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Views and Opinions Expressed in This Document Are Those of the Author and Do Not Necessarily Department of Environmental Studies DISSERTATION COMMITTEE PAGE The undersigned have examined the dissertation entitled: Ramapough/Ford: The Impact and Survival of an Indigenous Community in the Shadow of Ford Motor Company’s Toxic Legacy presented by Chuck Stead candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and hereby certify that it is accepted. Committee Chair Name: Alesia Maltz Title/Affiliation: Antioch University Committee Member Name: Charlene DeFreese Title/Affiliation: Ramapough Lenape Nation Committee Member Name: Michael Edelstein Title/Affiliation: Ramapo College of New Jersey Committee Member Name: Tania Schusler Title/Affiliation: Antioch University Defense Date: August 22, 2014 Ramapough/Ford: The Impact and Survival of an Indigenous Community in the Shadow of Ford Motor Company’s Toxic Legacy By: Chuck Stead A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England Committee: Alesia Maltz, Ph.D. (Chair) Tania Schusler, Ph.D. Michael Edelstein, Ph.D. Sub-Chief Charlene DeFreese 2015 The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the reviewers or Antioch University. i This is dedicated to the elders. ii Acknowledgments The author would like to thank Antioch School of Environmental Studies, and the Doctorial Committee, Dr. Michael Edelstein, Dr. Tania Shuster, Charlene Defreese and Dr. Alesia Maltz for their guidance, as well as my cohort colleague Claudia Ford. I would also like to thank the members of the Ramapo Lenape Nation especially Chief Perry, Chief Mann, and Vivian Milligan for their support and guidance. The many traditional storytellers who are identified in the narrative have been especially helpful over the years and it is my hope that my re-telling of their stories does them justice. The work of numerous scholars is cited here and I would like to thank them for their inspiration over the years as well as their example and determination to achieve the academic excellence that they are known for. I thank Ed Lenik and Nancy Gibbs for their review of chapter three and for the additional material they offered. Family members and community members are also cited in this narrative and it is my hope that my memory of the events referenced is appropriate. Students from numerous programs I have had the privilege to work with including: the Nature Place Day Camp, BOCES and the Youth Bureau of Rockland County, Ramapo College of Mahwah New Jersey, Cornell Cooperative Extension of Rockland, Antioch University of New England, and Green Meadow School of Chestnut Ridge in Rockland County. The primary editor of this work has been Kara Graham, without whose help this dissertation would not have been completed. Finally, I would like to thank my immediate family Kat Stead and Luke Forester who have patiently lived under the same roof with my scholarly excesses. iii Abstract: Ramapough/Ford, the Impact and Survival of an Indigenous Community in the Shadow of Ford Motor Company’s Toxic Legacy The purpose of this study was to examine the history of the Ford Motor Company’s impact upon the Ramapo Watershed of New York and New Jersey, as well as upon the Ramapough Munsi Nation, an indigenous population living there. In a 25 year span the automaker produced a record number of vehicles and dumped a massive amount of lead paint, leaving behind a toxic legacy that continues to plaque the area and its residents. The Ramapough people are not unlike many native nations living in the United States who have experienced industrial excess. This study examines the mindset that allows for marginalizing portions of society as a part of standard business protocol and considers the dynamic of the ‘Wounded Storyteller’ as a tool of survival engaged by the native community. Just as in ecological restoration the ecologist must work within an adaptive environment, narratives of recovery adapt to the wounding of tradition and emerge anew to a place of recovery. The Ramapough Nation has become the proverbial ‘canary in the mine shaft’ being on the front line of lead paint sludge contamination. Their struggle to survive and to remake their lives can offer modeling for other communities beset with similar environmental contamination. This is an environmental justice issue that knows no racial boundary and will find its way into the general public. The author having grown up among this community is well versed in the history of discrimination as well as the dismissal of their native heritage on the part of academic institutions. He is also a person of the land and from his childhood witnessed Ford dumping in the watershed as well as the years of illness among the people. This study looks to dispel some of the myth around the community and shed light on the level of exploitation by industry, regulators, and politicians. While this is primarily an historical iv account there is an element of participatory research engaged here, as the author has worked with the community and students in the building of an Environmental Research Center designed to focus on recovery in the watershed and community. The electronic version of this Dissertation is at OhioLink ETD Center, www.ohiolink.edu/etd. v Table of Contents Dedication………………………………………….i Acknowledgments…………………………………ii Abstract……………………………………………iii Introduction………………………………….…….vi Chapter 1 Trapper’s Story………………………….1 Chapter 2 Iron from Stone………………………….16 Chapter 3 The Ramapoughs…………………….…..40 Chapter 4 Fordism…………………………………..61 Chapter 5 Lead, Plastic and Nail Polish…………….81 Chapter 6 Toxic Legacy…………………………….104 Chapter 7 A Story as Told by Others………………..134 Chapter 8 Wounded Storytellers…………………….149 Chapter 9 Recovery………………………………….189 Chapter 10 The Saltbox……………………………....213 Chapter 11 The Medicine Garden………………..….230 Epilogue………………………………………….…...247 vi Introduction It is my hope that this manuscript presents both a scholarly work and a contribution to the larger narrative that I have been privileged to be a part of. As a scholarly work it is significant that an academic study authored by one whose sense of place is informed by the regional landscape, its history, its economy and its people become a part of the local cannon. Academic writing tends to objectify its subject with the premise that truth is achieved by objective detachment. In this attempt at eliminating potential bias, the academy falls prey to its own institutional chauvinism and all too often produces something that is lifeless, sterile. As to offering a contribution to the greater narrative found in the Ramapo Hills, I can only hope that herein the voices of elders remains true and alive, that my commentary does not detract from their sensibility but stewards their story. This then is a collective story by the wounded storytellers of the Ramapough/Ford experience. We here in the watershed live with and will continue to live with the wounds of industrial impact but that is not our soul story, it is only a part of something greater. We have histories that predate the arrival of Ford Motor Company and we continue to move along after the auto maker left us with its waste, just as we have continued to learn how early industry informed our sensibilities, our way of life. The first chapter is more of a personal account, a story of youthful trapping, a naturalist’s journey and an encounter with exploitation. Unlike many academic works, it initiates this text with the personal, this is necessary as the story requires the witness, the local knowledge. The next two chapters look into history, the early pioneering industry that helped shaped the region and then the Ramapough Nation, contemporary tribal descendants of the Munsee Lenape people. The early industry focuses on Iron Mining and Production work in the region, which built a vii culture rooted in mineral extraction. This story is marked by a colonial hunger to manifest Christian values laced with industrial economics and finds itself extrapolating indigenous concepts, shaped to fit a new world consumption. The Ramapough story is one of a deep earth bound genesis that collided with a few centuries of domination, than served up to a mighty auto maker as a dumping ground. This story requires a certain deconstructing of the white man’s portrayal of native and minority populations, in order to get at the deep injustice of the situation. Getting at the pre-condition that informs the behavior of the Ford industrial model is the stuff of the fourth chapter, entitled Fordism. Henry Ford, the patriarch founder of the industry, established Fordism as his contribution to the world of scientific management of the workforce. Ford was a complex man, portraying himself as a defender of the farmer while at the same time industrializing the countryside; calling for world peace as an anti-militarist while espousing anti- Semitic propaganda and supporting German fascism; and defending individualism while union busting. By mid-twentieth century the industrial model had grown self assured, cocky, confidant, and outright over-reaching. Chapter five examines the product of that ‘over reaching’ with a close look at the ingredients of auto paint. Individually most of them are carcinogenic but collectively they are toxic poison. And the next chapter celebrates the work of courageous journalists with the Bergen Record who ferret out the story, of that poison. We hear the voices of the Ramapoughs, as collected by the likes of local writers, who transcend the jingoistic propaganda surrounding this rural community. This is followed in chapter seven with an examination of how contemporary media stigmatizes the community and to the complex narrative of the people and the watershed. The eighth chapter is entitled Wounded Storytellers and presents the voices of the Ramapoughs, as this author has heard them. Here the concept of wounded narratives and the viii struggle to reclaim ones story from the “professionals” who have stolen it is explored.
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