This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

164 Part 3 From the Ground Up Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 165 PART 3 From the Ground Up

6 The Evolution of Exteriors 7 Understanding House Plans 8 House Construction 9 The Systems Within This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

166 Part 3 From the Ground Up Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 167 CHAPTER 6 The Evolution of Exteriors

Terms to Learn Arts and Crafts bungalow traditional International style folk ranch classic Contemporary style Early English earth-sheltered half-timbered Tidewater South Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be symmetrical able to dormer • summarize the development Saltbox of exterior architectural styles Garrison throughout history, including Spanish Traditional (both folk and classic), stucco Modern, and Contemporary house asymmetrical styles. Scandinavian • compare and contrast historical architectural and housing styles. gable German • summarize the value of historical pent roof preservation. Dutch Colonial gambrel roof Reading with Purpose French Normandy French Plantation As you read this chapter, write a letter to yourself. Imagine French Manor that you will receive this letter in a few years when you are Mansard roof working at your future job as an interior designer. What French Provincial key chapter points will be important to remember from this Georgian chapter? In the letter, list these points. hip roof Federal Early Classical Revival Greek Revival Southern Colonial Victorian Modern style Prairie style This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

168 Part 3 From the Ground Up Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 169

The evolution of housing exteri- style originates from the common expe- Early English ors is usually grouped into a number riences of a group of people, such as An architectural style built by of styles and time periods. The great- common values and concerns. Classic English settlers in North America begin- Test influences on these styles include style refers to the use of formal archi- ning in the early 1600s is Early English. geographical location and the historical tectural elements that have been recog- Several distinct housing types evolved and economic events during the era in nized over time for their enduring Note from this traditional folk architecture. which they were built. design excellence. Various renditions of These types include Tidewater South An assortment of housing To better understand period housing folk and classic styles appear in many photos or drawings will be and the New England styles known as very helpful for teaching this styles, it is important to note that while periods of architectural history. Cape Cod, Saltbox, and Garrison. chapter. Have an assistant each time period and style has specific The first successful English settle- locate and print examples characteristics some overlapping does Traditional Folk Houses ment in North America was established from the Internet or clip them exist. Because of this, dates for periods The styles of traditional folk houses in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia. Archae- from old magazines or books. and styles are approximate. For exam- varied from region to region. In some ologists think these early English ple, in different regions of the country Enrich cold areas such as the Midwest, houses settlers used the mud-and-stud method certain design styles could exist at the Investigate the process had to withstand heavy snowfalls. In of building. Early records trace this same time. In addition, not all designs of constructing a home of warm climates such as the Southeast, technique back to Lincolnshire County in a certain style or specific era would be adobe. Make a presentation orientation to the cooling breeze was along the east coast of England. In this to the class, using visuals to identical. The individual architects and important. In windy locations such as building technique, the frame of the 6-1 clarify the process. builders brought their own personal the coastal Northeast, housing needed house was constructed from upright New England. Plymouth, Massa- The Pueblo live creativity to their designs. The architec- in these adobe to withstand heavy gusts. forked logs with cross beams. The walls chusetts was the second successful Vocabulary tural history of housing was and still is dwellings. Besides the effects of climate and were filled with mud and clay and the English settlement in 1620. By 1640, a Pick one term from the an ongoing process. geographical location, the style of tradi- roof was thatched with leaves, tree number of small English settlements vocabulary list, write it on Housing in North America began the board, and link it to one tional folk housing was based on the bark, or bundles of reeds and straw. were established along the eastern area with the Native Americans. They devel- of the chapter objectives. ethnic experiences and lifestyles of the This technique was later refined and of North America. This region of North oped a wide variety of housing styles (Note: Successive students inhabitants. These housing styles were referred to as half-timbered construc- America is known as New England and 6-2 should repeat the process prior to the arrival of foreign explorers also shaped by the natural resources tion. In half-timbered houses, the wood now includes the states of Maine, New This thatch-roof until the only terms left pose and settlers. The styles included hogans, available to construct them. Styles frame of the house actually formed part Hampshire, Vermont, , house in the re- difficulty to all students.) pueblos, teepees, wigwams, pole-and- described as Native American, Early of the outside wall, 6-2. Brick or plaster , and Rhode Island. created 1610–1614 thatch structures, and others. When Activity English, Spanish, Scandinavian, German, was used to fill the spaces between the Early seventeenth century English colonial fort immigrant settlers arrived in North at Jamestown Quickly sketch a drawing Dutch, and French are types of tradi- beams. settlers in northern New England America, they brought with them the Settlement of your favorite style of tional folk houses. Tidewater South. Settlements contin- commonly built two-story houses. They housing or find a photo styles that existed in their homelands. were constructed of heavy timber History Museum ued to grow in the low-lying coastal in Williamsburg, in a magazine. As you Over time, these styles evolved into Native American lands called Tidewater areas. An archi- frames. In —or post- go through this chapter, VA, is an example new types of housing that have become The many different styles of Native- tectural style built by early English and-beam construction—large pieces of compare it to the drawings known as traditional styles. of half-timbered and photos in the lesson. American housing have influenced today’s settlers in the southern coastal regions wood are joined together with wood- construction. Identify exterior features of housing. Early settlers sometimes of what is now the United States is working joints (mortise-and-tenon joints), or with wooden pegs, braces, or trusses. Photo Courtesy of the the design you prefer. Traditional Houses copied the eight-sided mud and log Tidewater South, 6-3. The construction Jamestown-Yorktown hogans of the Navajo or the wood frame style of these homes was simple: a one- Foundation Activity Traditional houses reflect the experi- structures of the Seminole. See Chapter room wooden building with a wood or Use Internet or print ences and traditions of past eras. These 2 to review the widely varied styles of stone chimney at one end. As families resources to investigate designs have adapted and changed over Native-American housing. grew, house additions were built. The the building process for time to meet the needs of their inhabit- The Pueblo in New Mexico still live first addition was another room, often half-timbered houses. Give ants. Many house designs in use today an oral report about your in apartment-type adobe dwellings, 6-1. built as large as the first. It was added findings to the class. were actually created in previous time The basic design of these adobe dwell- next to the wall with the chimney. Many eras of North American history. Each ings repeats in housing throughout the rural farmhouses throughout the South Discuss style has distinct characteristics and country, especially the Southwest. Char- had similar plans. Covered What type of land in the features that set it apart from the others. acteristics of Pueblo housing include were also added to these simple plans to southern states is associated The two categories of Traditional boxlike construction, flat roofs, and increase the amount of living area and with the housing style known style design are folk and classic. Folk as Tidewater South? projecting roof beams. to provide shelter from the hot sun. This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

170 Part 3 From the Ground Up Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 171

This application is also know as bevel or lap siding. The Cape Cod style grew out of vari- ations on the one-story house design. As a family grew, rooms were added to the basic plan. • Cape Cod. The Cape Cod is a small, symmetrical, one or one-and-one-half story house with a steep gable roof and side gables. A design is symmetrical when objects on both sides of a center point are identical, 6-4A. The Cape Cod style has a central entrance and 6-3 a central chimney with several fire- The Tidewater Metal nails were used sparingly because places. The eave (lower edge) line of A—Cape Cod B—Saltbox South architectural of their expense. the roof overhangs the exterior wall style was Timber frame construction was just above the first floor windows. commonly built by the construction method for all frame The windows are multi-paned and English settlers houses in seventeenth and eighteenth usually have shutters. Originally, along the southern century America because of the abun- the siding was made of shingles or coastal regions of the United States. dance of wood. The house exteriors unpainted . were covered with shingles, unpainted The loft area of the Cape Cod clapboards, or other wooden siding. A is usually expanded and made into is a board that has one edge finished bedrooms. Openings are then Discuss thicker than the other and is typically cut in the roof for dormers. Dormers Where were some of the used for exterior horizontal siding. are structures with windows that earliest two-story homes When applied, the board above laps project through a sloping roof in the built? over the thinner edge of the one below. second story. They add light, space, and ventilation to the second story.

C—Garrison GREEN CHOICES 6-4 (A) The Cape Cod is a one-and-a-half-story house with a gable roof and central entrance. (B) A Reusing Old Buildings has narrow wood siding and windows without shutters. (C) This Garrison style house, which was originally owned by Paul Revere, features an overhanging second story. Old buildings often outlive their original purposes. A way of reusing an old building (C) Massachusetts Office of Travel & Tourism is called “adaptive reuse.” This process adapts old buildings for new uses. An example of adaptive reuse is converting an old post office to a retail center with many shops. When the building has historic features, the adaptive reuse retains these features through historic preservation techniques. Adaptive reuse has the following advantages: • Saltbox. Another type home built In saltbox construction, the house Discuss • Environmental sustainability. Historic preservation is really “recycling” on a by the English settlers in the New has two or two-and-one-half stories What are some reasons for grand scale and is an effective tool for protecting environmental resources. England area was the Saltbox house. in the front but just one story in the having dormers in the roof • Economic sustainability. Reusing old buildings supports the economy of the The Saltbox is a variation of the Cape back. It is characterized by a long, or upper floors of houses? Activity local community. Cod, 6-4B. The earliest saltbox houses steep-pitched gable roof that slopes were created when a lean-to addition down from the front to the back. Discuss Use Internet and print • Social sustainability. Historic preservation protects and celebrates the social was built on the rear of the house. Other typical features are large Among the home styles resources to learn more and cultural resources that will enrich communities and their citizen’s lives for The Saltbox house takes its name windows with small panes of glass, characteristic of New about adaptive reuse. generations to come. from the shape of the wooden box in and a large central chimney. England, which is known for Information Courtesy of the National Trust for Historic Preservation www.PreservationNation.org a large, centralized fireplace which salt was kept at that time. and chimney? This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

172 Part 3 From the Ground Up Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 173

• Garrison. A later design built by Spanish America in the early 1700s. The log Vocabulary the English settlers in New England cabin originally was a one-room, rect- What is a synonym for The first Europeans to establish was the Garrison house, which is colonies in North America were Span- angular house about 10 feet wide and 12 garrison? Identify the key named after early garrisons, or to 20 feet long. feature of a Garrison style iards. These colonies were mostly in house. forts. Like the old forts, Garrisons Florida and the Southwest beginning Typical log cabins were built on a have an overhanging second story, in the 1500s. Florida’s Spanish-colonial stone or rock foundation to keep the logs Vocabulary 6-4C. The allows extra space city of St. Augustine was begun in 1565, above the ground. The logs were squared Sketch a drawing that shows on the second floor without widen- making it the oldest continuing perma- off and notches were cut on the top and the meaning of the term ing the foundation. It also has a nent European settlement. Between bottom of each end. The logs were then asymmetrical. supporting effect, which prevents 1565 and 1821, Florida was mostly under stacked with the notched ends fitted the second-story floor from sagging together in the corners. Chinking—a fill- Reflect Spanish control. in the middle. This supporting effect A large portion of what is now the ing of sticks and wood chips—was used Think of early American is created when beams extending to fill the gaps between the logs and was heroes, such as George southwestern United States was under Washington and Abe out from the first floor support the Spanish, then Mexican, control from then covered with a layer of mud to fill Lincoln. What styles of second floor. The farther the beams the seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth the remaining spaces. A door opening housing did they live in? extend out, the greater is the support century. Spanish Texas gained its inde- and at least one window were then cut in the center. pendence from Mexico in 1836. into the house. The fireplace was built Activity The overhang is always on the The Spanish style developed in of stone, and the floor was dirt or gravel 6-6 Write a paragraph describing front of the house and sometimes that had been raked smooth. The original log the characteristics that make these areas where the climate was warm a family room for entertaining located extends to the sides and rear. Carved and dry. Early Spanish style was char- The log cabin had a gable roof. A cabins looked very the photo in Figure 6-5 a drops or pendants below the over- gable roof comes to a high point in the on the opposite side of the fireplace. traditional Spanish style acterized by one-story structures with similar to this one. hang provide ornamentation. Other center and slopes on both sides, 6-6. A If the home was large enough, there house. flat or low-pitched red tile roofs. The would be a number of small bedrooms characteristics of the Garrison house houses were masonry construction of gable is a triangle formed by a sloping are symmetrical design, a steep roof. behind the family room. The houses were adobe brick or stone covered in stucco. 6-7 gable roof, and windows that have Log cabins were a popular style for constructed with gable roofs. Some also 6-5 Stucco is a type of plaster applied to the had small roof ledges between the first Germans who small panes of glass. Originally, the exterior walls of a house. The interior the North American midlands and fron- settled in This house and second floors called pent roofs, 6-7. siding was made of wood shingles was usually simple with earthen floors, tier, where timber was a readily avail- built includes many of or unpainted clapboards. able resource as a building material. houses similar to the traits of the beamed ceilings, and whitewashed plas- Dutch They are still popular today in many this. Many had a traditional Spanish ter walls. Dutch settlers founded settlements areas as either a primary residence or pent roof—a small style house. The overall design of Spanish-style in North America as early as 1614 in as a second home used for vacations. ledge between the housing is asymmetrical. This means that what is now known as Albany, New Many companies specializing in manu- first and second one side of the center point is different York. A later settlement began in 1626 in factured log cabins offer a wide range of floor. from the other. During the seventeenth New Amsterdam, which became New floor plans and price ranges. They meet Photography Courtesy of century, Spanish settlers in California York City. The first Dutch houses were the need that many home owners have Bradley S. DeForest of the and parts of the southwest built more Skippack Historical Society elaborate styles. A Spanish-style house is for a rustic style that depicts a simpler pictured in 6-5. Specific features include lifestyle. courtyards, enclosed patios, wrought German iron exterior decor, and arched windows The majority of early German settlers, and doors. This style of housing is still who traveled from the region called widely used today in the Southwest. Germany today, arrived in North Scandinavian America in the late seventeenth century. Immigrants from Sweden, Finland, They primarily settled in what is now Norway, and Denmark were known as southeastern Pennsylvania. They built Scandinavians. Of this group of immi- large, durable homes of wood and field- grants, the Swedish settlers are credited stone for warmth. The entry led to the with introducing the log cabin to North kitchen on the first floor. The fireplace was in the center of the first floor with This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

174 Part 3 From the Ground Up Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 175

one-story structures of brick in urban which was usually applied over a half- Classic Traditional Houses Activity areas, or stone in rural areas. One of the timbered frame. Porches were added in Research the construction most important characteristics was the settlements located in warmer regions. As the early settlements flourished methods used for early log front door, which was divided in half Also, houses in the South were constructed and colonies and states were formed, cabins and compare them to prosperity brought change and improve- construction methods for log horizontally. This style became known on posts one story above ground. This homes today? What are the as the Dutch door. However, it was the provided better air circulation in the ment to housing. The quality of building similarities and differences? later Dutch design that left the most humid environment and protected the materials improved and the growth of Share your findings with long-lasting mark on architecture. house from floods. The Southern adap- trade brought new information to the the class. If possible, show The later style is known today as tation of this design is known as the settlers. Architects and house plans from images of the early and Europe became available. Growing pros- present day log homes. Dutch Colonial. Dutch Colonial is a hous- French Plantation house. ing style with a gambrel roof. A gambrel A distinctive style evolved in New perity fostered interest in refined taste Discuss roof is a roof with a lower steeper slope Orleans known as the Louisiana French (cultivated and genteel) and classic style. What group of immigrants and an upper less-steep slope on both of style. The most outstanding characteris- Classic traditional homes include the frequently used stone to its sides. Sometimes the lower portion tics of this style include balconies with following time periods and styles: Geor- build their homes? extends over an open , which is elaborate ironwork railings and white gian, Federal, Greek Revival, Southern known as the Dutch kick. Houses of this stucco walls. The structures were built Colonial, and Victorian. Discuss style were often built of fieldstone or brick, on raised brick or stone basements to Georgian Describe the unique feature and in some cases wood. Other character- protect them from flooding. of the French Normandy style The Georgian style (1690 to 1800) was istics of the Dutch Colonial are dormers, Even after Louisiana became the 6-9 of housing commonly built in adapted from English architecture. It is a central entrance, an off-center chimney, eighteenth state in the Union in 1812, the Wood was used in New England, and French Manor humid southern areas. called Georgian because it was popular houses are noted and windows with small panes, 6-8. French influence continued to impact stone in the Mid-Atlantic region. In the during the era when Kings George I, II, for their stately Dutch Colonial homes were most American architecture in many ways. South, brick was used and a wing was and III ruled England. appearance and commonly built in northern states such One example, the French Manor, is a added to each side of the main house. Georgian houses have simple exterior Mansard roofs. as New York and Delaware. The Dutch symmetrically styled home with wings lines, dignified appearances, and symme- Federal did not bring this style from their on each side and a Mansard roof on the try. The centrally located front doors Following the American Revolution homeland, but created it after settling main part of the house, 6-9. A Mansard have windows with small panes of glass, (1775 to 1783), interest grew in devel- in North America. roof is a variation of the gambrel roof. and either gable or hip roofs—roofs with oping distinctly American styles and Its designer was a French architect sloping ends and sides. A flat area with a symbols. National pride was strong French named Francois Mansard. When used balustrade, or railing sometimes tops hip and Americans adopted a new style of During the colonial period, French on detached single-family dwellings, roofs. This area is called a captain’s or architecture that reflected confidence settlements formed in the 1700s along the roof continues all around the house. widow’s walk. Georgian houses usually in their newly won independence. The the St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, and Dormers often project from the steeply 6-10 have a tall chimney at each end of the style was named in honor of the Federal Georgian houses Mississippi River. Early French homes pitched part of the roof. When used on 6-8 roof, and most have some ornamenta- form of government in the United States. have simple, were built in the French Normandy style, commercial buildings, the Mansard roof This home has tion under the eaves. A distinctive type Federal-style architecture became popu- dignified lines with which was brought to North America may be used only on one or two sides. features that are of eave ornamentation, known as dentil lar between 1780 and 1840. A house built ornamentation—or by the Huguenots. These homes were French influence is also seen in the typically original molding, is still popular today. As a trim in the Federal style has a boxlike shape, dentil molding— one-story structures with many narrow house style called French Provincial. This to Dutch Colonial board with square, toothlike blocks, this is symmetrical, and at least two stories often found under door and window openings. The roofs style originated in New Orleans and the eaves. homes such as ornamentation is sometimes mislabeled a gambrel roof were steeply pitched and either hipped became popular all over the country. It as “dental” molding, 6-10. that flares at the or side-gabled. The walls were stucco, has a delicate, dignified appearance and As the Georgian style developed, bottom. is usually symmetrical. The windows are it became more elaborate. Additional a dominant part of the design. The tops ornamentation was given to doors and of the windows break into the eave line. windows. The front door was often A French-Provincial house can be as tall highlighted with a decorative crown as two-and-a-half stories. over the top and flattened columns, or pilasters, on each side. The style also changed according to the region in which it was built. This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

176 Part 3 From the Ground Up Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 177 MATH MATTERS Symmetry Objects are often described as being symmetrical or asymmetrical. An object is symmetrical if a line drawn through it divides it into two matching halves. The dividing Segmental Triangular line is called the line of symmetry. 6-11 An object may have one or more lines of symmetry. For example, a rectangle has Pediments are used over doors and Activity two lines of symmetry. A circle has an infinite number of lines of symmetry since any windows to add interest to a design. line drawn through the center creates a line of symmetry. Create a checklist of characteristics of a An object is asymmetrical if it has 0 lines of symmetry; no two halves match. Your Georgian house. Study the hand is asymmetrical; you cannot draw a line that will result in two matching halves. mates were architects, - photo in Figure 6-10 and check all the characteristics Symmetry creates balance. Architects and interior designers often incorporate ers, and furniture designers. Their work that you see. symmetry in their work. For example, the exterior of a Georgian home exhibits symmetry. was based on plans for Italian houses You can also achieve symmetry by placing matching chairs on both sides of an entryway. and palaces. The Adam style continued Discuss the symmetry of the Georgian style. 6-12 Examine Figures 6-10 and The types of graceful details that were and a triangular pediment gable. Jeffer- The gabled 6-12 to determine which has added to the Georgian style architec- son added the dome in 1800 after being pediment over the most costly exterior to ture included swags, garland, urns, and build, Georgian or Federal influenced by the French architecture the door is an other refined motifs. The main iden- style homes. Explain. he saw while traveling in France. Jefferson example of the tifying feature of the Adam style is a Federal influence. was the founder of the University of fanlight over the front entrance, 6-12. Example Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia and Other characteristics include Palladian The picture of the White designed the original campus. House on a $20 bill windows (windows with a large center In addition to these major contribu- 6-13 illustrates the Greek Revival section and two side sections, usually tions, Jefferson was the principal author Monticello—the style of housing. arched), circular or elliptical windows, Equilateral Triangle with 3 lines of symmetry Square with 4 lines of symmetry of the Declaration of Independence and home built recessed arches, and oval-shaped rooms. Discuss third President of the United States. by Thomas The most famous oval-shaped room Which styles are He was also an inventor and renowned Jefferson—is predominating in your in this style is the Oval Office of the political leader. found in neighborhood—Traditional President of the United States in Charlottesville, Folk or Traditional Classic Washington, D.C. Greek Revival Virginia. It is an housing designs? example of Early Early Classical Revival. During the Greek Revival (1825 to 1860) is another Federal period, architecture evolved Classic Revival Discuss style of classic traditional design. It architecture. using the classical details of Greek and developed during a period that embraced, Name the Classic Italian design, which became known as Photography by the Traditional housing styles. and carefully duplicated, the formal Thomas Jefferson Early Classical Revival. One of the best Foundation/Monticello Rectangle with 2 lines of symmetry examples of this architectural style is Monticello (meaning “little mountain” in Italian), the home Thomas Jefferson high. Sometimes a small portico was segmental or triangular, 6-11. During designed and built for himself, 6-13. He added to the main entrance. A portico the Federal period, two important archi- began construction in 1769. Because of is an open space covered with a roof tectural styles emerged, Adam style and the influence of Roman architecture, the that is supported by columns. Federal- Early Classical Revival. architectural style of his home is classi- style houses also had pediments, which Adam Style. The Adam style of archi- fied as Roman . (Neoclassi- are architectural rooflike decorations tecture was named after the design cism refers to an adaptation or revival of that are usually found over a portico, work of two Scottish brothers, Robert classical details.) Monticello has a large window, or door. The pediments can be and James Adam. These talented team- portico on its west front with columns This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

178 Part 3 From the Ground Up Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 179

Southern Colonial An offshoot of the Greek Revival style developed in the 1800s is the Southern Colonial. The Southern Colonial is a large, two- or three-story brick or frame house of symmetrical design, 6-15. Two-story columns extend across the entire front, covered by an extension of the roof. The roof style is hip or gable. Dormers, shutters, and a belvedere are often included. A belvedere is a small room on the roof of a house used as a lookout. Victorian A—Italianate B—Gothic Revival Following the Civil War, growing industrialization greatly influenced architecture of the Victorian period—a 6-14 time during the reign of Queen Victoria A Greek elements found in ancient Greek of England (1837 to 1901). House styles Revival house architecture. of the Victorian period, Figure 6-16, is characterized One characteristic of a house in the include the following: by a two-story Greek Revival style is the two-story • Italianate portico supported entry porch across the entire front of the • by Greek Gothic Revival (wood and masonry) structure. This structure is supported columns with a • American Second Empire (Mansard by Greek columns. Another key charac- large triangular style) pediment. teristic is a large triangular gable with a pediment, 6-14. These houses are also • (also called Carpenter symmetrical with bold moldings and Gothic) 6-15 heavy cornices (molded and projecting • horizontal members that crown archi- The design of this • Eastlake Victorian C—Romanesque tectural elements such as columns). Southern Colonial • evolved from the Houses of this style are large and Queen Anne Greek Revival impressive. Some government build- The main feature of all Victorian style. ings are designed in the Greek Revival housing styles is the abundance of Oak Alley Plantation, style. decorative trim. Other characteristics Louisiana Office of include high porches, roofs with steep Tourism gables, tall windows, high ceilings, dark stairways, long halls, and turrets, which are small towers. Not every Victorian house had every feature, but a strong combination of these elements came to be associated with the haunted-house D—Queen Anne stereotype in horror movies. As the style developed, owners tried to outdo one another in the amount of decorative trim on their houses. Machine-made trim became a sign of prosperity and high style. Quantity E—Gingerbread 6-16 These homes show some of the varied features of Victorian homes, including a turret (small tower) with much decorative trim. This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

180 Part 3 From the Ground Up Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 181

became more important than quality. stone, plaster, and materials found in Discuss Scrolls and other decorative trim made nature. Earth-tone colors were used to 6-18 Note the gingerbread trim from wood appeared under eaves and emphasize the link between the man- Bungalows typically have in Figure 6-16E. What do around windows and doors. This came built structure and its natural setting. you think this type of trim low-pitched roofs does to the cost of a home? to be known as gingerbread. Previous architectural styles used and covered Explain. walls to divide interior space into boxlike porches as is Modern Houses rooms. Wright reduced the number of characteristically Discuss walls to allow one room to flow into found in this When were Modern style The housing designs developed in another, creating an open floor plan. California house designs created? the United States from the early 1900s In addition, this style allowed interior bungalow. into the 1980s are classified as the Modern space to visually flow outdoors through Discuss style. Compared to the other housing porches, terraces, and windows. His What are some influences styles discussed so far, these are quite flexible use of space greatly influenced Frank Lloyd Wright left on Discuss the design work of European architects. American architecture? new. Modern styles include the Prairie What are the similarities style, Arts and Crafts, Bungalow, Inter- and differences between Enrich national style, and the ranch and split- Arts and Crafts the characteristics of Arts and Crafts style homes and Research Prairie style level. All are very popular and their use Arts and Crafts style, or Craftsman, bungalow style homes? architecture and the will likely continue in the future. houses were built between 1905 and remaining homes that most 1930. This popular style had its roots in Activity exemplify it. Where are Prairie Style The name “Craftsman” came from roof, horizontal shape, and a covered they located? Find out what the Arts and Crafts Movement of the Read an article about the title of a popular magazine published front porch. Sometimes the porch is influences shaped Wright’s Frank Lloyd Wright, who is one of 1880s. It celebrated use of natural mate- American bungalows in a development of the style. the most noted architects of modern rials worked by hand. Simple, nature- between 1901 and 1916 by Gustav Stickley— enclosed. The bungalow is usually made magazine such as American times, designed the Prairie style house. inspired colors and patterns were often the famous furniture designer. At that of wood or brick. The shingled roof Bungalow to further your Craftsman- understanding about the Wright is considered the greatest figure used for interior fabrics and wall cover- time, a true style house was extends beyond the walls. Windows are built strictly according to plans published set high to allow the placement of furni- characteristic features of in modern American architecture. He ings. As a response to the over-abundance this style. designed a series of Prairie style houses of machine-made gingerbread and other by Stickley. Gradually, other magazines, ture beneath them. Most of the living mail-order houses, and builders began to spaces are on the ground floor. The between 1893 and 1920 that were very architectural excesses of the Victorian Reflect publish plans with their own Craftsman- floor plan features a living room at the different from the traditional architec- era, English designers such as John How common is the ture built before this period, 6-17. Ruskin and William Morris and many like details, modifying and often diluting center and connecting rooms without bungalow style of Prairie style houses have strong others began this movement. In the the true Craftsman style. hallways. The design of the floor plan architecture in your horizontal lines, low-pitched roofs, and United States, two brothers from Califor- Characteristics of a Craftsman-style is very efficient with such features as neighborhood? the International style? overhanging eaves. Wright believed nia—Charles Sumner Greene and Henry house include a low-pitched roof, wide built-in cabinets, shelves, and seats. The eaves with triangular brackets, exposed is similar in design, that a house should strongly relate to Mather Greene—designed houses during Discuss its environment, or setting. He liked to the Arts and Crafts Movement. They were roof rafters, and wood, stone, or stucco but larger, 6-18. siding. Craftsman houses feature stone Why do you think many create the illusion that the house had widely praised for creating the “ultimate” modern builders are using porch supports with thick, square or International Style actually evolved from the site. Prairie bungalow—a larger, sprawling version of vintage style house plans, round columns and exterior chimneys style homes were constructed of wood, the earlier bungalow. The most dramatic architectural especially Craftsman and made of stone. The floor plans are open, style of the Modern movement is the bungalow styles, to build with few hallways. These structures use new houses? International style. It is a style of archi- beamed ceilings and many windows. 6-17 tecture and furniture design that began Some windows feature stained glass or The many in the 1900s, influenced strongly by leaded-glass designs. porches, terraces, Bauhaus. Bauhaus was the German state and windows Bungalow school of design that merged art and of this house technology. It focused on emphasizing Built between 1905 and 1930, the designed by Frank the simplicity of design and eliminating Lloyd Wright are bungalow style house expressed the unnecessary elements. characteristic of simple and economical ideals of the Arts International style is a blend of ideas the Prairie style. and Crafts Movement. A bungalow is one from four leading architects of the early Larry G. Morris and a half stories with a low-pitched twentieth century: This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

182 Part 3 From the Ground Up Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 183 Ranch LINK TO SOCIAL STUDIES & CULTURE A ranch house is a one-story struc- ture that may have a basement. It has a Asian Origins of American Bungalows low-pitched roof with a wide overhang. Large windows and sliding glass doors Home designers often blend elements of different cultures in their work. The history that open onto a patio are common, 6-21. of the bungalow illustrates how a home, considered by many as the essence of American The use of building materials and energy- design, reflects influences from other parts of the world. Bungalow-style homes line the saving features vary according to each streets of American cities from Los Angeles to Chicago. Although there are regional region. For instance, light-colored siding variations in style, a bungalow is generally a one- or one-and-a-half-story home with a and paint are used to reflect the heat in low-pitched roof. Enrich warm climates. Brick is another common The bungalow originated in a tropical region that is now eastern India and Research the artistic exterior siding choice. contributions of Walter Bangladesh. These early bungalows were thatched-roof huts suited to the climate. They The ranch style began in the West. Gropius, Ludwig Mies van were designed to minimize heat buildup and take advantage of cooling breezes. By the The informal lifestyle, large plots of der Rohe, or Le Corbusier to early 1800s, the British controlled India. When British soldiers and merchants settled land, and generally warm climate made International style housing. in the area, they lived in single-family homes that incorporated elements of the Indian the ranch style ideal for the region. 6-20 Provide pictures that show huts. The huts, called “bangla” or “banggolo,” spread across India and then to the U.S. Ranch-style houses examples of the architect’s Ranch style homes have since become There are many variations of the and Europe. began in the West on work and display his unique popular throughout the country. ranch style. One is the hillside ranch. As contributions. In the early 1900s, California architects Charles and Henry Greene popularized Ranch houses vary considerably in farms and ranches its name implies, the house is built on where space was the bungalow. The Greene brothers, leaders in the Arts and Crafts movement, added size. Small ranch houses may be rela- a hill. It has a basement that is partly plentiful. Now they Japanese features to their bungalows. For example, interior and exterior spaces were tively inexpensive to build, while larger exposed, allowing use of natural light are found in many designed to flow into one another. This created an open and airy feel. One of the Greene sizes can be expensive. This is due to and the possibility of an exterior entry. communities. 6-19 brothers’ masterpieces, the David B. Gamble House, completed in 1909 in Pasadena, the large foundations and costly roof This style of basement is also known as This home is an California, reflects such Japanese influences. areas. Larger ranch style houses are a “walkout” basement. Depending on example of the less energy efficient than more compact the layout of the lot, the exposed part of International style house plans. One-story ranch houses are the basement may be anything from a of architecture. Vocabulary easy to maneuver through and maintain. living area to a garage. American Plywood • Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect Define a ranch house and Modified ranch structures are regaining Another variation is the raised ranch, Association • the characteristics of two Walter Gropius, a German architect popularity as older adults seek homes or split-entry, 6-21. It is like a ranch, variations—the hillside and founder of the Bauhaus School with all rooms on one level in an effort except the upper half of the basement is ranch and the raised ranch. • Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, another to eliminate climbing stairs. One-story aboveground. This allows light to enter famous German architect and direc- ranch houses are also a good choice for the basement through windows. The tor of the Bauhaus School incorporating universal design. • Le Corbusier, a famous French architect 6-21 Geometric shapes and large expanses 1st Floor of glass windows were the foremost 1st Floor (A) Part of the basement of a features of U.S. houses built in the Inter- Basement Basement hillside ranch national style. Emerging technology is aboveground fostered the use of new building mate- level. (B) Since rials and opened new ways of thinking the top part of about space, form, and beauty. With this the basement of form of construction, flat rooftops were a raised ranch is possible and rooftop gardens became Ground level Ground level aboveground, the commonplace. Many of these houses ABbasement can be were constructed of reinforced white used as a living concrete. The exteriors of the houses had space. little or no ornamentation, 6-19. This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

184 Part 3 From the Ground Up Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 185

and features requires careful planning to coordinate and harmonize their impact. Bedroom level Because of this, it is not as easy to classify Intermediate Living level and describe Contemporary-style houses level Basement as it is the purely traditional or purely level modern styles. Contemporary designs may also vary widely from one to another in shape, material usage, and details. Bedroom Many convey a custom or distinctive level one-of-a-kind design. The exterior may Intermediate Living level level Basement be brick, siding, stucco, stone, concrete, level or a combination of these materials. Roof styles used in contemporary houses can also vary widely. While most

Bedroom of these styles are used in traditional level houses, they can also be used in unique Living level 6-23 Intermediate ways for contemporary housing, 6-24. Basement level This contemporary Although contemporary houses do ing, to capture the sun’s energy. Then level house utilizes the not easily fit into categories, there are fans and pumps move heated air or liquid from the panels to a storage area classic features of AB two distinct types that do. They are solar a gambrel roof. houses and earth-sheltered houses. or wherever heat is needed. Passive solar heating systems have no Photo Courtesy of JELD- 6-22 WEN Windows working parts. Instead, they include any (A) Split-level basement living area can be very pleas- Solar Houses design feature or construction material houses are ant if it is well insulated and waterproof. Contemporary Solar energy is energy derived from that makes maximum use of the sun for designed to adapt A disadvantage is that stairs must be to sloped sites. Houses the sun. Today, many house designs heating. A passive solar house might climbed to get anywhere in the house. Discuss (B) Changing the Contemporary styles are the current utilize solar energy. They can use either include large areas of windows on This can be a problem for small chil- What building in your arrangement of active solar heating systems or passive the home’s southern side. Reinforced, dren, people with disabilities, and older or latest house designs being constructed community shows the best levels in a split- solar heating systems, 6-25A. concrete-pipe columns or dark-colored people. today. Many of the styles reflect design example of passive solar level house also features from the traditional styles, both Houses with active solar heating walls may absorb heat from the sun and heating? Identify and describe it. changes its outside folk and classic. In some cases, current systems use special equipment, such as gradually transfer it inside. appearance. Split-Level contemporary designs actually combine panels installed in the roof of the build- A split-level house has either three design features from several traditional or four levels. The levels can be arranged architectural styles. However, there in many ways, 6-22. The split-level was are some commonly recognized char- 6-24 Discuss Roof styles have a developed for sloping lots, although it is acteristics of contemporary houses. What type of lot is ideal for a great effect on the split-level house? occasionally built on flat lots. These include a wide variation in ceil- One advantage of a split-level house exterior design of ing heights, very tall windows with buildings. Discuss is that traffic into the social, quiet, and large glass panes, open floor plans, Why are raised ranches and service areas can be separated easily. and unusual use of shapes and spaces. split-levels difficult for many Also, there are few stairs to climb to The exterior architecture often reflects High-pitched gable Low-pitched gable Gambrel Hip people to use? get from one level to another. However, these elements through such features as getting from one level to another always rooflines and tall windows. Activity requires climbing stairs. Again, the Some contemporary housing designs Use a digital camera to stairs may present a problem for indi- may seem surprising or even controver- photograph as many roof viduals who are less physically agile. styles you can find in your sial when compared to the traditional community. Print the photos styles of the past. Other contemporary and label them according to houses may combine both traditional and the styles shown in Figure modern elements in their plans, 6-23. The 6-24. Which styles seem successful blending of unrelated styles Mansard Flat Shed Dormer most popular? Predict why. This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

186 Part 3 From the Ground Up Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 187

6-26 This example of postmodern design can be seen at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Activity Choose an architect AB of the Postmodern era and research his or her 6-25 architectural styles. Create a (A) This house Earth-Sheltered Houses Some features of postmodernism poster presentation showing has both active include residential designs filled with examples of the architect’s designs. and passive solar Another type of contemporary hous- absurd humor or wit. Some architec- heating systems. ing is earth-sheltered housing. Earth- tural critics say that if the “wit” feature (B) This earth- sheltered houses are partially covered is absent from postmodern design, sheltered house is Increasingly, various agencies, local with soil. They are energy-efficient since it may just be modern or some other partially covered governments, and private organizations 6-27 the soil is a natural insulation and helps design style. Unexpected and playful As a designated with soil. The soil protect the house from weather elements are identifying properties that represent helps insulate it elements are essential in the postmod- national historic and climate extremes, 6-25B. Some earth- architectural value and importance. from the desert ern design, 6-26. One such group is the National Trust for landmark, the sheltered houses are designed to be partly preservation of heat. Postmodern homes are all unique. Historical Preservation. This group iden- underground. Other dwellings are built The diversity of design also includes Beacon Hill makes (B) Concept 2000, tifies such structures and grants them Hermann J. Fraunhoffer into a hill or have soil compacted against some blending of previous styles this neighborhood the sides of the building. landmark status. Once they become one of the including traditional, contemporary, landmarks, these buildings cannot A number of earth-sheltered houses and newly invented forms. Details may most desirable undergo destruction or significant alter- neighborhoods in are powered in part by solar energy. be exaggerated. Postmodern houses can Discuss They may utilize active or passive solar ation. A person who helps restore these Boston. be bizarre or shocking. buildings is an historical preservationist. What is the purpose of heating systems or both. Architects leading this era of post- Restoration work follows careful building a home partially in modern design include Robert Venturi, the earth? guidelines to insure that materials, colors, Discuss Postmodern Cesar Pelli, and Frank Gehry. Venturi and designs are true to the original era of Enrich states that although previous architec- a building’s construction. In this way, What would you say to a group of home owners Investigate the Houses tural styles are easily identified by consis- society preserves the best of its past for who object to a unique requirements for building tent characteristics, postmodernism is Postmodernism is a view about the future generations to experience, 6-27. housing style built in their earth-sheltered homes. architectural style of housing that began characterized by its diversity in features. neighborhood? What building materials in the 1970s and continues today. This and processes must be view often deviates from strict rules Discuss used for construction to Historic prevent deterioration of the of architecture by using building tech- In your own words, structure? Is there a limit niques, angles, and styles differently. Preservation explain the importance of to how much earth can Postmodern design includes a sense of restoring and preserving be used as insulation or a rebellion to the “less is more” simplicity One trend in housing design is actu- architecturally significant homes. covering? How much lower of . In addition, it ally a step back in time. Nationally, there are the heating and air- includes a sense that anything in design is a growing concern for restoring and conditioning costs of earth- preserving older buildings and houses. sheltered homes? is acceptable. This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

188 Part 3 From the Ground Up Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 189

Summary

CAREER FOCUS There are many varieties of exterior housing styles in the United States. They Answer Key evolved from the housing styles of the Native Americans and of the settlers who brought 1. Spanish Reflect Historic Preservationist styles from their homelands. In your career journal, write Traditional folk styles include those from Native Americans, Spanish, Scandinavians, 2. Folk style originates about whether or not you Can you imagine yourself as an historic preservationist? If you share some of the Dutch, Germans, French, and English. During colonial times, other styles unique to from the common would you be interested following talents, interests, and skills, you may consider exploring a career as an experiences of a group the United States began to evolve. They include the Cape Cod, Saltbox, and Garrison of people. Classic in a career as a historic architect or interior designer who specializes in historic preservation. preservationist. Which of styles. Later, the classic traditional styles of Georgian, Federal, Adam, Early Classical style refers to the use your talents and skills do Talents/Skills: Do you have a love of studying architectural styles in history? Are Revival, Greek Revival, Southern Colonial, and Victorian were developed. of formal architectural you feel fit this type of work? drawing and sketching a major part of your hobbies? Do you share the value of During the twentieth century, modern and contemporary housing was designed to fit elements recognized historical buildings with others and believe that older buildings should be given new and take advantage of the environment and changing lifestyles. Modern houses include over time for their enduring design Activity life through adaptive reuse? Do you believe it is important for future generations the Prairie Style, the bungalow, the International Style, the ranch and its variations, and excellence. Research the National Trust to understand the evolution of such buildings? Skills necessary for this important different versions of the split-level. for Historical Preservation career include excellent computer knowledge and ability. Exceptional research and Contemporary housing covers the styles of homes that are built today. Two 3. built in southern coastal and its mission. What has regions; one-room organizational skills along with strong presentation and communication skills are categories of contemporary design are the solar house and the earth-sheltered house. it accomplished? How did wooden building with a this group form and how necessary to work with others. Contemporary homes may use traditional or modern styles, or can be a unique, distinctive wood or stone chimney long has it operated? Has Career Snapshot: Historic preservationists usually have an architecture or interior one-of-a-kind design. Postmodernism is a recent approach to housing design that often at one end the group been involved combines features of past housing with a new look that sometimes has a jarring effect design background. They choose to specialize in the adaptive reuse of old buildings and 4. (See pages 170–172 of in any sites in or near your commonly work in an architectural or design preservation firm. Historic preservationists on the viewer. community? the text.) also work with local governments and community groups. They help identify buildings As housing styles continue to evolve to meet changing trends and lifestyles, with historic significance and are often consulted on the true historic value of a structure. preserving the best of the past for future generations is desirable. Historical preservation Historic preservationists need to be salespeople, too. It can be difficult to educate and saves outstanding examples of past architectural styles from demolition or significant convince others of a structure’s importance to the community. The history and style of alteration. a building are most important, but the use of materials and applications must also have proven value. For example, paint colors must be authentic to the time period a building Review the Facts was constructed. 1. Red tile roofs, enclosed patios, and arch-shaped windows and doors are 5. (List two:) red tile roofs, Education/Training: A five-year characteristics of which style of traditional housing? construction of adobe bachelor’s degree is most often required. brick or stone covered A master’s degree or postgraduate studies 2. Contrast the meaning of folk and classic styles of traditional architecture. in stucco, earthen floors, beamed ceilings, are preferred. Courses of study include 3. What are the characteristics of a Tidewater South home? the , history, art, art whitewashed plaster 4. Compare and contrast the following styles: Cape Cod, Saltbox, and Garrison. walls, asymmetrical history, specific courses in the techniques design, courtyards, and research for historic preservation, 5. Name two features typical of the Spanish style. enclosed patios, architecture, and computer programs. 6. How were log cabins built? wrought iron exterior Examination/License: All states require decor, arched windows 7. What are the similarities and differences between the Dutch Colonial and the and doors architects to be licensed. Architects must French Manor house styles? pass all divisions of the Architect Registration 6. Log cabins were built Examination. Many states require interior 8. Identify three features of a Georgian-style house. on a stone or rock designers to be licensed or registered. Interior 9. What two architectural styles emerged from the Federal period? foundation. The logs were squared off, designers must pass the National Council of 10. What is the difference between a portico and a pediment? notched, and then Interior Design Qualification (NCIDQ) exam stacked. Chinking was 11. How can you identify Greek Revival style architecture? to receive licensure. used to fill in the gaps Professional Associations: Membership 12. Identify four characteristics of Victorian houses. between the logs and was then covered with a in the National Trust for Historic Preservation 13. Who designed the Prairie style house? layer of mud. A door and Rhonda Hull Interiors; (www.PreservationNation.org), the 14. What two features were characteristic of houses built in the International style in window were cut into the Rhonda Hull, Allied American Society of Interior Designers (ASID) (www.asid.org), and the International house. ASID; ASID Historical the United States? Renovation Merit Award Interior Design Association (IIDA) (www.iida.org) is ideal. 15. Name one advantage and one disadvantage of the ranch house. 7. (See pages 174–175 of 2007; Harper House Job Outlook: Current trends for green and are positive for the text.) Hickory History Center. Photography by Bob historic preservationists. Skills in adaptive reuse design methods and techniques to 16. What kind of lot is best suited to the split-level house style? Huffman, Hickory, North repair and maintain buildings that already exist are valuable. Carolina. This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

190 Part 3 From the Ground Up Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 191

17, Contrast the following roof styles: gable, gambrel, and hip. Technology Applications 18. Solar and earth-sheltered houses are two energy-efficient examples of the _____ 25. Log cabin technology. From the early Swedish immigrants to modern time, the 15. (List one of each:) housing style. log cabin remains a house style appealing to many in the U.S. culture. Trace the advantages—easy to roots of the log cabin from its earliest beginnings to present time. How has the maintain, easy to walk through, informal, many Think Critically technology (the practical application of knowledge in a particular area) for building variations, few or no log cabins changed over the years? What role does computer-aided drafting 8. (List three:) simple 19. Draw conclusions. As many older homes and buildings face destruction in the stairs; disadvantages— exterior lines; dignified and design (CADD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) play in building uses much space, modern world, many people are striving to preserve the heritage of these older appearances; modern-day log cabins? Use presentation software to share your findings with the expensive to build, not structures. Draw conclusions about why is there growing concern to restore and symmetry; centrally class. as energy efficient as located front doors; preserve these older buildings. more compact homes 26. Earth-sheltered house technology. For many generations, people have used windows with small 20. Form a hypothesis. Review the styles of architecture from the 1700s to the panes of glass; the soil to help protect their homes from severe climate conditions. Investigate present time. How are architectural features similar and different throughout the gable or hip roofs; ways that computer technology has improved the way people build earth-sheltered ages? What features appear again and again? Form a hypothesis about why tall chimney at each structures. How is beauty combined with form and function in such houses? How end of the roof; eave, certain architectural features are presently popular. What does this say about does 3-D modeling help improve such designs? door, and window people and culture? ornamentation Design Practice Community Links 27. House design. Imagine you are an architect designing housing in the year 2030. 16. sloping 9. Adam style and Early 21. Walking tour. Take a walking tour of one of the oldest residential areas of your Classical Revival Create an exterior design that you think would reflect future design trends. Does 17. gable—comes to a high community. What styles of architecture do you see? If possible, take a few your design relate to any previous historical styles or time periods? What features point in the center and 10. A portico is an open digital photos of the various architectural styles (be sure to ask permission of the of exterior design, if any, do you think are classic and will be repeated in the slopes on both sides; space covered with owners). Then examine the historical records of your community to find out when gambrel—has a lower a roof supported by future? How does your design relate to changes of lifestyle for future generations? it was first settled. Who were the earliest inhabitants? Which of the houses in your steeper slope and an columns. A pediment 28. Portfolio. Presume you are a contractor who is selecting photos, drawings, upper less-steep slope is an architectural photos can you track down? Prepare a photo essay and summarize your findings and descriptions of the house styles your company builds for a new Web site. on both of its sides; rooflike decoration for the class. hip—has sloping ends usually found over a Determine the styles of homes that your business will offer. If the styles are part of 22. Real estate research. Use Internet or print resources to examine the classified and sides portico, window, or a planned housing development or subdivision, describe it as well. Put together a ads about real estate in your local community. Using the information and pictures door. storyboard of your offerings in preparation for meeting with a Web designer. 18. Contemporary in the ads, compile a price list of different styles of homes that are currently on 11. two-story portico the market. What styles do the ads mention? What are their descriptions? What supported by Greek columns with a large architectural trends can you identify in the ads? Are older homes more expensive triangular pediment because of historical significance? Are certain styles of homes priced below the Citizenship and Historical Preservation market average? Is there a style of house that reflects the greatest value? Check out your community’s Web site or the telephone directory to find out about a historical preservation group in your area. Alone or with your team, Academic Connections attend a meeting of this group to learn more about the group’s activities with historic preservation. What needs does the organization have? How can youth 12. (List four:) abundance 23. Writing. Imagine you and your family were among the early settlers in North get involved? of decorative trim America. Pick a style of Folk architecture and write a story that describes the Report your findings to your FCCLA chapter. Determine if and how your (gingerbread), high lifestyle you and your family might have experienced living in the house. Think in porches, steep gable team might work with this organization to help preserve historic buildings in roofs, tall windows, terms of cooking, sleeping, bathing, working, learning, enjoying recreation, and your community. Then use the FCCLA Planning Process to plan, carry out, and turrets, high ceilings, conducting other aspects of daily life. You may wish to illustrate your story. Share evaluate your project. Use your project for an FCCLA Illustrated Talk STAR Event dark stairways, long your story with the class. or a project for Leaders at Work. See your adviser for information as needed. halls 24. History. Choose an architect to research, such as Thomas Jefferson, Frank 13. Frank Lloyd Wright Lloyd Wright, Robert and James Adams, William Morris, Walter Gropius, Ludwig 14. geometric shapes Mies van der Rohe, Robert Venturi, or Frank Gehry. Write a one-page report and large expanses of summarizing the architectural influence of the architect. Include photos or glass windows drawings of this architect’s work that represent his/her style. To where would your class need to travel to find the closest example of a building designed by this architect?