One Zambia, many histories Afrika-Studiecentrum Series VOLUME 11 One Zambia, many histories Towards a history of post-colonial Zambia Edited by Jan-Bart Gewald Marja Hinfelaar Giacomo Macola Brill Cover photo: ISSN ISBN © Brill Contents List of photographs vii List of tables viii List of figures viii Foreword ix Acknowledgements x Abbreviations xi 1. Introduction 1 Jan-Bart Gewald, Marja Hinfelaar & Giacomo Macola PART I: POLITICAL UNITY AND DISSENT 2. Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula, UNIP and the roots of authoritarianism in nationalist Zambia 17 Giacomo Macola 3. Rebellion or massacre? The UNIP-Lumpa conflict revisited 45 David M. Gordon 4. ‘You can’t fight guns with knives’: National security and Zambian responses to UDI , 1965-1973 77 Andrew J. DeRoche 5. Enemies within? Opposition to the Zambian one-party state, 1972-1980 98 Miles Larmer PART II: THE PUBLIC ROLE OF RELIGION 6. Legitimizing powers: The political role of the Roman Catholic church, 1972-1991 129 Marja Hinfelaar 7. Towards a history of the Charismatic churches in post- colonial Zambia 144 Austin M. Cheyeka v 8. Islam in post-colonial Zambia 164 Felix J. Phiri PART III: THE ECONOMY AND THE STATE 9. ‘The devil you know’: The impact of the Mulungushi economic reforms on retail trade in rural Zambia, with special reference to Susman Brothers & Wulfsohn, 1968-80 187 Hugh Macmillan 10. The informalization of Lusaka’s economy: Regime change, ultra-modern markets, and street vending, 1972-2004 213 K. Tranberg Hansen PART IV: NEW AND OLD FORMS OF POLITICS IN THE THIRD REPUBLIC 11. Fighting for democracy of the pocket: The labour movement in the Third Republic 243 Friday E. Mulenga 12. Gender and politics: The Zambia national women’s lobby group in the 2001 tripartite elections 259 Bizeck J. Phiri 13. Zambia’s oasis forum: A new form of politics? 275 Jeremy Gould About the authors 295 Index 299 vi List of photographs 1 Harry Nkumbula emphasizing his non-racial credentials, Lusaka city airport, prior to independence 16 2 African National Congress Officials, 1956 19 3 The remnants of Lenshina’s Church at Zion, near Kasomo Village, Chinsali 46 4 Zambian soldiers survey the dead followers of Alice Lenshina, Chinsali District, 1964 62 5 Students of Evelyn Hone College in Lusaka protesting against minority rule and the government of Ian Smith in Rhodesia 78 6 American President Lyndon Johnson meets with Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda in the Oval Office on 2 December 1964 84 7 UNIP supporters protesting against the formation of the UPP 99 8 President Kenneth Kaunda, during the later years of his rule, tea serving to a Catholic nun 128 9 Zambian President Frederick Chiluba, self-declared exponent of the Christian Nation 145 10 Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda addressing the party faithful 186 11 Vendor at his tuntemba on Independence Avenue before it was demolished in 1999 221 12 Secondhand vendors on the ground of the construction site of the new market at Soweto 222 13 Completed market at Soweto called the Lusaka City Market 222 14 Fruit vendor turned mobile after being chased away from selling at the bus station and taxi rank in front of the University Teaching Hospital in 1999 223 15 Dried fish vendor inside Lusaka’s new City market. Printed cloth at nearby stall in the background 223 16 Unfinished market structures at Chilenje 225 17 Unfinished market structures at Chilenje 225 18 Unfinished market structures at Libala 226 19 Crowding at the old Soweto Market 226 20 ZCTU leader, Fackson Shamenda 242 21 Oasis protestors at the University of Zambia during the final years of President Frederick Chiluba’s rule 276 vii List of tables 11.1 Formal employment and labour force trends 254 11.2 Formal employment in Zambia, 1990-2000 255 11.3 Major Zambian Trade Unions, 1990-2001 256 12.1 Distribuition of bycicles by ZNWLG 266 12.2 2001 National presidential election results 271 12.3 Parliamentary candidates by party and gender 272 12.4 2001 National assembly elections results: Seats won per party and by gender 273 List of figures 1 Following the establishment of the UPP in August 1971, the Times of Zambia provides its view of events in September 1971 101 2 The Post , 3 May 1999 224 viii Foreword The history of post-independent African countries is only just beginning to be written. For too long, the history of post-colonial Africa has been used as the site for analyses in political science, economics, development or whatever. It may be possible to make such analyses, if that is what is wanted, but they can only rest on the results of careful historical reconstruction. This is what this book provides, to a degree which in my experience is virtually unprecedented. The question is then, of course, what history is to be written. One of the great virtues of this book is that it shies away from the narrative of post- independence Zambian history which UNIP under Kaunda attempted to impose on the country. Until the re-introduction of multi-party democracy in the 1990s, an attempt was made to snaffle all forms of dissent, which entailed inter alia that movements of opposition were not only repressed but also ignored in the dominant discourse. One major feature of this book, one that I totally, endorse, is that movements of opposition, and dissident individuals, are brought back into the story. Zambia may have remained one nation, but that nation’s history is much more complicated than the rulers under UNIP would have had us believe – and also more complicated than the post-UNIP rulers would argue, so that a story of continual struggle against a monolithic state would also not apply. For this reason it is good that this volume has so much on religion, on the trade unions, on the women’s movement and on the creation of a self-conscious civil society. Polyvalence is seriously important to understand histories. Nevertheless, there is a great deal to be done. It would be churlish when celebrating what there is to pay too much attention to what still has to happen. Perhaps it is that historians are happier with failure in a good cause than failure in a dubious one. I can only hope that in a few years the many histories of independent Zambia will include a critical biography of Kenneth Kaunda, and the equivalent studies of UNIP rule, a good economic history of the crash of the copper industry and the inclusion of Western Zambia into Zambian national history. There could also be fascinating studies of less contentious matters, say the Tanzam railway and the Kafue dam. The many histories are far from ex- hausted, but this is a great beginning. Robert Ross Leiden University ix Acknowledgements The present volume originates from a three-day conference organized by the Network for Historical Research in Zambia and held in Lusaka, Zambia, in August 2005. The editors wish to express their gratitude to their fellow conve- nors – David Gordon, Webby Kalikiti, Miles Larmer and Bizeck Phiri – and to all the conferees, especially those whose papers could not be included in this collection. The conference – entitled Zambia: Independence and After. Towards a Historiography – was only made possible by the financial and administrative support of, respectively, the African Studies Centre of the University of Leiden, The Netherlands, and the Centre of African Studies of the University of Cam- bridge, United Kingdom. Zambian historiography is lucky to have such depend- able international allies. Zambian institutions which promoted and took part in the conference were the National Archives of Zambia, the United National Inde- pendence Party’s Archives and the History Department of the University of Zambia. Many thanks to all of them. Finally, the editors are deeply indebted to Robert Ross, who not only helped us make a success of the conference, but also kindly agreed to write a foreword to this book, and we would like to thank Mieke zwart for the lay-out work of this book. x Abbreviations AMA Africa Muslim Agency ANC African National Congress (of Northern Rhodesia, later Zambia) ANIP African National Independence Party AZ Agenda for Zambia CBC/ZCBC Consumer Buying Corporation of Zambia CCZ Christian Council of Zambia COZ Credit Organisation of Zambia DC District Commissioner DPP Democratic Progressive Party ECZ Electoral Commission of Zambia EFZ Evangelical Fellowship of Zambia FDD Forum for Democracy and Development FFTUZ Federation of Free Trade Unions of Zambia FLNC Front pour la Libération Nationale du Congo HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Countries HP Heritage Party ICOZ Independent Churches Organisation of Zambia IETZ Islamic Education Trust of Zambia ILO International Labour Office IMF International Monetary Fund INDECO Industrial Development Corporation IWCTZ Islamic Welfare Centre Trust of Zambia LAZ Law Association of Zambia LICET Lusaka Islamic Cultural and Educational Foundation LMWT Lusaka Muslim Women Trust MIST Makeni Islamic Society Trust MMD Movement for Multi-Party Democracy MUZ Mineworkers’ Union of Zambia NADA National Democratic Alliance NGOCC Non-Governmental Organisations Coordinating Committee NPP National Progress Party NRR Northern Rhodesian Regiment xi NUBEGW National Union of Building, Engineering and General Workers NUCIW National Union of Commercial and Industrial Workers PC Provincial Commissioner PDC People’s Democratic Congress PF Patriotic Front PSRP Poverty Strategy Reduction Programme SAP Structural Adjustment Programme SDP Social Democratic Party TBN Trinity Broadcasting Corporation TEVET(A) Technical Education, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training (Authority) UCZ United Church