DOCSLIB.ORG

Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, SPM4 Coasts and Communities Coordinating Lead Authors: Michael Oppenheimer (USA), Bruce C. Glavovic (New Zealand/South Africa) Lead Authors: Jochen Hinkel (Germany), Roderik van de Wal (Netherlands), Alexandre K. Magnan (France), Amro Abd-Elgawad (Egypt), Rongshuo Cai (China), Miguel Cifuentes-Jara (Costa Rica), Robert M. DeConto (USA), Tuhin Ghosh (India), John Hay (Cook Islands), Federico Isla (Argentina), Ben Marzeion (Germany), Benoit Meyssignac (France), Zita Sebesvari (Hungary/Germany) Contributing Authors: Robbert Biesbroek (Netherlands), Maya K. Buchanan (USA), Ricardo Safra de Campos (UK), Gonéri Le Cozannet (France), Catia Domingues (Australia), Sönke Dangendorf (Germany), Petra Döll (Germany), Virginie K.E. Duvat (France), Tamsin Edwards (UK), Alexey Ekaykin (Russian Federation), Donald Forbes (Canada), James Ford (UK), Miguel D. Fortes (Philippines), Thomas Frederikse (Netherlands), Jean-Pierre Gattuso (France), Robert Kopp (USA), Erwin Lambert (Netherlands), Judy Lawrence (New Zealand), Andrew Mackintosh (New Zealand), Angélique Melet (France), Elizabeth McLeod (USA), Mark Merrifield (USA), Siddharth Narayan (US), Robert J. Nicholls (UK), Fabrice Renaud (UK), Jonathan Simm (UK), AJ Smit (South Africa), Catherine Sutherland (South Africa), Nguyen Minh Tu (Vietnam), Jon Woodruff (USA), Poh Poh Wong (Singapore), Siyuan Xian (USA) Review Editors: Ayako Abe-Ouchi (Japan), Kapil Gupta (India), Joy Pereira (Malaysia) Chapter Scientist: Maya K. Buchanan (USA) This chapter should be cited as: Oppenheimer, M., B.C. Glavovic , J. Hinkel, R. van de Wal, A.K. Magnan, A. Abd-Elgawad, R. Cai, M. Cifuentes-Jara, R.M. DeConto, T. Ghosh, J. Hay, F. Isla, B. Marzeion, B. Meyssignac, and Z. Sebesvari, 2019: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press. 321 Chapter 4 Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities Table of contents Executive Summary ................................................................................... 323 4.4 Responding to Sea Level Rise ................................................ 385 4.4.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 385 4.1 Synthesis ................................................................................................. 326 Box 4.3: Responses to Sea Level Rise .................................. 385 4.1.1 Purpose, Scope, and Structure 4.4.2 Observed and Projected Responses, of this Chapter ........................................................................... 326 their Costs, Benefits, Co-benefits, 4.1.2 Future Sea level Rise and Implications Drawbacks, Efficiency and Governance ................. 386 for Responses ......................................................................... 326 4.4.3 Governance Challenges in Responding 4.1.3 Sea Level Rise Impacts and Implications to Sea Level Rise ................................................................. 398 for Responses ......................................................................... 328 4.4.4 Planning, Engagement and Decision Tools 4.1.4 Response Options, Governance Challenges for Choosing Responses .................................................. 400 and Ways Forward ............................................................... 329 Box 4.4: Community Based Experiences: Canadian Arctic and Hawkes Bay, New Zealand ........ 406 4.2 Physical Basis for Sea Level Change 4.4.5 Enabling Conditions and Lessons and Associated Hazards ............................................................... 330 Learned From ‘Practice’ .................................................... 407 4.2.1 Processes of Sea Level Change ................................... 330 4.4.6 Towards Climate Resilient 4.2.2 Observed Changes in Sea Level Development Pathways .................................................... 410 (Past and Present) ................................................................ 332 4.2.3 Projections of Sea Level Change ................................ 344 References .............................................................................................................. 412 Box 4.1: Case Studies of Coastal Hazard and Response ........................................................................................... 363 Frequently Asked Questions .................................................................... 411 FAQ 4.1 What challenges does the 4.3 Exposure, Vulnerability, Impacts inevitability of sea level rise present and Risk Related to Sea Level Rise .................................... 367 4 to coastal communities and how 4.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 367 can communities adapt? ....................................... 411 4.3.2 Dimensions of Exposure and Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise ................................................................... 367 Box 4.2: Methodological Advances in Exposure and Vulnerability Assessments .................. 368 4.3.3 Observed Impacts, and Current and Future Risk of Sea Level Rise ............................. 375 4.3.4 Conclusion on Coastal Risk: Reasons for Concern and Future Risks .................. 381 322 Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities Chapter 4 Executive Summary low-lying coastal areas more broadly, human-induced changes can be rapid and modify coastlines over short periods of time, outpacing This chapter assesses past and future contributions to global, regional the effects of SLR (high confidence). Adaptation can be undertaken in and extreme sea level changes, associated risk to low-lying islands, the short- to medium-term by targeting local drivers of exposure and coasts, cities, and settlements, and response options and pathways to vulnerability, notwithstanding uncertainty about local SLR impacts resilience and sustainable development along the coast. in coming decades and beyond (high confidence). {4.2.2.4, 4.3.1, 4.3.2.2, 4.3.2.3} Observations Coastal ecosystems are already impacted by the combination of SLR, other climate-related ocean changes, and adverse Global mean sea level (GMSL) is rising (virtually certain1) effects from human activities on ocean and land (high and accelerating (high confidence2). The sum of glacier and confidence). Attributing such impacts to SLR, however, remains ice sheet contributions is now the dominant source of GMSL challenging due to the influence of other climate-related and rise (very high confidence). GMSL from tide gauges and altimetry non-climatic drivers such as infrastructure development and observations increased from 1.4 mm yr–1 over the period 1901–1990 human-induced habitat degradation (high confidence). Coastal to 2.1 mm yr–1 over the period 1970–2015 to 3.2 mm yr–1 over ecosystems, including saltmarshes, mangroves, vegetated dunes and the period 1993–2015 to 3.6 mm yr–1 over the period 2006–2015 sandy beaches, can build vertically and expand laterally in response (high confidence). The dominant cause of GMSL rise since 1970 is to SLR, though this capacity varies across sites (high confidence). anthropogenic forcing (high confidence). {4.2.2.1.1, 4.2.2.2} These ecosystems provide important services that include coastal protection and habitat for diverse biota. However, as a consequence GMSL was considerably higher than today during past climate of human actions that fragment wetland habitats and restrict states that were warmer than pre-industrial, including the landward migration, coastal ecosystems progressively lose their Last Interglacial (LIG; 129–116 ka), when global mean surface ability to adapt to climate-induced changes and provide ecosystem temperature was 0.5ºC–1.0ºC warmer, and the mid-Pliocene services, including acting as protective barriers (high confidence). Warm Period (mPWP; ~3.3 to 3.0 million years ago), 2ºC–4ºC {4.3.2.3} warmer. Despite the modest global warmth of the Last Interglacial, GMSL was likely 6–9 m higher, mainly due to Coastal risk is dynamic and increased by widely observed contributions from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets changes in coastal infrastructure, community livelihoods, (GIS and AIS, respectively), and unlikely more than 10m higher agriculture and habitability (high confidence). As with coastal (medium confidence). Based on new understanding about ecosystems, attribution of observed changes and associated geological constraints since the IPCC 5th Assessment Report risk to SLR remains challenging. Drivers and processes inhibiting (AR5), 25 m is a plausible upper bound on GMSL during the attribution include demographic, resource and land use changes and 4 mPWP (low confidence). Ongoing uncertainties in palaeo sea level anthropogenic subsidence. {4.3.3, 4.3.4} reconstructions and modelling hamper conclusions regarding the total magnitudes and rates of past sea level rise (SLR). Furthermore, A diversity of adaptation responses to coastal impacts the long (multi-millennial) time scales of these past climate and and risks have been implemented around the world, but sea level changes, and regional climate influences from changes in mostly as a reaction to current coastal risk or experienced Earth’s orbital
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lasting Coastal Hazards from Past Greenhouse Gas Emissions COMMENTARY Tony E
    COMMENTARY Lasting coastal hazards from past greenhouse gas emissions COMMENTARY Tony E. Wonga,1 The emission of greenhouse gases into Earth’satmo- 100% sphereisaby-productofmodernmarvelssuchasthe Extremely likely by 2073−2138 production of vast amounts of energy, heating and 80% cooling inhospitable environments to be amenable to human existence, and traveling great distances 60% Likely by 2064−2105 faster than our saddle-sore ancestors ever dreamed possible. However, these luxuries come at a price: 40% climate changes in the form of severe droughts, ex- Probability treme precipitation and temperatures, increased fre- 20% quency of flooding in coastal cities, global warming, RCP2.6 and sea-level rise (1, 2). Rising seas pose a severe risk RCP8.5 0% to coastal areas across the globe, with billions of 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120 2140 US dollars in assets at risk and about 10% of the ’ Year when 50-cm sea-level rise world s population living within 10 m of sea level threshold is exceeded (3–5). The price of our emissions is not felt immedi- ately throughout the entire climate system, however, Fig. 1. Cumulative probability of exceeding 50 cm of sea-level rise by year (relative to the global mean sea because processes such as ice sheet melt and the level from 1986 to 2005). The yellow box denotes the expansion of warming ocean water act over the range of years after which exceedance is likely [≥66% course of centuries. Thus, even if all greenhouse probability (12)], where the left boundary follows a gas emissions immediately ceased, our past emis- business-as-usual emissions scenario (RCP8.5, red line) sions have already “locked in” some amount of con- and the right boundary follows a low-emissions scenario (RCP2.6, blue line).
    [Show full text]
  • Michael Oppenheimer, Princeton University SEMINAR SERIES
    Addressing Cross-Disciplinary Challenges and Solutions SEMINAR SERIES Michael Oppenheimer, Princeton University “The Scientific Challenges of Climate Change” February 9, 12:00—1:30 PM Dickinson School of Law Lewis Katz Building—Room 118 (New building— corner of Bigler Rd. and Services Rd., University Park Parking in East Deck on Bigler Rd., Special Shuttle service*, or use Campus Shuttle) Michael Oppenheimer is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Geosciences and International Affairs in the Woodrow Wilson School and the Department of Geosciences at Princeton University. He is also Director of the Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy (STEP) at the Woodrow Wil- son School and Faculty Associate of the Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences Program, Princeton Environmental Institute, and the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies. Oppenheimer is a long-time participant in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007, serving most recently as a lead author of the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report. His interests include science and policy of the atmosphere, particularly climate change and its impacts. Much of his research aims to understand the potential for “dangerous” outcomes of increasing levels of greenhouse gases by exploring the effects of global warming on ecosystems such as coral reefs, on the ice sheets, and on sea level,. He also studies the role played by nongovernmental organizations in the policy arena, the role of scientific learning and scientific assessment in decisions on problems of global change, and the potential value of precau- tionary frameworks. In the late 1980's, Dr. Oppenheimer and a handful of other scientists organized two workshops under the auspices of the United Nations that helped precipitate the negotiations that resulted in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (signed at the 1992 Earth Summit) and the Kyoto Protocol.
    [Show full text]
  • What's Loyalty Got to Do with It
    What‘s Loyalty Got To Do With It Researching the Factors Influencing Customer Loyalty Concerning the Consumption of Music Richard Sanders MSc BA Marketing, Faculty of Management and Organization, University of Groningen Abstract: Is it a prerequisite to focus solely on illegal downloading, when writing an article about the music industry? Should it not be more important to focus on those consumers remaining loyal and committed to musical artist(s), and subsequently learn from them? This study researches the factors influencing loyalty concerning the consumption of music, but more importantly the various ways in which they influence loyalty. The research was conducted among consumers purchasing music from the record store. The results report that gender, music genre, music discovery, music involvement and media behavior all influence loyalty. Interestingly, men are found to be much more (multi)loyal compared to women and purchase significantly more albums on average. It is suggested that this is partially influenced by the different ways men and women discover new music, and their differences concerning music involvement. Downloading in addition to purchasing music did not affect the (multi)loyalty of consumers, however it did influence the number of albums purchased per month. Therefore it is suggested that downloading might not hurt the artist(s) a consumer is committed to, thus underlining the importance of customer loyalty. Finally, a low percentage of all the respondents indicated their willingness to purchase music online in the near future, subsequently leading to the suggestion that consumers will remain loyal to the physical album format. © 2007 University of Groningen Keywords: customer loyalty; music industry; album sales 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Typhoon Neoguri Disaster Risk Reduction Situation Report1 DRR Sitrep 2014‐001 ‐ Updated July 8, 2014, 10:00 CET
    Typhoon Neoguri Disaster Risk Reduction Situation Report1 DRR sitrep 2014‐001 ‐ updated July 8, 2014, 10:00 CET Summary Report Ongoing typhoon situation The storm had lost strength early Tuesday July 8, going from the equivalent of a Category 5 hurricane to a Category 3 on the Saffir‐Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale, which means devastating damage is expected to occur, with major damage to well‐built framed homes, snapped or uprooted trees and power outages. It is approaching Okinawa, Japan, and is moving northwest towards South Korea and the Philippines, bringing strong winds, flooding rainfall and inundating storm surge. Typhoon Neoguri is a once‐in‐a‐decade storm and Japanese authorities have extended their highest storm alert to Okinawa's main island. The Global Assessment Report (GAR) 2013 ranked Japan as first among countries in the world for both annual and maximum potential losses due to cyclones. It is calculated that Japan loses on average up to $45.9 Billion due to cyclonic winds every year and that it can lose a probable maximum loss of $547 Billion.2 What are the most devastating cyclones to hit Okinawa in recent memory? There have been 12 damaging cyclones to hit Okinawa since 1945. Sustaining winds of 81.6 knots (151 kph), Typhoon “Winnie” caused damages of $5.8 million in August 1997. Typhoon "Bart", which hit Okinawa in October 1999 caused damages of $5.7 million. It sustained winds of 126 knots (233 kph). The most damaging cyclone to hit Japan was Super Typhoon Nida (reaching a peak intensity of 260 kph), which struck Japan in 2004 killing 287 affecting 329,556 people injuring 1,483, and causing damages amounting to $15 Billion.
    [Show full text]
  • MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER Albert G. Milbank Professor of Geosciences
    (Michael Oppenheimer) CURRICULUM VITA (May 2017) MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER Albert G. Milbank Professor of Geosciences and International Affairs, Department of Geosciences and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public & International Affairs, Princeton University Director, Center for Science, Technology, and Environmental Policy of the Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University Associated Faculty of: Princeton Environmental Institute Atmosphere and Ocean Sciences Program Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment Contact Information Robertson Hall 448 Princeton University Princeton, N.J. 08544 609-258-2338 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.princeton.edu/step/people/faculty/michael-oppenheimer/ Other Professional Affiliations Visiting Professor, NYU School of Law Editor in Chief, Climatic Change Letters Co-editor in Chief, Climatic Change Science Advisor, Environmental Defense Fund Coordinating Lead Author, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fields of Specialization Physics and chemistry of the atmosphere; climate change, ozone depletion, acid deposition and air pollution: their effects on natural systems and society, and public policy responses. Education S.B. (Chemistry) M.I.T., 1966 Ph.D. (Chemical Physics) University of Chicago, 1970 Positions 1966-67 Teaching Assistant, University of Chicago 1971-73 Research Fellow, Harvard College Observatory 1 (Michael Oppenheimer) 1971-81 Astrophysicist, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 1978-79 Visiting Astronomer,
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Hazards Predictions Name: ______Teacher: ______PD:___ 2
    1 Unit 7: Earth’s Natural Hazards Lesson 1: Natural Hazards Lesson 2: Natural Hazards Predictions Name: ___________________ Teacher: ____________PD:___ 2 Unit 7: Lesson 1 Vocabulary 3 1 Natural Hazard: 2 Natural Disaster: 3 Volcano: 4 Volcanic Eruption: 5 Active Volcano: 6 Dormant Volcano: 7 Tsunami: 8 Tornado: 4 WHY IT MATTERS! Here are some questions to consider as you work through the unit. Can you answer any of the questions now? Revisit these questions at the end of the unit to apply what you discover. Questions: Notes: What types of natural hazards are likely where you live? How could the natural hazards you listed above cause damage or injury? What is a natural disaster? What types of monitoring and communication networks alert you to possible natural hazards? How could your home and school be affected by a natural hazard? How can the effects of a natural disaster be reduced? Unit Starter: Analyzing the Frequency of Wildfires 5 Analyzing the Frequency of Wildfires Choose the correct phrases to complete the statements below: Between 1970 and 1990, on average fewer than / more than 5 million acres burned in wildfires each year. Between 2000 and 2015, more than 5 million / 10 million acres burned in more than half of the years. Overall, the number of acres burned each year has been increasing / decreasing since 1970. 6 Lesson 1: Natural Hazards In 2015, this wildfire near Clear Lake, California, destroyed property and devastated the environment. Can You Explain it? In the 1700s, scientists in Italy discovered a city that had been buried for over 1,900 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future
    Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future As more and more states are incorporating projections of sea-level rise into coastal planning efforts, the states of California, Oregon, and Washington asked the National Research Council to project sea-level rise along their coasts for the years 2030, 2050, and 2100, taking into account the many factors that affect sea-level rise on a local scale. The projections show a sharp distinction at Cape Mendocino in northern California. South of that point, sea-level rise is expected to be very close to global projections; north of that point, sea-level rise is projected to be less than global projections because seismic strain is pushing the land upward. ny significant sea-level In compliance with a rise will pose enor- 2008 executive order, mous risks to the California state agencies have A been incorporating projec- valuable infrastructure, devel- opment, and wetlands that line tions of sea-level rise into much of the 1,600 mile shore- their coastal planning. This line of California, Oregon, and study provides the first Washington. For example, in comprehensive regional San Francisco Bay, two inter- projections of the changes in national airports, the ports of sea level expected in San Francisco and Oakland, a California, Oregon, and naval air station, freeways, Washington. housing developments, and sports stadiums have been Global Sea-Level Rise built on fill that raised the land Following a few thousand level only a few feet above the years of relative stability, highest tides. The San Francisco International Airport (center) global sea level has been Sea-level change is linked and surrounding areas will begin to flood with as rising since the late 19th or to changes in the Earth’s little as 40 cm (16 inches) of sea-level rise, a early 20th century, when climate.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep-Sea Mining: the Basics
    A fact sheet from June 2018 NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research Deep-sea Mining: The Basics Overview The deepest parts of the world’s ocean feature ecosystems found nowhere else on Earth. They provide habitat for multitudes of species, many yet to be named. These vast, lightless regions also possess deposits of valuable minerals in rich concentrations. Deep-sea extraction technologies may soon develop to the point where exploration of seabed minerals can give way to active exploitation. The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is charged with formulating and enforcing rules for all seabed mining that takes place in waters beyond national jurisdictions. These rules are now under development. Environmental regulations, liability and financial rules, and oversight and enforcement protocols all must be written and approved within three to five years. Figure 1 Types of Deep-sea Mining Production support vessel Return pipe Riser pipe Cobalt Seafloor massive Polymetallic crusts sulfides nodules Subsurface plumes 800-2,500 from return water meters deep Deposition 1,000-4,000 meters deep 4,000-6,500 meters deep Cobalt-rich Localized plumes Seabed pump Ferromanganeseferromanganese from cutting crusts Seafloor production tool Nodule deposit Massive sulfide deposit Sediment Source: New Zealand Environment Guide © 2018 The Pew Charitable Trusts 2 The legal foundations • The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Also known as the Law of the Sea Treaty, UNCLOS is the constitutional document governing mineral exploitation on the roughly 60 percent of the world seabed that lies beyond national jurisdictions. UNCLOS took effect in 1994 upon passage of key enabling amendments designed to spur commercial mining.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 Water Levels and Flow
    253 CHAPTER 5 WATER LEVELS AND FLOW 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this chapter is to provide the hydrographer and technical reader the fundamental information required to understand and apply water levels, derived water level products and datums, and water currents to carry out field operations in support of hydrographic surveying and mapping activities. The hydrographer is concerned not only with the elevation of the sea surface, which is affected significantly by tides, but also with the elevation of lake and river surfaces, where tidal phenomena may have little effect. The term ‘tide’ is traditionally accepted and widely used by hydrographers in connection with the instrumentation used to measure the elevation of the water surface, though the term ‘water level’ would be more technically correct. The term ‘current’ similarly is accepted in many areas in connection with tidal currents; however water currents are greatly affected by much more than the tide producing forces. The term ‘flow’ is often used instead of currents. Tidal forces play such a significant role in completing most hydrographic surveys that tide producing forces and fundamental tidal variations are only described in general with appropriate technical references in this chapter. It is important for the hydrographer to understand why tide, water level and water current characteristics vary both over time and spatially so that they are taken fully into account for survey planning and operations which will lead to successful production of accurate surveys and charts. Because procedures and approaches to measuring and applying water levels, tides and currents vary depending upon the country, this chapter covers general principles using documented examples as appropriate for illustration.
    [Show full text]
  • Well Below 2 C: Mitigation Strategies for Avoiding Dangerous To
    PERSPECTIVE Well below 2 °C: Mitigation strategies for avoiding dangerous to catastrophic climate changes PERSPECTIVE Yangyang Xua,1 and Veerabhadran Ramanathanb,1 Edited by Susan Solomon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and approved August 11, 2017 (received for review November 9, 2016) The historic Paris Agreement calls for limiting global temperature rise to “well below 2 °C.” Because of uncertainties in emission scenarios, climate, and carbon cycle feedback, we interpret the Paris Agree- ment in terms of three climate risk categories and bring in considerations of low-probability (5%) high- impact (LPHI) warming in addition to the central (∼50% probability) value. The current risk category of dangerous warming is extended to more categories, which are defined by us here as follows: >1.5 °C as dangerous; >3 °C as catastrophic; and >5 °C as unknown, implying beyond catastrophic, including existential threats. With unchecked emissions, the central warming can reach the dangerous level within three decades, with the LPHI warming becoming catastrophic by 2050. We outline a three- lever strategy to limit the central warming below the dangerous level and the LPHI below the cata- strophic level, both in the near term (<2050) and in the long term (2100): the carbon neutral (CN) lever to achieve zero net emissions of CO2, the super pollutant (SP) lever to mitigate short-lived climate pollutants, and the carbon extraction and sequestration (CES) lever to thin the atmospheric CO2 blan- ket. Pulling on both CN and SP levers and bending the emissions curve by 2020 can keep the central warming below dangerous levels. To limit the LPHI warming below dangerous levels, the CES lever must be pulled as well to extract as much as 1 trillion tons of CO2 before 2100 to both limit the preindustrial to 2100 cumulative net CO2 emissions to 2.2 trillion tons and bend the warming curve to a cooling trend.
    [Show full text]
  • HAZARD MITIGATION for NATURAL DISASTERS a Starter Guide for Water and Wastewater Utilities
    HAZARD MITIGATION FOR NATURAL DISASTERS A Starter Guide for Water and Wastewater Utilities Select a menu option below. New users should start with Overview Hazard Mitigation. Overview Join Local Mitigation Develop Mitigation Implement and Mitigation Case Study Hazard Mitigation Efforts Projects Fund Project Overview Overview - Hazard Mitigation Hazard Mitigation Join Local Hazards Posed by Natural Disasters Mitigation Efforts Water and wastewater utilities are vulnerable to a variety of hazards including natural disasters such as earthquakes, flooding, tornados, and Develop wildfires. For utilities, the impacts from these hazard events include Mitigation Projects damaged equipment, loss of power, disruptions to service, and revenue losses. Why Mitigate the Hazards? Implement and Fund Project It is more cost-effective to mitigate the risks from natural disasters than it is to repair damage after the disaster. Hazard mitigation refers to any action or project that reduces the effects of future disasters. Utilities can Mitigation implement mitigation projects to better withstand and rapidly recover Case Study from hazard events (e.g., flooding, earthquake), thereby increasing their overall resilience. Mitigation projects could include: • Elevation of electrical panels at a lift station to prevent flooding damage. • Replacement of piping with flexible joints to prevent earthquake damage. • Reinforcement of water towers to prevent tornado damage. Mitigation measures require financial investment by the utility; however, mitigation could prevent more costly future damage and improve the reliability of service during a disaster. Disclaimer: This Guide provides practical solutions to help water and wastewater utilities mitigate the effects of natural disasters. This Guide is not intended to serve as regulatory guidance. Mention of trade names, products or services does not convey official U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Cholera Outbreak
    Emergency appeal final report Cameroon: Cholera outbreak Emergency appeal n° MDRCM011 GLIDE n° EP-2011-000034-CMR 31 October 2012 Period covered by this Final Report: 04 April 2011 to 30 June 2012 Appeal target (current): CHF 1,361,331. Appeal coverage: 21%; <click here to go directly to the final financial report, or here to view the contact details> Appeal history: This Emergency Appeal was initially launched on 04 April 2011 for CHF 1,249,847 for 12 months to assist 87,500 beneficiaries. CHF 150,000 was initially allocated from the Federation’s Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) to support the national society in responding by delivering assistance. Operations update No 1 was issued on 30 May 2011 to revise the objectives and budget of the operation. Operations update No 2 was issued on 31st May 2011 to provide financial statement against revised budget. Operations update No 3 was issued on 12 October 2011 to summarize the achievements 6 months into the operation. Operations update No 4 was issued on 29 February 2012 to extend the timeframe of the operation from 31st March to 30 June 2012 to cover the funding agreement with the American Embassy in Cameroon. PBR No M1111087 was submitted as final report of this operation to the American Embassy in Cameroon on 03 August 2012. Throughout the operation, Cameroon Red Cross volunteers sensitized the populations on PBR No M1111127 was submitted as final report of this how to avoid cholera. Photo/IFRC operation to the British Red Cross on 14 August 2012. Summary: A serious cholera epidemic affected Cameroon since 2010.
    [Show full text]