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Adam, Heribert and Kogila Moodley, The Negotiated Revolution (, 1993). Alhadeff, Vic, A Newspaper History of (, 1976). Arnheim, M. T. W., South Africa after Vorster (Cape Town, 1979). Attwell, Michael, South Africa: Background to the Crisis (London, 1986). Baskin, Jeremy, Striking Back: a History of Cosatu (Cape Town, 1991). Bickford-Smith, Vyvyan, Cape Town on the Eve of the (Cape Town, 1985). Buthelezi, M. G., White and Black Nationalism (Johannesburg, 1974). Davenport, Rodney, South Africa: a Modern History (London, 1987). Desmond, Cosmas, The Discarded People (Harmondsworth, 1971). Frederickse, Julie, South Africa: a Different Kind of War (Cape Town, 1986). Friedman, Steven, ed., The Long Journey: South Africa’s Quest for a Negotiated Settlement (Centre for Policy Studies, London, 1993). Gerhart, Gail, Black Power in South Africa (Berkeley, 1978). Hancock, Sir William, Smuts, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1962). Hanlon, J., ’s Second Front (Harmondsworth, 1986). Harrison, David, The White Tribe of Africa (London, 1981). Hepple, Alexander, Verwoerd (London, 1967). Howe, Geoffrey, Conflict of Loyalty (London, 1994). The Illustrated (Reader’s Digest, Cape Town, 1994). Johnson, R. W., How Long Will South Africa Survive? (London, 1977). Kane-Berman, John, Soweto: Black Revolt, White Reaction (Cape Town, 1978). Karis, Thomas and Gwendolyn Carter, From Protest to Challenge, vol. 3 (Hoover Institution, 1977). Leach, Graham, South Africa (London, 1986). Lodge, Tom, Black Politics in South Africa since 1945 (Cape Town, 1983). Luthuli, Albert, Let My People Go (London, 1962). Mandela, Nelson, Speaks (New York, 1993). Mandela, Nelson, (Boston, 1994). Matanzima, Kaisar, Independence My Way (Pretoria, 1976). Modisane, Bloke, Blame Me on History (Johannesburg, 1986). Nasson, Bill, All Here and Now: Black Politics in the 1980s (Cape Town, 1991). O’Meara, Dan, Volkscapitalisme: Class, Capital and Ideology in the Development of , 1934–48 (Cape Town, 1983). Paton, Alan, The Long View (London, 1968). Pollack, Luis, The Inquest into the Death of Stephen Vantu (Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights, Cape Town, Feb. 1978). Rhoodie, Eschel, The Real Information Scandal (Cape Town, 1983). Ross, Richard van der, The Rise and Decline of Apartheid (Cape Town, 1986). Sampson, Anthony, Black and Gold (London, 1987). Sampson, Anthony, Nelson Mandela (London, 1999). Sandbrook, R. and R. Cohen, eds, The Development of an African Working Class

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(London, 1975). Schrire, Robert, Adapt or Die (Ford Foundation, USA, 1991). Select Committee on Foreign Affairs, UK House of Commons, South Africa Report and Minutes (London, HMSO, 1986). Silk, A., A Shanty Town in South Africa: the Story of Motterdam (Cape Town, 1981). Slabbert, Frederik van Zyl, The Last White Parliament (Johannesburg, 1986). Sparks, Allister, Tomorrow is Another Country (Cape Town, 1994). Stultz, Newell, Afrikaner Politics in South Africa, 1934–48 (Berkeley, 1974). Thatcher, Margaret, The Downing Street Years (London, 1993). Waldmeir, Patti, Anatomy of a Miracle (London, 1997). Walshe, Peter, The Rise of African Nationalism in South Africa (London, 1970). Wilkins, Ivor and Hans Strydom, The Super (Johannesburg, 1978). Young, Michael, Unpublished minutes of the Mells Park talks. Index

Adam, Gordon 15 suspended 231–2; banning and African National Congress see ANC unbanning 62, 92, 189–90, 192, Africanization 136–7 202, 216; Britain rebuffed 174; language 29, 38, 44, 65, British recognition 173–4, 176, 66, 68, 71 178; command and control see structure 150; Communist links Broederbond 21–2; ‘Congress of the People’ Afrikaner Cultural Organization (1955) 59; constitutional (FAK) 68 negotiations 157; discussion 46 document guidelines 149, 157; on Afrikaner Resistance Movement economy 223–4, 239–40; election (AWB) 233, 239 campaign (1994) 241–2; exile bases 239, 241 85, 118, 152, 158; and Foreign Afrikanerization 48, 65–9, 71–2, 81 Affairs Select Committee xii, 16, Afrikaners xiii, 2, 24–6; acknowledge 91–2, 113, 119; failure of apartheid 95; apartheid 59, 143, 149; Harare Declaration opponents among 7–8, 11; (1989) 186, 190–1, 197, 205, 223; historical background 27–35, 244; and Inkatha 113, 193, 216–17, nationalism 29, 39–46, 48, 65–7; 233, 237; London office 127; political power 47–55, 243–4; Mandela communicates with reforms reflect changing society 112–13, 114–15, 123, 132, 140, 76–9, 126; at Stellenbosch 197–9, 228–9; Mandela negotiates University 6–7, 8–11, 26, 50, 125; separately 109–11, 121–2, 123, talks with ANC in Britain 20–1, 131, 140–4, 153, 161–2, 179–80, 125–39, 144–5, 148–60, 163–9, 198–9, 205, 226, 229; and Mandela 178, 188–95, 207–14, 221–9; white release conditions 92, 156, 203; rule ends 242; see also apartheid Mandela’s position in 193, 206; system; Broederbond; National Marxist radicals 111, 115; military Party wing 62, 63, 202; National Agnew, J.A. 16 Executive 127; one-off meetings Agnew, Rudolph 16–19, 20–1, 188, 227; political prisoners held by 225 156; protests (1950s) 58–9; All Blacks ban 87 sabotage attacks 73, 89; and Allen, Ray 15–16 sanctions 198, 205–6, 224, 233; ANC (African National Congress): seeks talks 111–16, 120, 125; 75th activists arrested 231; Afrikaner anniversary conference 133; talks view of 6–7; armed struggle 62–3, about talks with de Klerk 217–18; 89, 119, 133, 149–51, 152–3, 167, talks in Britain 15–16, 20–1, 22–4, 186; armed struggle: asked to 124, 125–39, 144–5, 148–60, renounce 91, 92, 107–8; armed 163–9, 178, 188–95, 207–14, struggle: negotiations on 133–4, 221–9; talks with National 138, 141–2, 149–51, 167, 189–90, Intelligence Service 166, 167, 191, 214, 218; armed struggle: 179–81, 186, 187, 202–3, 214–15,

247 248 Index

227; transitional talks 221–5, 238, poverty levels 100, 209; protest 240–2; wins 1994 election 242 and resistance 71–4, 89–92, 94–5, anglicization 29 98–9, 118–19, 120, 144, 184–5; Anglo-American 67, 73, 125, 155 scholarships for 81; see also Angola: independence 69; SA apartheid system; homelands military involvement 70, 86, 118, Boer War (1899–1902) 27–8 124, 147, 212–13; SA withdrawal Boesak, Allan 89, 91 from 144, 151–2, 155, 157–8, 168, (1992) 235–6 169, 212–13 bombing campaigns 144, 149–50 apartheid system xiii, 1–2, 25–6, 210; 57, 100, 217, 241 academic base 6–7; Afrikaner Boraine, Alex 80 opponents 7–8, 11; black resistance Botha, Louis 30–1, 31–2, 38–9 and protest 71–4, 89–92, 94–5, Botha, M.C. 71 98–100, 118–19, 120, 144, 184–5; Botha, P.W. 75, 76; and black protest British opponents of 16; historical 89–92, 94–5, 98–100, 184–5; development 32–8, 45–6, 49–50, defence background 65, 76–7; 52–5; reforms to 77–9, 82–5, 94–5, dependence on security forces 120–1; see also homelands 117–18, 135–6, 162–3, 164, 181; Astor, David 15, 21, 22 economic crisis 100–2, 212; on AWB (Afrikaner Resistance European domination 53; foreign Movement) 233, 239 policy 85–8, 118, 123–4, 144, AZAPO 222 151–2, 157–8, 213; Indaba plan 155; as leader of Nationalist Party Bantu Affairs Committee 54–5 8; and Mandela negotiations Bantu education policy 68–9 106–11; Mandela requests meeting Barber, Lord 22–3 122; Mandela’s memorandum Barnard, Neil 159, 164; ANC talks 161–3, 183, 197, 198; and reported back to 2, 129, 130, 131, Mandela’s release 166–7; meetings 138–9, 166, 228–9; direct talks with Mandela 181–4, 211, 229–30; with ANC 167, 179–81, 214–15; meets Howe 174; meets Thatcher and Govan Mbeki’s release 145–6; 171, 177–8; Pretorius on 210; as and Mandela/Botha meeting 182, prime minister/president 76–9, 184; talks with Mandela 131–2, 82–102, 117–24, 145–7, 148, 149, 140–4, 179–80 213–14; reforms 77–9, 82–5, 120–1, Beaumont Commission 37 213; reforms halted 94–5; release Bechuanaland 62 of prisoners 132–3, 145–6, 148, Bethell, Lord 107 155, 156, 184; relinquishes party Bevan, Sir Timothy 23 leadership 162–3; resigns from Biko, Steve 71, 72–3 presidency 181–7; Bingle, Rev. Pieter 192, 196 and policy shift 93–9; Stellenbosch Bisho Stadium shootings 237 criticism of 8–10; suffers stroke ‘Bishops’ College, Cape Town 79–82 162, 166–7; and talks with ANC Bizos, George 112–13, 123, 140 20, 129–31, 138–9, 154, 155–6, Black Consciousness 71, 89 166, 179–81, 227 black South Africans xiii, 2; black-on- Botha, Pik 69, 75, 93; at Groote black violence 99–100, 118–19, Schuur talks 217; as foreign 138, 144, 216–17, 222, 231–3; minister 122, 155, 158, 163, 216; franchise denied to 33, 39, 58, 59; political ambitions 76, 163 middle class development 77; Botswana 118 Index 249 boycotts: as black protest 71–2, 90–1, coloured community: electoral rights 119, 121; sporting 82, 86–9, 135, 59–60; parliamentary committee 152 on townships 8, 83; and Breytenbach, Willy 126–7, 127–8, parliamentary reforms 83, 84, 85; 133 resettlement in homelands 56, 58 Britain: Boer War and aftermath Commonwealth: Eminent Persons 27–35; business community talks Group 117, 173, 175; Nassau with ANC 15–16, 22–4; economic summit (1985) 92, 171–2; links and sanctions 64, 101, 102, sanctions campaign 102, 171–2, 170, 172–3, 175, 201, 212; 175, 194, 197; South African recognition of ANC 173–4, 176, withdrawal 60–1; sports ban 87 178; talks in 124, 125–39, 144–5, Communism: Afrikaner fear of 58, 148–60, 163–9, 178, 188–95, 210, 239; collapse of 211–12 207–14, 221–9; see also Communist Party (Britain) 21 Commonwealth; English-speaking Communist Party in South Africa see community South Party Broederbond 58, 126, 155; historical Communist Party (Soviet Union) 22 origins 39–46; political power Compleat Angler Hotel, Marlow 1, 47–55, 60–1, 65–72, 76–9; 127–9, 132 progressive views in 93–4, 152, Congress of South African Trades 210; and sports policy 86, 87 Unions see Cosatu 63, 128 Conservative Party (Britain) 12–13, Bush administration 158, 194, 213, 16, 19, 91–2; see also Thatcher, 218 Margaret Buthelezi, Chief Mangosuthu 19, 91, Conservative Party (South Africa) 93, 99, 174, 178, 193, 216; on 94, 123, 134, 146, 152, 164–5, 184, Mandela 113; and transition 187, 188, 234; Cosag 238; during negotiations 222, 234, 239, 241 transition 239, 241; formation 8 Consolidated Gold Fields (Consgold) Caetano, Marcelo 69 xii, 7, 13; Agnew as chairman Cape franchise 33, 34–5, 39, 45, 59 16–19, 20; role in talks 125, 145, Carnegie Inquiry 100 188, 225; takeover bids 18, 19, Carrington, Lord 12 225; see also Young, Michael Chalker, Lynda 12, 22, 23–4, 128, constituent assembly plans 224, 235 176 constitution: bill of rights proposal Chase Manhattan 93, 101 189, 193, 197, 200, 219, 224, 225; Chinese community 30, 56 Harare Declaration 186, 190–1, 57, 217, 237, 241 197, 223; interim constitution 235, Citizen 75–6 239, 240; National Party Civil Command Cooperation Branch amendments 59–60; negotiations 232 on 157, 221–3, 224–5, 235, 240; Cloete, Fanie 221 new constitution drafted 239; Codesa (Council for a Democratic referendum on (1983) 84–5; South Africa) 234, 235, 239 resistance to 89–90 Coetsee, Kobie 105–6, 107, 112–13; consumer boycotts 119, 121 at Groote Schuur talks 217; at ‘coolie’ labour 29–30 Mandela/Botha meeting 182; Cosag (Concerned South African meetings with Mandela 108–9, Group) 238 120–3, 124, 131, 140–5, 154 Cosatu (Congress of South African 250 Index

Trades Unions) 98–9, 121, 133, De Wet, Christiaan 28, 38 152, 161, 185, 193, 223 declaration of intent 234 Council of Unions in South Africa Democratic Party 165, 184, 188, 189, (CUSA) 74 195, 242 Criminal Law Amendment Act Depression 39, 46 (1953) 58, 59 , Cape Town 57, 77 Cronje, G. 49–50 d’Oliveira, Basil 87 Crossroads, Cape Town 57, 119 Domisse, Ebbe 188, 208, 210, 211 Donges, Eben 59 Dash, Samuel 107 Douglas-Home, Sir Alec 12 de Beer, Zak 155, 165 du Plessis, Attie 208, 209, 212, 221, de Klerk, F.W. (Frederik Willem): and 226 Boipatong massacre 236–7; and du Plessis, Barend 144, 155, 163, 199 Botha’s resignation 185–6; and du Plessis, Witzel 46 direct talks with ANC 187; election Dutch Reformed Church 51–2, 85, defeat (1994) 242; inaugural 126, 188 conversion 191–2, 196; law and order issues 209; Mandela’s view of Eastwell Manor talks 132, 133–9, 219–21, 240–1; meets Mandela 140–1 199–201, 203, 231–2, 237–8, 240; education policy 67–9, 71–2, 81 meets Thatcher 201–2; Nobel Peace Eglin, C.W. 97–8 Prize 240; as party leader 163, 167, elections: by-elections (1985) 96–7; 175, 181, 183, 185–6; political general election (1948) 46; general background 95; as president 191–2, election (1987) 123, 146; general 196, 199–203, 216–17, 231–42; election (1989) 184, 187, 188–9; reform agenda 189, 199, 201–3; general election (1994) 239, 241–2 release of Mandela 192, 199–200, electoral system: blacks denied vote 208; release of prisoners 196–7, 33, 39, 58, 59; Cape franchise 33, 201–2, 203; speech to parliament 34–5, 39, 45; Harare Declaration 201, 202–3; talks about talks on 186, 190–1, 197; historical 165–6, 176–7, 217–18; talks origins 31–2, 33, 34–5; transitional communicated to 159, 164, 165, arrangements 238, 239, 241–2; see 166, 169, 188–90, 194; and also majority rule transition negotiations 234–5, Ellis Park bombing 149, 150 237–8, 240–2; vice-president to Eminent Persons Group (EPG) 117, Mandela 243; and white resistance 173, 175 233; world tour 218, 219 English-speaking community 29, 33, de Klerk, Willem (Wimpie): and 38–9; and Afrikanerization 48, Democratic Party 165, 188, 195; 65–7 on F.W. de Klerk 191, 192; role in EPG (Eminent Persons Group) 117, talks 2, 148, 152, 155–6, 157, 173, 175 159–60, 163–9, 188–90, 192–4, Esterhuyse, Willie 10–11, 140, 209, 221–2 213; Apartheid Must Go! 210; de la Rey, Koos 38 attends talks 2, 125–6, 127–9, 133, de Lange, Pieter 126, 131, 227 135–6, 142, 144–5, 148–53, de Villiers, Dawie 221, 223 154–60, 164, 166, 168, 169, 193, de Villiers, Fleur 125 208, 221; facilitates direct talks de Waal, Adele 105 with ANC 180; Harare meeting de Waal, Piet 105–6 227; and Mandela’s release 208–9; Index 251

reports back to Barnard 129, 130, Harvey-Jones, Sir John 21 138–9, 228, 229; on significance of Heath, Sir Edward 12 talks 226, 227; under surveillance Hertzog, Albert 84 124, 127, 128, 130 Hertzog, Barry 38–9, 40–1, 43–4, 46 Heunis, Chris 117, 123, 155, 163 Fagan, Henry 45 Hichens, Anthony 18 Federation of South African Trade HNP see Unions (Fosatu) 74, 98 Hogg, Sir Christopher 15 First World War 38 homelands 54–5, 83–4, 137; Flitwick Park, Bedfordshire 154–60 Carnegie Inquiry 100; historical FNLA (National Front for the origins 34–5, 37, 46, 49; Liberation of Angola) 70 resettlement policy 56–8; and Ford administration 70 transition 240, 241; unrest in 216, Foreign Affairs Select Committee 217 (House of Commons) xii, 16, 91–2, House of Commons Foreign Affairs 113, 119, 172 Select Committee xii, 16, 91–2, Forster, Neil 16 113, 119, 172 Fosatu (Federation of South African Howe, Sir Geoffrey xii, 22, 170, Trade Unions) 74, 98 171–2, 173–4, 175; meets Botha Frame, Sir Alistair 15, 23 174 France 64–5, 93 Huddleston, Trevor 233–4 Freedom Front 241, 242 Human Science Research Council 97 Friedman, Bernard 45 hunger strike (1989) 184–5

Gatwick airport 21 Immorality Act (1950) 8, 53, 83, 95 Gazankulu 100 Indaba plan 155 General Law Amendment Act (1963) Indian community 29–30, 142; and 63 parliamentary reforms 83, 84, 85; Gillam, Patrick 15, 225 resettlement in homelands 56, 58 Gold Fields see Consolidated Gold 20, 99–100, Fields 132, 178; Boipatong massacre Gold Fields South Africa 19, 20 235–6; relations with ANC 113, gold 17–19, 29–30 193, 216–17, 233, 237; and Gorbachev, Mikhail 22, 124, 158, security forces 99, 209, 216, 222–3, 168, 213, 223 232, 235–7; transitional government of national unity 238 arrangements 224, 239, 240, 241, Gqozo, Oupa 237, 241 242; see also Buthelezi Great Depression 39, 46 Greenhill, Lord 23 Jackson, Jesse 234 Groote Schuur meetings 217–18 Jacomb, Sir Martin 16, 23 (1950) 53 Johnson, Paul 17 ‘group rights’ issue 189, 193, 197, Joint Management Centres 117–18 200, 219, 222 Jonathan, Leabua 118 Jong Suidafrika 40; see also Hani, Chris 205, 239 Broederbond Hanson Trust 19, 225 Harare Declaration (1989) 186, Kangwane 100 190–1, 197, 205, 223 Kathrada, Ahmed (Kathy) 63, 106, Harare meeting 227 114, 132, 196 252 Index

Kaunda, Kenneth 70, 174, 180, 185 Broederbond 40–1, 42–3; as Prime Kershaw, Sir Anthony xiv, 16 Minister 48, 52, 59; and Purified Kissinger, Henry 21–2, 70 National Party (HNP) 40–1, 43–4, Klopper, Henning 40, 42, 44, 48 45–6 Knight, Andrew 16, 21 Malan, Magnus 86, 185, 199, 201 Kohl, Helmut 158 Mallett, Anthony 80 Koornhof, Piet 57 Mandela, Nelson: ANC status 193, Kriel, Louis 188 217; armed struggle begins 62, 63; Kruger, Jimmy 107 arrest and imprisonment 63; on Krugersdorp bomb 144 Boipatong massacre 236; on de Kwazulu-Natal 100, 132, 216–17, Klerk 219–21, 240–1; Groote 222–3, 241; see also Buthelezi Schuur talks 217–18; Howe rebuffed 174; on leaving Robben Labour Party (South Africa) 46 Island 106; meetings with Botha labour relations see strikes; trades 181–4, 211, 229–30; meetings with unions de Klerk 199–201, 203, 231–2, Labour Relations Amendment Act 237–8, 240; meets Thatcher (1985) 99, 132, 144, 185 218–19; memorandum to Botha Lagden, Sir Godfrey 34–5 161–2, 183, 197, 198; on Lawrence, Sir Ivan xiv, 96 negotiation with government 233; Leballo, Potlako 63 Nobel Peace Prize 240; president of Lebowa 100 ANC 233–4; president of South Lesotho 118 Africa 1, 242–3; prison-cell talks 2, Lester, Sir Jim xiv 105–11, 120–3, 124, 131–2, 140–4, Leutwiler, Dr 101 153, 161, 179–80, 226, 227, 228–9; Liberal Democrats (Britain) 12, 13 prison communication with ANC Liberal Party (Britain) 30–1, 32 112–13, 114–15, 123, 132, 140, Lollards group 12 197–9, 228–9; prison isolation Lombard, Rev. Ernst 188 109–11, 132; release: conditions Louw, Adriaan 18–19 and negotiations 92, 148–9, 153, Louw, Mike 187, 202–3 156, 166–7, 171, 178, 192, Lucerne talks 187 199–200, 203, 208; released 203–6; Lugt, Richard 80 on request to renounce armed Luthuli, Albert 47, 59, 62 struggle 107–8; tuberculosis 153–4; on violence in townships 232; visit McFarlane, Robert 93 from Govan Mbeki 134; world tour Machel, Samora 21, 22, 69, 85 218–19 Maharaj, Mac 23, 197–9, 228, 231 Mandela, Winnie 1, 105–6, 118–19, majority rule principle: Buthelezi 120, 204, 218, 234 supports 19; de Klerk accepts need Mandela, Zinzi 107, 108 for 220; as end of apartheid 95, 98, Mangope, Lucas 241 121; negotiations on 136–7, 143, Marais, Major 181 162, 202, 235, 238; Pretorius Marshall, Colin 225 predicts 209–10; Stellenbosch Marxist Popular Movement for the academics proposal 9–10; Liberation of Angola (MPLA) 70, 86 transitional phase 189, 211–12, Mass Democratic Movement (MDM) 221–3; white fears of 136–7, 143, 161, 185 219 mass rolling action campaign 235, Malan, Daniel 38, 46, 76, 208; and 237 Index 253

Mbeki, Govan 63, 132–3, 134–5, Muzorewa, Bishop Abel 12 145–6, 162, 198 Mbeki, Thabo 111, 219; as ANC Namibia (South-West Africa) 124, leader 198; on armed struggle 180; ceasefire 144; constituent 149–51; and Foreign Affairs Select assembly 164, 224; SA presence in Committee xii, 16, 91, 92, 119; on 70, 85–6, 168, 193–4; SA Mandela’s position in ANC 193; withdrawal from 152, 158, 168 and Mandela’s release 208–9; one- Natal 29–30 off meetings 227; as president of National Economic Forum 239 South Africa 1; talks at Groote National Front for the Liberation of Schuur 217; talks in Britain 16, 23, Angola (FNLA) 70 129, 130, 133–9, 144–5, 148–53, National Intelligence Agency/Service 154–60, 165–9, 188–91, 192, 193, 129, 145–6, 155, 156, 228; talks 207, 222–4, 227–9; talks with with ANC 166, 167, 179–81, 186, National Intelligence Service 180, 187, 202–3, 214–15, 227 187, 202–3, 214–15; on talks National Party: conservative wing participants 225–6; on Thatcher as 19; de Klerk becomes leader honest broker proposal 168; vice- 162–3, 175; education policy president to Mandela 243 67–9, 71–2, 81; election (1994) Mdloi, Simon 236 242; formation 38–9, 43–4; MDM (Mass Democratic Movement) political rule 46–61, 64–74, 76; 161, 185 propaganda campaign 75–6; Mells Park talks 145, 148–60, 163–9, Purified National Party (HNP) 178, 188–95, 207–14, 221–9; 40–1, 45–6; radical wing 8; split inception xii, 20–1 within 152, 155, 156; sports policy Meyer, Piet 48–9, 50–1, 52, 60–1, 87–8; state of emergency measures 65–6, 225 62; talks about talks agreed 165–6, Meyer, Roelf xiii, 238 176; transitional talks 221–5, 238, Meyns, Johan 126 240–2; in wartime 43–4, 46; wins Mhlaba, Raymond 63, 106, 132, 196 1989 general election 184, 187, Milner, Alfred, 1st Viscount Milner 188–9; see also apartheid system; 29, 30–1, 33, 34, 38 Botha, P.W.; Broederbond; de Mines and Works Act (1911) 37 Klerk, F.W. mineworkers’ strike (1987) 121 National Security Council 94, 131, mining, gold 17–19, 29–30 135–6 Mixed Marriages Act (1949) 8, 53, National Security Management 82, 83, 95 System 117–18, 199 MK see National Statutory Council for Mlangeni, Andrew 106, 132, 196 Africans 121, 136 Mohammed, Ismael 240 National Union of Mineworkers Mohiani, Sebolela 13–14 (NUM) 74, 98, 99 Moroka, James 59 nationalization 223 Mozambique 69, 118, 169; Nkomati Native Laws Amendment Act (1952) Accord 21, 85 53–3, 82 MPLA (Marxist Popular Movement Natives Affairs Act (1920) 37 for the Liberation of Angola) 70, Natives Land Act (1913) 37 86 Natives (Urban Areas) Act (1923) Mugabe, Robert 12 37–8 Mulder, Connie 75–6, 84 Nazism 44 254 Index

‘necklacing’ 118–19 Pretoria: Voortrekker Monument Nhlaphla, Joseph 214 42–3 21, 85 Pretorius, Willem 133, 208, 209–10, Nobel Peace Prize: Luthuli 62; 212–13, 221 Mandela and de Klerk 240 Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act Nujoma, Sam 168, 180 (1951) 54 Nyerere, Julius 70 Prezler, Gustav 38 Nzo, Alfred 206, 217 Progressive Federal Party 85, 96, 123, 146, 155, 165, 227 OAU (Organization of African Unity) Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 186, 190 (1949) 8, 53, 82, 83, 95 Olympic Movement ban 87 Public Safety Act (1953) 59 O’Meara, Dan 29 Purified National Party (HNP) 40–1, Operation Vula 231 45–6 Oppenheimer, Harry 73, 85, 125 Orange 29, 32 Qwaqwa 217 Organization of African Unity (OAU) 186, 190 racial definitions 53 Orlando West High School, Soweto Radio Truth 225 71–2, 73 Ramaphosa, Cyril xiii, 98, 121, 44 210–11, 244; as ANC secretary- Ox-wagon trek (1938) 42–3 general 233, 235, 238 Reagan administration 101, 168, 175, Pahad, Aziz 111, 227, 234; and 178, 194, 212 Foreign Affairs Select Committee Reconstruction and Development xii; role in talks 2, 23, 127–8, 139, programme 239–40 148, 159, 160, 214–15, 222, 226 Reed, John 22 Pan-Africanist Congress 61–3, 202, referendums: (1983) 84–5 224, 234, 240, 242; armed struggle Rembrandt group 67 62–3, 73 Renamo 85, 169 Paris Club 101 rent boycotts 90, 121 parliament: powers of 181; reforms Renwick, Sir Robin 176, 177, 178 in 83, 84–5; townships committee republicanism 48–9, 59–61 8; 83 Reservation of Separate Amenities 45, 53–4, 61–2; repealed Act (1953) 53, 199 82, 95 Rhodes, Cecil 33 Peake, John 79–82 Rhodesia 70; see also Zimbabwe ‘pencil in the hair test’ 53 Rhoodie, Eschel 75 Peterson, Hector 72 Riotous Assemblies Act (1976) 58, 72 ‘Petty apartheid’ 82, 95 63, 106 Plumridge, Robin 19 Robertson, T.C. 42–3 , Cape Town: ‘rolling mass action’ campaign 235, protest march on 91; talks at 237 106–7, 120–3, 140–4, 161 Rothschild, Sir Evelyn de 16, 23 Poole, Major-General Evered 48 Rupert, Anton 73 Population Representation Act (1950) 53 Sabotage Act (1962) 63 Port Elizabeth 90 Sainsbury, David 15 Powell, Charles 176–7 St John’s College, Johannesburg 80 Index 255

Sampson, Anthony 15–16, 21–2, 102 Soros, George 23 sanctions 93, 100–2, 146–7, 171–3, South Africa Broadcasting 194, 219; Britain imposes 175, 212; Corporation 48, 225 effect in South Africa 172–3, South African Airways 101 175–6, 205–6, 212; importance for South African Communist Party ANC 198, 205–6, 224, 233; lifted (SACP) 198–9, 210, 234; and ANC 239; proposed 62; sporting 142–3, 190, 223; legalization 201, boycotts 82, 86–8, 135, 152; 202; rally 231 Thatcher opposes 101, 102, 170, South African Defence Forces 232 172, 175, 194, 201, 218 South African Indian Congress 58 Sanlam group 65, 67 South African Native Affairs Sauer, Paul 46 Commission (SANAC) 34–5 Savimbi, Jonas 70, 118, 124, 158 South African Students’ Organization Schoeman, Ben 59 71 school boycotts 71–2, 90 South West Africa Territorial Force Sebokong 217 194 Second World War 43–6 South West African Peoples security forces 63, 138, 213; amnesty Organization (SWAPO) 85–6 for 238; Botha’s dependence on South-West Africa see Namibia 117–18, 135–6, 162–3, 164, 181; Soweto township 13–14, 71–2 linked with Inkatha 99, 209, 216, Spaarwater, Maritz 180, 187, 202–3 222–3, 232, 235–7; threaten talks Sparks, Allister 191–2, 202 127, 128, 131 Spear of the Nation see Umkhonto segregation system 45–6, 49, 52–3, we sizwe 87, 185; dismantling of 82, 98, Spearing, Nigel 98 120, 199 Spooner, Sir James 15, 23 Sentinel, The 38 sporting boycotts 82, 86–9, 135, 152 Separate Representation of Voters Springboks 87 Bill (1951) 59 squatter settlements 37–8, 57, 73, 119 Sexwale, Tokyo 73 Stallard, Frederick 38 shanty towns 37–8, 100 state of emergency measures 62, 91, Sharpeville: massacre (1960) 61–2; 117, 121, 175, 221 police clashes (1984) 90 94, 131, 155 135–6, 162–3, 181 Sisulu, Albertina 196–7 Steinkam, Naas 131 Sisulu, Walter 63, 102, 106; at Stellenbosch University 5–7, 8–11, Groote Schuur talks 217; and 26, 50, 57, 65, 125–6 Mandela’s negotiations 113–14, Stevas, Norman St John 91 132; negotiations and release 182, Strijdom, J.G. 59–60, 76 196–7; status in ANC 193 strikes 73–4, 90, 99, 121, 185; Slovo, Joe 214, 217, 227, 231–2, 238 general strike (1961) 62; general Smit, Douglas 45 strike (1992) 237; hunger strike Smuts, Jan 7, 27, 30–1, 39, 52; as (1989) 184–5; legislation against architect of apartheid 36–8, 45; as 58, 99; mineworkers’ strike (1987) prime minister 43–5, 46 121 Sobukwe, Robert 61, 63 Strydom, Hans 47, 68 Social Democratic Party (Britain) 13, sugar industry 29–30 15 Suppression of Communism Act 56–7 (1950) 58 256 Index

Suzman, Helen 128 Transvaaler, Die 50 SWAPO 85–6, 164, 168, 193–4 Treason Trial (1957) 59 Switzerland talks 187, 214–15, 227 Treurnicht, Andries 8, 66, 84, 93, 123, 184; as education minister 67, Tambo, Oliver 107, 205, 211, 233–4; 71, 72 American visit 21–2; death 233–4; Trew, Tony 127–8, 148, 226, 227 and Foreign Affairs Select tricameral parliament 83 Committee xii, 16, 91; leader of Tutu, Archbishop Desmond 90, 107, exiled ANC 62, 113, 114, 206; 174, 196, 205, 210 Mandela communicates with 112, 113, 114–15, 132, 140, 198–9, 228; UDF (United Democratic Front) seeks talks 111–16, 120, 125; 75th 89–90, 99, 132, 162, 193, 198; anniversary conference 133; status banned 133, 185 in relation to Mandela 193; suffers UDM (United Democratic stroke 198; talks in Britain 15–16, Movement) 161 21, 22–4, 138–9 Umkhonto we Sizwe (ANC military Terreblanche, Eugene 233, 239 wing) 62, 63, 202 Terreblanche, Mof 201–2, 207, 209, UNITA 118, 124, 158, 169 210, 211, 221, 222; on significance United Democratic Front see UDF of talks 226 United Front for the Total Liberation Terreblanche, Sampie 95, 120, 213; of Angola (Unita) 70 background 7–8; and Democratic United Kingdom-South Africa Party 165, 195; Harare meeting Trading Association 16 227; meeting with Botha 8–9; United Nations 62, 86, 190, 239 opposes apartheid 7–10, 83; role in United Party 38–9, 43, 46, 47 talks 2, 125, 127–8, 133, 148, 212 United States: disinvestment 101, Thatcher, Margaret 12, 19, 91, 170–8, 212; sanctions 146–7, 175, 194, 197; ban on ministers meeting 212, 219, 239 ANC 22, 23, 24; meets Botha 171, Urban Foundation 73 177–8; meets de Klerk 201–2; meets Mandela 218–19; opposes van den Bergh, Hendrik 63, 65 sanctions 101, 102, 170, 172, van der Merwe, Fanie 131, 140–4, 175–6, 194, 201, 218; proposed as 214–15 honest broker 158, 159, 168, 169, van der Post, Sir Laurens 178 176–8; sanctions imposed 175, 212 van der Walt, Tjaart 126, 131 Theron, Erika 8, 83 Van Straubenzee, William 12 Tomlinson Commission 54 Van Zyl Slabbert, Frederik 85, 96–7, townships: parliamentary committee 123, 227 on 8, 83; violence in 99–100, 232 57 trade unions 74, 82, 98–9, 132, 144, Verwoerd, Hendrik F. 6, 38, 64, 76; 152; see also Cosatu; strikes as minister of native affairs 50, 52, Trades Union Council of South 53–5; as prime minister 60–1, 87 Africa 98 Victor Verster prison 154, 181, 198, transitional arrangements 221–2, 203 224–5, 234–5, 238, 239, 240–2 Viljoen, Constand 239, 241 Transitional Executive Council 238, Viljoen, Gerrit 76, 93–4, 126, 155, 239, 240 217 57, 217 violence: black-on-black violence Transvaal 29, 32, 76, 100, 163, 216 99–100, 118–19, 138, 144, 216–17, Index 257

222, 231–3; Boipatong massacre World Alliance of Reformed 235–6; negotiating point in talks Churches 89 133–4, 138, 141–2, 149–51, 167, Worrall, Denis 98, 123, 155, 165, 172 189–90, 191, 214, 222–3, 231–2; threat of white violence 96, 97 Xambule, Wilkie 68–9 Volkskas banking group 67 Voortrekker Monument, Pretoria Yates, Deane 80 42–3 Young, Michael 213, 225; on Agnew Vorster, Ignatius 191 17; background and political career Vorster, John (Johannes) 6, 8, 44, 65; 11–13; Consolidated Gold career as prime minister 63, 64, 71, 72, 13, 19; as guest of de Klerk 199; on 87–8; resignation 75–6 Mandela’s inauguration 242–3; significance of role 226; Walpe, Harold 127–8 Stellenbosch visit 5–7, 8–11, 26, Weickers, Marinus 126, 127, 131, 125–6; surveillance of 128; and 133, 221, 224 talks 2, 20, 23–4, 120, 125–9, Wessels, Leon 191 133–9, 140, 145, 148–60, 168, 188, West Germany 64 194; at Tambo’s funeral 233–4; and Whitelaw, William 12, 13 Thatcher as honest broker proposal whites in South Africa: majority rule 158, 159, 168, 169, 176–8 fears 136–7, 143; threat of violence from 96, 97; see also Afrikaners; Zambia 118, 180, 185 English-speaking community Zimbabwe 12, 85, 118 Wiley, John 81 Zulus 170, 171, 241; see also Wilkins, Ivor 47, 68 Buthelezi; Inkatha Freedom Party Willemse, Johannes 108–9, 121, 131, Zuma, Jacob 2, 23, 159, 160, 187, 140–4 190, 226 Wilson, Francis 80 Zwelithini, King Goodwill 241