A Photographic Exhibition of MULUNGUSHI ROCK of AUTHORITY and Its Contribution to the Political History of Zambia and Beyond Borders, in Honour of Dr
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A APhotographic Photographic Exhibition Exhibition of of MULUNGUSHI MULUNGUSHI ROCK ROCK OF OF AUTHORITY AUTHORITY andand its its contribution contribution to to the the political political history history of of Zambia Zambia and and beyond beyond borders borders,, in in HonourHonour of of Dr. Dr. Kenneth Kenneth David David Kaunda Kaunda the the Founding Founding President President of of thethe R Republicepublic of of Zambia Zambia INTRODUCTION umans in the territory now known as Zambia went through various pre-historical and historical processes and experiences to reach the current stage. These include the Stone Age (Early, Middle and Late) H characterized by stone technology and foraging, the Iron Age characterized by iron technology, pottery, and later, cattle keeping and farming. Precolonial kingdoms and ethnic migrations and settlement into Zambia began around 1500 and was complete by 1850. By the end of the 17th century, the territory, just like most parts of Africa around this period, had begun to experience European intrusion. These included explorers, traders, missionaries and finally, by the end of the 19th century, colonialists. This photographic exhibition which is in honour of the late Dr. Kenneth D. Kaunda, the founding Father of the Republic of Zambia, who relentlessly fought for the decolonisation of Zambia, focuses on the period starting from the intrusion of European colonial rule. It provides detailed information on the Zambian people's struggles for self- determination with particular focus on the Mulungushi Rock of Authority in relation to its significance in the liberation of the country from the colonial yoke. It also highlights the role it played following independence, particularly its contribution to the socio-economic and political development of the country through the various pronouncements made at the site. The exhibition starts by providing a brief of Zambia's colonisation process and decolonisation achieved through a spirited struggle that nationalists led by Dr. Kaunda mounted in which the Mulungushi Rock of Authority played a significant role. It also looks at the role it played in the decolonisation of the Southern African region and the role it later assumed as a bastion of learning. By the time of colonial intrusion in the territory, ethnic configuration had attained contemporary locational structure 1 A APhotographic Photographic Exhibition Exhibition of of MULUNGUSHI MULUNGUSHI ROCK ROCK OF OF AUTHORITY AUTHORITY andand its its contribution contribution to to the the political political history history of of Zambia Zambia and and beyond beyond borders borders,, in in HonourHonour of of Dr. Dr. Kenneth Kenneth David David Kaunda Kaunda the the Founding Founding President President of of thethe R Republicepublic of of Zambia Zambia COLONISATION OF ZAMBIA The territory now known as Zambia was colonized from two fronts; the North-West region in what was known as Barotseland and North-Eastern region. The architect of this process was Cecil John Rhodes through his British South Africa Company (BSAC) who had dreamed of planting British imperial rule from the Cape in South Africa to Cairo in Egypt. In North-Western Zambia, colonization was achieved through concessions and treaties that he, through his agents, signed with King Lewanika. On the other hand, in North- John Cecil Rhodes, founder of the British Negotiation between Lubosi Lewanika, King of the Lozi Eastern Zambia, it was achieved through a South Africa Company (BSAC) and architect people and Frank Lochner, a representative of Rhodes' combination of war, treaties and of the colonization of Northern and Southern BSAC. The two signed the Lochner Concession in 1890. The Rhodesia and Nyasaland now Zambia, Lochner Concession became the basis for the Company's concessions. The BSAC had to wage a war Zimbabwe and Malawi claim to control Lewanika's territory. with Nsingo of the Ngoni while in Bembaland, they had to wage a war with the Bemba until both were defeated. By 1900, the BSAC had brought Zambia into effective colonial rule. It was governed as two territories, North-Western Rhodesia with capital at Choma and later Livingstone and North-Eastern Rhodesia with Capital at Fort Jameson (Chipata). In 1911 the two territories were amalgamated to form Northern Rhodesia with capital in Livingstone until it was moved to Lusaka in 1935. Arthur Lawley and Robert Coryndon King Lewanika of the Lozi people 2 A APhotographic Photographic Exhibition Exhibition of of MULUNGUSHI MULUNGUSHI ROCK ROCK OF OF AUTHORITY AUTHORITY andand its its contribution contribution to to the the political political history history of of Zambia Zambia and and beyond beyond borders borders,, in in HonourHonour of of Dr. Dr. Kenneth Kenneth David David Kaunda Kaunda the the Founding Founding President President of of thethe R Republicepublic of of Zambia Zambia Coryndon at Lealui: Middle row, left to right: Litia, Lewanika, Worthington, Coryndon, Sykes, a missionary, second from right in the back row. Sir Robert Coryndon: He arrived at King Lewanika's capital, Lealui in October 1897 Sir Robert Codrington: He was which was followed by signing of an Order- administrator of North-Eastern Rhodesia in- Council by vQueen Victoria in 1899 that from 11 July 1898 to 24 April 1907. He put Barotseland (North-Western Rhodesia) succeeded Coryndon as administrator of under the BSAC, in 1900, he was appointed North-Western Rhodesia in February Administrator. 1908 until his death on 16th December 1908. Zambia was colonized from two points, Government Administrative House, North-Western and North-Eastern Livingstone from 1907 until 1935 when Rhodesia. The pink area represents the administrative capital moved from North-Western Rhodesia and the Blue Livingstone to Lusaka. area, North-Eastern Rhodesia from 1905 to 1911, when they were amalgamated to form Northern Rhodesia. The red line denotes the border between them from 1899. The Sir Lawrence Wallace: He was green area was Barotseland up to 1915. administrator of North-Eastern Rhodesia from April 1907 to January 1909, administrator of North-Western Rhodesia from January 1909 to August 1911. He was the first administrator of Northern Rhodesia, August 1911 to March 1921. 3 A APhotographic Photographic Exhibition Exhibition of of MULUNGUSHI MULUNGUSHI ROCK ROCK OF OF AUTHORITY AUTHORITY andand its its contribution contribution to to the the political political history history of of Zambia Zambia and and beyond beyond borders borders,, in in HonourHonour of of Dr. Dr. Kenneth Kenneth David David Kaunda Kaunda the the Founding Founding President President of of thethe R Republicepublic of of Zambia Zambia RESISTANCE TO COLONIAL RULE: FORMATION OFAFRICAN WELFARE SOCIETIES From the late nineteenth century to 1924, colonial Zambia was under the BSAC rule and thereafter up to 1964, under Colonial Office rule in London. Both the BSAC and Colonial Office rule were harsh on the indigenous African people. The Company introduced tax as early as 1904 and this turned African men into a horde of migrant laborers. Company rule was often brutal. Those who failed to pay tax were often flogged in front of their children, wives and in-laws while their huts were often burnt. African workers on European enterprises such as farms, houses and mines were often subjected to ill-treatment and called derogatorily such as 'boy' by Europeans regardless of their age. Africans received very low wages compared to those of European workers. They lived in small houses in overcrowded locations while Europeans lived in large houses in spacious suburbs. Society was ridden with racism and colour bar in which the European and African people had separate shopping and residential areas, went to different hospitals and social amenities while their children went to separate schools. In all this, Europeans had the best facilities. The mal-treatment received by Africans forced them to demand their rights. In a number of districts, welfare societies were formed to fight for the interests of their African members. The first was the Mwenzo Welfare Society. It was formed in 1923 and led by Donald Siwale. In 1946, these were transformed into a strong force the Federation of Welfare Societies under Dauti Yamba to fight for workers' rights. A typical village in Northern Zambia during the early colonial Whites riding on African backs through the Kafue British South Africa Company hut tax period. Each of these huts could be accessed for taxation swamps tokens, 1903 – 1916. During the colonial era, Africans were saddled with various kinds of taxation. Dauti Yamba: He was the leader of the Federation of Welfare Societies formed in 1946 to champion workers' rights. Chain gang at Fort Rosebury (Mansa), c. 1905. Tax defaulters could be incorporated into forced labour gangs such as this one Donald Siwale: Was a founder member of the Mwenzo Welfare Society in 1923. 4 A Photographic Exhibition of MULUNGUSHI ROCK OF AUTHORITY and its contribution to the political history of Zambia and beyond borders, in Honour of Dr. Kenneth David Kaunda the Founding President of the Republic of Zambia INTENSIFICATION OF AFRICAN STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE: FORMATION OF NORTHERN RHODESIA AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (NRAC) In 1948, the Federation of Welfare Societies was transformed into a political party, namely the Northern Rhodesia African Congress (NRAC) with Godwin Lewanika as its President. In 1948, an African Mine Workers Union was formed and in the following year mine unions amalgamated to form Northern Rhodesia African Mine Workers Union led by Lawrence Katilungu. The mine worker’s union augmented the nationalists' struggle for independence. In the second half of the 1940s, the settler community convened to plan for the amalgamation of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland to form the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. As the Federation issue came to a head in 1951 – 1953, there was an intensified political pressure on the African side which in 1951 led to the formation of the Northern Rhodesia African National Congress (NRANC), shortened as African National Congress (ANC) in order to give it a national character.