A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA
A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA
is also obtainable ]rom Compiled by University of California Press. MURIEL HORRELL 2223 Fulton Street, DUDLEY HORNER Berkeley, California 94720. JOHN KANE-BERMAN and ROBIN MARGO Universit f Californio y a Press Ltd.. 2-4 Brook Street, Research staff London W1Y 1AA, South African Institute of Race Relations England. ISB N86982.040 0
SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS P.O. BOX 97 JOHANNESBURG JANUARY 1973 Xll A SURVE F RACYO E RELATIONS, 1972
LEGISLATION OF 1972 WHITE POLITICAL PARTIES: Pagt DEVELOPMENTS IN 1972 Bantu Education Account Abolition Act, 20/1972 ...... 344 Bantu Laws Amendment . Act.. 176,177,210,211,44, . 23/197.. . .. 2 4 Bantu Transport Services Amendmen6 15 . .. t Act. .. . . 11/197.. . .. 2 BY-ELECTIONS IN THE EARLY PART OF THE YEAR Basters of Rehoboth Education Act, 85/1972 ...... ••.••• ••• 45- Coloured Persons in South West Africa Education Act. 63/1972 45 A provincial by-election in Gezinu, Pretoria, during February Coloured Persons' Representative Council Amendment Act, 99/1972 ... 16 wa straigha s t contest between representative Nationae th f so l Party Community Development Amendmen! 12 . .. t Act. .. , . 93/197.. . .. 2 and the ultra-right wing Herstigte Nasionale Party. In a low Contributions in Respect of Bantu Labour Act. 29/1972 ...... 152. Genera Amendmenw La l t Act. .. , 70,72,153,17. 102/197.. . .. 2 ! 'percentage poll r cent(reporte Nationalise pe th )2 4 t a d t candidate Group Areas Amendment Act. 83/1972 ...... 133,159 . was returned with a large majority. Mines Works and Minerals in South West Africa Amendment Act, Of much greater significance was the Brakpan parliamentary 47/1972 ...... ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• 5, by-election, held on the same clay. Brakpan is one of the Nationalist Nama in South West Africa Education Act, 86/1972 ...... Namaland Consolidation and Administration Act, 79/1972 ...... (urhan strongholds. The percentage poll was 57 (as against 70.6 Seashore Amendment Act, 38/1972 ...... pe e r197 th cen 0n i t parliamentary elections) e resulTh . t was: Second Bantu Laws Amendment Act, 30/1972 ...... N.P. 4714; U.P. 3 322; H.N.P. 784. According to Professor Willem Security Intelligenc Statd ean e Security Council Act, 64/1972 , Klcynhans, a leading political scientist.' as compared with the 1970 South African Indian Council Amendment Act, 67/1972 ...... Suppression of Communism Amendment Act, 2/1972 -IL.,--^ ••• .] parliamentary voting, this represented a swing of 12.6 per cent away Transport Services for Coloured Persons and Indians Act, 27/1972 ... 151 from the Nationalists, and of 10,6 per cent towards the United Parly. e OucltshoorTh n parliamentary by-electio n i s Aprin wa l vigorously contested by all three parties. Oudtshoorn is a mainly rural constituency in which, for some years before the 1970 pro- vincial elections, N.P. candidates had been returned unopposed. e resultTh s were: N.r. u.r. ll.N.I'. N.P. Majority "., Poll .October 1970 5693 2246 3 44 ' 7 76.9 • April 1972 6666 1 81 88 84 4 85,2599 This was reported- as representing a 6,1 per cent swing in favour of the N.P. The tactics used by this party, as described in -more detail later, were appeals to Afrikaner group loyalties, and 'attacks on the alleged dangers to Whites of the U.P.'s race policies. e samTh e tactic ' s e Brakpawer th e N.P e n th i use. ny b d 'provincial by-electio Mayn ni . There was r cen,pe t then 3 poll6 a , , jthe results being: N.P. 6161; U.P. 4031 e N.PTh .. majorits wa y J738 more than in February, but 1 595 fewer than in 1970.
N.P. ATTACK ON THE U.P. The United Parly's racial policy, as enunciated in 1970 and M971 thas wa .t South Africa shoul e maintainedb economye on s da . 'under "enlightened White leadership". Communal councils would be established for each of the main racial groups to administer
1 Star. 4 February2 . 1 K/inil Dally Mail. 1 April2 . NATIONAL PARTY A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS. 1972
k elements, both inside and outside this House, that hate the Afri- Ihcir internal affairs, with statutory standing committees serving as1 kaner>» he majntajQed. This led to uproar, during which personal links between Parliamen thesd an t e councils federatioA . raci. or na accusations were e bandie thefrod Th nan . Ministeo t d f Sporo r t
CVJLIllllUlllllv-communitiesa wa»Tl»so thmve ultimat„.-. ———— —e— aim------. Durin^ P^;g^f'^'jtiund Recreation. Mr. F. W. Waring, said, "If the U.P. does not
m o nte a 7
representation in Parliament would be a unchanged; but Blacki •pull itself together s becomini t i , ga hom r everythinefo g that hales would be granted limited representation in the House of Assembly ^Afrikaans." with separate voters' rolls for each group. There would be si] A prominent member of Ihe U.P., Mr. E. G. Malan. claimed" Coloured representatives, two White representatives of Indians, are .that all members of Parliament understood Afrikaans, but had the eight White representative Africane th f so a tota( s f sixteen)o l i Th . - with contempt arrangement would not be altered unless by resolution of a decisiv ,,Hc thc e parof th no t majority of the White electorate at a referendum or general electiol v of some of his fellow- held solely to consider the matter. 1 ** seeing here to-day is a return After the U.P. congresses in 1971, committees were set up l( i c the N.P. Press advanced the argument that the proposed sixlca jp^judic|, Africa.c " Sout n Black representatives would have the casting vote on any issii', i Mj j f Transport, Mr. B. J. Schoeman. allcsed later" The n sler o 1 over which parties might be divided. Mr. Marais Viljoen. MmisW ,(ha, (hc Enclish-languagc Press had distorted Mr. Bollnfs original of Labouf Post o d Telegraphs d an s an r e Assembly, th sai n di ;remJ , arks d pleade. ha fhos r o equalite Afrikaanfo dth wh c r fo y s want lo say here to-day in all seriousness that if this Parliame j <-g,jaccused of bealing the tribal drum, and the most c c uag wer an e loadeb o it s d with suc ha non-whit t knono e wbloo d whetn cI o (jcspjcat,|c cartoons were publishe certainewspapers.e n i dth f o n " Nationalist Afrikanerhood will ever again come int owns oit . Thcr ,|,n cQ tol |1c,. |land cerlajn u.P. members. M r exampl. fo D , . Mr e fore wha t slakt a wil e s everythineb i l g whic While deas th i h o f t r $trcjc],cr >< majllta c jtn Afrikaannc s d wa ( |„ ia• t s Press whicd ha h and everythin r whic fo gNationalise th h t Afrikane s foughha r t a ^osle||d. "Boerehaat campaign", e th ca e so his life long" thee Th n. Ministe f Communito r y Development W , T,]e Prjmc Mjnjstcr sajd<^ "We want respec eacr fo th other's Blaar Coclzee, said,' "One canno t awage t y fro face mth t that IK forage." Sucd h ha t show respec s a "persono ha y s b no wa t nwh N.P. consists chiefly of the Afrikaners and the U.P. cruelly of IK ^ppjt(jhyo has the intelligence lo learn a language 0 or Un w anc English-speaking, and you are going lo use those sixteen (BM ^ rcfuscs to do so". He indicaled that certain of the (U.P.) nicm.- rcprcsentalivcs o keeC.'berNatae u l )e Afrikane (h yo p Ih f f f powelI so o Provincia t . . ou rr l Executive were unabl o havl e e intcr- thau wilyo tl creat a esimpl y unprecedented situatio f hatreo n d i^yj^ m j Afrikaans-speakingw g peopl n thein i languagee ow r I " . South Africa." .. -have no reason," he slated, "lo feel confident that if the U.P. came The Minister of Bantu Administration and Development M r, |Afrikaner,. s would be safe in South f s o 0 rjghl c e (h . BothaC . M , stated beed 5 ha thaN.Pne e Id th Naskeh t di .y Africa." dwh " n e representativetrusth f to eve e e Blacknon th f o o svott s iln ;o e side. The N.P. did not want such support, he said: it did not w'^fegvELOPMIiNl-S W1TH|N THE NATIONAL PARTY lo "cal thesn i l e Non-White people allies oua f s o sr parly agaj.-. Mf ^^ ;A Gerdcner >a formc r Adminislralo f Na(ao r K a While opposition part n thii y s Parliamen . t fhc PO'}'' ^ bc Ministe yearso e Interio e th tw announced H r f . o rfo r , n } c 1 - struggle betwee e Whitth n e political parties mus e foughb t t <*-*1 » June, tha e intendeh t d resigning fro e Cabinemth s froa t m without the intercession of the Non-Whites". The latter had tl 'July, in order to be able lo give his full attention to the priority own political institutions. It was alleged" by Mr. P. W. Botha, Minister of Defence, t several U.P. t memberspeano d k di sAfrikaans . "'rl-'~ There ait i,coh.. 46744Mi-s. . pMCbK 4831-2. fc;t»Min«or K ssiH-4co n i d. 3 Hansar 0 col1 d. 4587. HCbl. RSIft. • Col. 4603. .•» Minur I cnNI d . 5187-9. 5198. s Hansard 14 col. 6866. t *•nhovIh • a brie Tt flhu < summar a prolonge f o y d debate. '• Mansar 0 cols1 d . 4671-2. 4 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1972 problems of improving relationships between South Africa's ; Membershi y invitatiob s pi n only o peoplt , o havewh e proved that language and race groups, and of securing co-operation at all thee workin e ar yAfrikane th n i g r cause. Ther e e slateb ar e o t d possible levels between South Africa and the other anti-communist mor e0 memberstha00 9 n , organise somn i ddivisions0 50 e . Over states of Southern Africa, both White and Black. (Subsequent the years, this body has used its influence to secure the election or developments in this regard are described later.) appointment of Afrikaners (not necessarily Bond members) to key 1 Jule 3 Primth yn O e Minister announce a dmajo r cabinctl' e countryth position e f lifd th o teoan n , i furthes r exclusive reshuffle. Four other Cabinet Ministers had resigned—Senator . 'Afrikaner interests. D. C. H. Uys, Mr. Frank W. Waring, Dr. Carel de Wet, and Mr, It was reported in May that Dr. Andrics Treurnicht, M.P., had Blaar Coetzee welDeputs a a , s a l y Minister . HermaMr , n Martins. recently become chairma Broederbonde th f no , succeedin . PieDr g t . ConniDr . MuldeeP r would become Ministe Interiore th f o r , while .• Meyer (chairman of the South African Broadcasting Corporation). retaining some of his previous portfolios. Four Deputy Ministers i/^mon e twelvth g e member e Executivth f o s e (Uitvocrcndc Raml) and a Senator had been brought into the Cabinet, and four new , ^vere said to be Dr. Connie Mulder, Professor Cicrril Viljoen Deputy Ministers had been appointed. i-: '(Rectoe Ranth f do r Afrikaans Universit d untian y l September Six vacancies in the House of Assembly resulted from these! chairman of the S.A. Bureau of Racial Affairs), the Rectors of the Cabinet changes. ' Universitie f Potchefstrooo s d Pretoriaan m , . Professor.1 . J . H s Mr. Ben J. Schoeman, Minister of Transport, retired during :Binglc and E. J. Marais, and the Director of Education for the September from his position of leader of the N.P. in the Transvaal. Transvaal, Dr. A. L. Kotzee. Members of the Bond were staled By a large majority, Dr. Connie Mulder was elected to succeed to include leading Cabinet Ministers and the head of the Bureau hi s provinciama l leader Presa n I .s interview11 shortly afterwards, •for State Security, General n HendriBerghde n .va k Dr. Mulder said he thought the future divisions in South Africa According to the reports, the Broederbond has departed from woul e betweeb d U.P w Progressiveld sa an . n e d righth lef s an t A . , s previouIt : s non-party political stan y expellinb d r suspendino g g policies, there was no other home for the conservative English-?' a numbe f membero r e Hersligtth f o s c Nasionalf eo Party e On . speaking South African than in the National Party. ; . theseJoostc H Reve n th , Ja . , (hen made disclosure e Pressth o t s. It was reported in September111 that certain younger mcnitanr In the Rand Daily Mail and other papers on 18 September, of the N.P. had drawn up a "youth action" plan. They recomf •Dr. Treurnicht acknowledged thae Broederbonth t d makdi d e mended that the eleven branches of the Nasionale Jeugbond should .^presentation e Cabineth o t n variouso t s matters r examplfo , e be replaced by youth branches, fully integrated into the senior Snort in South Africa. The Prime Minister said that the policy of structure of the party, on an equal footing with other branches. A e Governmenth s dictatee Nationawa th t y y b dan l y Parlyb t no , central co-ordinating committee for the youth branches would be society. established. The attitude of the N.P. to such matters as the future of the THE UNITED PARTY Coloured. Indian, and urban African people, the homelands, employment, student affairs, sport, foreign affairs, and other mat 'Africans domiciled outside (he homelands ters is described in subsequent chapters. v' During the no-confidence debate in the Assembly, Mr. Dave •,:, J.'Marais and Sir de Villiers Graaff attacked the National Party on AFRIKANEE TH R BROEDERBOND .lie questio f domicileAfricane no ar o wh s d outsid homelandse eth . In various of its issues, for example 21 May and 17 and 24 . Marais said Governmene th 1 t see no grasmo t fundad e di ptth - September e Sundayth , Times s publisheha n exposa d f theo e] ntal fact that there woul e millionb d f dctribalizco s d Africans secret Afrikaner Broederbond. Other newspapers too r examplefo , ] ^livine industriath n gi l area f Souto s e h th e tur Africth f o ny b a 0 September 2 e Starn Th o , have carried long article n tho es Century. With its "politically naive" policy, the Government was organization. The Bond is said to have been founded in 1918 f-'Otating a landless, rootless, and voiceless proletariat which con- f creatino m ai a g "brotherhoodwite th h n whici " h Afrikaner} |lUtute e flashpoin th de country' th f o t s race problems e facTh t. could e finanotheon da tim t a er when ther s disunitywa e d an , e faceb t d "s thae millionth t s outsid e homelandth e s wert no e s felwhewa t t thai ne right th t f Afrikanero s s were being denie^ ^temporary citizens n integraa t bu , l par f Souto t h Africa wita h decisiv d vasan e t e rolcountrye futur th o th plat e f n o i ye . 14 Star. 15 September. 15 Star, 6 September . £•I Antmbly• I February, . Hansar cols1 d . 159-62. UNITED PARTY 7 6 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1972 leaders as being under the influence of "a kind of verkramptc Mr. Marais suggcsled that urban Africans must be provided 1 Mafia". In their altitude, particularly to the "Baiituslan" policy, with bcller residential and social amenities; there must be an c Ihey had tried to win the support of the most backward, not the immediate acceleratio f woro n k training method r themfo s ; theri e' toost enlightened, scclion of the N.P.. he maintained. Inslead of - .should be a relaxation of influx control to provide job mobility jj throwing their weight behin e verligtth d e aspect f Governmeno s t and an uninterrupted home life: deserving Africans should be bolicy, thed consistentlha y y opposed e Oudlshoortheseth n T . n exempted from the pass laws and be given an opportunity lo obtain 'fcy-eleclion campaign, he said, the U.P. had adopted a vcrkrampl freehol e land th n whictitl do r fo e h they e urbaliveth n i dn areas. approach to try to atlract the plallelanders. This had left the Sir dc Villiers said". "Blacks in their millions are always N.r. wit o choico start n h t t bu ethei r "bocrchaat campaign'7. d arounan r urban i dou goin e nb o areasgt afraim a I d. that they s convince wa s sai e h dUy . d Mr thae ,• e tim'comd th th t r ha e fo e t goinare thab no c to g t setllc d population whic e woulhw liko s de U;P. to undergo a radical personality change. The leaders were n thio House se lth sido W e verf . seeeo ear . e ysens. . th sic ef ko foilin o mobilist g c fnlIh el potentia e oppositionth f o l e calleH . d of guilt thae geton ts whe e seenon s wha happenins i t famile th t o ygt a verligt f fp e re-orientation a "thir, d force" o breat , k down riuid life of the Bantu people under this Government, when one sees the ? 'ttind outdated party political divisions. Dissatisfied Nationalist conditions under which they live . . .. when one looks at the un- J s verligtesslatedUy . , Mr ,woul d rather a floalimb n i t o than join ntlcrable wast f humao e n material whic o goot ht ; d coulpu e b d the U.P. purpose". ! •', These articles attracted considerable adention e Villierd r Si . s Later"c Villierd r Si , s staled that n termi , f Governmeno s t Oraaff challenged all verligtes lo join (he U.P. in order to bring policy, urban Bantu had no job security, no rights of home-owner- about a just society in South Africa. He outlined what he con- ship e o slakmaintenanc n ,th d ordern ei an o stakw n , la then i ef ! o e sidered priorities should be: diversifying the economy of the homc- well-bein f thein o gpeople ow r , inadequate schooling, inadequate lands; encouraging the maintaio mt na federa l relationship wite th h training o securitn d an ,y when their working lives ended. 'Republic; removing causes for grievances among urban Africans: find the socio-economic upliftment of the Coloured and Indian The African homelands people." The Uniled Party has continued to oppose very strongly thel,','--• A number of newspapers that support ihc U.P. published creatio f o independenn t African homelands l legislational d an , ^ .editorials agreeing Ihae U.Pth t . "neede a dshake-up" l .shoulI . d designed to further this policy. Spokesmen have maintained lhal*" '<}e&s equivocateo ct s statedwa t i , , "speakin differenn gi t tones from independent Black states within or adjoining South Africa migl' different platforms". constitute a security threat if, for example, they entered inl '* ,Mr. Japie Basson told a U.P. meeting in Cape Town thai, if alliances with communist countries. 1 party wanted ever to return to power, it would have to come lo e memberth f o l sal havl No e agreed with -these tacticsho , s with a growing verligte mood among voters. "I feel certain ever. Mr. Japie D. du P. Basson, M.P., has frequently plead e publith c will appreciate bold dynamian d c e moveth n o s e acceptancfoth r f thoso e e aspect f Nationaliso s l policy whichi B&litical front", he said.7 accomplished and which arc positive. Mrs. Catherine D. Tayli M.P., is reported' to have said, in a speech in Nalal during ML ^ • vr • ' : thae basith t c constitutional machinery establishe e horth nn i d v^ungc in (he Transvaal party leadership lands by the Government had become an inlcgral part of tl 3j.'j*.Earl n 197i y 2a grou f energetipo c worker e Wilwatcrsth n o s - political scene, and the U.P. would have to take this into accoui 1. consisting mainly of younger members of Ihc Transvaal According lo a Press report", she was thereafter told by the pai( vincial council, took ove e organizatioth r d financinan ne th f o g hierarchy to refrain from making statements on policy matters.; (.'s Witwatersrand General Council f revitalizino m , ai witc Ih hg part d capturinyan e larggth e majorit f Reeo y f c nexsealIh ll a s election. They became popularly c "younknowIh s a ng Criticis e U.Pth f .m(i In articles published in the Sunday Times on 2 and 9 Julfl , . ifjtTheHarr Mr yy y b wer Schwarxd le e . M.P.C., leadef o r the political commentator . StanleMr , y Uys. describeK U c Ih d c TransvaaU.PIh n i . l Provincial Counci d deputan l y leadef o r f .parly in the province. According to Ihc political commenlator 1() April. Hansard 11 cols. 5293-5. ... .•*». II July. Kamid an Daily " ~ Mail, June6 1 . • Times, ^ E" ' • Roml IMIy Mail. 12 July. • Times, 7 May . r UNITED PARTY 9 SURVEA F RACYO E SRELATIONS . 1972 of limiting areas where race conflicts could take place. Sir Mr. John Patten." their philosophy was based on that of Mr. Japie c Villierd s stated1 thae partd th stil e to decidha t yth l n o e Basson. immediate legislative, executive, and fiscal powers to be de- At the Transvaal U.P. congress, held in Johannesburg during volved on the community governments. These might Aiu'iisl . SchwarMr . z challenge . MaraiJ . S . s dSteynMr , M.P., for eventually include r instancefo , e e powerpresenth th , f o st ihc'lcadership of the party in the province. Mr. Steyn is a right- provincial councils, plus matters like housing, social welfare hand man of Sir de Villicrs Graalf. and one of the country's most 1 and pensions d educationan , . experienced politicians. According to Mr. Patten,' Mr. Stanley When these governments were functioning e Depart(h , - Uvs. and others, however, he was regarded by the younger men as ments of Bantu Administration. Coloured Affairs, and Indian "Ole th df o hciiiGuard" e on " , whose tactics wer exposo et e ever) Affairs woul e phasedb d out. G;v. eminent mistako exploit d an et grievances o trieo wh dt d an , avoid being pinned down too closely on details of the Opposition's (b) Joint standing committees would be established, consisting of alternative" policies. The younger men believed that grievances Members of Parliament and members of each of the legislative alone could not defeat the Government. What was needed was a assemblies. These committees would provide the liaison struc- clear policy, with a fuller acceptance of racial realities and basic ture required when Parliament contemplated legislation affect- justice. particulay ingan r community. In what was reported to be a marginal victory. Mr. Schvvan (c) Referring to the Coloured people, the party's constitutional \v-s elected provincial leader. Also, apparently, by a narrow committee considered thaschemy an t e envisaged "shoult no d margin . JapiMr . e Basson was, however, defeate. GideoDr y nb d exclud e possibilitth e e Coloureth f o y d community becoming . JacobsF , e votinM.P.a deputth r n i fo g, y leader. part of the same federal community unit as one or more of the White community units". Accordin o Prest g s reports, how- ever.2 Sir de Villiers rejected the suggestion that a way be left The United Party's constitutional plan open for a possible future merger of White and Coloured Durins August, an interim report carrying the unanimous;] interests. approval of the United Party's constitutional committee (which satr (dFederaA ) l Assembly woul createe db d consistin t leasa 0 f g15 o i under the chairmanship of Mr. M. L. Mitchell, M.P.) was studiedl;; (apparently, about 165) members .e legislativ(h Eac f o h e bv a joint meeting of the party's national head committee and its .| assemblies would appoint three representative o \ this s parliamentary caucus, which, in turn, reported to Sir de Villiers Assembly, and "an additional 120 should be elected on the GraalT e discloseH . e planth ds amendea , n certaii d n respects, basia formul f o s a reflectin e proportionath g l contributiof o n durini e party'th i s Transvaal congress. each community or unit to the Republic, measured in terms The previous policy (described on page 1), of granting of the country's gross domestic product". Sir dc Villicrs said limited representation in the House of Assembly to the varioui that this formul e worke b stild o ha at l d out. Black groups, was scrapped in favour of the plan briefly sum e FederaTh l Assembly would hav n executiva e d civian e l niari/.ed below. service. It would elect a Chief Executive Officer, who would (a) About 15 community governments would be set up, each t( nominate member e Assemblth e f memberb o s e o t th y f o s have a legislative assembly elected on the basis of universal Executive Committee (Cabinet). Portfolios woul allocatee db d suffrage of members of the community concerned. There wouli to executive members in accordance with nominations by a be four White governments, based on existing provincia Ministe f Federao r l Affair n Parliamenti s . council demarcations; two Coloured governments (one for tin Parliament would, from time to time, determine the Wester e country) th e res e f othenth o tth r Cap d fo r; onan e i powers whic t wouli h d delegat e Federath o et l Assembly. Indian government d abouan ; t eight African governments U) The existing (While) Parliament would remain sovereign over based on both geographic and ethnic considerations, an all matters except those which were the peculiar and inti- making use, where necessary, of the current homelands. 0 mate concern of the legislative assemblies. The constitutional was not made plain how urban Africans were to be reprc ! committee suggested that Parliament should have the riyht to sented, but this was clearly envisaged.) Parliament wouli i veto anythin ge Federa donth y b e l Assembl d legislativyan e delegate to the legislative assemblies the maximum powen ! assemblies Villiere t accepd no r d Si tt di s thibu : s suggestion. commensurate with good government, and with the purpoa 1 Vfiiifoy r.rprrM September0 1 . ; Hand Daily Mail. September1 2 . 1 S:tir. 21 August. ' e.B. Suntlny Trihitiif.. 21 August. • Ibid. 10 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS. 1972 PROGRESSIVE PARTY The committee staled that "if Parliament comprises only Nationalist victory. The aim should be to attract vcrliules from representatives of the While community, this will guarantee both the N.P. and the U.P. to the White voter that the development of the federal plan e combineTh d national congres e partyth f so , which look place will be in the hands of his Parliament. . . . Our recommenda- near Pretoria the following month, accepted this recommendation, tions make it clear that the decisions as to whether such (White) deciding to set a target of contesting about 60 seats at the next control shoul e relinquisheb d y tim an ey spher t a an r n i o ed parliamentary general election (treble the previous number). Mr. * would remain in the hands of the White electorate — and Colin Eglin. the leader of the party, urged that it should become ^ your committee t doeenvisagno s e such control being the base for "vcrligtc power". I abandoned in the foreseeable future". It conceded, however, Mrs. Helen Suzman claimed- thai Sir de Villiers GraalT. loo, the possibility one day "of a South African society in which had rejecte n electio a idey f an dao n a pactPres n I .s intervien wo .'$•i r moree o Non-Whit th e r . allo ,on of , e communities could 23 reportes Julyi e h , havo t d e declared than electora"a t r formao l l share responsibility with the White community in those matters understanding with any other political party would seriously harm of common concern which cannot be devolved upon the con- e Uniteth d Party e entirth , e Opposition cause d woul- an , un d stituent elements" e Villierd r Si . s emphasized thae Whitth t e doubtedly favour the Government at the next general election". Parliament "as it exists to-day" would continue as the sovereign body. Federal policy >,*? (f )e constitutionaTh l committee slatet completeno dd thaha t di t its investigation of fiscal arrangements. It recommended, how- Dr. Zac dc Beer, then chairman of the party's political y ever, that the maximum possible powers of taxation be given advisory committee, reminded I he congresses' that, as far back as to the legislative assemblies; that the main taxing authority 1962 e Progressiveth . advocated ha s dfederaa l for f governmentmo , •be Parliament; that, initially, Parliament should appropriate following recommendation e Mollenth y b s o Commission t musI . t monee Federath o t y l Assembly, which would decids it n o e be accepted that diversity existed in South Africa. There was, thus, allocation thad an ;t Parliament should vole additional sums sa virtu n i engineerine e greatesth g t possible decentralizatiof o n subsidies to the legislative assemblies, the allocation of thest forces, and bringing about Ihe greatest measure of local self- moneys bein ge Federa donth y eb l Assembly. government. Various leadere Blacth f ko s community, canvassee th y b d Others were now advocating federalism. Dr. dc Beer said. But Rand Daily Mail? rejecte e plath dn becaus s basewa n t do i e Ihe United Parly was abusing the word. It would not be federation e maintenancth f Whito e e supremacy. if there were one sovereign body in a country which in its own discretion, variable from lim timeo et , allowed other bodie whic- s h PROGRESSIVE TH E PARTY might operate within its territory-—the right to cany on certain functions. The end picture presented by the National Parly was » Main principles not federation cilher, but rather a confederation of independent Shortly before the Progressive Parly's annual congress llit : Slates. There was. however, a good deal that was positive in Hie chairma s nationail f o n l executivey SwartRa . , Mr restated, j l il ' doctrin f separato e e developmen d separatan t e freedoms d whaan , t !l main principle s beinga s : was positive the Progressives would accept. (a) a rejection of racial discrimination; e Progressives th s par f Iwa o tl ' federal concept e Beed . r Dr . ) recognitio(b f individuao n le yardsticmerith s a tr advancefo k - continued, that whereve Soutn i r h Afric an are a ther s a witwa e a h men n societyi t ; .certain unique predominant nature, the e parlnIh y would mov- to e (c) equal opportunities for all. irrespective of race or colour. ^ wards establishing that area as a separate and autonomous province. By "autonomous", something less than complete inde- Future ejection contests pendence was envisaged. Federation might be defined as the t theiA r national congress, hel Johannesburn di g during July, . existenc f co-ordinato e e sovereignties, with powert no s thad di t the Young Progressives recommended tha e partIh t y should conlei •overlap, withi e samth n e slate e homeland. th Howeverf o y an s f i , elections wherever it had support, regardless of whether or not hud become independent whe a nfederatio s introducedwa n r o , s seamarginalwa l , whe a nspli t Opposilion vole might resul| i n i t wished for independence, this would nol be opposed. Such home- •'• Edition iif 31 Aneust. ' Kmul Unity Mail, :i Scplfmlx-r. Kanrl Dally Mall, 4 AnfuM. 1 V;irinns nc*vsp;i|x:rs of 21 AucitM 1 12 SURVEA F RACYO E RELATIONS, 1972 LAN LABOUD DAN R PARTY hinds, together with state Southern i s n Africa thad neveha t r been e Republicth par f o t , coul e inviteb d o becomt d e provincea f o s )|THE LAND AND LABOUR PARTY federal republic if there were advantages on both sides in such an It was announced in September' that a Land and Labour arrangement. Part beed yha n formed, unde chairmanshie th r n CloeteJa . .Mr f po e provinciaTh l boundarie f Souto s h Africa shoul e subb d - JtS primary concern would be to safeguard the future of White stantially re-drawn. Dr. de Beer said, to take into account demo- Workers t aimei t bu ,d als t securinoa ga fai r dea r Blacfo l k workers. graphic, economic, and other factors. It would not be regarded as e partTh y stoo r Whilfo d e trade unions onl Whitn i y e areasd an , anathema to put together in the same province people of different for the cultural freedom of Black homelands, but without their racial groups e Government'Th . s separate freedom policd ha y being granted sovereign independence, and without further "terri- foundere roce th f homelan ko n o d d consolidation e ProgressiveTh . s torial concessions". It supported the view that a Coloured home- would delimit provinces without having to shift populations over land should be created. massive distances. -VI e nationaTh l congress accepted this federal concept t calleI . d SUBSEQUENT BY-ELECTIONS upon the Government, in the latter's current plan for the consolida- " Parliamentary by-elections were hel Caledon di Malmesd nan - tio f KwaZuluo n creato t , a eviabl e uni n geographicalo t t no d an , 1>tiry on 8 November, the Nationalists retaining both seats. The on racial, lines d urgeregardles— an , e d on tha f raco o sn t e— results indicated that there had been little or no change in the should be forced out. ^political rurae scenth n lei Cape e UniteTh . t dcontes Partno d ydi t In opening the congress,4 Mr. Colin Eglin had stressed that Jhe election in Malmesbury. The voting was: constitutional reform would have to be a product of Blacks and Whites working and thinking together. ; Caledon Malmesbttry e questioTh f franchiso n e qualifications s agreea , d upon i n iN.P...... 6054 N.P...... 7313 I960," was raised but not pursued. It was pointed out that it was ' U.P...... 4020 P.P...... 745 already polic o adjust y e proposeth t d income and/or property , Percentage pol . .. l 89.5 H.N.P...... 393 qualifications administrativy b , e means accordancn i , e with changes i( reae ith nl valu f moneyo e thad an ,t thid beeha s n done.0 :<. 8 5 ...... Ind . .. . .11 Percentage poll ... 57,2 '• •*•''<' Nomenclature e NationaTh •;?.. l Party also retaine e fouth d r scats that were Congres sy collectiv decidean f o o abandot de e us term e th n, Conteste 9 November2 n o d , with increased majoritie o contw -n i s suc s "non-while"a h describo t , e peopl f coloureo , and, insteado t , .'Stilucncies, but losing votes to the United Party in the other two. refer to those not of European origin as Africans, Coloured people, The results were: and Asians. Y Wakkcrsti'ooin Klip River Joint discussions N.P...... 4609 . .. 522 . 7.. . N.P.. . Before the congress. Progressive Parly leaders had hel . d .. dis157 -. .. 4VU.P . .. . U.P...... 4995 cussions on national issues, behind closed doors, with some 50 \ H.N.P...... 583 Percentage pol . .. l 81,6 especially-invited Afrikaans-speaking experts in various fields- --.. .Percentage poll ... 68.2 academics, businessmen, farmers d othersan , . Critical examination ->' e party'oth f s policie s invitedwa s , without involvin e guestth g s in any adherence to the party.' !' Johannesburg West Vereeniging During September Mr. Eglin, Mrs. Helen Suzman, and other -'N.P...... 5345 N.P...... 5271 senior party members toured the homelands, for discussions with ip.P...... 3903 U.P...... 3 193 African leaders of various shades of opinion there. P.P...... 556 9 32 . .. . H.N.P.. . Percentage poll ...2 19 60, . .. 8 ...... P.P. Kami Daily Mall. t I Ausust . L.L.P...... 31 c 1959-6Se 0 Surrey. pat. 14 e Star. 2 AiiRtinl2 . Percentage pol . .. l 62.3 Stutttiiy E.rprf.'is. 6 Auausl ; flnr. 1 Aueiisl . I Sundty Exprea. 4 Scpcembcr2 . ATTITUDL F INDIANO S S e matterTh s1 concerned arc: ) education(a ; (b) community welfare; and ATTITUDES OF INDIANS ) suc(c h other matter e Statth s e a sPresiden t may, from time to time, determine by proclamation in the Gazette. Any MEETING SE SOUT ()!TH • H AFRICAN INDIAN COUNCIL ; such proclamation must be tabled in Parliament. According to various Press releases and issues of the official| Mr. R. M. Cadman said in the Assembly- thai the United publication Fhit Ln.\: the S.A. Indian Council has concerned ilsell Party would support the Bill because il was an improvement on the with such matters as the impact of the Group Areas Act andj ; existin t considegno position d di r t .thae bu measur, th t e wenr fa t the need for better social amenities in Indian group areas, and ' enough parts Hi .y woule Councith e d se lika wholll o t e y elective made recommendation e abolitioth r fo sf provinciano l barriers • body, with greater executive functions e objecte H e wid. th eo t d Indian movement, the speedier conversion of local affairs and powere grante e b Minister th o t s o dt , considering that Parliament siiltativc committees into bodies with executive power d thian | , Should have some control over the number of elected members, the promotion of. Indians in educational services. Periodic meeting . conduct of elections, and other mailers. Mrs. Helen Suzma e Progressivth f o n t esuppor Partno d ydi t have been held betwee e Council'th n s Executive Committee and] 3 Cabinet Ministers who are responsible for matters to be raised. the Bill. 1 thin" n impertinencka s thai t i td age" an thin y i e, da s she said o offeIndiac "t , Ih r n populatio f Souto n h Afric . thi . s. a ale substitute of an elected council". The Bill offered no meaning- SOUTH AFRICAN INDIAN COUNCIL AMENDMENT ACT, fill political rights, and would certainly not conciliate the political No. 67 OF 1972 aspirations of the Indian people. 1. This Amendment Act provided that, after consultation by (hi Replyin o variout g s matters raised durin e debateth g e th , Minister with the Indian Council, the State President may, b Minister stated' that, for the time being. Parliament would not proclamation, declare tha membershie th t e Councith f pa o sh l .appropriate moneys e Councildirecth o t t : financial arrangements e increasedb , fro mnumbea t exceedin no ra numbe o t 5 g2 r nir •would be controlled by the Department of Indian Affairs. The exceedin e SlatTh e . Presiden30 g t will determinn ma w ho e Council would carry out functions assigned to it within the framc- members wil e appointeb manlw ho yd electedan di p e th , . ,work of funds voted for such services by Parliament on the Dcpart- cedur r elections e fo qualification th d an , r membershifo s p i'mental vole. the Council and for the franchise. e immediatth r ^;Fo . e t presentfutura s e Counci(a e th ) l would •have no Hansard. Members had themselves decided that minutes (The Minister of Indian Affairs said, during the debal 1 ;M proceedings shoul e kepb d t insteade informatioth r e fo , th f o n in the House of Assembly, that for the time being there woi' .'Department and of members. Meetings were not aulomalically be 25 appointed and 5 elected members. The future com Open lo the Press. lion woul e discusseb d d wite Councilth h : after such . RajabPrese AskeM th . commeno y t sA db .Bille . th Mr , n o t sultation the number of elected members could be chan 'chairman of the Council's Executive Committee said5, "I wish to from time to time by proclamation. Serving members woi mak t i perfectle y clear tha 1 havt e always strive o makt n e th e continu o servt e s appointea e d members unti e terth lm Counci a fulll y elected body, e choseIndiath y b n people Ihcm- office of the existing Council expired in August 1974.) lelves havd an , e made representation Governmene th o l se th r fo t e compositioTh 2. e Executivth f o n e Committe e Couth ;f eo Idealization of this objective as quickly as possible. I am convinced will be unchanged, i.e. it will consist of a chairman appoin jlhae sooneth t e realizedb r thin e presene ca soonesth th , n ca tr by the Minister from among the Council members, and f hard-worke d oftean d n misunderstood nominated Council hand members elected by the Council itself. Oyw its enormous task." He added. "Of course we arc not satis- 3. The Council has thus tar had advisory powers only. In fului fied (with the Bill) but if we refuse to accept what has been given e Executivth e Committee will deal with certain mattern i s e wil e positioe w bacth b l s ttn u > ki e n wer 1946i w n n i e. Then t nothing.go d an "l askee al w r r nothind o fo l an al s g— |twa far as they affect Indians and to the extent to which pow t lo deal with these matters has been delegated to the E.xcciiti* f Coll ' • . J7 NATAL INDIAN CONGRESS s firsit tt A provincial congress e recently-reviveth , d Natal Indian Congress decide o boycott d e Indiath t n t Councino d an l 10 pui forward the names of any of its members for the five elected .seals. ORGANIZATIONS CONCERNED WITH '["her s divisiowa o f opinioo n n abou e membershith t e th f po Congress. Some delegates, notably from the Durban Central BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS branch, proposed a change of name to the People's Congress, to include members of all Black communities. Black solidarity, it DEFINITION OF BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS was stated, was necessary for an effective Black opposition to "racist domination" motioA . thio nt s effec s defeatewa t y onlb d y ' The emergence of Black Consciousness was discussed on pages i.vo votes e opponentTh . s considere de presen thatth t a , t stage, 42 cl seq of last year's Survey. It was pointed out that, according il was practical and realistic to confine membership to Indians, . BarnetoMr y Pilyan Soute th f ho a African Students' Organization inspiring the strivo mt a unite r efo d democratic South Africa. Con- (Saso) and other spokesmen, there is no close parallel with the Black Power concep s thia t s exist n othei s r countries. gress would, however, "co-operat6 e with the organizations of all oiher oppressed peoples". On 16 February Mr. Patrick Laurence of The Star quoted froSase mth o manifesto: "The Blac n n musow ma k s t builhi p u d . value system, see himself as self-defined and not as defined by other?". From this perspective, it was stated, the Black man rediscovers his intrinsic worth as a person and discards White- lainlcd perception f himselo s a problem s a f a sourc, f labouro e , or an objec f pityo t sensA . f prideo d Blacan e k solidarity result. "Bul the Blackness referred to is not confined to Africans. In this context. Black means anyone who is not White, anyone who is discriminated against because of colour." NOMENCLATURE As mentioned in previous Surveys, the S.A. Institute of Race 1 Relation d otheran s s hav r lonefo g been searchin acceptabln a r gfo e I, collective ter r thosfo m e Sout t classifieno h e Africanar do wh s ' .White, When operating in a society which differentiates between e groundth peopl n f o eskio s n colou r o raciar l descens i t i t :f ; 'essential, however repugnant, when describing legislative measures, iparty political attitudes, educationa d oiliean l r services o refet , r .Specificall o peoplet y f variouo s s racial groups r purposeFo . f o s •brevity, a collective term for those who arc usually discriminated JP !•'. agains s oftei tr lonfo n gs necessaryha bee l i n t recognizeBu . d *: ( .that the term "Non-White" gives offence. Being a negative dcscrip- • lion, it detracts from human dignity. s Executivit t A ;•• e Committee meetin n Julyi g e Institutth , f o e 'Race Relation tere s th decidem e "Blackus o dt " whe collectiva n e Word is essential, but wherever possible to speak, rather, of "Africans, Coloured people d Asians"an , t shoul(I . e addeb d d that terms suc s "Bantuha " employee havb o et d when referrino t g legislative measure systemd san s which bear these specific names.) fW ' ill is recognized that not all Coloured people and Asians — or m ;indccd African referree wisb — s "Black" a o ht con e o t dth -t bu ; 'I'ht Leader. 28 January; S(*r. I May ; Reality. May. 'Census of opinion appears to be that this term is preferable to "Non- : mile". 66 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1972 67 It is, once again, noteworthy how many of those who have to fac stigme eth prosecutiof ao n are, apparently t convictedno , . Again, there have been suicides sinc e lasth et Survey s compiledwa A . White policeman who probably faced prosecution hanged himself, MEASURES FOR SECURITY AND THE and another White man, who had been charged, flung himself from the top of a skyscraper the day after being released on bail. CONTRO PERSONF LO S 9 DEFENCE EXPENDITURE AND EQUIPMENT Accordin officiae th o gt l Estimate Expenditurf so r 1972-3,efo ' the following sum c budgetear s r Defencedfo : Revenue Account 7? Defence2 ...... 0 00 6 33 5 33 Buildings for defence other than houses 40000 Loan Account Public Works ...... 0 55 7 26 3 Housin f personnego . .. l 3 919 950 Purchase of shares of the Armaments Developmen Productiod an t n Cor- . .. poratio... . , .. f S.Ao n . .. . 0 00 0 73 8 R351 293500 The latest published information regarding the strength of the Defence Force was summarized on page 63 of last year's Survey. During discussio e Assembls Votth hi April'7 n f ei 2 o n n yo 1 , the Minister of Defence said that all the construction work on the Dccca navigator system round the coasts had been completed. Receivers had been installed in ships; Air Force installations had progressed far; and maps had reached the stage of completion. He hoped that the Advokaat project would be completed by October, the Minister continued. This is an underground maritime headquarters in the Southern Cape, connected with Walvis Bay and Durba s advancna e bases. Three Satellite Radar Stations have now been completed—at Mariepskop in the mountains of the Eastern Transvaal, Ellisras near the Limpopo frontier, and Mafeking. A mobile radar unit range e northerth s d north-easteran n n Transvaal. Computert a s these stations relay data to the subterranean nerve cenlrc of the Northern Air Defence Sector of the S.A. Air Force at Devon, near Springs.4 O8 Septemben e StarTh r quote e latesth d t issu f Tlieo e Military Balance of the Institute for Strategic Studies as having reported thae Soutth t h African Nav s ninyha e frigates (five held ' R.P. 2/1972. Voles IS and 32; R.P. 3/1972. Voics B. K and P. ' RI8 836 000 more than during ihe previous year. • Hansar cols2 1 d . 5787-5799. Kami Daily Mail, November7 2 Sundayd an , Express, Decembe9 1 r 1971. • Sunday Times, 17 Scplcmbcr. 68 A SURVE F RACYO E RELATIONS, 1972 SECURITY OF THE STATE 69 in reserve), three submarines n coastate , l minesweepers (seven ni reserve) e escoron , t minesweeper o destroyerstw , , five seaward- POTGIETER COMMISSION'S REPORT defence boats, and one fleet-replenishment tanker. Six corvettes A one-man commission, consisting of Mr. Justice Potgieter, arc on order.'' n 196i o enquirp t 9u wat se s e into matters relatin e securitth o t g y Again according to the Institute for Strategic Studies, the of the State. The Prime Minister announced later that a parlia- Republi0 armoure80 s ha c d cars, abou 5 Sarace2 t n armoured ; mentary committee unde s chairmanshiphi r , consistin f equao g l troop-carriers Centurio0 10 . n tanks Come0 2 , t 0 Ferretanks5 d t an , number f membero s governmene th f e oppositiono s th d an t , would scout-cars. decide how much of the Potgieter report could be released without s noteA d last year, South Afric s produceha a n air-to-aia d r prejudice to the country's security. Following this committee's rocket, called Voorslag. Cactus anti-aircraft missiles have been deliberations, an abridged version of the commission's report was jointly invente d financean d y Francb d d Soutan e h Africas wa t i : published during February, as R.P. 102/1971. The Minister of Justice said'" that the commission's recommendations had been announced in August that the United States was to manufacture adopted in tola. 3 600 of these, under licence. South Africa is building two marks of the French Mirage supersoni6 c jet fighters. '• Mr. Justice Potgicler recommended that all intelligence relating In his speech on his Vote, quoted earlier, the Minister of to the continued existence and security of the Stale, and the Defence said thaRepublie th t c coul o longedn isolatee b r army db s vulnerabilities and capacities of an enemy or potential enemy, boycotts s self-sufficienwa s t domestii a : r fa o s ct requirements were should be centralized in one Department of Slate, headed by a concerned. South Africa could manufacture cannon f calibreo s s Secretar r Securitfo y y Intelligence d unde an e ,controe th th r f o l varying between 20mm. and 260mm. bored and 20mm. and Prime Minister. This departmenl e existinshoulth e b dg Bureau 160 mm. ground, together with a wide series of calibres and models for State Security, constituted basically as it already was. o fs independen rifleswa t I . respecn i t f armoureo t s d wa cars d an ; Existing departmental intelligence services (i.e. those of the producin a gradi o beaco r parachutfo n e troopa man-pac d an s k Police, Defence Force d othean , r Slate Departments) shoule b d transmitting/receiving communicatio e comth -y b n e systeus r mfo retained, and these services should appoint liaison representatives mandos. Machine pistols are being manufactured.7 e Bureaath t o n assisadvisort ua n i t y capacit n preparini y e th g national intelligence estimate, lo be submitted to the Prime Minister BLACK MEMBERS OF THE DEFENCE FORCE (or consideratio e Statth ey b nSecurit y Council. The Minister went on to say" that the S.A. Coloure e necessardb e S.ACorpy th .r ma l Policfo t yi s a e r fa Excep o s n i t was a Permanent Force unit. Salaries had been improved. Never- . JO collect information covertle purposeth r fo yf investigatino s g theless, recruitin t bee e Corp no s successfuth na d r ha sgfo s hada l , Offences connected wite securit e Stateth h th t f e shouli o ,y th e b d been hoped e intendeH . d discussing wit e Ministeth h f Colouredo r : exclusive functio e Bureath f o o collecnt u t information covertly. Affairs and the Executive of the Coloured Persons' Representative -Other Departmenls shoul e alloweb d o collect d t overtly data Counci possible th l e establishmen speciaa f o t l service battalion,* relatin theio gt r functions (e.g. informatio roan o n d communications a voluntary basis, for Coloured men. After 10 to 12 months'] ained by the Department of Defence), but, in general, it should training, men would be drafted to the Permanent Force, especially e Bureauth lefo t t , too o collecl . t eve y overb n t means inlclli- the Navy and Army. Instructors would have to be trained first.! Ece relatin Slato gt e security. If this scheme succeede t couli d e extendedb o Indiant d Natan i s k ".' It should be left to (he Bureau lo evaluate intelligence. Other bu e present th not t a . t stage o Africanst , . 1 , departments r examplfo , e Securiteth y Police, should forward such s a notesubsequen(A n i d t chapter, Black men. including I ^lormation in raw form, with an indication of the reliability Africans, arc serving as fully-armed members of the Police ForcJ,) wu departmene eth t concerned attache e informationth o t d . guarding the Republic's borders with the Caprivi Strip.) s alreadwa s e case A yth e Burea •'• Slur. V< July. >i Mr. Justice Potgieter recommended legislative measures to '• Kami llailv Mail. 1 August3 . OCate a Slate Security Council, and lo amend Sections 10 and 29 of ' I bill. April7 2 . ' Oils. 5K3S-40. 5859-60. » U.I'. 2/IM72 Vol. 4 e 'Jt Mscmhly. S June, Munsanl IS col. 90S.1. SECURIT STATE TH EF YO 71 70 A SURVE F RACYO E RELATIONS, 1972 The legislation that which relates to munitions of war or any military, police or security the General Law Amendment Act of 1969. matter, and who publishes it or directly or indirectly communicates resulted is outlined below. purposy persoy an manney r an an fo o ien t ni r prejudiciao r e th o t l e timesafet th f such o r t interest o a y e Republico th f wh o s d an , SECURITY INTELLIGENC STATD EAN E SECURITY COUNCIL publication or communication was aware of or should reasonably ACT, No. 64 OF 1972 have suspected that such sketch, plan, model, article, note, docu- This s introduceBilwa l e Primth y edb Minister during May, ment, or information related to munitions of war or any military, s supportean wa de Unite th d Progressivy b dan e Parties.11 police securityr o matter, shal guilte offencn b la f liabld yo an e n eo (a) It set out the functions and duties of the Bureau for State conviction to a fine not exceeding Rl 500 or to imprisonment for Security, and of other departments of State, in regard to a perio t exceedindno g seven yearso bott r ho , such d finsucan eh security intelligence. imprisonment." (b) It established a State Security Council, consisting of: the Prime Ministe s chairmana r ; the senior Minister of the Republic, if he is not a member (b) Section 29(1) under any other provision; "(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any law or the e Ministerth f Defenceo s . Foreign Affairs, Justice d Policean , . ; commo containedw nla o person , n shal e [compellablcb l ] com- such other Ministers as the Prime Minister may from time to pelled, and no person shall be permitted or ordered to give time co-op s membersa t ; evidenc furniso t r y informatioo e an h proceedingy an n i n n i s the Secretar r Securityfo y Intelligence; r beforano yy bod w cour an er la institutio yo f o t n established the Commandant-Genera S.Ae th .f o Defencl e Force; by or under any law or before any commission as contemplated the Secretaries for Foreign Affairs and for Justice; Commissionse bth y Act, facty an , 1947, o mattet s a r thino r g the Commissioner of the S.A. Police; communicatioy an o t s oa r sucy nb madhr o persono t e d an , such other heads of departments of State as the Prime Minister booo n r documenko e produceb sucy y an h ma t n i dproceed - may from time to time co-opt. a ings[ certificate f i , n affidavita ] purportin o havt g e been e function th e Stat t th ou f e o t sSecurit se t Ac y e CouncilTh ) (c , [Prime signeth y db e Ministe persoy an r nro authorized thereto which e arerequese Primth th t ,f a o et Minister o advist , e by him or purporting to have been signed by any other] the Government on the formulation of national policy and i Minister responsible n respecti f sucho fact, matter, thing, strateg n relatioi e y- securit e e th countrth th o t f nd o y an y communication, book document,pro-a caseor the of in or, mnnne whicn i r h this shoul e implementedb d o advist ; a n eo ! vincial administration or the territory of South West Africa, polic combao yt particulay an t r threasecurite th o t tf Sout yo h ) the Administrator concerned, is produced to the court of law, Africa ;e recommendatioth and n o , e Bureau- th de f o no t , body [or], institutio commissionr no concerneeffece th o tt . d.. termine intelligence priorities. thasaie th td Minister Administrator,r s o ha . be casee y th ma s a In terms of Proclamation Ps.192 of 4 August the post of Secre- i personally considered e saidth fact, matter, thing, communica- tary for Security Intelligence was created (the incumbent was tion, boo r documeno k t [affect e interest th e Slats th r o ef o s previously designated Security Adviser to the Prime Minister). The" V public securit d thae disclosuran yth t e thereoe f th will n i , present incumbent is General H. J. van den Bergh. I • opinio e Primth f no e Ministe r saio r d perso authorizeo ns r do other Minister, as the case may be, be prejudicial to the GENERAL LAW AMENDMENT ACT, No. 107. OF 1972: PROVISIONS' • . i .interest( . e Statth r o f publieo s c securitys d hi that, an ]n i ' RELATIN SECURITO GSTATT E TH EF YO YJ opinion, t affectsi e security e Stateth th d that f an o disclosure e 197 th t amende f 2Ac o 5 2 Section d I an Section d 0 1 san 0 1 s thereof will, in his opinion, prejudicially affect the security of 29, respectively, of the General Law Amendment Act of 1969.12 In 1 the State." e followinth g paragraphs, words that were n italics,i adde e ar 'd it while those omitted are enclosed in square brackets, s e presenteBil„•" wa Th e Assembll' th e Ministe o (h t d y b yf o r . MitchelL . '•Justic M June 8 . ln o Mr esai . d thaofficiae th t l Oppo- ) Sectio(a 0 1 n 13 "Any person who has in his possession or under his control;-, lltion welcomed it. any sketch, plan, model, article, note, documen r information:';o t ! " Assembl M:iy4 2 y , Hansar cols6 1 d . 7923-34. Hansard IS cols. 90S3-DO. Sec 1969 Survey, page 35. fur criticism of Ihc original Act. 11 Sec I%9 Survey, page 35. 72 SURVEA F RACYO E RELATIONS, 1972 PROHIBITION OF GATHERINGS 73 SUPPRESSION OF COMMUNISM AMENDMENT ACT, 197F O 22 . No .Concerned y notma , e whilh , e e rollstruc th r suspended o f s of k e b , 1. Jn terms of the principal Act as amended,14 the Minister of'. toployed in any capacity whatsoever connected with these pro- Justice had power, by notice in the Gazette, to prohibit certain-' fessions. The Amendment Act of 1972 laid down that if such a e employe5b persoo t s i nn somi d e capacit a practitioner y b y n i , persons from: (-^ la) bein r becomingo g office-bearers, officers r memberso , , ,,^ ** ttses s beewherha n e e rolleh struc th sf undeof k Suppressioe th r n ) makin(b r receivingo y contributiogan y kin tl^r an fo - dJf o n "** Communism Act, he must obtain the consent of (he Minister direct benefitr o , Justice as well as that of the law society. (c) participating in any way in any activity, , ,The Minister said" e amendmen thae reasoth th r t fo ns wa t particulay oan f r organizatio y organizatioan r o n naturea f no ^ (JlaNatae Societw th t La l d granteyha d permissio . RowlcMr r nfo y class, or kind specified in the notice, except with the writtenl :'Attnstein (who had been imprisoned for four years under the consen e Ministeth f a dulo tr o yr authorized magistrate' J . "Suppressio s f botCommuniso n wa h d bannean t d listedman dAc ) Those who could be so prohibited were all listed ,{0enter employment wit formes hi h n ra articlew no s d wa clerk o wh , banned persons, or those who were office-bearers, officers, 0(| Mtorney. "It did not take long before Arenstein was once again members of any orsanization which has been declared u jlil'attorne n everythini yf o y t namewa bu g y 1 forbadb . m hi e lawful. flltther restriction orders to carry on with this work, but agreed, In terms of the 1972 amendment, those who can be ; lifter representations wer carro l en wit m wors yo made hi hi h r kfo , prohibited are all listed and banned persons, or those who aN £«.connection wite recenth h t Piclcrmarilzburg terrorist (rial.""1 any time befor r afteo y organizatioe an r s beeha nn declared] unlawful, were or are office-bearers, officers, or members ot^ ITWOHIBITIO GATHERINGF NO S that organization. 1"."^ s describeA . a subsequen n i d t chapter, there were protestd an s When introducin e Bill e Ministeth g th , f Justico r e said" thalj fejtohonstration y studentb s t English-mediua s m White universities the amendment expressed the Government's original intentiOtt,| Mnd.at Black universities during the second quarter of 1972. it had always been desirable, for example, for the Minister B>| |£ ; On 7 June Government Notice 999 (replaced by No. 1017) was be able to prohibit persons who were members of the Africa! jyfeued. As amended, it slated: "Deeming jt necessary for (he National Congress from joining student organizations or tnujt pttintenance of the public peace, (he Minister of Justice prohibits unions casn i , e they promoted subversive activities within then 1 slit assembly of any public gathering of a political nature, that is bodies. It was an almost impossible task to prove that't (f'say, a public gathering at which any form of slate or any particular person had been a member of the A.N.C. at the tiffljjj icipl r e governmenpolico eth f o y a stat f s o i propagatedet , when that organization was declared unlawful. However,^ aded, attacked, criticised r discussedo , r whico , s i helhn i d recent court case had cast doubt upon the Government ptest against anything; wite exceptioth h f o sucn a hpubli c original intentions, which were now to be more expressly (tt *J\ering which takes t s lastsplaceloni a s r ga , fo , withi e wallth n s out 1 1 a building", in 20 magisterial districts, from the date of the 2. Further sections of the Act" simplified the procedure for I ie until 8 July. Magistrates of districts might grant exemptions, registratio newspapersw ne r grantinf fo o n d an ,g exemption action was taken under the Riotous Assemblies Act. On from clauses of banning orders which required the pers08jj| F.June Government Notice 1104 was gazetted, adding a further concerned to report regularly to the police. e listth ffric .o t t ,«, The Minister is reported" to have said that he had taken these GENERAL LAW AMENDMENT ACT, No. 102 OF 1972: PROVISIC RELATING TO ATTORNEYS, NOTARIES AND COr"" *OS in view of the "defiant and provocative conduct of students ANCERS ADMISSION ACT Jjpthers at certain universities, and in view of certain informa- nt) in the Government's possession." e Attorneysth f Sectioo 2 3 ,n Notarie d Conveyaan s n £ ^Further action was taken for a longer period, under (he Sup- Admission Act of 1934 provided that a member of these pr •Mqion of Communism Act, in respect of two areas of central sions may not practise as such while he is struck off the rollll Tow! n (includin lane th gd aroun e Anglicath d n Cathedraln i ) suspended. Unless with the written consent of the law so'1" f Governmeno s t Notice 1 August1381 f 9o . From then until 1 ' Sect!"! tcr.5 ! AlKtnnly June2 , . Hansar col7 1 d. S6 3» Hansard 14 cols. 7057-8. 11 Government Gazette 3621, GoTtmmcnl Notice 1307. i**fct 1971 Sumy. p,l[-. 67 c " Assembly June2 . , Mansar col7 1 d . 1138. i fl'Hddrf natty Mail. 6 Scplcmbcr1 . 3 1 Assembly March1 2 . . Hansar cold8 . 647. ItenurH . cut5 d 3% . 76 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1972 TRAVEL DOCUMENT CITIZENSHID SAN P 77 e MinisteTh f Banto r u Administratio d Developmenan n t said;;| -executive member f Nusaso s t leasa , t eight other prominent slu- in the Assembly on 14 April-' that 23 Africans were then under J jlents or ex-students, and an Indian school-boy who had wanted to removal orders issued by chiefs (the same number as a year pre;:* "intend the multi-racial Waterford School in Swaziland/'" When the viously) e firs f theso Th t . e order d beeha s n issue n 1961di . v Application by the sixth member of Nusas was refused, the presi- According to the Minister of Police,28 of the 24 Africans who1] (Jent of this organization said that not a single member of his wer detention i e 1 Marc3 n o nh 1971 0 wer,2 e eventually released,.1 -^ttlior executive a passportcommitte d ha w . no e without charges being laid, the remaining four having been chargedi, J Thei t beeno r ntriad concludeha l e datth et a dwhe e Ministeth n r '• ,. '>. It was mentioned in last year's Survey" that Miss Shanthic spoke. Before being released or charged, these people had been ift; /flaidoo was. that year, granted a permanent departure permit by detentio r periodfo n s rangin days3 30 .o g t Sincfro3 m10 Apri1 e l the Department of the Interior, but that this proved useless because 1971 a furthe, African6 r beed ha sn detained l weral t e bu released/, : die Departmen f Justico t e refuse o rela t dr bannin he x g ordeo t r after periods rangin 7 days16 g , o t frowithou 6 m1 t being charged,- , iflow her to proceed to a port of departure. On re-application, < fcoth Departments allowe o leavet r he d, during September a con, - : iition being that she should refrain from political activities. TRAVEL DOCUMENTS AND CITIZENSHIP Questione e Assembly,th n i d e Ministe 2th e Interiof0 th f o r ' ;.iMr y WilkinsRo . e America, heath f do n National Association replied that, during 1971, 154990 applications for passports wer»< e AdvancemenWit,th f Coloureo t d People s grantewa , a dvis o t a received from person Soutn i s h Afric d Soutan a h West Africa. AlJ; :-***!t South n Africaapplicatioa t bu ; y Congressmab n n Charles f theso bu3 e8 t were granted o figureN . s were available indicating . _^gs was refused: he had wanted to re-enter the Republic and to j I/Jilt South West Africa. Among other o werwh s e refused visas e numbeth f passporto r s thad beeha t n withdrawn f thosO . e who] r d beeha n refused passports 2 wer1 , e permitte o makt d of e aus e JHfere Professor Robert Williams of New York, who was to have permanent departure permits (three Whites, one Coloured persoftl £|ddressed a congress of the South African Students' Organization. four Asians d fouan , r Africans). •'*•' : Itid the two sons-in-law of the late Chief Albert Luthuli, who had There wer 4 While3 e o Blacks(n s o werewh ) , durin' 19 g "'"" " ' to attend the unveiling of a monument to his memory, deprive f Souto d h African citizenship f theseO . 7 had2 , , desc f his daughters were allowed to come. warnings, made use of passports of other countries of which H. .s announcewa t 7 I Octobe. n o d r thae Ministeth e t th f o r were also citizens; six had obtained the citizenship of other coufrj llOterior intended refusing visa o academict s s from other countries trie y voluntarb s y s convicteformawa e a dflfl l f on Mo dacts d an ; |Who intended comin Souto gt h Afric o investigatt a operatione th e s offence durin e firsth g t five year d acquires ha afte e h r d Soujj ^overseas business concerns. The Rand Daily Mail reported on African citizenship. ' I October that, for this reason, two officials of the African- The removal of 49 Whites and 122 Blacks was ordered in te jrnerican InstitutYorw d beeNe ha k f no e denied entry. relatinw e provisionola th f e o deportationth t g f o s e Minislth , i indicated. - , 'Several people from overseas have had to leave South Africa He said that no statistics were available in respect ^tiuse their temporary residence permits were cancellet no r o d number of clergy, ministers, and religious workers whose passf Wed. They included Father Wilfred Jackson of Ladysmith, who had been withdrawn, who had left on exit permits, whose ' worked at the Limehill resettlement township, the Rev. Dr. porary residence permits were cancelle t extendedno r o d r o , rich Lochmann of the Theological College at Mapumulo, and were declared prohibited immigrants. ft'Mark Douglas-Home, editor of Wits Student, in which a con- m "trsial cartoon had been published. As mentioned elsewhere. Among thos wero wh ee allowed passports were several BJl ng those who were forced to leave South West Africa were the politica d loppose ha leader o dwh s Government policies, Rev. Colin O'B. Winter, the Rev. Stephen Hayes, and Mr. example Mr. David Curry and Mr. Knowledge Guzana. e MViAnglica th e Beed df o r n Church. Anothee Revth s .wa r Thos wero wh ee refused passports r ordereo , o surret d n Hs Ludwig Althaus of the Rhenish Mission. Miss Antoinette them, include . PeteMr d r Randall e directoth , f Spro-Cao r j berstadt was required to give up her work as principal of an member of staff of the Christian Institute, Mr. Drake Koka Jican schoo Owambon i l , whil . JoheMr n Witherow . JameMr , s 'If* Mr. Saths Cooper of the Black People's Convention, six rigal, and Dr. Lothar Engel were refused permission to take up m ational posts in that territory. " Hansar• cols0 1 d . 433-4. >>*. =" AsFcmbly. IS February, Hansard 3 cols. 289-90. •" 29 February, Hansard 5 col. 391; 24 March, Hansard 8 cols. 687-8; 21 April, Ihntutt f, 17 July. col. 875; 19 May, Hansard 15 cols. 1051-2. " II 71. 78 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1972 ATTACK PROMINENN SO T PEOPLE 79 lorries. Communist sign d sloganan s s were paintee hometh n o sd ATTACK PROMINENN SO T PEOPLE Anglicae oth f n Dea f Capno e Town . ColiMr , n Eglin, leadee th f o r During 1972 there was an increased number of anonymous; ; Progressive Party, and Mr. Hamilton Russell, who had taken threat attackd an s n promineno s t people, mainly opponent -e th f o s 'ove Studentse th r ' Defenc e officeth e f Nusas n o Fundso e d th ,an , Government's racial policies. In September the Rev. Dr. C. El- Progressive Party, and the Cape Times. The walls of a Methodist Bcyers Naude, Director of the Christian Institute, told the PreM ^Church in central Cape Town were twice daubed with red paint. that a number of duplicated smear letters had been circulated, There were attacks in other centres, too. During July, two some issued by the so-called "Patriotic South Africans for South 1 attempts were made to set fire to Chief Gatsha Buthelezi's car. Africa". After various attacks durin e weekth g s that followed,' • he has received threatening letters, and his chauffeur's home was newspapers received anonymous telephone calls e callerth , s saying. ; 'fel alight. "Scorpi s strucha o k again". Leaflets issue y "Scorpiob d " were In Johannesburg, abusive and threatening telephone calls foun n letter-boxei d Capn i s e Town, attacking "leftists", liberal^ '.were mad Professoo t e r John Dugard Schoow La t ,e a Deal th f no Jews, and others. The police offered a reward of RIOOCP for-, the University of the Witwatersrand. A plastic pool belonging to information about the organization. the childre e Revth f .no Basi l Moor s slashede skinneeth wa d an d, Many of these actions took place in Cape Town. During 1971, oody of their cat was left on the doorstep. Death threats were damage was done to the cars of Dr. Michael Whisson and Dr/ made by telephone to Mr. Adam Klein and Mr. Ralph Judah Francis WilsoUniversite th f o n f Capyo e Town . BarrMr , y Streek' .of the S.R.C. at the University: they were given police protection. of Reve Nusasth d . Thean , o Kotze, Cape Regional Directo thef o r ' Whito wern Tw me ee ; :arreste Capn di e Tow October9 n no n i , Christian Institute. Anonymous telephone calls were received late , connection wit e attackth h s there. t nigha y memberb t f thio s s Institute d communisan , t slogans painted on the walls of the Ecumenical Centre in Cape Town wher e Institut s th eofTices it s ha e. These activities were stepped up in 1972, Mr. Theo Kotze bein a gfrequen t victim. Petrol bombs were twice throws hi t a n home, and shots were fired at it, one smashing a bedroom window. Death threats were made in anonymous telephone calls and letters. The tyres of his car were slashed, a communist sign painted on the back walls of his home, and various unrequested delivery vans and taxis arrived there. Mr. Kotze was given police protection. Two attempts were made to set fire to the offices of the Christian Institute in Cape Town. During September this Institute held ils annual meeting in the hall of St. Thomas's Church in Ronclebosc'n: a few hours later the hall was set on fire and badly damaged. Others whose homes were attacked with petrol bombs were -. e o historian Marquardth s theLe wa . n o Mr organizin, wh , a g Students' Defence Fund, and Mr. GeotT. Budlender, president of the S.R.C. at the University of Cape Town (extensive damage was done). At the time of the attack, Mr. Budlender was addressing ' a meeting: attempts were mad o disrupt e e proceedingth t y b s scattering sneezing powder on the door of the hall and throwing' a pclrol; bomb agains n outsida t e wall. Libellous pamphlets were issued falsely unde e nameth r s of leading churchmen in Cape Town. Mr. Adam Small, a lecture? e Universitth e t Westera th f o y n Cape s harassewa , y theb d ' s arrivahomhi f t unrequesteo ea l d furniture vand deliveran s y •1= Rait:l Daiiy Hail, 2 OcUibcr . 106 GUERRILLA FIGHTERS 107 luch steps wile takeb l y thib n s assembly, notwithstandine th g attempts of some members to circumscribe the ambit of the item ind to introduce confusion and doubt. I wish to make it clear, MOVEMENTS-IN-EXIL GUERRILLD EAN A however, that our affirmative vote should in no way be interpreted FIGHTERS II acceptance of the restricted or ambivalent definition of terrorism which some members evidently hav n i minde . Terroriss i m e concernedar e w d s wherevea terroris an ,r fa d wheneveo ms an r r UNITED NATIONS: GENERAL ASSEMBLY'S CONSIDERATIOf NO VIOLENC TERRORISD EAN M e perpetrateb y Ima t t i bringd se samwitth t i eh misery s thosa , e Who have been its victims would testify."3 During September, shortly after the killing of the Isra In a speech to the Assembly a few days later, South Africa's athletes at the Munich Games, Dr. Kurt Waldheim, the United'? Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Hilgard Muller, is reported1 to Nations' Secretary-General, asked the General Assembly to inscrib^ have re-emphasized that there could be no differentiation between s agendit e n consideratioo th a f acto nf violenco s d terrorisMan e j (jype f terrorismo s . Terrorism would surviv o lon "s es thid ga an s against innocent people. There were misleading reports about Ofis 0ther organizations continue not only to condone the use of force Waldheim's repl Presa t ya s conference askes , whewa de nh whethef i Ud violence as a means to an end but, in certain circumstances, to or not he intended that the activities of "liberation movements^j lappor d eve o an subsidizt n es inexplicabl it"wa - t .I un d an e in Southern Africa should be included. forgivable that United Nations members "should actively, or even South Africa's Prime Minister, Mr. Vorster, then asked Obliquely, support in any way programmes of force, violence and .Republic's Ambassador at the United Nations to clarify the maltef| {error", while at the same time disavowing South Africa's policy with Dr. Waldheim. The latter cabled back a verbatim transcript! ; mounting the struggle in various territories, whether by military have been servine Caprivth n i g i Strip together with Whiter fo s or political means.' ^. lome time, being equipped wit e samhth e uniform d weaponsan s . As mentioned in previous issues of this Survey, in 1970 tbt World Council of Churches set up a special fund to combat racia' d decidean o makt d e annual grants from this a numbefun o t d r reported Januarn i y that policeme borden no r patro recovered ha l d |8rUges along the road have been blown up. The railway line was a numbe7 r of landmines planted near the road. cut, in a number of places, in mid-November. African, Coloured, and Indian members of the police fo It was reported in May that Portuguese security forces had epted and captured a party of 21 Frelimo demolition experts, Kami Daily Mail, 1 February2 . -1 Natal Mercury. August9 1 . iring arm explosivesd san . Star, 21 March. Sporadic fighting continues, too, in the north and east of Kauri Daily Mall, 24 March. Ihiil: Star, fi January and 1 April. April0 2 , .tf Siitnlny Express, 9 January . June3 2 , .Mr 111 110 A SURVE F RACYO E RELATJONS, 1972 Angola Maintenanc necessare th f eo y security large forceth e n i s areas involved is a severe drain on the Portuguese budget. A Press report10 stated that a spokesman for the Guinea Liberation Movement claimed thas organizatiohi t d overruha n n FOREIGN AFFAIRS two-third f thao s t d country1000 ha n unde d me 0 an r, arms. Portuguese authorities maintain that these claims are mucfl UNITEE |H D NATIONS exaggerated. For the second year in succession, the United Nations General Assembly refused in December 1971 to endorse the South African : delegation's credentials. The action was not intended to unseat the ',_ delegation but to serve as a warning to South Africa to change ther policies.1 '' , Sout t hrepresente Africno s wa a d (sh s entitleei observeo t d r •flatus) at the meeting of the Security Council in Addis Ababa in January., n importana n I 2 t chang f strategyo e e Councith , l passed 'ID Argentinian resolution authorizin Secretary-Generae gth holo t l d l>&nsultations wit Soute th h h African Government over South West .Africa (Namibia).' Later in the year, Dr. Alfred Escher was /ippointe Secretary-General'e dth s personal representativ respecn ei t ;'« this territory. The Foreign Minister, Dr. Hilgard Mullcr, said ;that South Africa's future relations with the United Nations would Hbrgely be determined by the outcome of the discussions on South ' 'West Africa.' \ Towards the en 197f do 1 the General Assembly's special .political committee approve e (Portugal 7 voteon 8 o y t sb d ) with jU abstentions (Belgium, France, Australia, New Zealand, the Unite de UniteStatesth d dan , Kingdom a resolutio) n callinl al n go jovcrnments fully to implement the arms embargo against South Africa.9 studl\A y publishe Englann di Februaryn di Internationale Th , •Jrade in Arms, concluded that the arms embargo had done no jlftore than temporarily inconvenience South Africa and Rhodesia. South Africa' armn ow ss production, French sale f sophisticateso d llrcraft, missiles, and submarines, and British co-operation hud Oanulatively enabled South Africa to shrug off the embargo.1 Tbese conclusions . wereBarakaDr y b born tt Ahmadou e , rap- SpeciaN U e lth Committer :ufo r n Apartheido e e saiH .d despit e embargth e o impose n 1963i d e valuth , f armo e s sold (6 South Afric d quadrupleha a d between 196 d 19690 an d tha,an t $t 1969 South Africa had imported more arms than all of sub- Jlharan Afric t togetherpu a . AbdulrahiMr . m Farah, retiring SpeciaN U e lirma" th l f Committeo n n Apartheido e , reported Secretary-General thae "lanic-scalth t c expansioe th f o n JJJOufactur f armso e , military vehicle d ammunitioan s n within ;.\Ster, 21 Dcccml-cr 1971. £'.'Jtouf Dally Mml, 2(> January. *H«r, II February. Mtnd Dally Mail, Ocmhcr6 1 . ;,*(«/ Dally Mail. Novembe6 1 r I'/7I. Time!, 4 February2 . FOREIGN AFFAIRS 112 A SURVE F RACYO E RELATIONS, 1972 113 H South Africa wit e assistancth h f foreigeo n government coofrd an s , UJROPE panics is creating a new situation by which the whole object of tbti 2 arms embargo migh lost".e b t . AhmaDr d said that South Africaljl :: Seven French senators who visted South Africa for ten days expenditure on sophisticated armaments development was irrelfr| D January table n 88-paga d e e reporSenatth n i n whicti e h they vant to the questions of suppressing internal revolt and threateniflf| laid South Afric s badlwa a y misunderstood e SoutTh . h African neighbouring States. "Wha e Soutth t h African regime wants isff make itsel n attractiva f e Westere th all o t y n n powerbi d an s lifts not a racist in the general meaning of the word, having lived itself with them militaril o thas y t they should feen interestea l d ^ Alongside Africans for three centuries and seen that [usion was not 3 t possible, although co-existence was e Tightnes.Th r efficaco s f o y its stability and survival." The strategy of the South AfriCttJ Ifpartheid e Government'coulth e debatedt b d no t bu , s sincerity, Governmen o constantlt s wa t y e so-calle"harth n po d communi |tne e considereon n e financiath d l sacrifice e policth s y imposed threat in order to entice the Western powers to an alliance andX natione th j t .It order to build up a regional group under its domination".* ] I''4-' Trade links between the two countries were modest, but France In September the United Nations Fourth Committee, whkkl |W8S viewed favourabl Soutn yi h Africa, which could have important deals with trusteeshi n self-governinno d an p g territories, resol$J| tttmsequence r Frencfo s h industrie d banksan s . Export r motofo s r by 78 votes to 13 to grant observer status to guerrilla moven '' panicles, transport material d aircrafan , r cenf pe o t t 2 mad7 p u e when it discusses South West Africa, Rhodesia, and the Portugwpjtl Iftench sales to South Africa, and now France was turning from the colonies. South Africa immediately withdrew fro committefl(e mth | f finisheMo d e grantinarmth o t s f licences/go 1 proceeding n theso s e territories t fro committee no m th t bu , s eit As stated below, France has played an important role in help- The Prime Minister said his Government wanted "no part in South Africa establish contacts with Black Africa. violation of the Constitution and encouragement of terrorism J|] e furtheth wel s a lr extensio e alreadth f o ny known double sttt>| |tke. United Kingdom dard" e chairma e Th Specia.th f o nl Committe n Aparthdfo e l replied that "in our view the biggest terrorist of all is s reporteIwa t Februarn di y that ther s intensivwa e e lobbying Africa".' Portugal also withdrew froe committee'mth r p s r defence policy-maker n Whitehali s o persuadt l e Britisth e h ings.2 kjDvernment to place greater emphasis on maritime defence around 6. Cape.1 According to the Rand Daily Mail of 3 November, tbf| The British Labour Part s apparentlyi exteno yt Southers dit n Special Political Committee adopted five lengthy resolutions,'!!; Solidarity Fund (previously limite supportino t d g guerrillas affirming certain resolutions passed in previous sessions. Oneiifl' "the Portuguese colonies o includt ) e guerrilla movementn i s these called upo e Securitth n y Counci o invokt l e economic Afric Rhodesid an a aAfricae sucth s ha n National Congress other sanctions against South Africa under . Chapteof I VI r n AfricathPa e n Congress o conditionN . s wil e attacheb l o t d V* United Nations' Charter, with a view to eliminating apar" 2 ''•.I f grants. A policy document published in July by the Labour -F The voting was 96 in favour, three against (Britain, the Un y's national executive said thae parts th committet wa y o t d States Portugal)d an , , wit abstentions1 2 h . South Africa was.i 'abrogation of any arms agreement with South Africa entered of about a dozen delegations which were absent. Other e presenth y b tp British Government futurA . e Labour govcrn- tions, inter alia, requested all international agencies and organ ht would terminate South Africa's trading privileges, refuse her lions to deny all aid and commercial or other facilities to " 3al facilities with the European Economic Community, and Africa; commended the activities of anti-apartheid moven liate existing agreements in respect of South West Africa. and called for campaigns to put an end to foreign investment! Labour Party would also support international action against the Republic. f trado e eus Otembargoe e h Africth d an a"bu s— t would expect The resolution calling upon the Security Council to inyi i action by the international community to re-direct Britain's sanctions under Chapter VII was passed by the General As ijdde elsewhere". resolutioA 3 n e Laboupasseth t a dr Party's November5 o1 n 0 vote4 (th 10 o t sey Uniteb , d States, Brta conference in Blackpool asked that a future Labour Gov- South Africa, and Portugal), with 21 countries abstaining. |anment should curb furtherl al investmen d en d n brina an to t g ^Investment in South Africa, intensify the campaign against cmigra- UN Unit on Apartheid: Arms Embargo against South Africa, New York. June. Natal Mercury, 16 August. t.tltr, 12 October: Raiid Daily Mail, 13 October. UniN U n Apartheido t . clt.-op , _ tfMr February7 1 , . Rand Daily Mail, 29 September. lltttalK Mercury, 5 March2 . Star, 10 October. * Italy Dispatch, 7 July. 114 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1972 FOREIGN AFFAIRS 115 tion to South Africa, not acquiesce in South Africa's "illegal j Scandinavia presence in Namibia", and cease the supply of NATO arms to,] Portugal." Labour Party resolution o notd s , however, bind Labour Following a visit to Zambia in March, the Danish Foreign Governments. . jj' ;Minister announced that Denmark would give R650 000 to guerrilla IF movement n Africi s o financt a e school d hospitalan s n liberatei s d 3 In 1971, Britain's purchases from South Africa amounted to J areas. The Netherlands campaign mentioned above, reportedly R4I2587000 and South Africa's purchases from Britain to;suppore th " \ illsd f Denmarko toha , Sweden. Norway Finland.d an , ' R676144000.1 i West Germany Portugal ;'," While visiting London in March to renew the 600-year-old The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany with* I' Anglo-Portuguese alliance, the Portuguese Foreign Minister, Dr. drew its financial support for uranium prospecting in South WejN iL'Rui Patrick), said that Portugal had "the best of relations" with Africa. The Government bore 75 per cent of the costs of pros» •! p. South Afric d thaan a t these would continue.4 peeling whic e Urangesellschafth h H concerMB t n Frankfurt'i n 1 was conducting in collaboration with the British firm Rio TintOi ^ '/! : Zinc. The West German Government also threatened to with* ASIA 2 1 draw financial support from the Max Planck Society if it proceeded fcrael with plans to establish an observatory in South West Africa.' 5 Following a 16-day visit to South Africa as the guest of the, *i South Africa opened a consulate-general in Israel in April. South Africa Foundation e formeth , r German minister, Dr.N Gerhard Schroder, said that the opposition Christian Democrat j China party would strengthen West Germany's links with South Africa! ' s> , , whe t cami n o power.t e * ; The Deputy Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China, Mr. Chiao Kuan Hua, told the United Nations that the The Netherlands 7. Chinese people resolutely supporte e "heroith d c strugglen i " Souther ne Portugues th Afric d an a e colonies e addeh t dBu .tha t Afte e Netherlands a visirth o t t e politicath , l correspondenf o t i the people in Southern Africa who "have not yet achieved inde- The Star reported that the already uneasy official relations betweeq ' •cendenc e increasinglar e y awar o overthroet thae only th twa y w that countr d Soutan y h Africa could only deteriorate e COWTh . ; 'White colonialis nationan twi ruld ean l liberatio relo t n yo s i n servative Anti-Revolutionar e situatioyth Partw n sa Southi yn , Africa as "complex", and did not wish to intervene. The ChristialB-, own efforts".* Historical Union had a long tradition of "building bridges", bntJ had found tha t a bridgeaparthei t no t agrefs . no Thewa d d ' di y Japan with isolation, however, believing that a prosperous South Africa •!•; Japan's policy towards South Africa appear e ambivalentb o st . would have a greater desire to solve its problems. The Democrat* £ Japan vehemently attacked aparthei e Addith t a ds AbabN U a of 1966 favoured "more vigorous actio behaln e underdogno th f o f ! meetin Februarn i g d escheweyan y possibilitan d f establishinyo g in South e Africa,Socialisth d an "t Party thought that "dialogue? diplomatic relations with South Africa. (Relations exis t cona t - was pointless unless "pressure that hurts" was put on the Goverth, £ War level). However, Japanese export Souto t s1 h Africa increased ment. Mr. H. Wieringa said that the Socialists believed that ther cenype t6 fro 58 I iff m 196 o 1971t d import0an s from South Africa should give greater public encouragement and financial assistance 5 | m 331 per cent. Trade between the two countries is expected to to the "liberation movements." Ifae froe 197mth 0 leve f R50200000o l 0 o oveR1490t 00 r0 000 campaigA o raist n e fund r guerrillfo s a movement n Souti s h the next decade. Effort e apparentlar s y being mad o havt ee th e Africa was launched in the Netherlands in May. It had the support1 I 'Japanese prohibitio f direcno t investmen Soutn i t h Africa relaxed.* Dutce oth f h Labou Socialise r th Part d yan t International. 1 Sit :r5 Octobe, r lie nnr:ni':nl of Trade and Industries. London. 'f.Cept Times, March7 1 ; Rand Dally Mail, April2 1 . \V(>tu!!it>ck Attvrrliscr, 8 February. •-» Natal Mercury. 25 March. I'.amt Daily Mail, !() March. •« Natal Mercury, 5 March1 . n« l Dallym M'jil. , f April . . .« Star, 19 Anrll. j .v.'rOctoberr t, r . '• Star. 4 October . Na ful ,'.Icrcu.--y, 25 March. ' Star,i , 1 February . .-.-I Financial Gaulle, 23 July. 116 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1972 FOREIGN AFFAIRS 117 AMERICA \ demonstrate s supporit d r self-determinatiofo t s desirit o d t e an n avoiy supporan d t cithe r apartheifo r r coloniao d l rule.1 The United States ; The assessment of Southern Africa by the Secretary of State, Mr. Nixon's administration continued to show greater sym-: Mr. William Rogers s leswa s, optimistic than tha f Messrso t . pathy towards South African policies thad thosha nf eithero e , r Nixon, Bush, and Newsom. In 1971 there had been limited signs of his predecessors. In a report to Congress, Mr. Nixon said the j Of fermen n Souti t h a Africwillingnes d an e para th f somo t n o se United States would "not condone recourse to violence, cither ai •leader n favoui o speat s t f progressivou o kr e changes t "unBu . - a mean f enforcino s g submissio a majorit f o na minorit o t y y or-': fortunately, the indiscriminate application of harsh security legis- as a formula for effecting needed social change". The outside. 1 lation detracted from these promising indication f progress".o s worl s "witnessinwa d g with sober hop e suggestioneth f chango s e e beginninth t w YorkA ^ f Ne Aprilo g e TimesTh , published 2 inside South Africa, where questioning voices are being raised...,, I detailed study of the changes in American policy on Southern Private companies, many of them American, are considering neif Africa s conclusioIt . s thae Nixowa th nt n administratios wa n way o opet s n opportunitie r Africafo s n workers. Thert ai s i e ; quietly pursuin a gpolic f deliberatelo y y expanding contactd an s imbalance betwee e needth n f Souto s h Africa's active economy ' .communication with the White governments of Southern Africa. and her adherence to racial policies which deprive her of tM i !These changes had been widely reported in the South African growing poo f humao l n talent which that economy requires* .press, but barely noticed hitherto in the American press. They There is some hope in that anomaly". Southern Africa contained jbclude e sal f th dsmalo e l executiv t aircrafje e o Soutt t h Africa . ' within itsele see f th changefo d . anf Boeino d g 707' o Portugalt s n againsba e endine th th ,t f o g The US had maintained its arms embargoes in the areas of the import of Rhodesian chrome ore in defiance of the United "minority rule", "stresse e neer th dself-determinatiofo d n i n Nations a serie d f abstentiono an s, negativd an s N U e e voteth n si colonial areas," and "facilitated contact between the races", which • American aid and investment to be made in the Reserves, a regard to United States companies in South Africa he said that policy which they claimed would be supported by Chiefs Matan- there was a "force labour situation that protects their huge margins zima and Buthclczi. Such aid would take the form of, inter alia, y theib f n profiadmissioo , ow r— t e highese th world"nth n i t . agricultural assistance to the Transkei and an agricultural school He intende o calt d a conferencl e Uniteth n i ed State d draan s w in KwaZulu, technical assistance for the homelands, and leader- 4 up an "action agenda", support possible boycotts of South ship training grants. o decisioe recommendationN th n o n s ha s African goods, pres businesseS U s o improvt s e employees' work- yet been made.e fouTh r advisers also recommende appointe dth - ing conditions d persuadan , e business, labour d civian , l rights men f threo t e Black 1 diplomat o Soutt s h Africa withi e yearth n , leaders to visit South Africa.2 Mr. Diggs has also started to press and claimed that the US embassy in South Africa was in the the administration to force the termination of further sales of lead of other embassies in its "association with the oppressed 2 South African gold to the International Monetary Fund under the people f Souto s h Africa". 1969 agreement e verTh y. urgent huma ne plighth issu f f o o te . Nixon'Mr s African advisory council recommended thae th t African mineworkers who suffered conditions akin to "the old- US Government train the unenfranchised majority in South e eviinjecte e b f slaveryo ag lj o t d ha " int e golth o d debate.. Mr ' Africa for self government whether or not the South African Diggs also publishe da 471-pag e s threreporhi en o tspecia l study Governmen s itselwa t f serious about developin e Bantustans.th g ' missions to Africa, predicting a Vietnam-type "holocaust" in Mr. Nixon's policy towards South Africa was endorsed by • South Africa.1 the Republican Party. y contrastB " e Democratith , c Partd an y e administration'Th s "soft" polic s criticizewa y y otherb d s its 1972 presidential election nominee, Senator George McGovern, too. Most of these critics cited the Azores agreement, the Export- pledged themselve o t "ens d United States complicity" with Import Bank loan, the sale of "civilian" jets to South Africa, and Southern Africa's White minority governments should Senator the US's violatio f sanctiono n s against Rhodesi s evidence.a a - McGover e electeb n d President A Democrati. c administration A "Washington office on Africa" was opened in October by would not return to the interventionism of the past, but would:, .three anti-apartheid church groups and the American Committee abolish America companieS x crediU ta nr fo td subsidiariean s s ''on Africa s head It . Edga. Mr , r Lockwood, said thae officth t e paying taxes to White minority governments in Africa; withdraw.; "would work to keep members of the Congress and the Ad- South Africa's American sugar quota; pres businesS U s Southn i s / • ministration informe n politicao d l issues which affec e coursth t e Africa to take measures for the fullest possible justice for their Of political struggl r majoritfo e y rule n Southeri " n Africa.1 Black employees; assign Blacks to all levels of the US diplomatic The Minister of the Interior, Dr. C. P. Mulder, announced in and consular corps in South Africa; vigorously support UN sanc« October that he had had enough of foreign visitors' investigations tions against Rhodesia (especially chrome imports); give full supJ M foreign companies' employment practices d woulan , n futuri d e port to the United Nations' assertion of control over South West •fefuse them e country.entrth o t y 2 Subsequentl s reportewa t i y d Africa; and end all military aid to Portugal.5 » jbat two officials of the African-American Institute in New York Who wante o studt d y Black employment condition d beeha s n Senator McGovern said that the Nixon administration's pplicj^ 1 faile o comprehen"t d e degredth o whicet h violenc s intrinsiei c to* .refused e Republic/entrth o t y Earliee year th e politica th n ,i r l the stabilit thesf yo e minority governments . Taci cover d . . .an tt Jteporter of the Sunday Times, on his return from Washington, suppor r thesfo t e regime n onlca s y serv e causth e f continueo e d .Warned that previou a .seriou s o t refusal d s le f clc visao d s -ha s j{erioratio n Souti n h African-American relations d thaan , t more racial oppression". The policy of expanding contacts with SoulB 1 Africa only enhanced the legitimacy of White minority rule.' ; ' tefusals would lea furtheo dt r deterioration: e Directoe Th th f o r . CharleMr s Diggs, chairma House th f f Representativeno eo ^ South African Institut f Internationao e l Affairs said thai South sub-committee on Africa and former chairman of the con* Africa's relations with the United States were likely to enter a ( ^delicate phase" with the growth of American pressure-groups in grcssional "Black caucus", visited South Africa in 1971, but waJ •ttspect of US companies' operations in the Republic.5 subsequently barred from the country. He has said that his canR paig r equanfo l right Soutn i s h Afric s onli a y just beginning. With; s reportewa t I 'n •197i d 2 that United States trade with Sciith j '• IHil,January4 2 . ' INd, 12 Scplcmbcr. Sla .1 October. ' .KuniJ Daily Mail, 2S Scplcmbcr. Ha / Daily Mail 5 October. • Star, February4 ; Dnilv Dinralrh, .'9 cbni;':y: . Sta .1 October. ' ' Kwl Dnilv Mail, 9 October. Sla 5 October. . • /Mrf. 7 October. Sla 21 AURUSI. !•/*/(» n October. . Ran / Daily Mail. 1-1 July. , .« Sunday Times 37 AllC'.ut. Hand Daily Ma,l. 6 October. • Rand Daily Mail. October1 2( . SURVEA F RACYO E 0 RELATJONS12 , , 1972 r cen pe n Afric1971,i tx d growsi ha ay b nexport s rising from i FOREIGN AFFAIRS 121 R352000000 to R435000000 and imports dropping from OOO.0 o R20t 00 0 16 R2000 0 200 . to allow guerrilla movements to operate from Botswana,4 but , does grant asylum to political refugees from South Africa, South The Argentine • West Africa. Rhodesia, the Portuguese colonies, and even Lesotho. : Several thousand such refugees e majoritth , f theo y m from Angola, .M. A South African/Argentinian chambe f o commercr s ' wa e have passed through Botswana.* established in June, with headquarters in Buenos Aires and • Johannesburg.' Lesotho's attitude towards South Africa cooled during the . year. The Prime Minister, Chief Leabua Jonathan, who for six Brazil year s helpeha s d South Africa promot r poliche e f "dialogueo y " in Africa, made several outspoken attacks on apartheid and also The Brasilia correspondent of Tlic Star reported (hat Brazil * slowed dow e progresth n f dialogueo s . Chief Jonathan inter- o makg c/Iort bi s o improvt a et wa e economi d politicaan c l rela• - vened to dissuade a representative of the Ivory Coast from hold- tions with Black Africa, but that she was not prepared to accede ing talk n Souti s h Africa, becaus e felh e t Lesoth s beinwa o g to South African requests to elevate diplomatic relations between "used" by South Africa. Lesotho's proposals for dialogue were the two countries from ministerial to ambassadorial level. Nor e Lusakbaseth n o da Manifesto,1 whose signatorie e committear s d d Brazidi l hav y interes y "Soutan e an n i th Atlantic Pact" wite th h 2 to wor r equalitfo k d non-racialisan y m throughout Africa. South Argentine, Portugal, and South Africa. s reportedAfricawa t i , , regards dialogu a mean s a ef makino s g AFRICA friend d increasinan s r influenche g n Africai e , which approacs i h • seen as incompatible with the Manifesto. Lesotho has been send- Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland an d ing regular reports on political activity in South Africa to African state d aske an sl Africa dal n States favouring dialogu o postpont e e Relations between South Africa on the one hand and action unti a joinl t approac s beeha h n approve Organizae th y db - Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland on the other deteriorated in tiof Africao n n Unity.2 Chief Jonathan said that racial dis- 1972. Dissatisfaction with South Africa's "peremptory" failuro l e crimination had escalated to such a point that "even (he moderates consult them as partners in the rand monetary area over devalua- begi doubo t n e onlt th whethe ye b solution" t rno e forcy Th .ma e tion, and the suspension of foreign currency transactions at the opportunity for a peaceful solution would not endure forever. "The e threth f 1971eo d le countried , en o establist s a hcommissio o t n opposition to racism is escalating to such a point where soon there examine their relationship wite Republicth h e commissioTh . n will be no room for dialogue and the victims of the system will see advised against their leaving the area, but they are to seek changes violenc s a presentine e onlth g y e attainmenchancth r fo ef o t in its method of operation, including greater consultation over equality and freedom."-1 fiscal and monetary decisions, and guarantees that South Africa will honour their foreign exchange transactions. The question of e yearth Late n .i rChie f Jonathan said that South Africa reprcscnlalion on (he board of the South African Reserve Bank o blamwoult e b f ddialogui e e finally collapsed d virtuallha t I . y wa sraised.e alsb o ot 1 don o alreads e y becaus . VorsteMr e d "adamantlyha r " refused Botswana maintaine r poliche d f keepino y g links with South to discuss peaceful chang n i Soute h Africa's race policies. Africa to the minimum dictated by economic necessity, while Dialogue must now start within South Africa itself.' moving towards a closer economic and political alignment with Lesotho supporte e seatinth d f observero g s froe moveth m - Zambia and Tanzania. South Africa still has no diplomatic ments-in-exil t hearinga e e Uniteth f o sd Nations Trusteeship Com- 2 representativ Gaberone.n i e e constructioTh Nata-Kazune th f no - mittee. It saw contact with them as a1 means of promoting a non- gula road, linking Botswana and Zambia, is due to start in 1973 violent settlement in Southern Africa. ane completeb d y 1977b d e road.Th , which wile financeb l d South Africa has announced that she is to exchange consular n Americaa y b n loan, originally encountered strong opposition representatives with Lesotho. Contrary to usual diplomatic from South Africa. The president. Sir Seretse Kliama refuses practice, 2 however o simultaneou, n ther s ewa s announcement from 1 Lesotho. i; S fftrormalnU Financialn Service Gazelle,: America 16 June Rrpt>rf\,. Johannesburg Mnrcl)5 1 . . -1 Star. 9 October. flniWM.t South Africa, February. 1 Financial Gazette. 8 Januar2 y Sim, 15 March. - I bill. 24 December 1971. Sec 1969 Soulhd an Surrey, . 78 African . p Onllnnk, Scplcmbcr 1969. -1 Daily Dispatch, 9 AHJSUSI . Rand Daily Mail, 4, 6, and 7 March. Slur, 21 March. Sunday Times, 0 August2 . filar, 13 October; Raihl Daily Mail, 14 October. Natal Mercury, 5 August. v x* 122 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1972 FOREIGN AFFAIRS E Numerous other complaints were made about South Africa 123 over economic matters, involving both the Government and I' of the Usuthu River would prejudice irrigation and industrial the private sector. Despite the fact that all four countries are I project Swazilann i s reduciny db river'e gth s (low.6 partner a custom n i s s union, Botswana, Lesotho d Swazilanan , d wert consulteno e d abou e impositioth t f imporo n t controln i s e landlockeTh ' [ d locatio f Lesotho n d Swazilanan o d alsd le o November 1971 and they were reportedly investigating the case differenceo t i s with South Africa n Blacte : k businessme n route n e Swazilano t r d from elsewher n Africi e a were refused transit visas for collecting n theicustomow r s duties. "Concer d angeran n " 1 were also expressed by the three countries over what they saw as i at Jan Smuts Airport. All three countries were reportedly in- South African attempts to thwart development projects which convenience Souty b d h Africa's alleged lac f co-operatioko n over 3 facilitie r Unitefo s d Nations staff travelling betwee e threth nf o e could endanger established industries in the Republic. them.2 e LesothTh o National Development Corporation, wite th h endorsement of the Lesotho Government, attacked South African Yet despite the uneasy state of relations between the Re- (inns which thought they could take advantage of Lesotho and . public and her neighbours, circumstances arc drawing them closer make a "fast cent" by producing inferior goods and selling in- together in important respects. The four countries, and Malawi, ferior service.4 Lesotho shelved two industrial projects during the •-. Rhodesia, Mocambique, Angola d Soutan , h West Afric e likelar a y .1?.; yeard alsan o, abandoned plan o establist s a hJapanes e molor to become inter-linke a vas n i dt power grid coverin e subth g - assembly plant because of pressure from South Africa. continent, through the construction of hydro-electric dams like 1 'V A maize mill—which wil o ahead—alsg l o encountered oppo- Cabora Bassa and the Cunene River Scheme. The Financial sition from South African interests.' Lesotho and South Africa Gazette reported that 1974 2e beginnin th woul e a "verse df o gy a disput alsd oha e ove e formeth r r Ox-bow project, knowe th s a n heavy commitmen o Angola".t t Malibamatso schemee viableb e schemo T th ,. e mus e ablb to t e sell wate o Soutt r h Africa t Soutbu , h Africa doe t wanno so t t Angola pay the 14 cents per 4546 litres which Lesotho is asking. - Lesoth s reportedlwa o y anticipating South African opposi- South Africa's economic links with Angol e likelar ao t y tion to plastics, electronic components, manufactured steel, and increase. The South African Foreign Trade Organization has syntheti1 c fibre factories because competitioth f o e n they would been undertaking market investigations ther r Soutfo e h African create.' : companies.' Hitherto, South African interest in Angolan mining The viability of a R5 000 000 plant established by Swaziland opportunitie s beeha s n largely through General Mining's holding Chemical Industries depend s beinit n go s abl o import e t cheap in the Cabinda oilfields and De Beers' diamond explorations. In ammonia and phosphoric acid from Iran and on selling surplus 1972. however, both General Mining and the Johannesburg Con- output in the Republic. Despite "tremendous pressure" from Pre- solidated Investment Company were seeking concession rights, while Union Corporatio Industriae th d nan l Development Corpora- toria e Swazith , s refuse o shelvt d e projectth e . South African 2 fertilizer companies responded by asking the Government to raise tion were negotiating participation in an iron ore export project. o importstw th e o decisioe N th tarif. n o f n appear o havt s e been Mocambique taken yet on this question, but the South African Government was reported to be threatening not to extend to purchasers of Swazf Opening the Rand Easter Show in Johannesburg, the r cenpe fertilizet 5 1 subsid e th r y usually pai o fertilizet d r con- 4 Governor-Genera f Mocambiqueo l . ManuaMr , l Pimentas do l sumers. e possibilitTh a simila f yo r conflic f intereso t t appeared Santos, said there o slackeninn coul e b d n vigilanci ge th n o e ove proposea r d urea formaldenhyde plan Swazilandn i t phannaa , - borders of South Africa and Mocambique. He added that the productioceuticals nan plant.d househol5 d chemicals industry, and a television set Cabora Bassa dam would "represent the first step towards the establishment of an inner-African power-transport grid".1 The Swaziland was also reported to be concerned that the con- Republic's Southern Cross Fund presented the Portuguese armed struction by South Africa of the Morgenstond dam on a tributary force Mocambiqun i s e with R60000 wort f medicaho l equipment.4 3 - * •- - n «Financial Mail, April7 . Business South Africa. April. Hand Daily Mall, 21 July. Star, TO July. Financial Gazelle. 19 November 1971. //)/>/ 4 January1 . . Star, 6 January2 . Financial Gazelle, 25 February: 3 March. Sunday Express, 6 March2 . Daily Dispatch. 8 April1 . SURVEA F RACYO E 4 RELATFONS]2 , 1972 FOREIGN AFFAIRS 125 Rhodesia s dependenc policit e o th fd yan n individuaeo l African leaders were Following the Peace Commission's finding that the Home-; well-illustrate y changeb d n Souti s h Africa's relations wite th h Smith agreement was not acceptable to the people of Rhodesia, Malagasy Republic. Although trade with Madagascar was small . VorstcMr r said thae Commission'th t s repory an t n "doci t no s (export s n 1970),i ther 0 e00 ' amountin3 clos39 2 e R tie o st g were way change South Africa's relations with and attitude towards 5 .being made throug e exchangth h f cabinet-leveo e l official visits £•; 'r Rhodesi s Government".it d an a South Africa recognises Rho- and the establishment of a permanent commission to further co- desia de facto, but has never made a de jure act of recognition.. " operation.2 South Afric s alswa ao building roads, n hotelsa d an , II e Governmene island,airporth th d n o tan 3 s considerinwa t g help- Zambia ' ,ing Malagasy pay for a R42000000 port and dry-dock complex.4 In 1971 Britain replaced South Africa and Rhodesia as the In May, however governmene th , f Presideno t t Philibert Tsiranana !l principal supplier of Zambia's imports. Zambia continues to ', collapsed after a student-inspired public revolt.•' The new govern- pursue a policy of reducing her dependence on the White-ruled ment of General Gabriel Ramanantsoa completely repudiated states. a surprisin n I ' g announcement whic s neithehwa r confirmed •• "dialogue": Sout ht change Africno d s policha ait d f apartheio y d 1 nor denied by his Government, the Zambian Finance Minister , "one iota"; rather unde e "mor th rd mor an e e threadbare mantle I said Zambia was to relax trade restrictions with South Africa. He • of dialogue, the segregationists in Pretoria have looked only for sais countrhi d y would continue buying fro e Soutmth h untie th l One thing o dividt : e African eo th fint dd susceptiblan s e cliento t s 1 2 Tanzan railway was completed in 1975. support their imperialist and racist policy"/' i' After making initial overtures to South Africa.7 General Malawi Arain, the President of Uganda, last year proposed the formation State Th e President . FouchcJ . J . ,Mr , pai offician a d l visio t t ' of an army under the OAU to defend African States against Malawi in March. It will be recalled that Mr. Vorster visited aggression from the White-ruled states and to do away with White i Malaw n 197i i d tha0an t President Banda visited South Africa minority rul n .Southeri e n Africa." iu 1971. The two countries signed an extradition agreement, The deposed Prime Minister of Ghana, Dr. Kofi Busia. had effective from April 1972 t .provideI r extraditiofo d r offencefo n s been willing to consider dialogue with South Africa based on the such as murder, culpable homicide, abortion, rape, prostitution, ' Lusaka Manifestow leaderne e , Th Colone. l Ignatius Acheam- kidnapping, robbery, hijacking, and narcotics offences. The agree- pong, has pledged support to the OAU declaration rejecting ment also provided that extradition migh e refuse b e offenct th f i de dialogue as a means of bringing about change in South Africa. for whics requestei t i h s regardei de requesteth y b d d country He has also declared Ghana's support for the Southern African a politica s a l offence. Offences under militart whicno w la ye ar h liberation movements.' offences under ordinary criminae alsar o w excludela l d froe mth Next to Malawi and Lesotho, the Ivory Coast under President scope of extradition.'1 Felix Houphouet-Boigny was the African country doing the most In n mid-yeah/jackctme o a tw Soutlr h African aircrafo t t to promote the policy of dialogue. It was reported at the beginning Malawi, but they were not extradited, despite a request to that yeae oth f r tha a ministet r fro e Ivorm(h y o visit Coas s t Soutwa t h effect. Instead they were trie Malawin di / Africa, but the visit did not take place, apparently partly at the e onlMalawth ys Africawa i n state which continued firmlo t y instance of Lesotho. Liaison between South Africa and the Ivory support the policy of dialogue with South Africa.5 Coast had already involved substantial South African financial aid, but President Houphouet-Boigny was evidently awaiting support Dialogue from elsewher n Africi e a before carrying contact further.2 President Leopold Sengho f Senegao r l reportedly alteres hi d s indicateA d above. South Africa's polic f o promotiny g stance to one of support for contact with South Africa following dialogue with Black Africa suffered several reverse n 1972—noi s t th s countre hi visi o t e e leaden tProgressiv i 197yth th f f o o 1r e only in Lesotho, but in Ghana, Uganda, and the Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Organisation (OCAM) too. The precarious nature April7 1 Sim, . 1971 Survey, p. 11)1. Dally Dispatch. 3 March2 . 5 Department of Information, Cape Town, 23 May. Sunday Times, 21 May. 1 Rand Daily Mail, 31 January. Star, 9 May1 . Rand Daily Mail, 2 February . Rand Daily Hail, 6 October . •2 Star,X/fir 2-M4 March»*---•- . 4 1971 Survey, pp. 106-7. Slnr, i July|f . Daily Dispatch, 3 February2 . •'' Star, 2 Ocmhc1 r Star, February14 . Star, 13 January. 126 SURVEA F RACYO E RELATIONS, 1972 FOREIGN AFFAIRS 127 Parl d Mrsan y. Helen Suzman." However e supporteh , d dialogue purchases of Rhodesian chrome, President Daddah accused the with Black and White South African liberals, not with the Govern* Western powers of "refusing to help Africa rid itself of the ment. and said that aid to liberation movements should continue. colonialis racisd an t t yoke.'" 1 Followin4 g a meeting between them in France, President! It was reported that diplomats in Bonn, Paris, and the United Houpliouet-Boign Senghod yan r endeavoure o promotdt e dialogue, State dialoguw sa s verge s beinth ea f collapseeo n go . Paris wa s conference ath t e fifteen-natioTogn i eth f oo n Afro-Malagasd yan the principal link between South Africa and the former French Mauritian Organization (OCAM) in April. A communique" issued colonies, but the French were reported to "have cooled off con- aftee conferencth r e mad o mention e f Souto n h e Africath t bu , ; liderably to South Africa," disillusioned that South Africa had issu f dialoguo e d evidentlha e y caused friction within OCAM.' been unco-operativ d lackinan e n initiativi g e causth f o n ei e e OCAOth f M nations, Cha d Gaboan d n were reporteo dt dialogue. The French also evidently feared they might become favour some form of dialogue.1 The coalition government of : embarrasse theiy b d r economi d othean c r ties with South Africa.1 Mauritiu s dividedwa s e Primth : e Ministe s againswa r t dialogue, At the United Nations in September, the foreign minister and but some ministers wer n favou. i eTradit f d investmeno ran e t chief architect of the dialogue policy, Dr. Hilgard Muller, reiterated from South Africa were welcome, however, d Soutan 2 h Africa'1 South Africa's belie n dialoguei f d addedan , e mak: m "Let i et Souther n HotelSu n s group joine n internationaa d l consortiumo t clear once again that we are prepared to discuss even South Africa's 0 hote develo00 n Mauritius.i 0 l d 50 manag an 3 p R a e South , internal policie e coursth n f suci seo ha dialogue." 1 o Thern s ewa African Airway3 s has landing rights in Mauritius, denied to it in. response froy Africaman n countr s statement.hi o t y Black Africa n 197I .2 Zaire. Niger, Dahomey, Togo. Upper Volta, f 1972o d , en Soute th ht A Africa's established officia2 l links and Camcroun all opposed dialogue/ although in 1970 and 1971 . with Africa were limited to an exchange of ambassadors with f nearltheo l mal y appeare o thint d t worti k h considering.e Th 5 Malawi, consuls-genera n i Angoll d Mocambiquean a n a d an , stance of the Central African Republic under President Bokassa accredited representativ Rhodesia.n ei 3 Consular linkso t wer e edu s uncertainwa . be established with Lesotho. Only Malaw s absenwa i t froe summith m t meetine th f o g 41-member Organization of African Unity in Rabat in June. The NAVAL CO-OPERATION WITH SOUTH AFRICA 1971 meetinheadU f OA stat o sbeed f go eha n oppose dialoguo dt e e speecth n I h fro e thronmth Januaryn ei e Statth , e President and had resolved by 28 votes to 6, with 5 absentions and 2 issued what amounte n opea o nt d invitatio y Soutb n h Africo t a absentees, that member-states should make no attempt to solve , nations interested in Indian Ocean and South Atlantic defence to e problemth f Souto s h Africa withou e guidancth te OAU. th f o e • take part in the regular Capex exercises off the Cape Coast. Hitherto Althoug s reportewa t i h d earlie n 1972i r that President1 s Houp- ••. only Britis d Soutan h h African ships have takee n th par n i t houet-Boigny and Sengho7 r would attempt to persuade the OAU ; exercises, but a degree of co-operation between the French and the chango t attituds eit dialogueo et , President Houphouet-Boignd ydi .' Argentinia e Soutth d h an nAfrica n navies does sit exist d an , not attend the conference in Rabat, and the question of dialogue , extension woul e welcomeb d y Soutb d h Africa. t waeveno s n raised.8 1 The retiring president of the OAU, President Moktar Quid Daddah of Mauritania, had travelled to twelve Western capitals and to Tokyo to try and stop arms sales to and trade with South Africa. The most positive response had come from Turkey and Scandinavia. Citing Britain's veto of a Security Council resolution on Rhodesia. French arms sale o Soutt s h Africa d Americaan , n Slur, 2 March. Star, June5 . filar 5 March1 , . Sim, It.April7 2 . Nalttl Mrrcury, Jjmuary1 ; World, Marc7 h 1 March2 Sim. . llaml Daily Mail, f, Oclobcr. Cape Times, 8 March2 : Star, 5 March1 ; Rand Daily Mail, 2 May2 . Sundav Trlbunt, • Daily Dispatch, 14 June. $ October. Sundav Times, 4 September2 . filar, 28 June. '1 Hand l>ally Mall. 30 September. 797; Survey, . 106p . Sunday Tribune, 8 October. ; Star, Acril7 2 . «1 Rand Dally Mail, i May . " Slar, June5 1 . Cape Times, 9 January2 . 1 2!4 A SURVE F RACYO E RELATIONS, 1972 115 The Spes Bona Saving d Financan s e Bank, Ltd., established e Corporatiobth y n Athlonei n , Cape Town d assetha , s worth Septembe1 3 y b 5 29 r 9 197150 2 ,R consistin f fundgo s contributed by Coloured people. This ban madd kha e loans wort l 46990hR 6 EMPLOYMENT to enable member Colouree th f o s d communit acquiro yt e houses, businesses r industriao , l land. e MinisteTh r state ds 1970- it tha n i t 1 financial yea Core th r - THE ECONOMIC SITUATION poration had shown a profit of R34 728 on its interest in the rock In its annual economic report for the year ended June 1972 lobster export market. the South African Reserve Bank stated thae grosth t s domestic product at current market prices increased by 12 per cent, com- RURAL COLOURED AREAS pare dr cen pe n wit1970/71i t 8 h . (However e reath , l gross Replyin o questiongt 6 April,2 n o e sMiniste 1th 0 r said tha, n i t domestic product increased at about the same relatively low rate I he Stale's 1970-1 financial year, R389 930 was voted from revenue r cent.pe o4 f) This higher rat f increaso e s attributablwa e o t e fund d RIO27an s 9 from loan fund r bettermenfo s d developan t - a favourable agricultural year e higth , h gold price rulin n theo g - ment scheme ruran i s l Coloure loanse th d f o ,areas togethel Al . - r private market, the recovery of metal and mineral prices on inter- with one-tenth of the grants from revenue funds, were recoverable national markets, higher export prices obtaine r importanfo d t froe Coloureth m d management boards. Besides these amounts, agricultural products, and the effects of the general re-alignment the board 7 fros 82 m spen8 thein fundR4 t n ow developmenro s t of currencies durin e pasth g t twelve months e mininTh . g sector's work. contributio e grosth so t ndomesti c product whic d declineha h d In the 1971-2 financial year, the Minister continued, the by nearly 8 per cent in 1970/71 increased by more than 14 per Coloured Development Corporation received R348 813d an , cen n 1971/72i t e loweTh . r rat f increaseo n salarieei d wagean s s Coloured management boards R17928 n respeci , f prospectino t g also mad ea significan t contributio reductioe th o nt f inflationarno y and mining royalties and taxes in Coloured rural areas. Thus far, pressures. The total current and actual expenditure of the public mining right r basfo s e mineral d beeha s n grante o fivt d e Whites: authorities, i.e. the central, provincial, and local authorities, which prospecting rights were hel sixteey db n White eleved san n Coloured had continue o increast d e sharply durin e secongth d hal f 1971o f . persons. The Corporation itself held the prospecting and mining showe a changed d trend actuaan d l reductions were recorded right r precioufo s s s stonesreportit n I ., this Corporation stated during the first two quarters of 1972. tha t contractei t d with companies nominate e Ministeth y b df o r The South African rand was devalued by 12,28 per cent com- Mines to undertake operations on its behalf. Four companies were pared wit a h7,8 r cen9pe t devaluatio e U.Sth f .o ndolla n i r stage ath t e where they could commence mining operations. Three December 1971, but the authorities decided in June 1972 to main- were slill prospecting: all the shares in one of these were held by e taiexistinth n g exchange rate relationship betwee e rand th n an d Coloured diggers. sterling after the British authorities' decision to allow the pound to float. INTER-PROVINCIAL TRAVEL PERMITS FOR INDIANS 4 October2 n O e Ministeth , f Financo r e announce a furthed r In spile of repeated representations by the S.A. Indian Council, formal devaluation of the rand by 4,2 per cent from R28.50 a Indians still require permit o t traves l froe provincon m o t e fine ounce of gold to R29.75. In effect this decision severed the another, or through the Transkei or northern part of Natal. The rand's link with the downward "floating" pound sterling and Minister of Indian Affairs said in the Assembly in March" that, effecte r a censomdpe t4 e revaluatio e rande totath Th f .lo n during 1971 Departmens hi . t issue 3 permitd4 s authorizing Indians devaluation of the rand since December 1971 was 16,48 per cent.' 10 change (heir places of residence from one province to another, After December 197 e balanc1th f paymento e s deficit showed authorizin3 34 an 3 d2 g temporary inter-provinciat l no travel s i t I . marked improvemen t stilbu tl amounte e relativelth o t d y high known how many more of the latter type of permits were issued figur f Junf o R49900000o e d e en 1972 e e Reservth Th . t a 0 e by the Department of the Interior, magistrates, and police stations, Bank attributed the improvement, in the main, to: (1) the excep- Later, however, during October, the Minister indicated that tionally shar e pricpe privat th risth f gol eo n ei n do e market) (2 , there might be some relaxations of these regulations in 1973. the significant improvemen e worlth n di t marke r somfo tf o e South Africa's major exports, suc s diamondsa h , wool, sugari am , "' Hansard 12 cols. 914, 911-3. 11 10 March. Hansard 6 col. 518. 1 Kanrl Dally Mail, 20, 25 and 26 October; Star, 25 October. 216 A SURVE RACF YO E RELATIONS. 1972 ECONOMIE TH C SITUATION 217 platinum ) excellen(3 d an , t agricultural crops. Howevert ne a , in addition to State ownership of railways, harbours, airways, elec- inflo f capitawo f R57o l 0000 800 , although smaller tha recore nth d tricity, telecommunication d armamentan s s manufacture, coupled inflow of the previous year, also contributed materially to the with the commercial activities of the Department of Forestry and rise in the gold and foreign reserves. This was the seventh consecu- the activitie e Departmenth f o s f Wateo t r Affairs' construction tive year that South Africa recorded a net inflow of capital. section, the State already controlled the major part of the South e upture economth Th n i n y enable e authoritieth d o relat s x African steel producing and fabricating industry, while the In- in July 1972 the somewhat stringent import controls which had dustrial Development Corporationr pe 7 5 r cenowned pe an t 1 6 d been impose Novemben i d r 1971 n AugusI . e Reservth t e Bank cent, respectively, of two investment trusts: National Selections also reduced the Bank Rate by ^ per cent and the rates on and Industrial Selections. government stoccentr Jpe y kb . e findinge CommissioTh th f o s f Enquiro n y into Exports furtheA r relaxatio f imporno t controls followe e devaluath d - (Reynders Commission), mentioned on page 173 of last year's rane removae th October, tion di e ceilinth f no th d f di n o lg o s *a Survey, t bee ye hav nt release eno e authoritieth y b d s althougt i h bank lending. Novemben I 3 gole foreigd th r dan n reservee th f so 4 would appear that some of the interim recommendations, particu- Reserve Bank approache l OOOOOOOOO.levee R dth f o l larly thos regarn ei exporo dt t financing, have already been imple- Durin e yeath g r under review both fixed investmend an t mented. a repor n I " t publishe Septembern di e Soutth , h African government consumption expenditure increased at a lower rate Foreign Trade Association (Safto) maintained thae formatioth t n thae previouth n s year whereas private consumption expenditure oa nationaf l export polic s imperative.wa y 7 This report main- rose at a slightly higher rate. However, if the price increases were tained tha t e priceveth f golf o ei n d were $12 n 0ounca e South to be taken into account, private consumption expenditure would currenn o 0 Afric00 t accoun0 a00 coul0 00 t d2 facR f tradeo a p ega also have increased at a lower rate. in 1980. The report stated that there was strong evidence to There was a sb'ght easing of labour conditions during the support the view that the Republic's trade gap over the last 10 year wit n increas a he unemploymen th n ei f Whiteso t , Coloured yeard beeha sn basically structura t cyclicalno e recend Th an .l t people, and Asians, of whom 12 771 were unemployed in June measures concerning import control, devaluatio d floatinan n f o g 1972. This represents about | per cent of the total number othfe rand were, therefore, not long-term solutions to the Republic's Whites, Coloured people, and Asians employed in the second international economic problems. quarte f 1972o r . In an address to a symposium on South Africa and the In March, Mr. H. F. Oppenheimer, chairman of the Anglo Southern Hemisphere arranged by the Centre for International American Corporation, in an address to students at the University of Stellenbosch, questioned the role of the State in the South Politics at Potchefstroom University on 25 August, Mr. Jan Haak, African economy. . OppenheimeMr 6 r maintained tha n practice"i t , a former Minister of Economic Affairs, questioned the value for the public corporations are moving rapidly into the general busi- the Republi f membershio c e Generath f po l Agreemen n Trado t e ness field without any regard to the special purposes for which and Tariffs (GATT asked )an d whethe t arriveno tim e d th o rdt eha establis n Organisatioa h r Economifo n c Co-operatioe th n i n thee supposear y o havt d e been y formed"sa o t e wen H n .o t 8 "there gooe seemm do t sreasoinquir n a r nfo y int functione oth s Southern Hemisphere. n answeI o charget r y Congressmab s n of these public corporations, their relationships wite privatth h e Charle . DiggssC , Jnr., that South Afric s persistentlwa a y violating sector, and the extent to which their activities run counter to the GATT rule maintaininy b s d extendingan g important quotase th , official polic f encouraginyo g private enterprise". Assistant Secretar . DaviMr y d Abshire, replyin e n behalo gth f o f A more detailed question on the role of "State capitalism" United States Secretar f Stateyo . WilliaMr , m Rogers, condemned was posed by the Financial Mail of 2 June. This pointed out the South African Government's "inefficien f labouo - e re us rt that between 196d 197 an 0e publi 0th c sector shar f totaeo l fixed e "ineffectivenesssourcesth d an " s monetarit f o d "fisca an y l investmen r cent d thape d rise an t,6 ha tr 4 n cen pe o frot t 1 m4 policies to contain inflation in the second half of 1971.* Mr. during the same period public sector gross fixed investment grew Abshire revealed that in July 1972 the United States Embassy in at an average annual rate of 13,3 per cent, against 11 per cent in Pretoria had been instructed to lodge a "protest" with the South the private sector. The Financial Mail's analyst maintained that African Government on the grounds that "local content" rebates ' Rand Dally Mall. October6 2 . • Star, 30 AimnM. » Ibid. 1 October3 . ' Rand Dally Mall, 8 September. * Star. I November. " Potchcfstrpomse Unlvcrsitei r C.H.Ovl t . Sentrum r Internationale\1 Polltlek. Suld-Afrika en die Suidclikc Halfrond. Symposium 25 Augustus 1972. « Rand Doll, Mail, 32 Much. 1 Rand Dally Mall, 16 September. A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1972 FOREIGN INVESTMENT 219 for locally-manufactured cars wer n violatioi e f GATTo n. e Th . in the earlier development of South Africa, but the Republic, United Slates had also "objected strongly" to South Africa's today, generated a large proportion of her capital requirements rc-invocalio n Novembei n f f articlo rGATo 2 d 1 believeeT an d -. ; internally. Nevertheless, foreign investment was still welcome, that the firm position which had been adopted was probably a-j particularly where it was long-term investment, and especially significant factor in the extensive relaxation of import controls • when it was accompanied by technical expertise and "know-how". which occurre Julyn di , 1972. He added that nationalisatio r confiscatioo n f foreigo n n property, . PretoriuD e . AfrikaansA th . f o sDr e Handclsinstituutn i , or repudiatio f foreigo n n debs completelwa t y alie o (tht n e South survey of South Africa's membership of Gatt, concluded that GATT ; /African Government's) philosophy. (It should be noted, however. rules did not take sufficient account of the special development ; that the financial controls needed to restrict the outflow of capital need d burden e Republican sth f o s . While GATT membership' froe Republith m e availablar c n termi e th f Sectioo sf o 9 n was "probably essential e timth " e might have com r Southfo e . .Currency and Exchanges Act of 1933, and more particularly, in Africa to pursue a more aggressive policy of protection for its e regulationtermth f o s s issued under Government Notic . 111eNo 1 industries.' e MinisteTh " f Economio r c Affairs n announcini , g the: Of 1 December 1961.) Government's decision to remain a member of Gatt, gave a firm.: 'In an article entitled The Rich get Richer? John Kane-Berman undertakin o manufacturert g s that, regardles f Souto s h Africa's estimated that nett capital inflow from abroad contributen a d GATT obligations e Governmenth , t would continu o givt e e pro- annual average of II per cent to gross domestic investment over tection where justified." the period 1965-70 and was particularly high in 1968 (20 per cent) e firsIth n t hal f o 197f e Economic2th s Commissioe th f o n land 1970 (15 per cent). He pointed out that between 1956 and Study Project on Christianity in Apartheid Society issued its: e Republic'196th 7 s foreign liabilities increase n averaga t a d e e reporSoutth n ho t African economy whic s entitlewa h d Power; '• annual rate of 3,4 per cent, but from the end of 1967 to the end Privilege and Poverty and which highlighted the urgent need fora of 197 e rat0th e increase o 14,t d r cent2pe . Private sector invest- fundamental redistribution of power in South Africa. f ment constitute r cen pe f totao t 6 8 dl foreign investment (both if 1970o d direc.en d indirect Direce an t th t ta ) investment, i.e. FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY investment in South African enterprises where foreign investors General ' ,havc a degree of control that can have a material influence on The question of the role of foreign investment, briefly men- , Company policy, amounted to 73.6 per cent of total forcicn invest- tione n pageo d s 173- 4f laso t year's Survey, received further alien- •: ment. t tion during 1972. n MayI .'- "e Worl ,th d Counci f Churcheso l ' Commissioe th f o n ; Programm Combao t e t Racism urged tha l investmental t Soutn i s h 7 Apri 1 e Ministe th n l O f Financo r e tole Housth d . of e Afric withdrawne b a t endorseI . dpublicationa s programme which Assembly that foreign investmen n Souti t h Africa woul e "aib d . Would produce information booklets on Portugal. South Africa, welcom s ever".a e e mentioneH 1 e considerablth d e inflo- wof foreign capital the previous year and went on to say: "By far the e anEuropeath d n Economic Community e rol th f ;corporato e e greater part of those investments has been in respect of private ;. Investmen n Southeri t n Africa: military suppor r coloniafo t d an l permanent capital. This governmen s alwayha t s welcomee th d Jacist regime n Southeri s n e growinAfricath d an g; links between investment of foreign moneys in this country, not only because we i;-Southern Africa and countries such as Japan, Argentine, Brazil. need those investment r quickefo s r growth t becausbu , f theVo e i 'tad Israel.* In August, the 120-man Central Committee of the knowledge which usually accompanies these funds d becausean , ^ tyorld Counci f Churcheo l s (W.C.C.) n overwhelminvotea y b d g e contactth of s which such foreign investments brin o Southt g ' Oajority of 110 to withdraw its investments from companies with Africa.'' Dr. Diederichs, elaborated upon this theme on 29 (llrect investment d tradan en i s ties wit 6 countrieh n Southeri s n whe saie nh d that durin year5 e gsth ende 197n di 0 investment : Africa including South Africa and South West Africa (Namibia). outside South Africa increased by over 70 per cent. In 1970, Tje Central Committe e0 Protestan urge25 s it d Orthodo an t x sterling area supplied 58 per cent, the dollar area 15 per cenL flttmber churches, representin 0 millio35 g n Christiane us o "t s Western Europe 24 per cent and other sources 3 per cent 9 : ill their influence, including stockholder action and disinvestment such investment. Foreign capital had played an important part to: press corporation o withdrat s w investments frod ceasan m e .Irading with (South Africa, South West Africa (Namibia), Rho- i '" Stnr. 4 October . tfesia, Angola, Mozambique d Guinean , a Bissau.)"" e PresidenTh ' t 11 Rand Daily Mall, 5 Oclober . 1 [I Kiallty. July 1972. Mansard II col. 5058-9. ;. ,« Olkmunrnc (W.C.C. Communication) fi/R—72 5 May. - Orniiriini'm of Information News Release U9/72(P). ' ,Rand Dally Mail, Auimst3 2 .