MINERAL REVOLUTION IN

of gold and diamonds.  1867 – discovery of diamonds in Kimberley.  1886 – discovery of gold on .  African kingdoms had already lost their independence.  M. R. contributed to racial segregation.  – Egoli – City of Gold. CLOSED COMPOUNDS AND MIGRANT LABOUR

 Discovery of diamonds need labour.  Increase in number of A migrant workers.  Travelled to and from mines.  Cash wages.  Buy guns, farming implements and lobola. 1.). COMPOUNDS IN THE EARLY YEARS.

 Black and white workers housed separately in company compounds.  Shocking conditions.  Workers died of pneumonia in winter.  Did not have enough food and warm shelter. 2.). CLOSED COMPOUNDS

 Black mine workers could not leave the compound.  Better living conditions productivity  control stop Illicit Diamond Buying (IDB)  Only searched at the end of their contract, instead of every shift.  Smuggle diamonds by swallowing them.  8 days – laxative. BRITISH STRENGTHEN THEIR POSITION IN SA

 ensure B investments in SA.  B authorities to control areas where: - diamonds had been found. - areas of recruitment.  Dispossess A kingdoms of their land.  Boers could not defeat them without B.  Forced to work on white farms or mines.  1878-79 – Xhosa, Pedi and Zulu defeated. GOLD MINING ON THE WITWATERSRAND 1.). THE GOLD STANDARD

 Deep underground – scarce & valuable.  In demand in Europe and USA.  Gold standard – value of currency issued.  To print money – had to buy more gold.  Price of gold fixed internationally.  WE, Britain and USA didn’t produce gold.  Buy gold from other countries. 2.1.). THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD

 Witwatersrand in Transvaal.  SA not one country.  and Natal British colonies.  Transvaal and .  1886 – Gold Law (Tvl)  Claim holders had to be white.  Blacks only allowed to work on gold mines 2.2). DEEP-LEVEL MINING.

 Black workers dug under supervision of a prospector.  Machines used for deep-level mining.  Industrial Revolution.  Transport changed.  Railways linked mines to harbours: - , PE and CT. MONEY - Foreign investors 2.3. HOW - Invest profits GOLD IS MINED MACHINERY - Imported machines - Ventilation equipment - Special water pumps 2.4.). CONDITIONS UNDERGROUND

 deepest in the world.  very hot.  dirty, stagnant water.  very dangerous. - rocks fall. - accidents with explosives. - health problems: TB, silicosis.  ‘Shosholoza’.  Lift their spirits. 2.5.) -CHAMBER OF MINES

RANDLORDS

 Leaders in gold-mining: - Cecil John Rhodes, Barney Barnato and Alfred Beit. - Made their fortunes.  Created companies.  Provided capital.  Made business decisions. CHAMBER OF MINES

 1899 – Mine owners joined together.  powerful association.  benefit mine owners.  dealt with problems: 1. find workers. 2. keep wages low as possible. 3. persuade govt to .  Profits from mine taxed.  Tax paid to Tvl govt. 2.6. MIGRANT WORKERS COMPOUNDS

 left home.  travelled long distance.  ‘men of two worlds’.  from rural to urban  areas.  Whites could settle with families in Joburg  Blacks – closed compounds. CONTROL OF MIGRANT WORKERS

 Shortage of labour.  Create, control and supply cheap labour.

1.). Taxes

 R1 hut tax.  R2 poll tax.  Unskilled, black workers earned between 5c and 19c a day. 2.). Recruitment

 Travelling to mines was difficult & dangerous.  Try to find other work.  Chamber of Mines – recruiting system.  Agent sent to villages.  Chiefs helped recruit workers. 3.). Contracts

 Sign a contract.  6-18 months.  If worker left – arrested, fine, sent to jail. 4.). Pass Laws  Tvl govt – new pass law.  3 days to look for work on Witwatesrand.  Had to leave or work on mines.  Workers took home watches, pens, belts, shirts, boots, brushes, spoons, blankets.  Arrived home – pay tax to chief and govt. 2.7. EFFECT OF MINING ON FAMILIES

BURDEN ON WOMEN IN RESERVES

 ‘Labour reserves’ – black communities in rural areas.  Labour supply for mines and factories.  Women, children look after themselves.  Women had to do men’s work.  Became poorer.  Family erosion. RESERVES BECAME POORER

 White settlers took more land.  Soil produced less food.  Thin cows produce less milk.  Buy food, tools from stores.  Relied more on money.  Migrant labour system caused: - mines and factories to get richer. - reserves became poorer. Erosion of families

 Fathers and young men left rural areas for long periods of time.  Adapted to life in the city.  Women, children, sick and old stayed in rural areas.  Erosion of family life. 2.8. SKILLED & UNSKILLED WORKERS

RACIAL SEGREGATION

 White workers did skilled labour.  Whites paid higher wages.  Segregation system based on racism.  Mineral Revolution laid foundation for racial segregation in SA. 2.9. ANTI-INDIAN LEGISLATION  1860 – Indians arrived in Natal.  Gold – moved to Tvl.  Tvl laws discriminated against Indians. - No vote. - separate living areas for Indians. - needed a license to trade. - carry passes. - labourers (same as Africans). - could not marry whites. - not allowed to work on gold mines. - could not walk on pavements ( all ). 2.10. FORMS OF LABOUR RESISTANCE

1. Break contract. Left – low pay, compounds and danger. Find work elsewhere or return home. 2. Alcohol – not come to work on Mondays. 3. Did work badly, broke tools. Did minimum work, acted stupid. 4. Mines closed during Anglo-Boer war. 1902 – dropped wages. Many miners left. Chinese labourers– Whites striked. 2.11 CITY OF JOHANNESBURG

 City grew because of gold mining.  1886 – part of Boer Republic – Tvl.  1910 – part of province of Union of SA.  1994 – SA a democratic country.  Became part of Gauteng.  Gauteng in SA’s economic centre.  Most heavily populated.  Smallest geographically. 3. MINERAL REVOLUTION AS A TURNING POINT IN SA HISTORY

 Was an agricultural country: - grew own food.  Became industrial society: - people bought things they needed.  Needed money to buy things they needed.  Had to find work in cities and on mines.  Gold mining became largest part of economy. 3.1. 1899-1902 Anglo Boer War. Cape Colony and Natal fought on Britain’s side. Defeated Boer Republics of Transvaal and Orange Free State.

3.2. African Political Organisation 1902

3.3. Transvaal Indian Congress 1903

3.4. 1906 3.5. South Africa became a Union in 1910.

3.6. Formation of South African Native National Congress (SANNC) 1912. Later became ANC. First President John Dube

3.7. Satyagraha Campaign 1913-1914 Non-violent or passive resistance. Led by Mahatma Gandhi

3.8. Land Act 1913