A Photographic Exhibition of MULUNGUSHI ROCK of AUTHORITY and Its Contribution to the Political History of Zambia and Beyond Borders, in Honour of Dr

A APhotographic Photographic Exhibition Exhibition of of MULUNGUSHI MULUNGUSHI ROCK ROCK OF OF AUTHORITY AUTHORITY andand its its contribution contribution to to the the political political history history of of Zambia Zambia and and beyond beyond borders borders,, in in HonourHonour of of Dr. Dr. Kenneth Kenneth David David Kaunda Kaunda the the Founding Founding President President of of thethe R Republicepublic of of Zambia Zambia

INTRODUCTION

umans in the territory now known as Zambia went through various pre-historical and historical processes and experiences to reach the current stage. These include the Stone Age (Early, Middle and Late) H characterized by stone technology and foraging, the Iron Age characterized by iron technology, pottery, and later, cattle keeping and farming. Precolonial kingdoms and ethnic migrations and settlement into Zambia began around 1500 and was complete by 1850. By the end of the 17th century, the territory, just like most parts of Africa around this period, had begun to experience European intrusion. These included explorers, traders, missionaries and ﬁnally, by the end of the 19th century, colonialists.

This photographic exhibition which is in honour of the late Dr. Kenneth D. Kaunda, the founding Father of the Republic of Zambia, who relentlessly fought for the decolonisation of Zambia, focuses on the period starting from the intrusion of European colonial rule. It provides detailed information on the Zambian people's struggles for self- determination with particular focus on the Mulungushi Rock of Authority in relation to its signiﬁcance in the liberation of the country from the colonial yoke. It also highlights the role it played following independence, particularly its contribution to the socio-economic and political development of the country through the various pronouncements made at the site. The exhibition starts by providing a brief of Zambia's colonisation process and decolonisation achieved through a spirited struggle that nationalists led by Dr. Kaunda mounted in which the Mulungushi Rock of Authority played a signiﬁcant role. It also looks at the role it played in the decolonisation of the Southern African

region and the role it later assumed as a bastion of learning.

By the time of colonial intrusion in the territory, ethnic conﬁguration had attained contemporary locational structure

COLONISATION OF ZAMBIA

The territory now known as Zambia was colonized from two fronts; the North-West region in what was known as Barotseland and North-Eastern region. The architect of this process was Cecil John Rhodes through his British South Africa Company (BSAC) who had dreamed of planting British imperial rule from the Cape in South Africa to Cairo in Egypt. In North-Western Zambia, colonization was achieved through concessions and treaties that he, through his agents, signed with King Lewanika. On the other hand, in North- John Cecil Rhodes, founder of the British Negotiation between Lubosi Lewanika, King of the Lozi Eastern Zambia, it was achieved through a South Africa Company (BSAC) and architect people and Frank Lochner, a representative of Rhodes' combination of war, treaties and of the colonization of Northern and Southern BSAC. The two signed the Lochner Concession in 1890. The Rhodesia and Nyasaland now Zambia, Lochner Concession became the basis for the Company's concessions. The BSAC had to wage a war Zimbabwe and Malawi claim to control Lewanika's territory.

with Nsingo of the Ngoni while in

Bembaland, they had to wage a war with the Bemba until both were defeated. By 1900, the BSAC had brought Zambia into effective colonial rule. It was governed as two territories, North-Western Rhodesia with capital at Choma and later Livingstone and North-Eastern Rhodesia with Capital at Fort Jameson (Chipata). In 1911 the two territories were amalgamated to form Northern Rhodesia with capital in Livingstone until it was moved to Lusaka in 1935. Arthur Lawley and Robert Coryndon

King Lewanika of the Lozi people

Coryndon at Lealui: Middle row, left to right: Litia, Lewanika, Worthington, Coryndon, Sykes, a missionary, second from right in the back row. Sir Robert Coryndon: He arrived at King Lewanika's capital, Lealui in October 1897 Sir Robert Codrington: He was which was followed by signing of an Order- administrator of North-Eastern Rhodesia in- Council by vQueen Victoria in 1899 that from 11 July 1898 to 24 April 1907. He put Barotseland (North-Western Rhodesia) succeeded Coryndon as administrator of under the BSAC, in 1900, he was appointed North-Western Rhodesia in February Administrator. 1908 until his death on 16th December 1908.

Zambia was colonized from two points, Government Administrative House, North-Western and North-Eastern Livingstone from 1907 until 1935 when Rhodesia. The pink area represents the administrative capital moved from North-Western Rhodesia and the Blue Livingstone to Lusaka. area, North-Eastern Rhodesia from 1905 to 1911, when they were amalgamated to form Northern Rhodesia. The red line denotes the border between them from 1899. The Sir Lawrence Wallace: He was green area was Barotseland up to 1915. administrator of North-Eastern Rhodesia from April 1907 to January 1909, administrator of North-Western Rhodesia from January 1909 to August 1911. He was the ﬁrst administrator of Northern Rhodesia, August 1911 to March 1921.

RESISTANCE TO COLONIAL RULE: FORMATION OFAFRICAN WELFARE SOCIETIES From the late nineteenth century to 1924, colonial Zambia was under the BSAC rule and thereafter up to 1964, under Colonial Office rule in London. Both the BSAC and Colonial Office rule were harsh on the indigenous African people. The Company introduced tax as early as 1904 and this turned African men into a horde of migrant laborers. Company rule was often brutal. Those who failed to pay tax were often flogged in front of their children, wives and in-laws while their huts were often burnt. African workers on European enterprises such as farms, houses and mines were often subjected to ill-treatment and called derogatorily such as 'boy' by Europeans regardless of their age. Africans received very low wages compared to those of European workers. They lived in small houses in overcrowded locations while Europeans lived in large houses in spacious suburbs. Society was ridden with racism and colour bar in which the European and African people had separate shopping and residential areas, went to different hospitals and social amenities while their children went to separate schools. In all this, Europeans had the best facilities.

The mal-treatment received by Africans forced them to demand their rights. In a number of districts, welfare societies were formed to fight for the interests of their African members. The first was the Mwenzo Welfare Society. It was formed in 1923 and led by Donald Siwale. In 1946, these were transformed into a strong force the Federation of Welfare Societies under Dauti Yamba to fight for workers'

rights.

A typical village in Northern Zambia during the early colonial Whites riding on African backs through the Kafue British South Africa Company hut tax period. Each of these huts could be accessed for taxation swamps tokens, 1903 – 1916. During the colonial era, Africans were saddled with various kinds of taxation.

Dauti Yamba: He was the leader of the Federation of Welfare Societies formed in 1946 to champion workers' rights.

Chain gang at Fort Rosebury (Mansa), c. 1905. Tax defaulters could be incorporated into forced labour gangs such as this one Donald Siwale: Was a founder member of the Mwenzo Welfare Society in 1923.

A Photographic Exhibition of MULUNGUSHI ROCK OF AUTHORITY and its contribution to the political history of Zambia and beyond borders, in Honour of Dr. Kenneth David Kaunda the Founding President of the Republic of Zambia

INTENSIFICATION OF AFRICAN STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE: FORMATION OF NORTHERN RHODESIA AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (NRAC) In 1948, the Federation of Welfare Societies was transformed into a political party, namely the Northern Rhodesia African Congress (NRAC) with Godwin Lewanika as its President. In 1948, an African Mine Workers Union was formed and in the following year mine unions amalgamated to form Northern Rhodesia African Mine Workers Union led by Lawrence Katilungu. The mine worker’s union augmented the nationalists' struggle for independence.

In the second half of the 1940s, the settler community convened to plan for the amalgamation of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland to form the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. As the Federation issue came to a head in 1951 – 1953, there was an intensiﬁed political pressure on the African side which in 1951 led to the formation of the Northern Rhodesia African National Congress (NRANC), shortened as African National Congress (ANC) in order to give it a national character. The party was put under the presidency of Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula, a much younger and more militant leader than Lewanika who was considered moderate. The party was a mass nationalist movement that spoke and fought for the whole nation. Between 1951 and 1953 the party condemned the plans to establish the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Africans did not want Federation because they feared that linking Northern Rhodesia to Southern Rhodesia that was already being ruled by whites would prevent Northern Rhodesia from obtaining its own independence. The party also condemned the Colonial government for not including African representatives in the Legislative Assembly.

Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula: Became Sir Roy Welensky: He was a locomotive President of Northern Rhodesia African engine driver who later on actively Congress, taking over from Lewanika in participated in European settler politics Lawrence Chola Katilungu: Founder 1951, renaming it Northern Rhodesia in Northern Rhodesia. He was the chief Godwin Mbikusita Lewanika: He was the of the African Mine workers' Union African National Congress to give it a architect and defender of the ill-fated ﬁrst President of the Northern Rhodesia which augmented African national character. He was fondly called Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Congress formed in 1948. aspirations for independence. In the “Old Lion” and considered father of In 1938 he was elected a Legislative fact, he was acting President of African mass nationalist politics in Council Member (MP) of Kabwe until Congress when Nkumbula was Zambia. 1954 when John Roberts took over. In jailed. 1956, he became the second and last Prime Minister of the Federation which was dissolved in 1963.

INTENSIFICATION OF AFRICAN STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE: FORMATION OF ZAMBIA AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (ZANC) By 1954, out of 26 members of the Legislative Council (Legco) in Northern Rhodesia, only four were Africans. Africans demanded more representation and from 1956 onwards, they demanded universal suffrage under the slogan of 'One man, One vote.' Consequently, in 1957, Arthur Benson, the Governor of Northern Rhodesia introduced a new constitution.

The Arthur Benson Constitution wanted to increase the number of African seats in the Legislative Council from four to eight against those of elected white members that stood at twelve. The Benson Constitution proved to be divisive as some members of the African National Congress, which included its President, Harry M. Nkumbula, felt that the best thing was for the Congress to enter the constitutional arena and stage the ﬁght from within. On the other hand, a small section of the party felt that the struggle from within would be most ineffective under the Benson Constitution that placed many limitations on the African nationalist party and did not allow the 'One man One vote' franchise. The Benson Constitution also brought into the fore the shimmering intraparty Beer hall riots by the Africans in Ndola, April 1958. squabbles in the Congress. Militant party ofﬁcials began to criticise their party president, Nkumbula. He was accused of being a moderate and of mishandling party affairs.

Robert Kapasa Makasa: One Nkumula addressing a Nkumbula addressing a meeting in of the early founders of political rally, 16 the 1950s. ZANC. September 1957.

Discussing the Moffat Resolutions, August 1954. From left to right: S.M. Chileshe, M.L.M.; M. Kakumbi, M.P.; L. Ngandu, M.L.C.; R. Nabulyato, M.L.C.; D. Yambo, M.P. Behind, left to right: P. Sokota, M.L.C; K.D. Kaunda; H.M. Nkumbula; E.M. Kenneth Kaunda, sitting, with Ellison Liso and A. Hiwa, representing ANC.

Milambo, ANC, Southern Provincial Kenneth Kaunda in his Chilenje house soon after release from prison in March 1953, wearing a President, late 1953. black toga as a sign of political unrest.

Kenneth Kaunda, led by a praise singer (cheer- leader), arrives at his ﬁrst public meeting outside Broken Hill's (Kabwe) Welfare Centre the day after his election in 1958. Shortly afterwards the gathering of 2,000 conﬁrmed his election by thrice shouting “ZANC.”

House No. E 1376: Located along Misumbu Road in Bwacha Compound, Kabwe. It is in this house where Kenneth Kaunda was elected President of ZANC in Kenneth Kaunda in Lusaka Central Prison, March 1958. June 1959. The photograph was taken hurriedly and without ofﬁcial permission. On October 25, 1958 in Lusaka: Delegates enter the Kabwata Hall where they re-elected Harry Nkumbula President of ANC.

BIRTH OF UNITED NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE PARTY In October, 1958, an emergency Party Conference was called to resolve the problems besetting the ANC but failed as some delegates walked out of the meeting. Among the persons that left were Kenneth Kaunda who was the Secretary- General of the party, Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe, Munukayumbwa Sipalo, Reuben Kamanga, Robert Kapasa Makasa, Justin Chimba, D. Kokola and Paul Kalichini. They formed another party called Zambia National Congress (ZANC) on the night of October 24, 1958 and Kenneth Kaunda was elected President at an inaugural conference held at Broken Hill (Kabwe) on November 8, 1958. The party's slogan was 'self-government now!' This alarmed the Colonial authority and so on March 11, 1959, the Governor, under the Emergency Powers Regulations, banned ZANC and its leaders were arrested and restricted to remote parts of the country where government thought there was no nationalist awareness.”

Following the ban of ZANC two parties, namely; African National Independence Party (ANIP) founded by Paul Kalichini and Frank Chitambala and the United National Freedom Party (UNFP) under Solomon Kalulu and Dickson Konkola were formed. The two parties merged to form United National Independence Party (UNIP) under the leadership of Paul Kalichini. Later Mathias Chona who had broken away from ANC joined UNIP An Interim Committee of UNIP. was appointed with Mainza Chona as the Interim President, awaiting the release of Kenneth Kaunda, former leader of ZANC from prison. The motto of the party was 'Freedom Now!' Towards the end of 1959, Kenneth Kaunda was released from jail in Southern Rhodesia where

he was incarcerated. In 1960, Chona stepped down and Kenneth Kaunda assumed the presidency of UNIP.

Lewis Changufu Solomon Kalulu Fines Bulawayo Mainza Chona

Kenneth Kaunda addressing a UNIP rally at Mulungushi Rock In London for the Northern Rhodesia Constitutional Conference, February 1961: of Authority in July 1961 Paramount Chief Undi, Chief Mapanza, Chief Chikwanda, L. Ngandu, M.L.C., K.D. Kaunda and N. Sipalo 8

MULUNGUSHI ROCK OF AUTHORITY AND INDEPENDENCE During one of its Central Committee meetings in 1961, UNIP discussed the subject of holding a national conference for the party in which 2, 000 to 3,000 delegates were expected to be in attendance. One of the two task teams composed of Grey Zulu and Brian Nkonde located a rocky place, the Mulungushi site about 25-30 km north of Kabwe, lying along the banks of Mulungushi River from which it derived its name. This site was unanimously resolved as suitable for holding the envisaged conference. It was originally known as Mulungushi Rock, later Rock of Independence and after independence in 1964 as Mulungush Rock of Authority. UNIP held its ﬁrst General Conference in 1961 where the Five Point Master Plan was mooted and agreed upon. Among others, the Five Point Master Plan involved civil disobedience which included the Cha Cha Cha campaign. This campaign saw the blocking of roads with logs of wood and the destruction of government infrastructure such as ofﬁces and schools. From 1964 to 1991, MRA became a symbolic site where UNIP held its yearly congresses and other party conferences where major policy speeches and statements that controlled the country's political and economic direction were made. Consequently, several major critical historical declarations that controlled the destiny of the country were made at this historic site.

A Plaque erected at Mulungushi Rock of Authority

Cha Cha Cha was derived from a type of dance then popular in Grey Zulu, one of the This Rock was located by Mr Grey the Congo (DRC) but in this context it was meant to warn founders of the Rock for Zulu and Mr Brian Nkonde to enable colonial masters that they were going to 'face the music' if they the purpose of holding a the UNIP hold a national conference failed to capitulate to African demands for independence. UNIP national away from the watchful colonial eye. conference. The other The Rock is the foundation of was Brian I. Nkonde. Zambia's independence and is located within the radius of 5km of Mulungushi University.

Men of the Mobile Police Unit in action during Cha- Cha-Cha, 1961. A road block set up during Cha-Cha-Cha, 1961. UNIP activists with protest posters to greet the visit of Colonial Secretary Maudling, 1961

Colonial Secretary Maudling with Governor Hone greets UNIP UNIP rally at Kitwe, June 1962 Mama Chikamoneka: She was a delegation at Governor's House, December 1961. Left to right: ﬁrebrand nationalist who confronted Mainza Chona, Arthur Wina, Sir Stewart Gore-Brown, Solomon white colonialists without fear. Kalulu, Aaron Milner and Kenneth Kaunda

The Secretary of State for Colonies, Mr Ian Macleod being Mass burning of identiﬁcation certiﬁcates in Kitwe. met by demonstrations on his arrival on 4 March in Lusaka. Macleod announced that constitutional talks on the country's future would have to await the completion of the Federal review conference

Women protesting during Maudling visit

Multi-racial ceremony for the burial of the Central African Federation, Chililabombwe, 31 December 1963.

Sir Mwanawina Lewanika III, Litunga of Barotseland, one of the signatories to the Barotse Agreement with Dr Kenneth Kaunda

Dr Kaunda, Prime Minister, Northern Rhodesia signing the Barotse Agreement, 19th May 1963. The Agreement uniﬁed Barotseland to the rest of Zambia. The other signatories were Sir Mwanawina Lewanika III, Litunga of Barotseland and Sir Duncan Sundays (seen on Dr Kaunda's right hand side), Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and Colonies, representing the British Government.

Independence celebrations - Lowering of the Union Jack by the Princes Royal of the United Kingdom on at midnight, The first Zambian Cabinet. It was announced a 24th October 1964. Lights were off except for the month before Independence: Seated, left to right: Independence Torch. Dr Kaunda received the flag of the A.G. Zulu (Transport and Works), S. Kalulu (National Republic and in doing so became the first President of Resources), H.D. Banda (Housing and Social Zambia Development),, R.C. Kamanga (Vice President Disignate), M.M. Chona (Home Affairs), N. Mundia (Commerce and Industry), S. Wina (Local President Kaunda receiving the Instrument of Government). Standing, left to right: A.W. Gamonara Government from the Princess Royal at the (Secretary to the Cabinet), P. Matoka (Information, Independence ceremony on 24 October 1964 at Post Office and Telegraphs), S.M. Kapwepwe Independence Stadium, Lusaka. (Foreign Affairs), J.N. Skinner (Justice), A.N. Wina (Finance), M. Sipalo (Health), M.J. Chomba (Labour and Mines), E.K. Mudenda (Agriculture), J. Mwanakatwe (Education), E.S. Kapotwe (Senior Principle, Cabinet Office), D. Joy (Principle, Cabinet Office)

Mulungushi Rock of Authority after Independence

Following the attainment of Independence in 1964, MRA became a symbolic site where UNIP held its annual congresses and other party conferences where major policy speeches and statements that controlled the country's socio-political economic direction were made. Among these were the Mulungushi

Economic Reforms (MER) declared on 19th April 1968. The

MER were the ﬁrst of the various economic reforms that the

UNIP nationalist government embarked on in its endeavour to President Kaundas improve the economic, social and political lives of the Zambian Mulungushi Economic people. Reforms speech, April 1968

In the following year, the MER were complemented by the The gateway to the famous Mulungushi Conference site better Matero reforms declared in August 1969 by Kenneth Kaunda known as Mulungushi Rock of which nationalised the Copper industry. The economic reforms Authority, where the Mulungushi had a huge impact on the social and economic fabric of the Economic Reforms were declared Zambian society throughout the UNIP era and its impacts are in 1968 still being felt long after the ousting of the UNIP government. Although the UNIP government-controlled economic system was discarded by the MMD government in 1991 in favour of the neo- liberal economic system, it set the foundation upon which successive governments built and continue to build the country.

Other well-known landmark pronouncements made at MRA include: Delegates having their meal · A speech (A path to the future) in which the historical during the 8th General announcement abolishing fees in hospitals and schools were Conference at Mulungushi Rock of Authority, September 1978 made by President Kaunda at the opening of UNIP General Conference in 1966. · The UNIP conference in which the philosophy of Humanism was presented and accepted at the party's Annual Conference and the principles of one party politics tabled to participants, in August 1967. · A restatement of UNIP's desire to establish a humanist society which was man centred in November 1968 was made. · The watershed speech made on 30th June 1975 which President Kaunda (middle), Party President Kaunda addressing delegates when he nationalised land and transformed Crown land into state while Secretary General, Grey Zulu, left ofﬁcially opened the 8th UNIP General land owned by absentee landlords was nationalised. and Prime Minister Elijah Conference at Mulungushi Rock of Authority · It was also at this site that UNIP debated on the possibility of Mudenda leaving the Presidential which was attended by President Julias Nyerere chalet at Mulungushi Rock of of Tanzania, Sir SeretseKhama of Botswana and the reintroduction of multiparty politics, 1990. Authority to ofﬁcially open the 9th Dr Augustino Neto of Angola, 9 September 1978 Mulungushi UNIP National Council on 20th September 1976

MULUNGUSHI ROCK OF AUTHORITY AND THE LIBERATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICA: THE MULUNGUSHI CLUB

The MRA hosted various international and regional meetings aimed at promoting international peace and security in the Southern African region which was then ridden with liberation wars and conﬂicts. Through the various meetings held on the site, the region was able to avert serious conﬂicts and confrontations thereby ensure countries that were then under colonial hegemony such as Angola, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Namibia were liberated. In fact, a regional club the Mulungush Club was named after the Rock of Authority. The Club was composed of three ruling political parties via-a-vis Julius Nyerere of Tanzania's The Mulungushi Club members: From left to right, The Mulungushi Club architects: From left to right, Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), Kenneth Presidents Nyerere, Obote and Kaunda at Mulungushi Rock President Obote of Uganda, President Kaunda of Zambia after a meeting. and in the far right, President Nyerere of Tanzania. Between Kaunda of Zambia's UNIP and Milton Kaunda and Nyerere is Reuben Kamanga. Obote of Uganda's Uganda People's Congress (UPP) as well as the African National Congress of South Africa which was not in power but in exile under the leadership of Oliver Tambo who used to attend the meetings of the Mulungushi Club.

The MRA was therefore also a symbol of independent Black Africa's resolve to end colonial rule in Africa through coming up with deliberate policies and strategies aimed at accelerating African decolonization. Its focus was on the liberation of Southern Africa and met frequently at MRA. The Mulungushi Club Mulungushi Rock of Authority members: From left to right, Presidents Obote, Kaunda and on the far right, was however short-lived and from its Nyerere. ashes in 1976 was born the Frontline States.

MRA AND THE LIBERATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICA CONTINUED: FRONTLINE STATES

The Frontline States (FLS) was born in 1975 out of the ruins of the Mulungushi Club which operated approximately from 1970 to 1974. It was an informal alliance of respected heads of state rather than interstate organization. Its original members were Zambia, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire. President Kaunda of Zambia, Nyerere of Tanzania and Sir Seretse Khama of Botswana were the original founders of the FLS together with Samora Machel of Mozambique. It was later joined by Angola in 1976.

Like its predecessor, the Mulungushi Club, the Frontline States was constituted as an informal forum for discussing mostly political and military challenges common among liberation movements and independent countries that hosted them such as Zambia and Tanzania. Its main objective was to manage the liberation war in Zimbabwe. It expanded to six when Zimbabwe got her independence in 1980. Following

Zimbabwe's independence, its general aim was to end racism Frontline Heads of States, left to right: Samora Machel of Mozambique, President and ensure that Southern Africa was independent. Kaunda of Zambia, President Nyerere of Tanzania and President Augustino Neto of Consequently, in 1990, Namibia became independent and Angola when they met for talks on unity in the Patriotic Front of Zimbabwe at Beira, joined the organization in the same year and in 1994, South Mozambique.

Africa attained Black majority rule and also became a member of the FLS before it came to an end in the same year as its objectives of decolonizing the Southern African region had been achieved.

It should also be pointed out that the Frontline States organisation was the driving force in the creation of the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference (SADCC). Thus, Mulungushi Rock of Authority is signiﬁcant in the decolonisation process of the Southern African region as it provided a forum on which Mulungushi Club met which ultimately birthed the Frontline States organization that completed the decolonisation process of the region. This was achieved with the co-existence and collaboration with other regional groupings with similar objectives such as the Central and East African Countries (CEAC) and the African mother body, the Orgnisation of African Unity formed in 1963 now the African Union. President Nyerere of Tanzania, Chairman of the Frontline States, speaking at a press conference after a meeting with Andrew Young, USA Ambassador to the UN and British Foreign Secretary, Dr David Owen on 27 August 1977. On his right is President Kaunda of Zambia. 14

PARTY CONFERENCES (OTHER THAN THOSE OF UNIP) HOSTED AT MULUNGUSHI AFTER 1991

Following the ousting of the UNIP government from power in the 1991 General elections by the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) under Frederick Chiluba, the Mulungushi Rock of Authority, just like in the time of the UNIP Government continued playing its role of endorsing political party leadership in the country. Its significance as a political shrine to hold party political conventions was recognized by MMD. Hence, in July 1995, the MMD held its first convention at Mulungushi Rock of Authority. At this convention Levy Patrick Mwanawasa challenged Dr Chiluba for the MMD party presidency but lost. It was also at the Mulungushi Rock of Authority that the MMD held its rally to announce the names of the parliamentary candidates Movement for Multiparty Democracy Patriotic Party (PF) Conference proceedings adopted for the 1996 general elections in which Frederick Chiluba was (MMD) conference proceedings at at Mulungushi Rock of Authority, 2014 Mulungushi Rock of Authority, 2011 subsequently re-elected President of Zambia. Following President Chiluba's botched third term bid, Mwanawasa was elected MMD President. Subsequently, on 31st December 2001, he was elected Republican President and took office on 2nd January 2002.

From 13th to17th July, 1995, the MMD held its fifth Convention at the Rock of Authority. The convention made Mwanawasa the presidential candidate for the MMD party in the 1996 elections which he won taking over office for his second tenure on 2nd January 2006. Following President Mwanawasa's demise on 19th August 2008, Rupiah Banda took office as Acting President on the same date. He was subsequently elected President in a presidential bye-election that took place in Patriotic Front (PF) President Michael Sata Patriotic Front President Michael greeting US Ambassador to Zambia, Mark Sata with two diplomats at the PF November 2008. From 5th to7th April 2011, the MMD held its Storella during the PF General Conference in General Conference, July 2011 convention at the Rock of Authority. At this Convention, Rupiah Banda July 2011 was elected MMD presidential candidate for the 2011 General Elections. In July 2011, the Patriotic Party (PF) also held its first ever General Conference at the Rock of Authority in which Michael Sata went through unopposed for the position of Party Presidency and candidate for the September 2011 tripartite elections which he won. He took over office as President of Zambia on 23rd September 2011. Following President Sata's sudden death on 28th October 2014, it was at Mulungushi Rock of Authority that the PF held its extra-ordinary General Conference in which Edgar Chagwa Lungu came out victorious as its President and subsequently won the Presidential by- election that took place in January 2015, taking over office as President of Zambia on 25th January 2015. He was re-elected for a full Presidential term in 2016. Jubilant crowd at the extra-ordinary PF General Conference held at Mulungushi Rock of Authority in October 2014. At this Conference President Edgar C. Lungu was elected PF President and Presidential candidate in the 2015 Presidential bye-election and won. 15

MULUNGUSHI ROCK OF AUTHORITY AS AN ACADEMIC CENTRE

The President's Citizenship In 1972, the UNIP Government established The President's College was the first Citizenship College at the Rock of Authority through an Act of academic institution established at Mulungushi Parliament. The principal objective for establishing the college Rock of Abbuthority focused on the reduction of poverty, developing good governance and in the area of decentralisation, and local government, citizenship participation in the reform process and good financial management. People from different walks of life, the civil service, the military, trade unions, co-operatives were to be trained and participate in matters of national importance such as the above noted through political education. The College also endeavoured to inculcate values of humility, The President's Citizenship selflessness, patriotism and public service in the country's College was transformed into leaders. the National College for Management and Development Studies in In 1994, the College was transformed into the National College 1994. In May 1999, it of Management and Development Studies (NCMDS). Its commemorated its existence as a college, right from the portfolio was expanded to include systematic academic inception of the institution programmes such as human resource management, business that birthed it, the President's studies and social work at certificate and diploma levels. Under Citizenship College. the Movement for Multiparty government which was now in power, the college was left open to anybody that needed to study in any of the various courses offered at the institution.

On 21 January 2008, the National College President Kaunda ofﬁcially opening for Management and Development Studies Mulungushi University Students graduating at the Rock of the leaders' Seminar at President's was transformed into a university – Authority. Citizenship College, Mulungushi Mulungushi University. Rock of Authority on 14 September 1976

On 1st December 2007 the NCMDS was dissolved by (Dissolution of Council) Order Statutory Instrument No. 104 of 2007. This instrument transferred the College's assets to Mulungushi University, which came into effect (established) on 1st January 2008 to run through Private Public Partnership (PPP) arrangement. Currently, Mulungushi University has three campuses, the Great

North Road Campus at the Rock of Authority site, the Town Campus in Kabwe town and the Livingstone Campus in Livingstone. Over the years, the

University has grown into six major schools – School of Social Sciences, School of Engineering and Information Technology, School of Agriculture, Dr Kaunda reading his acceptance speech for the Doctor School of Business Studies, School of Medicine, and School of Education. of Philosophy awarded to him by Mulungushi University located at the Rock of Authority. He called upon the Every year, these have been churning out the much needed human resource University to mainstream “the core values of national at undergraduate and post-graduate levels. The University's climax was unity, stability and harmony into some of its programmes as the world was full of turmoil, conﬂicts and wars with achieved when it conferred the First President of the Republic of Zambia, Dr attendant loss of life and property.'' Kenneth David Kaunda with an Honorary Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Political Science for his vast achievements in statecraft, liberation in Zambia and neighbouring countries, including peaceful handover of power.

Dr Kaunda after being conferred with Doctor of Philosophy. From left to right, Hon. Mushanga, Central Province Minister, Prof. Nkandu Luo, Minister of Higher Education. On Dr Kaunda’s, left is Prof. Oliver Sasaa, Chancellor, Mulungushi, Prof Hellicy C. Ngambi, Vice Chancellor, Mulungushi University and Prof. Anne Sikwibele, Dean, School of Education.

The climax of MRA as a learning centre was achieved on 10th November 2017 when the First President of the Republic of Zambia, Dr Kenneth Kaunda was conferred with an Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy in Political Science for his vast achievements in statecraft, liberation in Zambia and neighbouring countries, including peaceful handover of power.

In photo Dr. Kaunda is being congratulated by Prof. Oliver Sassa, Chancellor, Mulungushi University The First President of Zambia, Dr Kaunda with Vice Chancellor, Mulungushi University, Prof. HC Ngámbi during the conferment of the hononary Doctorate of Philosophy in Political Science at the Rock of Authority