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A Case Study of the Unip Women's League THE ROLE OF WOMEN’S ORGANISATIONS IN THE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ZAMBIA, 1964-2001: A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIP WOMEN’S LEAGUE AND THE ZAMBIA NATIONAL WOMEN’S LOBBY GROUP BY LUBOSI KIKAMBA A Dissertation submitted to the University of Zambia in Partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Arts in History THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA LUSAKA 2012. 112 DECLARATION I Lubosi Kikamba, declare that this dissertation: (a) Represents my own work; (b) Has not previously been submitted for a degree at this or any other university; and (c) Does not incorporate any published work or material from another dissertation. Signed :……………………………………………………….. Date :…………………………………………………………. 113 COPYRIGHT All rights reserved. No part of this dissertation may be reproduced or stored in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing from the author or the University of Zambia. 114 APPROVAL This dissertation of Lubosi Kikamba is approved as fulfilling the partial requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts in History by the University of Zambia. Signed: Date: ………………………………………… …………………………………… ………………………………………… …………………………………… ………………………………………… …………………………………… ………………………………………… ……………………………………. 115 116 ABSTRACT This study examines the role of women’s organisations in the political development of Zambia from 1964 to 2001. It focuses on two women’s organisations that were active at different historical periods: The UNIP Women’s League and the Zambia National Women’s Lobby Group. Therefore, the two organisations are viewed according to their different political and historical contexts. The main argument of this study is that women’s organisations were used by Zambian women as an alternative public sphere to participate as collective political actors in order to institutionalise their issues and also pursue their gender equality goals. The study demonstrates that women’s organisations contributed to the political development of Zambia between 1964 and 2001. They played a cardinal role in setting up institutions and transforming political structures in order to bring women issues and gender concerns in the public arena. Apart from that, they also acted as important agents in politicising women and the democratisation process after 1991. However, there is still more to be done in order to domesticate and implement international and regional conventions in order for both men and women to be equal partners in all areas of national development. The study takes a qualitative approach by analysing both primary and secondary sources. However, it greatly utilises primary data from the UNIP Archives and the National Archives of Zambia as well as reports from women’s organisations, official Government publications and oral interviews. 117 DEDICATION To my late father, Mr. Lastone. E. Kikamba, my mother, Mrs Annie. M. Kikamba, my sisters, brothers, nieces and nephews, and all the women and men who have passionately contributed to the building of our Motherland, Zambia. 118 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people contributed to the success of this study. It was a wonderful experience working with my supervisor, Prof. B. J. Phiri. He provided valuable guidance and support that made this whole process a learning experience and exciting at the same time. His timely, critical and constructive criticism was of great help. I would also like to thank Dr. B. S. Siamwiza, Prof. M.C. Musambachime, and Dr. C. Beyani for their wonderful and mental stimulating lectures during Part One of the degree programme. I would also like to thank Dr. K. Krishna, Ms. D. Mwansa and Dr. C. Chabatama for their constant encouragement as well as the other lecturers in the Department of History for their constant support and positive attitudes towards my project. You may not all be mentioned, but I am greatly indebted to all of you. I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff at the National Archives of Zambia, UNIP Archives, Faith and Encounter Library (FENZA) and the University of Zambia (UNZA) library. My good friend, Brian Bwalya Chileshe, was very supportive during data collection at the Institute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR). I also appreciate the help rendered to me by the staff at the Zambia Association for Research and Development (ZARD), Zambia National Women’s Lobby Group (ZNWLG), and the Non-Governmental Organisations’ Co-ordinating Council (NGOCC). It was also a wonderful and life changing experience to interview some women who had been members of the UNIP Women’s League. These women especially Mrs. B.C. Kankasa and Mrs. Betty Chilunga took keen interest in my research project and made their homes open for consultation. I wish to also thank Mrs Esnart Mushiba, Mrs. Jennifer Chumba Chibamba, Mrs. Merebi. N. Mushibwe, Mrs 119 Jemima Namumba Banda, and Mrs. Beatrice Moonga Kayuni for freely and willingly providing important information during interviews. It is also important that I thank Mr. I.N. Mayeya, the Headteacher at Kabulonga Boys High School. He was very supportive and encouraging during the time of my studies. He made things easier for me to pursue my studies without any difficulties. I also would like to thank all my workmates at Kabulonga Boys who managed to encourage me both emotionally and spiritually to finish this study. Without their encouragement, it would have been difficult to finish this dissertation. I would also like to thank my family and friends. My mother was both a pillar and source of wisdom. All those phone calls to check on my health and emotional well being are greatly appreciated. My younger sisters Mirriam and Kabukabu, and my niece Ketty were really there for me. They graciously understood the pressure of working on my dissertation and the responsibility of being the head of the house. Mirriam’s effort of printing my draft chapters at her work place is highly appreciated. To my other sisters and brothers thank you for your support and encouragement. I also would like to thank Aunt Agness Nyambe and my other extended family members for their encouragement. I love you all so much! My friend Maud Kamwengo was very supportive. She even went an extra mile by giving me a laptop computer for me to use in my studies. You are indeed a true friend. My other friends Webby Kambinga, Clive Nyanga, Kelvin Siampwili, Elvin Mufuzi, Pamela Chinjenge, Ilaki Kaulule Siame, Emmanuel Ngandu, Arthur Chembe, Alice Banda and Vytalis Chavwanga also offered a lot of support and encouragement during 120 the writing of this dissertation. I would not forget my dear friend Chilima Sianyeuka who showed a lot of interest in my research. Despite living in London, she always asked about my progress every time we communicated. My neighbour, Mr. D. Musonda and his wife also showed a lot of concern and interest towards my project. I thank you all so much. Mr and Mrs Mukonka also gave me a lot of spiritual guidance for me not to forget God in all what I was doing. Lastly but not least, I would like to acknowledge the support, encouragement and inspiration I got from my coursemates, namely Nisbert Machila, Patrick Sikayomya, Charles Kakulwa, Katanekwa Kabani, Lutombi Mwananyanda, Kaonga Mazala, and Zindaba Ngala. Indeed, it is because of teamwork that I never lost the momentum of writing my dissertation. Thank you everyone for helping me make this dissertation a success. 121 TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration…………………………………………………………………………..i Copyright……………………………………………………………………………ii Approval……………………………………………………………………………iii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..iv Dedication…………………………………………………………………………..v Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………vi Table of contents……………………………………………………………………ix List of abbreviations………………………………………………………………..xi Chapter 1: Introduction and Historical Background……………………………1 Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………………..14 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………..15 Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………………….15 Rationale…………………………………………………………………………...16 Literature Review………………………………………………………………….16 Methodology of the Study…………………………………………………………28 Chapter 2: The Beginnings of Women’s Participation in Modern Politics, 1953-1974……………………………………………………………..29 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..29 An Overview of Women’s Political Participation in the Nationalist Movement….29 The UNIP Women’s Brigade in Post-Colonial Zambia, 1964-1974………………35 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………48 Chapter 3: The Role of the UNIP Women’s League in Zambian Politics, 1975-2001……………………………………………………………...49 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..49 122 The Women’s League and the UN Decade for Women, 1975-1985 ………………49 The Women’s League after the UN Decade for Women, 1986-1991……………...67 The Women’s League in a Multi-Party Political System, 1992-2001……………...71 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….73 Chapter 4: The Role of the Zambia National Women’s Lobby Group in Zambian Politics, 1991-2001…………………………………………74 Introduction………………………………………………………………………....74 Formation of the Zambia National Women’s Lobby Group……………………….74 The Role of the Zambia National Women’s Lobby Group in Zambia Politics, 1991-1996……………………………………………………………78 The Role of the Zambia National Women’s Lobby Group in Zambian Politics, 1997-2001…………………………………………………………….87 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………100 Chapter 5: Conclusion…………………………………………………………….102 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….112 123 ABBREVIATIONS AAWC All Africa Women’s Conference ACHPR African Charter on Human and People’s Rights ACWF All-China Women’s Federation ANC African National Congress ANIP African National Independence
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