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Storm Surge Simulation of Hurricane Ivan and Hurricane Dennis

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Storm Surge Simulation of Hurricane Ivan and Hurricane Dennis STORM SURGE SIMULATION OF HURRICANE IVAN AND HURRICANE DENNIS By YANFENG ZHANG A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2007 1 © 2007 Yanfeng Zhang 2 To my parents, my wife, and my son 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I want to express my sincere appreciation to my advisor and supervisory committee chairman, Dr. Y. Peter Sheng, for his support and guidance through all these years. I also thank the members of my supervisory committee, Dr. Robert G. Dean, Dr. Ramesh K. Reddy, Dr. Robert J. Thieke, and Dr. Gary R. Consolazio for reviewing my dissertation. I thank the sponsors of several University of Florida research projects for providing funding and data for my research study: Florida Sea Grant, South Florida Water Management District and UCITSS (Florida Atlantic University). I thank Justin Davis, Vadim Alymov, Vladimir Paramygin, Taeyun Kim, Jun Lee, Jeff King, Kijin Park, Detong Sun for their help and moral support during my study. I would also like to thank Nancy, Kim, Ketty, Doretha and Lucy who make my life easier. My sincere thanks, with my heart and soul, go to my parents and my wife for their love and endless support. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................8 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................9 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................15 1.1 Structured Grid Model......................................................................................................19 1.2 Unstructured Grid Model..................................................................................................20 1.3 Grid Resolution.................................................................................................................21 1.4 Wind Model......................................................................................................................22 1.5 Inclusion of Wave Effect..................................................................................................23 1.6 CH3D-SSMS Storm Surge Modeling System..................................................................24 1.7 Questions to be answered .................................................................................................25 1.8 Goals and Objectives ........................................................................................................26 2 STORM SURGE MODELING SYSTEM - CH3D-SSMS....................................................29 2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................29 2.2 Local Circulation Model - CH3D.....................................................................................29 2.2.1 Governing Equations.............................................................................................30 2.2.2 Radiation Stress.....................................................................................................36 2.2.3 Boundary Conditions.............................................................................................37 2.2.4 Model Validation...................................................................................................39 2.3 Regional Wave Model ......................................................................................................39 2.4 Regional Circulation Model .............................................................................................40 2.5 Local Wave Model ...........................................................................................................41 2.6 Wind Model......................................................................................................................42 2.7 Simple Storm Surge Test.................................................................................................45 3 HURRICANE IVAN SIMULATION ....................................................................................52 3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................52 3.2 Synoptic History ...............................................................................................................52 3.3 Hurricane Ivan Simulation Using CH3D-SSMS ..............................................................53 3.3.1 Data Measured during Hurricane Ivan ...................................................................54 3.3.2 Bathymetry, Topography and Grid System............................................................54 Vertical datum..........................................................................................................54 3.3.3 Wind Field..............................................................................................................55 5 3.3.3.1 HRD wind ....................................................................................................55 3.3.3.2 WNA wind ...................................................................................................56 3.3.3.3 WINDGEN wind..........................................................................................56 3.3.3.4 Land reduction effect on wind field .............................................................56 3.3.4 Wave.......................................................................................................................58 3.3.5 Water Level Boundary Conditions.........................................................................58 3.3.6 Hurricane Ivan Storm Surge Simulation Results....................................................58 3.3.6.1 Wind and atmospheric pressure comparison................................................59 3.3.6.2 Water level and High Water Mark comparison............................................60 3.3.6.3 Wave comparison.........................................................................................61 3.3.6.4 Snapshot, EOHW, and inundation map .......................................................62 3.3.7 Sensitivity Tests......................................................................................................62 3.3.8 Hurricane Ivan 3D simulation ................................................................................65 3.3.9 Risk Analysis Tests ................................................................................................68 3.4 Wave Loadings On Highway Bridges ..............................................................................72 3.4.1 In-line Forces..........................................................................................................74 3.4.2 Vertical Forces........................................................................................................75 3.4.2 Wave Loading On I-10 Bridge During Hurricane Ivan..........................................76 3.4.2 Wave Loading For Risk Analysis Simulations ......................................................77 4 HURRICANE DENNIS SIMULATION .............................................................................111 4.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................111 4.2 Synoptic History .............................................................................................................111 4.3 Hurricane Dennis Simulation Using CH3D-SSMS........................................................112 4.3.1 Data Measurement during Hurricane Dennis.......................................................113 4.3.2 Bathymetry, Topography and Grid System..........................................................113 4.3.3 Wind Field............................................................................................................113 4.3.4 Boundary Conditions............................................................................................114 4.3.5 Hurricane Dennis Storm Surge Simulation Results .............................................114 4.3.5.1 Wind and atmospheric pressure comparison..............................................115 4.3.5.2 Water level and high water marks comparison ..........................................115 4.3.5.3 Wave comparison.......................................................................................116 4.3.5.4 Snapshot, EOHW and inundation map ......................................................117 4.3.5.5 High surge in Apalachee Bay.....................................................................119 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................139 Summary...............................................................................................................................139 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................148
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