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History 1 Pocket Guide 2014-15 PAGES (22 Nov 2015).indd 1 2015/11/22 10:23 PM Pocket Guide to South Africa 2014/15 SOUTH AFRICA’SHISTORY PEOPLE 0RGHUQ KXPDQV KDYH OLYHG DW WKH VRXWKHUQ WLS RI $IULFD IRUPRUHWKDQ\HDUVDQGWKHLUDQFHVWRUVIRUVRPH PLOOLRQ\HDUV 6RPH \HDUV DJR WKH .KRHNKRHQ WKH +RWWHQWRWV RIHDUO\(XURSHDQWHUPLQRORJ\ ZHUHSDVWRUDOLVWVZKRKDG VHWWOHGPRVWO\DORQJWKHFRDVWZKLOHWKH6DQ WKH%XVKPHQ ZHUHKXQWHUJDWKHUHUVVSUHDGDFURVVWKHUHJLRQ$WWKLVWLPH %DQWXVSHDNLQJDJURSDVWRUDOLVWVEHJDQDUULYLQJLQVRXWKHUQ $IULFDVSUHDGLQJIURPWKHHDVWHUQORZODQGVWRWKH+LJKYHOG $W VHYHUDO DUFKDHRORJLFDO VLWHV WKHUH LV HYLGHQFH RI sophisticated political and material cultures. European contact 7KH ÀUVW (XURSHDQ VHWWOHPHQW LQ VRXWKHUQ $IULFD ZDV HVWDEOLVKHGE\WKH'XWFK(DVW,QGLD&RPSDQ\LQ7DEOH%D\ &DSH7RZQ LQ&UHDWHGWRVXSSO\SDVVLQJVKLSVZLWK IUHVK SURGXFH WKH FRORQ\ JUHZ UDSLGO\ DV 'XWFK IDUPHUV settled to grow crops. Shortly after the establishment of the FRORQ\VODYHVZHUHLPSRUWHGIURP(DVW$IULFD0DGDJDVFDU DQGWKH(DVW,QGLHV 7KH ÀUVW %ULWLVK 6HWWOHUV NQRZQ DV WKH 6HWWOHUV DUULYHGLQ$OJRD%D\ QRZ1HOVRQ0DQGHOD%D\ RQERDUG VKLSVWKHÀUVWEHLQJWKH&KDSPDQ7KH\QXPEHUHGDERXW DQGLQFOXGHGDUWLVDQVWUDGHVPHQUHOLJLRXVOHDGHUV PHUFKDQWVWHDFKHUVERRNELQGHUVEODFNVPLWKVGLVFKDUJHG VDLORUVDQGVROGLHUVSURIHVVLRQDOPHQDQGIDUPHUV %QPƀKEV )URPWKHVFRORQLVWVFDPHLQWRFRQWDFWDQGLQHYLWDEOH FRQÁLFWZLWK%DQWXVSHDNLQJFKLHIGRPVVRPHNPHDVWRI &DSH7RZQ$FHQWXU\RILQWHUPLWWHQWZDUIDUHHQVXHGGXULQJ ZKLFKWKHFRORQLVWVJDLQHGDVFHQGDQF\RYHUWKHLVL;KRVD speaking chiefdoms. ,QWKH%ULWLVKRFFXSLHGWKH&DSHDVDVWUDWHJLFEDVH DJDLQVWWKH)UHQFKFRQWUROOLQJWKHVHDURXWHWRWKH(DVW ,QWKHVWKHFHOHEUDWHG=XOXOHDGHU6KDNDHVWDE OLVKHGVZD\RYHUDYDVWDUHDRIVRXWKHDVW$IULFD$VVSOLQWHU =XOXJURXSVFRQTXHUHGDQGDEVRUEHGFRPPXQLWLHVLQWKHLU SDWK WKH UHJLRQ H[SHULHQFHG D IXQGDPHQWDO GLVUXSWLRQ 6XEVWDQWLDO VWDWHV VXFK DV 0RVKRHVKRH·V /HVRWKR DQG RWKHU6RWKR7VZDQDFKLHIGRPVZHUHHVWDEOLVKHG This temporary disruption of life on the Highveld served WRIDFLOLWDWHWKHH[SDQVLRQQRUWKZDUGVRIWKHRULJLQDO'XWFK VHWWOHUV· GHVFHQGDQWV WKH %RHU 9RRUWUHNNHUV IURP WKH V 22 Pocket Guide 2014-15 PAGES (22 Nov 2015).indd 2 2015/11/22 10:23 PM Occupation ,Q %ULWDLQ UHRFFXSLHG WKH &DSH $V WKH FRORQ\ SURVSHUHG WKH SROLWLFDO ULJKWV RI WKH YDULRXV UDFHV ZHUH JXDUDQWHHGZLWKVODYHU\EHLQJDEROLVKHGLQ 7KURXJKRXW WKH V WKH ERXQGDULHV RI (XURSHDQ LQÁXHQFHVSUHDGHDVWZDUGV)URPWKHSRUWRI'XUEDQ1DWDO VHWWOHUVSXVKHGQRUWKZDUGVIXUWKHUDQGIXUWKHULQWRWKHODQG RIWKH=XOX)URPWKHPLGVWKH9RRUWUHNNHUVFRDOHVFHG LQWZRODQGORFNHGZKLWHUXOHGUHSXEOLFVWKH6RXWK$IULFDQ Republic (Transvaal) and the Orange Free State. The mineral revolution 6RXWK$IULFD·VGLDPRQGPLQLQJLQGXVWU\GDWHVEDFNWR ZKHQGLDPRQGVZHUHGLVFRYHUHGQHDU.LPEHUOH\LQZKDWLV WRGD\NQRZQDVWKH1RUWKHUQ&DSH7KH.LPEHUOH\GLDPRQG ÀHOGV DQG ODWHU GLVFRYHULHV LQ *DXWHQJ WKH )UHH 6WDWH DQGDORQJWKH$WODQWLFFRDVWHPHUJHGDVPDMRUVRXUFHVRI JHPTXDOLW\ GLDPRQGV VHFXULQJ 6RXWK$IULFD·V SRVLWLRQ DV WKHZRUOG·VOHDGLQJSURGXFHULQWKHPLGWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\ Gold 7KHGLVFRYHU\RIWKH:LWZDWHUVUDQGJROGÀHOGVLQZDV D WXUQLQJ SRLQW LQ 6RXWK $IULFD·V KLVWRU\ 7KH GHPDQG IRU IUDQFKLVHULJKWVIRU(QJOLVKVSHDNLQJLPPLJUDQWVZRUNLQJRQ WKHQHZJROGÀHOGVZDVWKHSUHWH[W%ULWDLQXVHGWRJRWRZDU ZLWKWKH7UDQVYDDODQG2UDQJH)UHH6WDWHLQ 7KH $QJOR%RHU6RXWK $IULFDQ :DU ZDV WKH EORRGLHVW ORQJHVWDQGPRVWH[SHQVLYHZDU%ULWDLQHQJDJHGLQEHWZHHQ DQG,WFRVWPRUHWKDQPLOOLRQSRXQGVDQG PRUHWKDQPHQZHUHORVWWR%ULWDLQ7KH%RHUVORVW RYHU SHRSOH DQG PRUH WKDQ EODFN 6RXWK $IULFDQVZHUHNLOOHG Union and opposition ,Q WKH 8QLRQ RI 6RXWK $IULFD ZDV FUHDWHG RXW RI WKH &DSH 1DWDO 7UDQVYDDO DQG )UHH 6WDWH ,W ZDV WR EH HVVHQWLDOO\DZKLWHXQLRQ%ODFNRSSRVLWLRQZDVLQHYLWDEOH DQG WKH$IULFDQ 1DWLRQDO &RQJUHVV $1& ZDV IRXQGHG LQ WRSURWHVWWKHH[FOXVLRQRIEODFNSHRSOHIURPSRZHU,Q WKH6RXWK$IULFDQ&RPPXQLVW3DUW\ZDVHVWDEOLVKHG at a time of heightened militancy. More discriminatory OHJLVODWLRQZDVHQDFWHG0HDQZKLOH$IULNDQHUQDWLRQDOLVP IXHOOHG E\ MRE ORVVHV DULVLQJ IURP D ZRUOGZLGH UHFHVVLRQ was on the march. 3 Pocket Guide 2014-15 PAGES (22 Nov 2015).indd 3 2015/11/22 10:23 PM Pocket Guide to South Africa 2014/15 SOUTH AFRICA’SHISTORY PEOPLE The rise of apartheid ,Q WKH SUR$IULNDQHU 1DWLRQDO 3DUW\ 13 FDPH WR SRZHUZLWKWKHLGHRORJ\RIDSDUWKHLGDQHYHQPRUHULJRURXV and authoritarian approach than the previous segregationist SROLFLHV:KLOHZKLWH6RXWK$IULFDZDVFHPHQWLQJLWVSRZHU EODFNRSSRVLWLRQSROLWLFVZHUHHYROYLQJ,QD\RXQJHU more determined political grouping came to the fore with the ODXQFKRIWKH$1&<RXWK/HDJXHDGHYHORSPHQWZKLFKZDV WRIRVWHUWKHOHDGHUVKLSRISHRSOHVXFKDV1HOVRQ0DQGHOD Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu. Repression ,Q WKH 13 *RYHUQPHQW XQGHU 3ULPH 0LQLVWHU +) 9HUZRHUG GHFODUHG 6RXWK$IULFD D UHSXEOLF DIWHU ZLQQLQJ D ZKLWHVRQO\UHIHUHQGXP$QHZFRQFHUQZLWKUDFLDOSXULW\ZDV apparent in various legislation and residential segregation was enforced. 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  • Master Servant Relationships in the Eastern Cape: the 1820 Settlement

    Master Servant Relationships in the Eastern Cape: the 1820 Settlement

    African Studies Quarterly | Volume 20, Issue 1|January 2021 Master Servant Relationships in the Eastern Cape: the 1820 Settlement AMINA MARZOUK CHOUCHENE Abstract: This article is about the rebellious behavior of the servant class and the consequent threat it posed to the established social order in the 1820 settlement. There were deep anxieties amongst the higher echelons of the settlement about maintaining class distinctions. Upper and middle class settlers relied on informal and formal strategies in order to keep social hierarchies intact. The concept of social control is applied in this respect to study the troubled master-servant relationship, emphasize an obsessive preoccupation with social order, and uncover the limits of upper and middle class settlers’ control. This focus on the troubled master servant relationship in the 1820 settlement and the failed attempts to control it is a helpful correction to the celebratory reverberations of early South African settler histories. Keywords: 1820 settlers, class, social control, hierarchies, precariousness, servant Introduction In an attempt to alleviate post-Napoleonic wars’ economic distress and relieve political tensions at home, the British government sponsored a settlement scheme to the eastern frontier of the Cape Colony.1 The idea of establishing a settlement there came from the colony’s governor Lord Charles Somerset, who wrote several letters to the colonial office lobbying for the settlement of more people in the eastern Cape. He described the Cape in glowing terms, emphasizing the fertility of the soil. He claimed that wool, corn, tobacco, and cotton could be produced there for export. Moreover, he insisted that it was a land where men from a humble social background could certainly succeed.
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    The Pronunciation of English in South Africa by L.W. Lanham, Professor Emeritus, Rhodes University, 1996 Introduction There is no one, typical South African English accent as there is one overall Australian English accent. The variety of accents within the society is in part a consequence of the varied regional origins of groups of native English speakers who came to Africa at different times, and in part a consequence of the variety of mother tongues of the different ethnic groups who today use English so extensively that they must be included in the English-using community. The first truly African, native English accent in South Africa evolved in the speech of the children of the 1820 Settlers who came to the Eastern Cape with parents who spoke many English dialects. The pronunciation features which survive are mainly those from south-east England with distinct Cockney associations. The variables (distinctive features of pronunciation) listed under A below may be attributed to this origin. Under B are listed variables of probable Dutch origin reflecting close association and intermarriage with Dutch inhabitants of the Cape. There was much contact with Xhosa people in that area, but the effect of this was almost entirely confined to the vocabulary. (The English which evolved in the Eastern and Central Cape we refer to as Cape English.) The next large settlement from Britain took place in Natal between 1848 and 1862 giving rise to pronunciation variables pointing more to the Midlands and north of England (List C). The Natal settlers had a strong desire to remain English in every aspect of identity, social life, and behaviour.
  • 2 Presentation of the Bible to Jacobus Uys (April 1837) A2/A3

    2 Presentation of the Bible to Jacobus Uys (April 1837) A2/A3

    2 Presentation of the Bible to Jacobus Uys (April 1837) A2/A3 B2 C2 D N 2 Presentation 26 27 1 25 2 East wall, north-east projection (panel 3/31) 24 3 h. 2.3 × w. 2.4 m 4 23 Sculptor of clay maquette: Hennie Potgieter 22 5 Stages of production A1 W.H. Coetzer, pencil drawing, retained only in A2 (April–June 1937) 21 A2 Reproduction of A1 (June 1937) 6 A3 W.H. Coetzer, revised pencil drawing A1, h. 13.3 × w. 15.3 cm 20 (after September 1937) 7 Annotation: ‘Oorhandiging van Bybel aan Uys’ 19 (Handing over of Bible to Uys) 8 18 B1 One-third-scale clay maquette, not extant but replicated in B2 (1942–43) 17 9 B2 One-third-scale plaster maquette, h. 79 × w. 76 × d. 10.4 cm (1942–43) 16 10 C1 Full-scale wooden armature, not extant (1943–46) 15 14 13 12 11 C2 Full-scale clay relief, not extant but recorded in photograph; replicated in C3 (1943–46) 0 5 10 m C3 Full-scale plaster relief (1943–46), not extant but copied in D (late 1947–49) D Marble as installed in the Monument (1949) Early records SVK minutes (4.9.1937) ― item 4b (see below, ‘Developing the design’) Wenke (c. 1934–36) ― item VI. SEN. F.S. MALAN, 3 ‘Tweede toneel: Aanbieding van Bybel te Grahamstad aan Voortrekker Uys’ (Second scene: Presentation of Bible at Grahamstown to Voortrekker Uys) Moerdyk Layout (5.10.1936–15.1.1937) ― scene 2 on panel 5/31 ‘Bybel en Uys’ (Bible and Uys) Jansen Memorandum (19.1.1937) ― item 7.2 ‘The English inhabitants presenting Uys with a Bible before his departure’ Open Access.
  • The Mfecane As Alibi: Thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo Julian

    The Mfecane As Alibi: Thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo Julian

    The Mfecane as Alibi: Thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo Julian Cobbing The Journal ofAfrican History, Volume 29, Issue 3 (1988),487-519. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8537281988%2929%3A3%3C487%3ATMAATO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The Journal of African History is published by Cambridge University Press. Please contact the publisher for further permissions regarding the use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.j stor.org/journals/cup.html. The Journal of African History 01988 Cambridge University Press JSTOR and the JSTOR logo are trademarks of JSTOR, and are Registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. For more information on JSTOR contact [email protected]. 02003 JSTOR http://www.jstor.org/ Thu Jan 16 15:54:01 2003 Jo~trnalof African History, 29 (1988), pp. 487-jl9 Printed in Great Britain THE LIFECANE AS ALIBI: THOUGHTS ON DITHAKONG AND MBOLOMPO' BY JULI.AN COBBING THE3IFEC .A N E is a tenacious and still-evolving multiple theme in the historio- graphy of the apartheid state.