Copper, Borders and Nation-building Copper, Borders and Nation-building The Kantagese Factor in Zambian Political and Economic History Enid Guene African Studies Centre Leiden African Studies Collection, vol. 67 African Studies Centre Leiden P.O. Box 9555 2300 RB Leiden The Netherlands
[email protected] www.ascleiden.nl Cover design: Heike Slingerland Cover photos: A coke oven is emptied, Lubumbashi, 1919. Photo E. Gourdine, collection Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) Tervuren; scene from inside the “Prince Léopold” copper mine in Kipushi. This was the only entire- ly subterranean exploitation of the Congo. Photo UMHK, collection RMCA, Tervuren Copyright photos: Collection Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren: Excava- tions Pierre de Maret: fig. 2.1, fig. 2.3 (1975 ); Excavations Pierre de Maret: fig. 2.2, fig. 2.4 (1974); photo UMHK: fig. 4.1 (1920), fig. 4.2 (1929), fig. 4.3 (1928); photo E. Leplae: fig. 4.4, fig. 4.5, fig. 4.6, fig. 4.9 (1912); photo G.F. de Witte: fig. 4.7 (1931); photo C. Lamote (Inforcongo): fig. 4.8 ( 1950); photo J. Makula (Inforcongo): fig. 5.1 (1960); photo Lambert (Inforcongo): fig. 5.2 (1959) Maps: Nel de Vink (DeVink Mapdesign) Layout: Sjoukje Rienks, Amsterdam Printed by Ipskamp Printing, Enschede ISSN: 1876-018x ISBN: 978-90-5448-158-4 © Enid Guene, 2017 Table of Contents 1 Introduction – Two Copperbelts, Two Histories? 7 1.1 A Joint History 7 1.2 ‘Old’ and ‘New’ Paradigms for the Copperbelt 11 1.2.1 Modernism and its Failure 11 1.2.2 Nation-Statism and Transnationalism 14 1.3 Objectives 17 2 The