Matrix: Models of Accessing Digital Content

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Libraries, e-Lending and the Future of Public Access to Digital Content

Traditional Big Six Publishers

Benchmark Negotiable access Libraries Enduring rights Licencing restrictions Pricing structure Interoperability E-lending upholds to all digital determine their to content? (simultaneous users, across platforms the privacy of content (supports own acquisitions limited # of loans, and devices and library users e-lending or policy licence duration, must catalogues operates embargo be present in the library) model)

• No – does not allow • No – does not allow • No – does not • does not allow libraries • No – does not allow libraries access Not applicable Not applicable Simon & Schuster libraries access to e- libraries access to e- allow libraries access to e-book titles to e-book titles book titles book titles access to e-book titles • Pilot e-lending • Pilot e-lending • Pilot programme • Pilot programme places no • October 2012 saw an average e- Not applicable Not applicable. programme which programme offers full appears to confer limit on the amount of book price increase of 220% Hachette makes frontlist titles access to Hachette enduring rights – borrowing activity per e-book available to libraries titles yet there is copy Currently in the process of identifying uncertainty as to its the appropriate price at which to sell duration e-books to distributors and libraries. • Currently offers • Yes – libraries can • Yes in theory • No restrictions • March 2012 saw an average e-book Not applicable Not applicable access to all titles select the titles they price increase of 300% Random House wish to purchase from Random House Currently in the process of identifying catalogues the appropriate price at which to e- books to libraries • Currently operating a • Yes – New York • No – participating • Yes – the Penguin licence • Under the terms of the pilot Not applicable Not applicable pilot e-lending Public Library and libraries only own a expires after one year. libraries will pay retail-level prices programme which Brooklyn Public Library licence to loan the Continuation of Penguin e- once a year to keep any given book Penguin incorporates a six will have access to all of e-books for the lending will depend on available for e-lending, regardless of month embargo period Penguins ebooks on a period of one year whether the company deems how many times that e-book is for front list titles. yearly licence. Titles will only. this pilot a success. borrowed by patrons. be made available for e-

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lending six months after publication.

• Currently operating a • Patrons can access all • In order to gain • The trial period allows for • Under the terms of the trial Not applicable Not applicable free e-lending of Macmillan’s e-books permanent rights to multiple concurrent accesses Palgrave Connect is available free for programme trial for the extent of the the content within to an e-book. one year. Libraries will be required to Macmillan enabling libraries to trial period. the Palgrave pay subscription fees to the service access all e-books free Connect system after their trial period has expired. for a period of one libraries will have to year. purchase access to the system itself • Operates an e- • Libraries can select • This Harper • Yes – a 26 loan limit is in • Charges libraries prices for e-books Not applicable Not applicable lending programme the content they wish Collins e-lending operation for each purchased that are broadly similar to those which includes front to purchase from service effectively book. Once this threshold is faced by retail consumers. list titles. Harper Collins. ensures that surpassed the library must pay Harper Collins libraries never own to renew the licence for the a copy of an e-book book in question (in operation but simply a licence since March 2011) which allows for 26 loans before it needs renewal.

Online Publishers/retailers

Benchmark Negotiable access Libraries Enduring Licencing restrictions Pricing Interoperability across E-lending model to all digital determine their rights to (simultaneous users, structure platforms and devices and upholds the privacy of content (supports own acquisitions content? limited # of loans, catalogues library users e-lending or policy licence duration) operates embargo model)

• Amazon operates in • Amazon’s partnership • Once content • An e-book must be • Overdrives • The initiative between Overdrive and • Users of the Kindle device partnership with with Overdrive sees all is purchased purchased by the library in relationship with Amazon ensures that Kindle titles are will have agreed to Amazon’s Overdrive in the USA in the e-books a library through the order to then loan it to Amazon in the now available for public libraries to terms and conditions in order to make e-books has within its online system an patrons. The amount of USA sees e-books lend. Previously Kindle e-books had to order to access e-content Amazon available in Kindle Overdrive collection individual has simultaneous loaning of a title become available be purchased directly through Amazon. through the device. format for over 11,000 become available for enduring rights. depends on the number of for Kindle public libraries. download onto Kindle licenses purchased. Standard download at no The addition of Kindle lending within The relationship between devices. loaning periods last two extra cost to the broader Overdrive framework Overdrive and Amazon weeks users. further increases user flexibility by makes no difference to

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Libraries are able to providing users with added avenues current Kindle customers. select the content they through which to access e-books. wish to purchase from the generic Overdrive Catalogue.

• No – content must Not applicable • Once content • The loaning of e-books is • The price of the Not applicable Not applicable be either purchased or is purchased not made available through online content downloaded for free. through the this framework depends on the Apple iBook store There is no support for system the individual author e-lending. purchaser has and the enduring rights restrictions set of access. out by Apple. • No – all content that Not applicable • Once content • The loaning of e-books is • The price of the Not applicable Not applicable is made available on is purchased not made available through online content is the ReaderStore must through the this framework determined by Sony ReaderStore be purchased. system the Sony and the purchaser has relationships it enduring rights forms with of access. publishers. • No – epub acts a Not applicable • Once content • The loaning of e-books is • Epub bookstore Not applicable Not applicable signposting service, is purchased not made available through acts as a informing readers as to through the this platform. signposting which online vendors system the service, are selling a particular purchaser has highlighting the book and at what enduring rights availability and Epub Books price. of access. price of particular e-books across a Epub bookstore does variety of however have a different online selection of public vendors. domain books available which can be downloaded for free. • No - content must be Not applicable • Once content • The loaning of e-books in • The price of the Not applicable Not applicable either purchased or is purchased not made available through online content is downloaded for free. through the the Kobo platform. determined by There is no support for system the Kobo and the Kobo e-lending. purchaser has relationships it enduring rights forms with There are a significant of access. publishers. number of e-books which are available for free download

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however.

Distributors

• Overdrive seeks to • Whilst libraries can • Once an e- • An e-book must be • Overdrive acts • Overdrive supports lending devices • Overdrive does not make available all of its purchase e-books from book is purchased by the library in as a vending and operating systems including require personal information content to the public the Overdrive system purchased a order to then loan it to service. In which Windows PC, MAC, iPad, iPod, Kindle, to be entered by a library library community. for incorporation within library is able to patrons. The amount of it purchases e- Sony, Reader, NOOK, Android, user in order to loan an e- their online catalogues loan that simultaneous loaning of a title books directly Blackberry and Windows Phone. book. the fact remains that particular e-book depends on the number of from publishers the content available to patrons. The licenses purchased. Standard and then sells • Overdrive acts as a seamless e- Overdrive for purchase is dictated system operates loaning periods last two onwards to lending tool with a digital system by the relationship a 1 licence 1 loan weeks. institutions such interface that can be integrated within between Overdrive and system. as public libraries. providers’ own websites. publishers. Publishers dictate the overall price which then filters downwards to libraries. • 3M seeks to make • Whilst libraries can • Once an e- • An e-book must be • The 3M Cloud • The 3M Cloud Library utilises Cloud • In order to access the e- available all of its purchase e-books book is purchased by the library in Library acts as a technology to synchronise the reading content through the 3M content to the public through the 3M Cloud purchased a order to then loan it to vending service. experience. Patrons can use the 3M Cloud service, users have to library community. Library for library is able to patrons. Simultaneous loaning In which it software installed within libraries to undergo a single registration incorporation within loan that of a title depends on the purchases e- wirelessly send content to their devices, process. 3M asks users to fill 3M their online catalogues particular e-book number of licenses purchased. books directly or can access the system from home. in their state, library name, the fact remains that to patrons. The from publishers library barcode and pin. No the content available system operates and then sells • The 3M system is self- contained and further information is for purchase is dictated a 1 licence 1 loan onwards to libraries control the interaction with required in order to access by the relationship system. institutions such users. and 3M service.

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between 3M and as public libraries. publishers. Publishers dictate the overall price which then filters downwards to libraries. • Supports e-lending, • Yes – libraries can Once access to • Restrictions on e-book • Public libraries • Devices able to run Adobe Digital • Users in the library and but the Ingram system purchase content the MYILIBARY usage operate on a publisher can create their Editions (ADE) such as iPad, iPhone and those that have is focused toward the through Ingram’s system has been by publisher basis. own MYILIBRARY iPod touch, Sony ereaders, Barnes & authenticated to a specific academic and MYILIBRARY which will purchased then Simultaneous viewing of through Noble Nook and PCs and laptops can be library website do not need professional library then be added to libraries in material is facilitated through purchasing e- used to access content. to login to MyiLibrary to communities. individual MYILIBRARY theory have the MYILIBARY system but is books directly access the e-books in your catalogues. enduring access always dependent on the through the collection. for as • The MYILIBARY system is an isolated Ingram (MYILIBRARY) agreement of publishers. generic platform which requires users to login MYILIBRARY in order to gain access to content. Users that wish to take The number and length of platform. E-book advantage of advanced loans is also dependent on pricing is features on the platform, publishers. dependent on the such as inserting notes and price Ingram has bookmarks while using to pay publishers. MyiLibrary e-books, must insert a valid email and username. • Supports e-lending, • Whilst libraries can • Once an e- • An e-book must be • Axis 360 acts as • Library patrons can check out e-books • Axis 360 integrates with a but publishers dictate purchase e-books from book is purchased by the library in a vending service. on devices compatible with EPUB and library’s existing when books will be the Axis 360 platform purchased a order to then loan it to In which it PDF formats, such as NOOK, Sony management system for available for sale for incorporation within library is able to patrons. The amount of purchases e- Reader and Kobo devices. patron authentication. through electronic their online catalogues loan that simultaneous loaning of a title books directly Library users will not have to channels. the fact remains that particular e-book depends on the number of from publishers • The Axis 360 platform integrates enter any further details Baker & Taylor (Axis the content available to patrons. The licenses purchased. Standard and then sells within a library’s existing catalogue beyond what was required for purchase is dictated system operates loaning periods last two onwards to system. to join the library initially. 360) by publishers. a 1 licence 1 loan weeks. institutions such system. as public libraries. Publishers dictate the overall price which then filters downwards to libraries. • Supports e-lending, • No – When • Yes – once the • All ebrary subscription • Subscription • Ebrary is an independent framework • Ebrary does not but the ebrary system purchasing a base databases offer simultaneous, pricing is based that requires a user to login to the automatically collect a user’s is focused toward the subscription package subscription multi-user access and on the number of system in order to gain access to personal information based ebrary professional and with ebrary libraries package has continue to grow throughout end-users. content. on using the service unless academic communities gain access to a specific been purchased the term at no additional cost. that user specifically chooses only. section of online a library will • Ebrary is a web based platform only. to share personal content (e.g have enduring information.

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Government). access to the content Libraries can purchase associated with further content from the relevant ebrary if they wish to package. bolster their online catalogue of content. Once patron driven acquisition has been triggered then the library owns a perpetual archive. • The Apabi platform • Whilst libraries can • Once content • Each patron can download • The price of the • Apabi is a device neutral platform; an Not available. enables limited e- purchase content for is purchased six titles with a loan period of online content is Apabi app needs to be downloaded to a lending services. their own Apabi through the 21 days. determined by user’s specific mobile device and then platform the fact system the Apabi and the content can be synchronised to that remains that the purchaser has relationships it particular device. Apabi content available for enduring rights forms with purchase is dictated by of access. publishers. the relationship between Apabi and publishers.

• EBSCO seeks to • Libraries are free to • Purchased • E-lending through EBSCO • The price of • EBSCO operates an independent • EBSCO will only collect and make all of its e-book purchase an e-lending content from will be able to take place for a purchasing an e- landing page where libraries can each use personal identifying titles available for e- service account with EBSCO ensures period of 1, 7, 14 or 28 days. book is develop their own online catalogue for information (such as a first lending EBSCO in which they that libraries dependent on the users to access. EBSCO does not and last name, physical will be able to loan a have enduring Libraries can purchase e- amount of integrate with a library’s pre-existing address including a street EBSCO also offers a catalogue of self- rights. books with a number of simultaneous catalogue. name, e-mail address, number of purchase selected e-books. different variations attributed users a library telephone number, etc.) options which enable The loaning to them relating to the wishes to make • Users can read material through the when a user voluntarily libraries to formulate facility which amount of permissible an e-book online portal or can download content provides it. EBSCO online catalogues with EBSCO is simultaneous user access. The available for. to their mobile devices. Mobile devices fixed simultaneous developing is different packages allow must be compatible with Adobe Digital. In order to undertake certain reader options based on non- unlimited simultaneous user EBSCOs e-lending action on the EBSCO system, ownership. access, 3 person simultaneous service costs a (such as setting up an Libraries pay a access and 1 person per title. fraction of the account to make a purchase reduced cost associated of an article), a user must subscription fee with purchase. first complete a registration and can then form or provide an e-mail loan e-books. address that will require disclosure of personal identifying information. Such

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disclosure is strictly voluntary.

Self-Publishing

Benchmark Negotiable Libraries Enduring Licencing restrictions Pricing structure Interoperability across E-lending model access to all determine their rights to (simultaneous users, platforms and devices and upholds the privacy digital content own acquisitions content? limited # of loans, catalogues of library patrons (supports e- policy licence duration) lending or operates embargo model)

• Pottermore has • Through the • Once an e- • The amount of • Prices are determined by the • E-books accessed via the • Overdrive does not indicated its Overdrive system book is simultaneous e-lending for Pottermore company. Overdrive system are compatible require personal willingness to enter libraries will be able purchased a a Harry Potter e-book with a variety of mobile devices. information to be into a partnership to purchase access to library is able to through Overdrive will entered by a library user with Overdrive in the entirety of the loan that depend on the number of in order to loan an e- order to make Harry Harry Potter e-book particular e- licences owned. book. Pottermore Potter e-books collection. book to available to libraries. patrons. The Access does depend system on Pottermore and operates a 1 Overdrive licence 1 loan maintaining a system. working relationship. • Smashwords • Yes – the Library • Once an e- • One loan for each e-book • Pricing is dependent on the • The e-books on Smashwords can • Library Direct operates as vehicle Direct service enables book is owned. author and the restrictions imposed be read online or they can be represents a service through which libraries to make purchased by Smashwords. downloaded to reading devices through which libraries independent authors purchase decision through this such as the iPhone, iPod Touch, can enlarge their online can publish their based on platform then Amazon Kindle, Sony Reader or catalogues of work. Libraries can crowdsourced the library has Barnes & Noble Nook. Smashwords e-content. Smashwords gain access to e- aggregate sales data enduring rights. books from from across the Library Direct is a neutral operating Given that libraries independent authors Smashwords platform and is compatible with an utilising this system associated with distribution list. array of different devices. operate their own e-book Smashwords through Libraries are provided lending processes, users the Library Direct with information as would only have to agree system. to the most popular to library registration

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e-books and can then requirements in order to Library direct enables make informed then access Smashowrds libraries to acquire purchase decisions. content purchased large collections of e- through Library Direct. books whilst still controlling the e- lending process. • Authors who • No – Authors can • Through the • Through CreateSend • CreateSpace users must pay a $25 Not applicable. Not applicable. publish through the decide as part of the CreateSpace libraries are only able to fee if they wish to access the CreateSpace Create Space system libraries gain access to physical platform’s library distribution platform have the publication process if can potentially copies of books. Loaning channels. option of distributing they want to make only gain access then depends on the to libraries should their specific physical to self- number of physical copies Authors using CreateSpace are free they so wish. titles available to published held. to determine the price at which they libraries through content in wish to sell their product. Through The decision to give Baker and Taylor. physical format the Baker and Taylor distribution libraries access to only. channel libraries will have to pay the content is solely at The production of e- price set by the author and any the discretion of books through the mark-up imposed by Baker and authors. Kindle Direct Learning Taylor themselves. Programme does not CreateSpace is allow the author to concerned with the distribute electronic CreateSpace production of titles to libraries. ‘physical books’ only, (Amazon) however users are Libraries cannot invited to utilise the select titles they wish Kindle Direct to add to their Publishing catalogues from their programme in order own volition. to turn their titles into e-books.

The Kindle Direct Publishing Programme offers the author no distribution option that includes public libraries.

Kindle Direct • No – All content Not applicable • Once content • If an author decides to • The author chooses his or her Not applicable Not applicable that is produced is purchased enrol on the KDP Select own list price. Amazon offers a 35% Publishing through this platform through the programme then their e- royalty rate for titles sold at list price

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(Amazon) must be purchased system the book would be available and a 70% royalty rate on titles through Amazon’s purchaser has through the Kindle Owners’ priced at least 20% below list prices Kindle store. enduring rights Lending Library. The library set for physical copies. of access. enables a user to loan Authors also have individual e-books just the option of signing once, but for an unlimited up to Kindle Direct period. Publishing Select service. This particular service enables users to place e-books in the Kindle Lending Library where holders of premium Kindle membership can loan e-books once for an unlimited period. • No – Authors who • No – Libraries • Once content • The loaning of e-books is • The price of the online content Not applicable Not applicable publish through this cannot select titles is purchased not made available through depends on the individual author platform are which are published through the this framework and the restrictions set out by Apple required to sell via through this system the the Apple iBook platform. purchaser has Apple iBooks store. enduring rights . Libraries cannot gain of access. Author access to any content formulated through this platform unless the author decides to give their title away for free. • Following a • Ms Hocking used • Once content • The loaning of non- • The price of Ms. Hocking’s works Not applicable Not applicable successful self- Amazon’s self- is purchased academic e-books is not is now controlled by St. Martin’s publication period, publishing platform through the St. made available through St. Press utilising Amazon’s as a tool to sell her Martin’s Press Martin’s Press. platform, Ms Hocking works. Success system then an Author Case Study subsequently signed ensured that she individual has a publishing signed a publishing enduring rights : Amanda Hocking agreement with St. agreement with to access Ms. Martin’s Press, part St.Martin’s Press who Hocking’s of Macmillan. subsequently dictate works. the channels through Macmillan does not which she can sell her currently interact future works.

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with libraries over the sale of non- Whilst Hocking had academic e-books. the ability to dictate the avenues through which her self- published works could be distributed, her subsequent agreement with St. Martin’s Press ensures that she no longer controls distribution channels for future titles she produces.

Libraries are systematically excluded within this scenario. Successful self-publishing generates interest from mainstream publishers who do not necessarily interact positively with libraries.

Profit share purchase model

Benchmark Negotiable access Libraries Enduring Licencing restrictions Pricing Interoperability across E-lending model to all digital determine their rights to (simultaneous users, structure platforms and devices and upholds the privacy of content (supports own acquisitions content? limited # of loans, catalogues library patrons e-lending or policy licence duration) operates embargo model)

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• Bilbary indirectly Not applicable • Once an e- • Bilbary has no licensing • Patrons Not applicable Not applicable supports library e- book is obtained restrictions referred to Bilbary lending activities through the become retail through its profit Bilbary system customers and sharing business the customer purchase e-books model. Bilbary has unlimited accordingly Bilbary operates as an e-book access to that vendor; however it particular e- returns 50% of the book. profit from any sale back to the library which directed the customer to its website.

Other e-lending programmes/models

Benchmark Negotiable access Libraries Enduring Licencing restrictions Pricing Interoperability across E-lending model to all digital determine their rights to (simultaneous users, structure platforms and devices and upholds the privacy of content (supports own acquisitions content? limited # of loans, catalogues library patrons e-lending or policy licence duration) operates embargo model)

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• 24 Symbols is a Not applicable • In theory once • If the premium fee is not • Basic • Premium users can download content Not applicable freemium based subscription has paid then users will encounter subscription to 24 to their devices and utilise the Cloud subscription model. been been paid a limited range of content and Symbols is free. system to synchronise their own Users register with the then a user can will also require constant However, users reading activities across devices. service in order to always access internet access in order to must pay a access a pre- content – either engage with content. premium in order Subscription only users require constant determined catalogue online or to a) access an internet access in order to engage with of e-books. through utilising enlarged online content. the Cloud. catalogue, and b) 24 Symbols Users must pay a secure the ability premium in order to to download access an enlarged content to their catalogue. Moreover mobile devices. the premium membership also removes adverts which are incorporated into e-books at the subscription only level. • The Kindle Owners’ Not applicable • Once a Kindle • Loaning through the • Before • Usage of the Owners’ Library requires Not applicable Lending Library which and premium Owners’ Library enables users accessing the ownership of a Kindle. The service is not enables Amazon Prime membership has to access titles one at a time. Owners’ Library a available through any other device. members the been purchased There is no restriction on the user must first opportunity to loan a user is free to length of the loan. have purchased one e-book at a time, access the both a Kindle and • When loaning a Kindle book to from a catalogue of Owners’ Library. • Peer to peer loaning for premium another reader, the borrower does not over 180,000 titles, E-books can be specific e-books can only take membership. need to own a Kindle – Kindle books can without due dates. loaned one at a place once. be read using PC, Mac, iPad, iPhone, time and for • Peer to peer e- Blackberry and Android. unlimited Not all e-books are lendable; lending requires a periods. Amazon Kindle in both examples it remains title to be the decision of the publisher purchased before lending programme’s • Amazon has also Peer to peer in order to determine if titles lending that developed a peer to • lending first are to be made available for content peer e-lending loaning. potentially framework. A Kindle requires an e- book to be becomes an user must purchase a option. book before being able purchased. The to lend it for a period purchaser can of up to 14 days. then loan that title to a peer on Not all Kindle books one occasion are available for only. lending.

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• Supports e-lending, • When purchasing an • No – • E-books can be loaned • Brain Hive is •Brain Hive supports multiple mobile • Student information will but the Brain Hive account with Brain Hive institutions pay a simultaneously through Brain free to join and a and web based browsers including PC, not be share with anyone system is focused users instantly gain one dollar fee Hive – the only restriction fixed one dollar MAC and iPad. but your school's Brain Hive toward primary school access to over three each time an e- relates to the fact that price for each e- account administrator. communities only. thousand e-books. book is loaned simultaneous usage can only book that is Brain Hive is an independent system Information will be available out. When an take place within a single loaned out and does not integrate within existing to the administrator in order Brain Hive Administrators can institution’s school building. represents the library systems. to gain an understanding of block access to certain budget limit is only cost. which e-books are being titles should that be reached, e- Currently only available in the read and for how long. deemed necessary but books cannot be USA cannot suggest new accessed until For Brain Hives detailed titles that should be that budget is privacy policy related to made available on Brain replenished. young people please click Hive. here

Library initiatives

Benchmark Negotiable access Libraries Enduring Licencing restrictions Pricing Interoperability across E-lending model to all digital determine their rights to (simultaneous users, structure platforms and devices and upholds the privacy of content (supports own acquisitions content? limited # of loans, catalogues library patrons e-lending or policy licence duration) operates embargo model)

• The Douglas County • Douglas County • Once content • Loans are limited based on • The Douglas • Users can download content in •The Douglas County Library Douglas Country Library system Libraries enter into has been the number of e-book licenses County Library multiple formats ensuring accessibility Initiative acts as a Library supports e-lending. relationships with purchased by purchased by the Douglas seeks to purchase is maximised across as many different middleman between Content is purchased publishers in order to the Douglas County Library partnership. at discount devices as possible. individual libraries and

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at discount directly determine the content County Library directly from vendors/publishers. With the from publishers and is available on the online Partnership then If demand for a specific e- publishers. The online catalogue is seamlessly initiative acting as a general then made available to platform that the they have book meets a prescribed integrated within the traditional purchaser of content, library patrons for loaning. libraries themselves are enduring rights upper threshold then the physical catalogue of books for easy users do not have to share hosting. to that specific partnership is required to browsing. information with anyone content. purchase further licences for other than the library they the particular e-book in belong to. question. • Califa seeks to make • Yes – Califa members • Once the • Loans are limited based on • In order for a Not available. •CALIFA acts as a all available online can select which content has the number of e-book licences vendor to sell middleman between content available to content to purchase been purchased purchased through Califa. content through individual libraries and the 220+ member from the online content by an individual Califa it must have vendors/publishers. With the libraries. platform managed by member through a minimum 15% initiative acting as a general Califa itself. the Califa service discount upon purchaser of content, library then they have standard retail users do not have to share Califa only allows enduring rights price. information with anyone content onto its to that specific other than the library they platform once it has content. belong to been vetted and CALIFA reviewed by members so as to ensure quality. Individual libraries can then purchase the content that wish.

Membership also allows individual libraries to access e-book collections hosted by Califa themselves.

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Aggregators of free access to non-copyright restricted content

Benchmark Negotiable access Libraries Enduring rights Licencing restrictions Pricing Interoperability across E-lending model to all digital determine their to content? (simultaneous users, structure platforms and devices and upholds the privacy of content (supports own acquisitions limited # of loans, catalogues library patrons e-lending or policy licence duration) operates embargo model)

• The DPLA supports • No – the DPLA seeks • Without • No license restrictions. • There is no • Unknown at this stage – although • DPLA is still in e-lending for the to unify disparate restrictions over price associated initial comments from the DPLA state development phase and as entirety of its sources of back list copyright libraries with the DPLA that it is their intention to make such issues concerning user catalogue. online content through and patrons have project from a information accessible across all digital privacy have yet to be Digital Public Library one single platform. unlimited access to user perspective. formats. formally published. The service, currently in content. of America (DPLA) development, only seeks to make available content which is not subject to copyright law any longer. • The Internet Archive • The Internet Archive • Without • No licence restrictions • There is no • People can choose to download in • Users do not have to enter seeks to provide users digitizes books which restrictions over price associated either PDF or ePUB format enabling any personal information on with free access to e- are no longer subject to copyright, libraries with the Internet content to be accessed across multiple the Internet Archive in order Internet books which are no copyright laws. As such and patrons have Archive project devices. to download materials. Archive/Open Library longer subject to libraries using this unlimited access to from a user copyright restrictions. system will only be able content. perspective. to offer users access to backlist e-books. • The HathiTrust • HathiTrust Digital • Rights are • Lending restrictions are • There is no • Content is available for download in • HathiTrust's access supports e-lending Library is a digital dependent on the laid out below price associated PDF format only. systems frequently track the preservation repository. specific with the actions performed by users It provides long-term circumstances Copyrighted material – the HathiTrust project of those systems. preservation and access surrounding amount of concurrent e- from the In some cases HathiTrust HathiTrust services for public individual pieces of lending depends on the perspective of the retains transaction logs in domain and in online content. number of physical copies individual user. order to improve its services. copyright content from Works classified as of the specific book in This information is never a variety of sources, public domain have question. shared with third parties. including Google, the no restrictions upon Internet Archive and usage, however, Open Access - this work is Microsoft. works still under made available from

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copyright have HathiTrust with explicit The HathiTrust seeks to restrictions on permission of the make available as much lending practices copyright holder. content as possible based on the Permission must be from the platforms quantity of print requested from the rights listed above. copies held. holder for any subsequent use.

Public Domain – no restrictions on usage.

• Google Books • Google digitizes as • Google Books • Licensing restrictions are • No price Not applicable Not applicable digitizes books and much content as provides an online dependent on the associated with provides an online possible. This project is service for readers individual copyright status the Google platform, where, financed through the to access digital relating to a specific title. platform itself. dependent on companies own pocket content. Users are copyright status, users and as such libraries free to download The snippet view provided Users are can read titles in their have no say as to when and read content by Google for those titles indicated to other entirety. content might be which is now under copyright ensures websites should digitized. classified as public that users must purchase they wish to Google Books domain. the e-book in question purchase a book through suitable channels that is under Works under copyright copyright can only Work in the public domain restrictions. be accessed through can be downloaded and snippet view – read in its entirety from access is limited to the Google platform. searching for specific phrases or word usage. • Apple’s iBooks does • Libraries have no • Apple’s iBooks • Content must be • Publishers must Not applicable Not applicable not support e-lending. involvement in the has incorporated purchased in order for any set a fixed retail The only exception to content made available Project Gutenberg form of access to be price for content this relates to material for purchase on the into its catalogue. granted, with the being sold made available iBookstore. This content, exception of work under through the Apple through Project comprising of the Project Gutenberg Bookstore – Apple Apple iBooks Gutenberg. Apple enters into an backlist titles, is free framework. takes a fixed cut agency pricing from copyright of the profits agreements with restriction and can associated with publishers, which then be downloaded any sale made determines the nature onto Apple products through its of the content made without restriction. platform. available on the iBookstore platform.

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