almost a century before the very useful and was the only thing in the Society's programme that relatively neutral term 'till' came into general use, by tradition was published in full without the risk of the term 'drift' (arguably very tendentious because what in some cases amounted to direct or indirect of its implications about the presumed origin of the censorship (or even total rewriting) by the Society's deposits described) was quickly adopted across officers (see Thackray in this volume). much of British geology, particularly through its The events relevant to the glacial theory around adoption by the Geological Survey. (It is also the time of the September 1840 meeting of the interesting to note the recent revival of interest in a British Association in have been recon- possible glacio-marine origin of coastal 'shelly structed in detail by Herries Davies (1968, pp. drifts' around Britain: see, for example, Eyles & 271-283), and White (1970) added to this. My own McCabe 1989). subsequent documentary and field work has Buckland, seen as the arch-diluvialist in the early identified and re-examined on the ground the field 1820s (though he had long since abandoned this evidence at each of the 117 localities across position), must have realized that most of the Scotland and northern England used by Agassiz, leading figures of the British geological establish- Buckland and Lyell in the autumn of 1840 (Boylan ment could all too easily easily portray his adoption 1978, 1981, 1984, pp. 471-511, and the deposited of the glacial theory as a return to old-style supplementary publication to this paper-see . He therefore seems to have said below). nothing about what he had seen in Switzerland, but As planned, Agassiz was met by Buckland in instead concentrated his efforts on persuading Glasgow, probably on the second day of the British Agassiz to return to Britain as soon as possible. Association meeting (20 September 1840), having spent much of the summer virtually living on the The British Association meeting of 1840 Aar itself, where he had set up the long- term scientific monitoring station, dubbed the The planned September 1840 annual meeting in 'H6tel des Neuch~.telois'. No doubt Buckland Glasgow of Britain's 'Parliament of Science', the reported on his own identification of the Crickhope British Association, offered an ideal opportunity. Linn, Dumfriesshire en route to Glasgow Agassiz agreed to come to report progress on his (Boylan 1981), while a visit to the Bell's Park area fossil fish studies at the Glasgow meeting, and of the city, where building work was in progress, afterwards to undertake further cataloguing of convinced Agassiz that the boulder clay and British and Irish collections of fossil fish. With moulded and striated rock surfaces of central Buckland making the arrangements, it was Glasgow were themselves of glacial origin (Herries probably no accident that the first new collection to Davies 1969, pp. 274--276). be visited after the Glasgow meeting was the During the formal programme of the meeting, Gordon Collection of fish at Agassiz reported progress on his work on fossil fish Elgin in northeast Scotland. Travelling there would as expected, but also gave a paper with the inevitably take Agassiz through areas of the innocuous title 'On glaciers and boulders in where, Buckland was con- Switzerland', of which only a very brief abstract vinced, Agassiz would recognize much evidence of was published in the meeting's Report and a recent glaciation. Transactions (Agassiz 1841b). However, contem- In the meantime Buckland was serving a second porary press reports and correspondence show that two year term as President of the Geological Agassiz publicly claimed that he expected to find Society. Near the end of the 1839-1840 winter evidence of the former existence of glaciers in session of the Society a paper from Agassiz 'On the Scotland during his stay, but he was strongly polished and striated surfaces of the rocks which opposed by at least some of the geological form the beds of glaciers in the Alps' was read to establishment present, including Murchison the Society on his behalf, presumably by one of the (Herries Davies 1968, 1969, p. 275). In view of secretaries, and was later reported briefly in the what was to happen only three weeks later it is Proceedings, (Agassiz 1841a) but seems to have interesting to speculate on the views of Lyell (who attracted little attention or comment. However, was certainly present at the Glasgow meeting: a Buckland also used the obituaries section of his portrait sketch of him painted during the meeting is Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021

148 P.J. BOYLAN now in the collection of Stuart A. Baldwin and ation in the Scottish Highlands. The Bucklands was displayed during the Lyell Bicentenary arrived on or around 10 October 1840 at Lyell's Conference - see cover of this volume). However, Scottish home, Kinnordy House near Forfar, and so far no record seems to have been found of his Buckland lost no time in presenting to Lyell both participation in any of the public or informal the conclusions of his tour with Agassiz of the discussion of Agassiz's claims. Highlands and also his own conclusion that there was abundant evidence of a recent glaciation on the Kinnordy estate itself. By 15 October 1840 Buckland was able to write Field work in Scotland to Agassiz in Ireland, 'Lyell has adopted your The British Association meeting ended on 23 theory in toto !!! [sic] On my showing him a September 1840 and Agassiz left Glasgow beautiful cluster of within two miles of immediately, accompanied by Buckland and his his father's house, he instantly accepted it, as wife Mary. It seems certain that they travelled solving a host of difficulties that have all his northwards by the main west-coast road (originally embarrassed him' (Agassiz 1886, p. 309). It is, an eighteenth-century 'General Wade' road, now however, very interesting to note that perhaps the A82), via Loch Lomond, Inveraray and because of that 'embarrassment' neither Buckland Ballachulish, to Fort William for the Ben nor Lyell ever explicitly referred to evidence of region and , noting clear evidence of glaciation at Kinnordy itself (at least by name). glaciation all along the route. For example, Agassiz Nevertheless there are prominent morainic features later recalled the stagecoach approaching the Duke within a few tens of metres of the house, while of Argyll's Inveraray Castle (where the party stayed Kinnordy Loch adjacent to the house is clearly a at least one night): 'as the stage entered the valley, typical example of the many water-filled we actually drove over an ancient terminal holes and other small 'glacial' found on the moraine, which spanned the opening of the valley' extensive tills and 'hummocky moraine' of the (Agassiz 1886, p. 307); while Buckland, in a letter area, which had in fact been the subject of Lyell's dated 4 October 1840 sent ahead to Professor John first scientific paper (Lyell 1826). Fleming at Aberdeen, reported, 'We have found Lyell (as always) recorded his detailed obser- abundant Traces of Glaciers round Ben Nevis' vations in his notebooks. The two covering the (Gordon 1894, p. 141; White 1970). three weeks 13 October to 6 November 1840 After continuing along the Great Glen to (Notebooks nos 84 & 85, Lyell Papers, Kinnordy) Inverness and thence to Nairn, Fortes and Elgin to give some indication of the pace of Lyell's field see Old Red Sandstone fish fossil localities and research on the glacial question. Notebook no. 84, collections, Agassiz and the Bucklands continued covering just one week, 13-20 October, includes 58 to Aberdeen, where they parted company on 9 field drawings, sections and profiles plus detailed October 1840. Agassiz went via Perth to Glasgow notes on around twenty localities or areas, ranging and continued immediately to , from the high corries near the head of Glen Clova again to see fossil fish collections, though he found down to the sea at Lunan Bay. Lyell travelled for much evidence of glaciation there also (White much of the time with the Bucklands, who were 1970; Agassiz 1841c), while the Bucklands trav- both over 50 years old and in weak health following elled southwards at a more leisurely pace, seeking a serious coaching accident in Germany tour years out evidence of glaciation in northeast Scotland earlier. By way of comparison, my own field work (Boylan 1984, pp. 487--489). in attempting to locate on the ground and re- Eight years earlier, an Oxford student, Edward evaluate Lyell's published localities in and around Jackson, recorded in his notebook (now in the Forfarshire alone took me the equivalent of 21/2 British Geological Survey Library, MS ref. 1/635) weeks work over a three-year period, and I had the covering Buckland's 1832 geological lecture series use of motor vehicles, metalled roads, modern that Buckland told his students: 'advice - never try mapping and Lyell's and Buckland's detailed notes & persuade ye world of a new theory - persuade 2 to work from. For Lyell and his companions to have or 3 of ye tip top men - & ye rest will go with ye covered so much ground by carriage or on horse- stream, as Dr B. did with Sir H. Davy and Dr. back in just a week was a remarkable achievement Wollaston in case of Kirkdale Cave' (Boylan 1984, simply in terms of distances and travelling times, p. 648). even if in many cases they were visiting familiar Following this precept, Buckland appears to places which they now wished to reinterpret have focused on the arch-uniformitarian Lyell as through, if not rose-tinted, then at least decidedly the least obvious but most telling third 'tip top' man glacial, spectacles. (with Agassiz and himself) to involve in presenting The speed and comprehensiveness of Lyell's the newly recognized abundant evidence of glaci- conversion to the glacial theory is demonstrated by Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021

THE DILEMMA OF QUATERNARY GLACIATION 149 a detailed notebook entry dated 'Oct. 13. transverse to the valley or general direction of Kinnordy- 1840', at the most three or four days the till resembling terminal morains [sic] & after the arrival of the Bucklands, in which he sets which uniting with longitudinal ridges form out why he considered a continental-scale land numerous land locked hollows, lakes & peat glaciation to be the only explanation, in contrast mosses. (Lyell Notebooks, no. 84, pp. 3-4) with his theory of marine deposition from icebergs etc., presented in his Norfolk paper of the previous The first page of the following notebook, dated year. These pages read (verbatim): 21 October 1840, Kinnordy, addresses the marine submergence theory explicitly: 'If large errats, and Moraines: The great valleys which descend from boulds. [erratics and boulders] always or generally the Grampians into the Strath have been the chief over small gravel then marine theory for stratd. vomitories of unstratified boulder formation [stratified] folld [followed] by for till capped with stratified loam, gravel & sand. will not do' (Lyell Notebooks, no. 85, p. 1). The proofs of the glacier origin of these Lyell continued to develop further tests which remarkable deposits are: supported the glacial theory in both lowland and highland areas around Forfar. He spent much time 1st. the entire absence of organic remains even in examining two corries, Loch Brandy and Loch the clays & mud Whorrall, high up near the head of Glen Clova. He 2ndly. the absence of stratification in matter recognized and sketched clear retreat moraines in transported to great distances each corrie, and also other evidence of glaciation, and explicitly compared some of the evidence with 3rdly The contortion of alternating layers of his own observations in Switzerland during his perfectly level gravel sand and mud in distinct earlier travels (Lyell Notebooks, no. 84, pp. 64-80; layers resting on beds in which there has been for examples see Figs 1-2 in this chapter). As the little or no disturbance & sometimes ... [crossed? Geological Society's secretaries were to report in covered?] with horizontal layers. their abstract for the Proceedings of Lyell's 4thly. The striated & polished surface of many of November 1840 paper to the Society: the boulders The distribution of an enormous mass of 5thly. The same on the surface of rocks in situ. boulders on the southern side of Loch Brandy, and clearly derived from the precipices which 6thly. Local character of the boulders brought overhang the Loch on the three other sides, is down different valleys advanced as another proof in favour of the 7thly. The frequent mounds or narrow ridges glacial theory. It is impossible to conjecture, Mr.

Fig. 1. Lyell's October 1840 sketch of the Glen Clova showing the moraine downstream of Loch Brandy (Lyell Notebooks, Kinnordy, no. 84, p. 68). Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021

150 P.J. BOYLAN

Fig. 2. Main drawing: October 1840 sketch of Loch Whorral. Glen Clova. showing that large blocks of rock matched with back-wall outcrops could have reached their present position only if the come basin had been filled with ice. Middle sketch: Sketch section across Glen Clova through Loch Whorral. Bonom sketch: Apparently a similar valley profile downstream of Loch Whorral. through Loch Brandy (Lyell Notebooks, Kinnordy, no. 84. p. 74).

Lyell says, how these blocks could have been hundred yards wide, and exceeds twenty feet in transported half a mile over a deep : but let it depth, terminating on the plain of Clova in a be imagined that the Loch was once occupied by multitude of hillocks and ridges much resem- a glacier, and the difficulty is removed. Loch bling in shape some terminal moraines examined Whorral, about a mile to the east of Loch Brandy, by Mr. Lyell in Switzerland. (Lyell 1841, pp. is also surrounded on its north, east and western 339-340) sides by precipices of gneiss, and presents on its southern [sic] an immense accumulation of Lyell's notes also contain a number of sketch boulders with some other detritus, strewed over diagrams clearly intended to clarify in his own with angular blocks of gneiss, in some instances mind in the explanations and processes relating to twenty feet in diameter. The moraine is several his observations. For example, a sketch, apparently Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021

THE DILEMMA OF QUATERNARY GLACIATION 151 based on an active Swiss glacier with which he was with papers from Agassiz on the comparisons familiar, indicates how the fluctuating ice margin of between the Swiss evidence and his new obser- a valley glacier could create a complex of morainic vations in Britain and Ireland, and a more detailed ridges, hummocks and small lakes, of a form that paper by Buckland on the evidence of glaciation in has very clear parallels with those just re-examined Scotland (other than Forfarshire) and northern in Glen Clova (Lyell Notebooks, no. 85, p. 53; Fig. England. Buckland, as President, was able to 3 in this chapter). Another small sketch on a page ensure that the first three fortnightly meetings of of rough notes and reminders (Lyell Notebooks, no. the Geological Society in Somerset House from the 85, p. 60; Fig. 4 in this chapter) shows how three start of its winter on 4 November 1840 quite different glacial deposits- horizontally bed- would be devoted entirely to these interrelated ded deposits, steeply dipping or false-bedded mid- papers written by his "three tip top men'. Lyell, margin coarser deposits, and ground moraine always a methodical and careful worker, appears to tills- could all be formed more or less simultane- have stayed at Kinnordy for most of the next ously in a steep-sided glaciated valley. fortnight carrying out further detailed research and Lyell readily agreed with Buckland that he would writing (recorded in the notebooks) before going to contribute a major paper to the Geological Society London, arriving just in time for the opening of the on his findings in Forfarshire, to be presented along Society's season. The Bucklands, however, made a further rapid tour of several areas of the Highlands familiar to them from much earlier field work, including Upper Tayside, Schiehallion and the Trossachs, before travelling to Edinburgh. The planned ren- dezvous in Edinburgh with Agassiz on his return from Ireland probably did not take place, as the Bucklands apparently left for London on about 24 October, while Agassiz did not arrive until 27 October, just a week before the first Geological Society meeting. Buckland meanwhile continued to record observations of glacial phenomena, pre- sumably from the London stagecoach, along much of the route of the Great North Road south from Edinburgh via Dunbar, Berwick-on-Tweed and Northumberland, referring to a number of these in his Geological Society paper the following month, including the Bradford near North Charlton, Northumberland, which he had first examined in 1821 and which was one of the first British local- ities that he had reassigned to glacial deposition in the course of his Swiss studies in 1838 (Buckland 1841, p. 346). In these few weeks Agassiz, Buckland and Lyell between them identified 117 localities or areas in Britain that they considered to present clear evid- ence of a recent glaciation, of which 113 have now been identified on the ground and re-evaluated (Boylan 1981, 1984, pp. 682-767). Agassiz reported on 21 of these, 12 were recorded by Lyell and the remaining 80 (including all 36 local- ities in northern England) were seen and cited by Buckland. Despite the apparent imbalance in the number of localities studied, there is no doubt that Buckland saw the powerful support of Agassiz and Lyell as crucial to the presentation and hoped-for Fig. 3. October 1840 working sketch of the possible effect of ice margin fluctuations on the formation of acceptance of the glacial theory. The range of moraines and perched lakes (of that on the koch erosional and depositional features recorded by one Whorral moraine - see Fig. 2), apparently based on or more of the three men at these 117 localities as recollection of a Swiss glacier (Lyell Notebooks, evidence of a recent glaciation was very wide Kinnordy, no. 85, p. 53). indeed, and included (using twentieth century Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021

152 P.J. BOYLAN

Fig. 4. Page of October 1840 notebook with various notes and reminders. The sketch in the middle of the page explores the way that quite different kinds of glacial deposits can be formed simultaneously by a valley glacier: ground moraine tills or boulder clays below the ice, steeply dipping or false-bedded mid-margin deposits along the side, and fine-grade horizontally bedded deposits at or near the surface. (Lyell Notebooks, Kinnordy, no. 85, p. 60).

terminology, and in order of frequency, and with Grooving of bare rock surfaces 9 sites (3.5%) percentages of the total number of localities): R6ches moutonres 8 sites (3.1%) and related features 8 sites (3.1%) Fluvioglacial/outwash deposits 33 sites (13.0%) Glacial re-advance within a moraine 1 site (0.4%) Kames/ terraces 33 sites (13.0%) Terminal or lateral moraines 28 sites (11.0%) Two further significant points can be made in the Glacial polishing and rounding 26 sites (10.2%) light of the identification and re-examination in the Till 24 sites (9.4%) field of these localities. First, the range of features Erratics 22 sites (8.7%) and sites is quite remarkable and could, for Striations 21 sites (8.3%) 'Hummocky moraine" 20 sites (7.9%) example, even today form a sound basis for Ice damming and drainage diversion 11 sites (4.3%) university-level teaching of the subject, quite apart 10 sites (3.9%) from the historic interest of such localities. Accord- Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021

THE DILEMMA OF QUATERNARY GLACIATION 153 ingly, a field guide to the 113 localities that have the north of England, and the north, centre, west been identified (English and Scottish Glacial and south-west of Ireland; and he has arrived at Localities of Agassiz, Buckland and Lyell, 1840) is the conclusion, that great masses of ice, and available as both a Supplementary Publication No. subsequently glaciers, existed in these portions SUP 18124 (30 pp) from the Geological Society of the at a period immediately Library and from the British Library Document preceding the present condition of the globe, Supply Centre, Spa,Wetherby, W. Yorkshire founding his belief upon the characters of the LS23 7BQ, and as a World Wide Web document superficial gravels and erratic blocks, and on the (http://www.city.ac.uk/artspol/glaclocs.html). polished and striated appearance of the rocks in Second, all three pioneers of the 1840 were situ. (Agassiz 1841c, p. 328) satisfied that what has for more than a century been termed 'hummocky moraine' was morainic in the He argued that all the evidence pointed to an ice strict sense of the word- on the basis of their sheet of proportions, not merely Alpine- knowledge of and comparisons with both present- style valley glaciers. His glacial theory had thus day and Quaternary glacial margins in the Alps. expanded very greatly: both geologically and However, since the work of Sharp (1949) and psychologically there is a great difference between particularly of Hoppe (1952), the generally arguing that sometime in the recent past existing accepted view has been that this interpretation is Alpine glaciers may have extended a few tens of incorrect, and that 'hummocky moraine' is deposi- kilometres further down their valleys and perhaps tion produced by the down-wasting of stagnant ice spilled out on to the Alpine foreland, and con- in situ. In Scotland, this was the interpretation of tending that most if not all of Scotland, together Sissons (1967) in his extensive studies of glacial with much of northern England and Ireland, had landforms including his review of several of the been under continental-scale ice sheets hundreds if classic sites and areas investigated in 1840 (e.g. not thousands of metres thick (Boylan 1981). Sissons 1974). However, recent work on active When Agassiz finished his paper, Buckland took glacier margins in now indicates that over and began to read what was much the longest typical 'hummocky moraine' can indeed be of the three communications, 'On the evidences of morainic, formed by thrusting and ice-margin glaciers in Scotland and the North of England' fluctuation in surge-type glaciers (Hambrey et al. (Buckland 1841), citing evidence from over 90 1997). It is perhaps appropriate that in Lyell's localities and areas which, he argued, demonstrated bicentenary year detailed contemporary research the reality of a recent glaciation. Because of its has at last confirmed the original interpretation of length, Buckland's paper was in fact spread over all Agassiz, Buckland and Lyell, drawing on their three fortnightly meetings. The first part, dealing Alpine observations of Alpine processes, 157 years with Scotland, was commenced on 4 November ago. following Agassiz's paper, and was continued on 18 November, sharing that evening with the first half of Lyell's paper, 'On the geological evidences Geological Society presentations of the former existence of glaciers in Forfarshire' (Lyell 1841). Then on 4 December the second half On 4 November 1840 large numbers of Geological of Lyell's Forfarshire paper was read, and Buckland Society members gathered in Somerset House, presented the third and final part of his paper, on his London, for the opening of the winter programme evidence for glaciation across large areas of of fortnightly meetings. With Buckland as northern England. President in the chair the season opened with the As explained below, only abstracts prepared by announced commencement of the presentation by the Geological Society's secretaries were published Agassiz, Lyell and Buckland of their recent find- by the Society (Agassiz 1841c; Buckland 1841; ings. (It is not clear whether the truly sensational Lyell 1841), and neither Agassiz's nor Lyell's conversion of Lyell, the arch-opponent of old-style appear to have survived in manuscript form either. 'catastrophism', was announced or even hinted at However, there is a fairly detailed draft of that opening evening.) The meeting began with the Buckland's paper in the Oxford University reading by the author of Agassiz's paper, ~On Museum collection of Buckland's lecture notes and glaciers, and the evidence of their having once working papers, and this shows just how existed in Scotland, Ireland and England' (Agassiz significantly, though subtly, the published summary 1841c). Agassiz stressed the importance of was edited (or perhaps more accurately, censored). ... investigating a country in which glaciers no Even Buckland's redefinition of 'till' was changed longer exist, but in which traces of them might be from the manuscript 'argillaceous detritus of found. This opportunity he had recently enjoyed, Glaciers interspersed with pebbles' (Buckland by examining a considerable part of Scotland, Papers, Oxford University Museum, BuP Glacial Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021

154 P.J. BOYLAN

File) to the published 'unstratified glacier-mud action of drifting ice; namely, 1st, the occurrence containing pebbles' (Buckland 1841, p. 345). of erratics or vast boulders on the tops and sides Similarly, writing of contortions within a small of hill at various heights as well as the bottom of terminal moraine in the valley of the College Burn, the valleys, and far from the parent rocks; 2ndly, near Kirknewton, Northumberland, Buckland's the want of stratification in the larger proportion manuscript states that 'the laminae are variously & of the boulder formation or till; and 3rdly, the violently contorted, in a manner only explicable on curvatures and contortions of many of the inco- the theory of a bed of laminated sand having been herent strata of gravel or of clay resting upon the severed into fragments, which had subsequently unstratified till. [Footnote: 'See Mr. Lyell's paper been moved, &, contorted by the slow pressure of a on the Norfolk Drift, Phil. Mag., May 1840, and Glacier descending the deep trough of the College the Abstract of the paper, antr, p.171.'] When, Burn' (Buckland Papers, Oxford University however he attempted to apply the theory of Museum, BuP Glacial File). drifting ice over a submerged country to facts However, the editors of the Proceedings clearly with which he had been long acquainted in would not accept 'only explicable' and changed Forfarshire, he found great difficulty in account- this to 'He is of the opinion...' (Buckland 1841, p. ing for the constant superposition of the till with 346). Even less acceptable were claims about the boulders to the stratified deposits of loam and revolutionary significance of what Agassiz, gravel; for the till ascending to higher levels than Buckland and Lyell were proposing. The published the gravel, and often forming mounds which account does not contain the slightest hint of nearly block up the drainage of certain glens and Buckland's ambitious claim, 'For some time to straths; for its constituting, with a capping of come the Glacial Theory must occupy a prominent stratified matter, narrow ridges, which frequently place in Geological Investigation. The Subject surround lake-swamps and peat-mosses; and for appears to me the most important that has been put the total absence of organic remains in the till. forth since the propounding of the Huttonian Since, however, Professor Agassiz's extension to Theory & the surface of the whole Globe must be Scotland of the glacial theory, and its attendant examined afresh...' (Buckland Papers, Oxford pha~nomena, Mr. Lyell has re-examined a University Museum, BuP Glacial File). considerable portion of Forfarshire, and having From Lyell's contribution only the summary in become convinced that glaciers existed for a long the Proceedings survives, and presumably this time in the Grampians, and extended into the low would have been treated no better that that of the country, many of his previous difficulties have President. During the two evenings Lyell must have been removed. (Lyell 1841, pp. 337-338) spoken for a total of at least 21/, hours, and quite possibly for more than four hours. It therefore Specific examples referred to in the published seems likely that even though only 12 localities or summary include: detailed accounts of the South areas are specifically cited in the brief printed Esk and Prosen Valleys and features that he inter- summary of Lyell's paper, he must have presented preted as lateral, medial and terminal moraines, the much more than this. It seems likely that many if abundant evidence of glacial erosion, transport and not all of the detailed notes on sites and arguments moraines in the upper Clova Valley, including the in support of the glacial theory which he recorded Loch Brandy and Loch Whorral sites already so meticulously in Notebooks nos 84 and 85 referred to above; and abundant evidence of glacial between 12 October and the start of the Geological striation and transported erratics across the region, Society season on 4 November 1840 formed the which could, he now argued, be explained only in core of his actual extended address. Certainly it was terms of glacial transport, rather than marine sub- Lyell's style to present such abundant detail at great mergence. The extension of glacial deposits and length when lecturing (a practice his detractors other features into the lowland areas of Forfarshire, attributed to his training as a barrister in the English down to and including the coastal areas at Lunan law courts). Bay, was also described and discussed in detail. For However, Lyell is reported to have begun taking example, Lyell returned to the subject of his first a much wider overview of his subject, quite unam- major paper, on the series of lowland 'marl-lochs' biguously retracting his long-held views on the in the Tay Valley (Lyell 1826), this time inter- origin of many 'superficial' deposits, most recently preting these as the result of disrupted drainage due and most explicitly in his substantial Norfolk 'drift' to a combination of local morainic features and the paper read to the Society just one year earlier: generally very uneven surface of the glaciated topo- graphy. He also described and interpreted a Three classes of pha~nomena connected with the remarkable high ridge of till and gravel between the transported superficial detritus of Forfarshire, lower parts of the Glen Prosen and Carity Burn Mr. Lyell had referred, for several years, to the valleys, just north of Kinnordy, as a median Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021

THE DILEMMA OF QUATERNARY GLACIATION 155 moraine formed between two glaciers descending denounced by the 'mathematicians and physical from the Highlands into the Tay Valley. The final geographers present' and immediately descended to part of his study focused particularly on the wide- sarcasm, asking whether scratches and polishing on spread dispersal of erratics in the region, including London streets had now to be attributed to the highest part of the Sidlaw Hills. Lyell's turn- glaciation: 'the day will come when we shall apply about and his rejection of the submergence theory it to all. Highgate Hill will be regarded as the seat he had been advocating so strongly only a matter of of a glacier, and Hyde Park and Belgrave Square months before could hardly have been more will be the scene of its influence' (Woodward 1883, explicit, as the published abstract shows: p. 226). Though Woodward's account is not completely Mr Lyell objects to a general submergence of explicit on the point, Lyell had evidently argued that part of Scotland, since the till and erratic that the glacial theory had to be accepted because blocks were conveyed to their present positions; no alternative theory or argument could explain the as the stratified gravel is too partial and at too abundant evidence presented. However, Lyell's low a level to support such a theory; and he methodology and argument provoked a severe would rather account for the existence of the rebuke from , who had strongly stratified deposits, by assuming that barriers of supported and made extensive use of Lyell's work ice produced extensive lakes, the waters of in his monumental study of the philosophy of the which threw down ridges of stratified material on inductive sciences only three years earlier tops of the moraines. (Lyell 1841, p. 343) (Whewell 1837). Referring to Lyell's arguments, He concluded by arguing that there were Whewell insisted that 'it does seem to me that the significant differences between the present-day way in which Mr. Lyell has treated it is not the most Swiss glaciers and the extensive glaciation of fair and legitimate. He says, "If we do not allow the Scotland that he was describing, and argued that 'it action of glaciers, how shall we account for these is to South Georgia, Kergulen's Land and Sandwich appearances?" This is not the way in which we Land that we must look for the nearest approach to should be called upon to receive a theory' that state of things which must have existed in (Woodward 1883, p. 228). Scotland during the glacial epoch' (Lyell 1841, p. Eventually, Buckland 'resigned' the (tradition- 344). ally impartial) President's chair to George B. Greenough so that he could enter the fray from the Geological controversy ordinary debating benches, stressing the import- ance of his own former position as a 'sturdy' In the absence of the full texts of both Agassiz's opponent of Agassiz: 'and having set out from and Lyell's papers, and with the uncertainty about Neuchfitel with the determination of confounding how complete or accurate is the surviving draft of and ridiculing the Professor. But he went and saw Buckland's at Oxford, it is fortunate that we have all these things, and returned converted' one remarkable insight into one of the three (Woodward 1883, p. 229). sessions at the Geological Society. The Society's Woodward concluded his notes on the final (salaried) Sub-Curator and Assistant Secretary, exchanges of the long evening, in which Buckland Samuel R Woodward, appears to have recognized the very exceptional significance of the events, ... referred to Professor Agassiz's book and con- above all perhaps the totally unexpected and indeed demned the tone in which Mr. Murchison had sensational conversion of Lyell to the distinctly spoken of the 'beautiful' terms employed by the non-uniformitarian, neo-catastrophist even, glacial Professor to designate the glacial phenomena. theory. Therefore, contrary to the Society's strict That highly expressive phrase 'roches mou- rule that there should be no reporting or recording tonnrs ,'[sic] which he had done so well to whatsoever of any of the often vigorous debates revive, and that other 'beautiful designation' the which traditionally followed the presentation of glacier remanir! remanir! remanir! continued papers at its meetings, Woodward (presumably the Doctor most impressively, amidst the cheers secretly) made detailed notes on the debate that of the delighted assembly, who were by this time followed the Buckland and Lyell contributions of elevated by the hopes of soon getting some tea (it 18 November 1840. These were preserved in his was a quarter to twelve P.M.), [the meeting private papers and in 1883 (by which time all the having started as usual at 6.00 p.m.] and excited main protagonists and antagonists were dead) these by the critical acumen and antiquarian allusions were published verbatim by his son, Horace B. and philological lore poured forth by the learned Woodward (1883). Doctor, who, after a lengthened and fearful This account shows that Murchison opened the exposition of the doctrines and discipline of the attack with an appeal for the glacial theory to be glacial theory, concluded- not as we expected. Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021

156 P.J. BOYLAN

by lowering his voice to a well-bred whisper, any explanation being recorded (Geological 'Now to,' etc.,-but with a look and tone of Society of London Archives, CM1/5). By this time triumph he pronounced upon his opponents who a further paper by Buckland, on evidence for dared to question the orthodoxy of the scratches, glaciation in north (Buckland 1842) had also and grooves, and polished surfaces of the glacial been read to the Society and submitted for full mountains (when they should come to be d publication, evidently adding to the embarrassment d) the pains of eternal itch, without the privilege over what to do with these major papers, one of of scratching!' (Woodward 1883, p. 229) them read from the presidential chair by Buckland, and the other by Agassiz, one of the Society's most highly regarded Foreign Members. The Council Lyell's change of mind clearly was unwilling to publish anything Lyell appears to have been just as robust a supporting the glacial theory, and yet was reluctant proponent of the glacial theory as Agassiz and to take the final step of rejecting them. The Buckland both in presenting his own paper to the deadlock lasted to beyond the end of the winter Geological Society and in the acrimonious debate session (which had been marked by a vitriolic and on the three papers. On returning to Switzerland in extended attack on the glacial theory and its December 1840, Agassiz wrote in triumphant terms protagonists by Murchison in his presidential to Alexander yon Humbolt: 'J'ai acummul6 tant de Anniversary Address (Murchison 1842). preuves que personne en Angleterre ne doubte Buckland finally broke the deadlock with a terse maintenant que les glaciers n'y aient exist6' [I have note to Lonsdale, the Secretary to the Society dated gathered so many proofs that nobody in England 28 June 1842, which survives in the Society's still doubts that glaciers have existed there] Letter Books. This read, 'I beg to apply to withdraw (Herries Davies 1969, p. 286). my papers read some time since on Glaciers in However, this was far from the case, and Lyell in Scotland and Glaciers in N. Wales' (Geological particular appears to have been very shaken by the Society of London Archives, LR7/193). The vehemence of the criticisms from virtually every Council under Murchison quickly granted the one of his closest allies. Whewell's philosophical necessary 'permission', no doubt with a sigh of objections were particularly damaging, and relief. The fate of Agassiz's two papers was never William Conybeare was equally forthright on the formally resolved, in that they were never balloted same point, arguing that the glacial theory was 'a on and either officially accepted or rejected by the glorious example of hasty unphilosophical & Council. These four pioneering papers of the entirely insufficient induction' (Herries Davies glacial theory are further examples of the 1969, p. 288). Though he submitted the (now lost) Geological Society's failure to support and publish full text of his paper formally to the Geological important research, leading in some cases to the Society for publication, Lyell, plainly shaken by the loss of key historical documents, due to what today reaction, appears to have abandoned the glacial at least would be regarded as a policy of censorship theory almost as quickly as he had adopted it few of unorthodox or otherwise unacceptable views or months earlier. Herries Davies (1969, p. 291) noted findings, a matter raised by Professor W. A. S. that he had reverted to the glacial submergence Sarjeant in the discussion of Thackray's paper theory and dismissed the idea of a Scottish land during the Lyell Bicentenary Conference. glaciation almost totally in the 1841 second edition On 20 July 1841, less than three months after his of the Elements of Geology, whose preface is dated withdrawal of the Geological Society paper and a l0 July 1841. In fact, Lyell's apostasy must have month after he completed the second edition of the been at least two months earlier, since his Elements of Geology, Lyell left Britain for the first application to the Geological Society requesting of his four extended visits to . permission to withdraw his paper was approved and Important new insights into the extent of his retreat recorded in the Society's Council Minutes of 5 May from the glacial theory have emerged from Dott's 1840 (Geological Society of London Archives, major study of Lyell in America (1996 and this CM 1/5). volume). Particularly informative and relevant is The Minutes further record that the referee's the evidence Dott has uncovered about the syllabus report on Buckland's 1840 paper was received by and content of the series of 12 celebrity 'Lowell the Council under its new President, Murchison, on Lectures' that Lyell gave between 19 October and 17 November 1841, but contrary to the Society's 27 November 1841, which were so popular that, normal practice and rules the required secret ballot despite using a public theatre with a seating to decide whether to publish the paper was not held. capacity of 2000, Lyell had to present each lecture At the following Council meeting, on 1 December twice. Dott has reconstructed the programme and 1841, Agassiz's papers of June and November 1840 outline contents from surviving fragmentary were similarly 'referred' for a second time without information, including local press reports and Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021

THE DILEMMA OF QUATERNARY GLACIATION 157

Lyell's rough notes in the Edinburgh University even included here a footnote reference to his 1840 Library. This material leaves little doubt that in paper on the glaciation of Forfarshire (which of Lectures 11 and 12 Lyell had reverted to attributing course argued forcibly that there was no rational the 'Boulder Formation' to the 'transporting power alternative to the glacial hypothesis to explain this). of floating glacier ice' (Dott 1997, pp. 106-107). However, in the very next paragraph Lyell This interpretation is explicit in the outlines of later completely contradicted himself: public lecture series in both North America and Although I am willing, therefore, to concede that Britain, for example an 1852 lecture series in the glaciation of the Scottish mountains, at ele- Boston, also investigated by Dott (1997, p. 123). vations exceeding 2,000 feet, may be explained Lyell's notes for these include a diagram showing by land ice, it seems difficult not to embrace the deep submergence of the Berkshires in conclusion that a subsidence took place not and of adjacent areas of New York merely of 500 or 600 feet.., but to a much greater State. The well known trains of distinctive erratics amount, as shown by the present position of (Dott 1997, pp. 123-124) were attributed to erratics and some patches of stratified drift. 'masses of floating ice carrying fragments of rock', (Lyell 1873, p. 289) while there are various reports of Lyell spending many hours on his successive transatlantic The 1873 edition of Antiquit)" of Man also crossings on deck looking out for icebergs loaded included a full-page map (as fig. 42) illustrating his with boulders and rock debris that would prove his view that most if not all of the characteristic glacial theory (see Dott this volume). period deposits and transported erratics in the In 1858, during one of his many visits to British Isles could be attributed to the submergence Switzerland, Lyell finally conceded that it was after of the land to depth of not less than 2000 feet in all necessary to accept the 'great extension to the Scotland, and to a minimum of 1300 feet in ancient Alpine glaciers' to account for the dispersal England and Wales north of a line from London to of the abundant large erratic blocks so frequently Gloucester, while arguing that the land south of the found at great distance from their source outcrops Thames 'alone remained above water' (Lyell 1873, and often at high altitude, across the Jura. However, p. 325). However, he offered no serious discussion he still continued to insist that in Great Britain, of how such extraordinary simultaneous differences Scandinavia and the glacial sub- in took place, particularly the postulated mergence and transport by floating ice was still the massive (and very recent) 1300 foot differential explanation (Davies 1969, pp. 291-292). In 1863, movement (presumably from faulting) across the Lyell published his highly successful review of the few miles' width of the Thames Valley. growing evidence for the great age of humanity, By this time Lyell was in reality almost totally and of other aspects of the Pleistocene period, isolated in his continued rejection of the evidence under the title The Antiqui~ of Man from that he himself had presented so effectively and Geological Evidences, (Lyell 1863; Cohen this forcefully to the Geological Society in November volume). This offered a wide range of evidence and 1840. Of the leading British of his gener- conflicting views on the 'Ice Age', though it is ation, only Murchison and Lyell went to their difficult if not impossible to ascertain what Lyell's graves rejecting most of the evidence of a recent own view was on most of the controversial points. large-scale terrestrial glaciation of much of the The Review's anonymous, though British Isles and of vast areas of northern well informed, contemporary reviewer claimed and North America. Perhaps the greatest irony of with justification (specifically in relation to all was that in his efforts to defend the 'doctrine of , though the complaint is equally uniformity' in its purest form, Lyell, the founder relevant to other parts of the book), 'We are, and most effective advocate of this principle, turned however, unable to discover that Sir Charles to an unsubstantiated and ultimately insupportable anywhere expresses his own opinion' (Anon. 1863, theory of rapid differential changes in sea level, p. 213). which was ultimately far more 'catastrophist' than Lyell's final words on the subject were in 1873 in the glacial hypothesis for which Lyell had been, if the fourth edition of Antiquity of Man (Lyell 1873). only very briefly in late 1840, one of the most One of many examples discussed was the trans- powerful advocates. portation of erratics from the Scottish Highlands across the Sidlaw Hills, a central part of his 1840 The author would like to acknowledge the pioneering work of Gordon Herries Davies and the late George W. evidence for a land glaciation. In 1873, Lyell once White, particularly in unravelling the events of 1840. He again offered the possibility that the low-lying is indebted to both, and to Leonard G. Wilson and David areas of 'Strathmore was filled up with land-ice' Q. Bowen, for much helpful advice and discussion over which could have extended to the summit of the many years. He is also indebted to Lord Lyell for allowing Sidlaws (around 1500 feet at the highest points). He him to use the Lyell notebooks in the Kinnordy House Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021

158 P.J. BOYLAN archives and to Leonard Wilson for supplying copies of 1840. Anniversary Address of the President, relevant parts of these from the microfilm copies at the February 1840. Proceedings of the Geological University of Minnesota, at Lord Lyell's request. Thanks Societx of London, 3(68), 210-267. are also due to the Council and the Honorary Archivist, -- 1841a. On the evidences of glaciers in Scotland and John Thackray, of the Geological Society of London, for the north of England. Proceedings of the Geological access to and permission to quote from the Society's Society of London, 3(72), 333-337, 345-348.

Council Minutes and Letter Books. -- 1842. On diluvio-glacial phamomena in Snowdonia and adjacent parts of North Wales. Proceedings of the Geological Socieo" of London, 3. 579-584. References COHEN, C. 1998. Charles Lyell and the evidences of the AGASSIZ, E. C. 1886. Louis Agassiz. His Life and antiquity of man. This volume. Correspondence. 2 vols. Houghton. Mifflin & Doff, R. H. 1996. Lyeli in America - his lectures, Company, Boston. fieldwork, and mutual influences, 1841-1853. AGASSIZ, L. 1837. Discours prononc6 h l'ouverture des Earth Sciences History. 15, 101-140. srances de la Socirt6 Hrlvrtique des Sciences 1998. Charles Lyell's debt to North America: his Naturelles h Neuchfitel le 24 juillet 1837. Actes de la lectures and travels from 1841 to 1853. This volume.

Soci~t~ H~h,gtique des Sciences Naturelles, 22, ESMARK, J. 1826. Remarks tending to explain the 369-394. geological . Edinburgh New

-- 1838. Upon glaciers, moraines and erratic blocks: Philosophical Journal, 2, 107-121. being the address delivered at the opening of the EYLES, N. & MCCABE, A. M. 1989. The Late Devensian Helvetic Natural History Society, Neuchg~tel, on the (22,00 B.P.) Irish Sea basin: the sedimentary record 24th of July 1837, by its President, M. L. Agassiz. of a collapsed sheet margin. Quaternary Science Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 24. Reviews, 8. 304-351. 364-383. GORDON, E. O. 1894. The Life and Correspondence of 1841a. On the polished and striated surfaces of the William Buckland, D.D., ER.S. Murray, London. rocks which form the beds of glaciers in the Alps. HAMBREY, M. J., HUDDART. D., BENNETt, M. R. & Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, GLASSER, N. F. 1997. Genesis of "'hummocky 3(71), 321-322. moraine" by thrusting in glacier ice: evidence from

-- 1841b. On glaciers and boulders in Switzerland. Svalbard and Britain. Journal of the Geological Reports and Transactions of the British Association Society, 154, 623-632. for the Advancement of Science (for 1840), HERRtES DAVIES, G. L. 1968. The tour of the British Isles 113-114. made by Louis Agassiz in 1840. Annals of Science,

-- 1841c. On glaciers, and the evidence of their once 24. 131-146. having existed in Scotland, Ireland and England. -- 1969. The Earth in Decay. A History of British Proceedings of the Geological Societx of Lzmdon. Geomorphology 1578-1878. Macdonald, London. 3(72), 327-332. HoPPE, G. 1952. Hummocky moraine regions, with

-- 1842. The glacial theory and its recent progress. special reference to the interior of Norrbotten. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. 33, Geographiska Annaler, 34, 193-212. 217-283. IMBRIE, J. & IMBRIE, K. E 1979. Ice Ages: solving the ANON. 1863. The Antiquity of Man from Geological mystery. Macmillan, London. Evidences. [Review]. Natural History Reviews, Kt;H.X, T. 1960. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. April, 211-219. Chicago University Press, Chicago. BOYLAN, P. J. 1978. The role of William Buckland LYELL, C. 1826. On a recent formation of freshwater (1784-1856) in the recognition of glaciation in the limestone in Forfarshire ... Transactions of the British Isles. In: INHIGEO VIII Symposium. Geological Society of London ser. 2, 2, 73-96. Zusammenfassung - Abstract - Rdsumg. INHIGEO. 1830. . Vol. 1. (Facsimile Miinster, 33. reprint 1990. University of Chicago Press. Chicago.

-- 1981. The role of William Buckland (1784-1856) in 1840. On the Boulder Formation or drift and the recognition of glaciation in the British Isles. In: associated freshwater mud cliffs of eastern Norfolk. NEALE, J. W. & FLENLEY, J. The Quaternary in London & Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine, 16, Britain. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1-8. 345-380: Proceedings of the Geological Society of -- 1984. William Buckland, 1784-1856: Scient(fic London, 3(67), 171-179. Institutions, Vertebrate Palaeontology, and 1841. On the geological evidences of the former Quaternar3.' Geolog3: PhD thesis, University of existence of glaciers in Forfarshire. Proceedings Leicester, Leicester. of the Geological Societv of London, 3(72), BUCKLAND, W. 1831. On the occurrence of the remains of 337-345. , and other quadrupeds, in cliffs of frozen 1863. The Antiquity of Man from Geological mud, in Eschscholtz Bay, within Beering's [sic] Evidences. Murray, London. Strait, and in other distant parts of the Arctic seas. 1873. Tire Antiquity of Man from Geological In: BEECHEY, F. W. Narrative of a Voyage to the Evidences. 4th edn. Murray, London Pacific and Beeringk Strait Performed in His MORRELL. J. 1976. London institutions and Lyell's career: Majes~."s Ship Blossom .... in the Years 1825, 1826. 1820-184l. British Journal for ttre History of 1827, 1828. Part L Colburn & Bentley, London. Science. 9. 132-146. 593-612. Mt:RCHISOY, R. I. 1842. Anniversary Address of the Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021

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President. Proceedings of the Geological Socien" of THACKRAY, J. C. 1998. Charles Lyell and the Geological London, 3, 637-687. Society. This volume. RUDWICK, M. J. S. 1963. The foundations of the WHITE, G. W. 1970. Announcement of glaciation in Geological Society of London: its scheme for Scotland. Journal of , 9, 143-145. co-operative research and its struggle for WHEWEU_, W. 1837. A Histon" of the hlductive Sciences independence. British Journal for the History of from the Earliest to the Present Times. 3 vols. J. W. Science, 1,325-355. Parker, London. SHARP, R. E 1949. Studies of superglacial debris on valley WOOOWARD, H. B. 1883. Dr. Buckland and the glacial glaciers. Journal of Science, 67A, 213-220. theory'. Midland Naturalist, 6, 225-229. Reprinted SISSONS, J. B. 1967. The of Scotlandk Scenery. in WOODWARD. H. B. 1907. The Histon'of the Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh. Geological Society of London. Geological Society, 1974. A late glacial icefield in the central London. Grampians. Transactions of the h~stitute of British Geographers, 62, 95-114.