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The Role of Identity and Interest in the Evolution and Sustenance of Sino-Zambian Relations: a Constructivist Perspective ___

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The Role of Identity and Interest in the Evolution and Sustenance of Sino-Zambian Relations: a Constructivist Perspective ___ THE ROLE OF IDENTITY AND INTEREST IN THE EVOLUTION AND SUSTENANCE OF SINO-ZAMBIAN RELATIONS: A CONSTRUCTIVIST PERSPECTIVE ______________________________________________________________________ By EMMANUEL MATAMBO (Student Number: 212557328) _______________________________________________________________________ A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Academic Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Political Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. SUPERVISOR: DR KHONDLO MTSHALI NOVEMBER 2017 DECLARATION I, Emmanuel Matambo, declare that, I. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original research. II. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other University. III. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, picture, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. IV. This thesis does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced; b. Where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed in quotations marks, and referenced. V. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the reference list. _________________________ _________________________ Signed Date ii CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this dissertation titled “The Role of Identity and Interest in the Evolution and Sustenance of Sino-Zambian Relations: A Constructivist Perspective” is an original work by Emmanuel Matambo (Student No. 212557328). The study was carried out under my supervision and academic guidance and is hence accepted and recommended for approval for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Political Science by the University of KwaZulu-Natal. __________________________________ Dr Khondlo Mtshali (Thesis Supervisor) Date: _____________________________ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is not a result of the last three years – from the time I registered for my doctorate degree; it is a culmination of an intellectual peregrination that started twenty-three years ago (in 1994) when I first stepped into a classroom. For that reason, I pledge my immeasurable gratitude to my family, friends, instructors and mentors who have been a part of this journey. I would like to thank Dr Khondlo Mtshali for supervising all my postgraduate theses thus far. Without his encouragement, I would never have undertaken to attain qualifications that I deemed too demanding. The respondents who selflessly allowed me to encroach on their time so that I can fulfil my aspirations for this project deserve my heartfelt gratitude. The profundity of my appreciation cannot be reduced to what words are able to convey. I hope that, going forward, what I will do as a response to what I have discovered through this research will be a befitting token of indebtedness for their contribution. I hope that the consequences of my efforts to make Zambia a better place as it interacts with China and the rest of the world will stand me in good stead if my legacy and reputation will be arraigned before the courts of posterity. The University of KwaZulu-Natal has left me in its debt - forever. I will always cherish the experiences I have had at this illustrious centre of African scholarship. I would like to render my sincere appreciation to the Durban University of Technology (Midlands campuses), an institution that has been the mainstay of my intellectual, social and financial wellbeing for the last three years. That I have never been formally a student at this institution deepens my thanks even more. iv DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to the many Zambians who, by no fault of their own, have been subjected to one of the most abject circumstances on this earth, due partly to the vicissitudes of global politics and to the mismanagement that emanates from the leadership of their own country. My thoughts are especially with those individuals like my mother (Stephania Kangwa) who continue to strive to make a better living for those around them in the face of very dire challenges. Their fortitude sustains my hope that the best for Zambia is yet to come. v A NOTE ON NAMES The research contains a lot of Chinese names whose spelling might not be the spelling that other readers are accustomed to. For example, Mao Zedong (as written in this thesis) has bas been referred to as Mao Tse-Tung by some writers (e.g. Payne 2014), just as Zhou En-Lai has occasionally been written as Chou En-Lai. The researcher implores readers to take these variations into consideration. Finally, Chinese family names (surnames) precede forenames when written in full. Thus, Mao Zedong is Mao where the author opts to use the surname only. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS AFP .. Agence France-Press ANC .. African National Congress BBC .. British Broadcasting Corporation BGRIMM .. Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy CCP/CPC .. The Chinese Communist Party/Communist Party of China CNMC .. China Non-Ferrous Metal Mining Co CPSU .. Communist Party of the Soviet Union DC .. District Commissioner FDI .. Foreign Direct Investment FOCAC .. Forum on China-Africa Cooperation GMD .. Kuomintang HRW .. Human Rights Watch IR .. International Relations JCTR .. Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflection MMD .. Movement for Multiparty Democracy NPP .. National Progressive Party OAU .. Organisation of African Unity PF .. Patriotic Front PLA .. People’s Liberation Army PRC .. The People’s Republic of China SACP .. South African Communist Party TAZARA .. Tanzania-Zambia Railway Line vii TNC .. Transnational Corporation UN .. United Nations UNIP .. United National Independence Party UPP .. United Progressive Party US .. The United States of America USSR .. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (also referred to as The Soviet Union) WTO .. World Trade Organisation ZANC .. Zambia African National Congress ZCTU .. Zambia Congress of Trade Unions ZEC .. Zambia Episcopal Conference ZPA .. Zambia Privatisation Agency viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT PAGE DECLARATION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ii CERTIFICATION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. iv DEDICATION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. v A NOTE ON NAMES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .. .. .. .. .. vii ABSTRACT .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xvi EPIGRAPH .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xvii CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY 1.1 Background .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1.1.1 Contribution of the Study to Current Academic Inquiry .. .. .. 2 1.2 Research Problem .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 1.3 Research Hypothesis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 1.4 Research Questions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 1.5 Research Objectives .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 1.6 Importance of the Current Research .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 1.7 Research Methodology and Methods .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 1.7.1 Research Paradigm: Constructivism .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 1.7.2 Research Approach: Qualitative Research .. .. .. .. .. 9 ix 1.7.3 Research Style: Case Study .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 1.7.4 Research Methods and Sampling: Data Collection .. .. .. .. 11 1.7.4.1 Primary Data .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 1.7.4.2 The Sample for Primary Data and its Justification .. .. .. .. 12 1.7.4.3 Secondary Data .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 1.8 Data Analysis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 1.9 Limitations of the Current Research .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 1.10 Definitions and clarification of key words/terms .. .. .. .. 20 1.11 Structure of Dissertation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 2.2 China’s Foreign Policy History .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 2.2.1 Mao Zedong, Marxism and Revolutionary Internationalism .. .. .. 27 2.2.2 The Sino-Soviet Split .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 2.2.3 The Cultural Revolution .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 2.2.4 China after Mao .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 2.2.5 Theoretical Interpretations of China’s Foreign Policy .. .. .. .. 34 2.3 China and Africa’s Liberation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 37 2.3.1 China and the African Struggle against Colonialism and Minority Rule .. 37 2.3.2 China and Post-Colonial Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. 38 2.4 Zambia’s Foreign Policy: The Cold War and Non-Alignment .. .. .. 44 2.5 Zambia-China Relations during Southern Africa’s Independence Struggle .. 46 2.6 Theoretical Assumptions of China-Zambia Relations After the Cold War .. 49 x 2.7 China, Africa and the Allure of the Policy of Non-Interference .. .. .. 52 2.8 Conclusion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 55 CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: CONSTRUCTIVISM AS AN APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ANALYSIS 3.1 Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57 3.2 The Role of Theory and Human Behaviour in International Relations Research 58 3.3 The Historical Origin of Realism .. .. .. .. .. .. 59 3.3.1 Neorealism .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63 3.3.2 Brief Critique of Realism .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 64 3.4 Idealism in International Relations .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 3.4.1 Critique of Idealism .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 69 3.5 Liberalism .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71 3.6 Constructivism: A General Introduction .. .. .. .. .. 72 3.6.1 Filling Extant Gaps or Bringing New Insights? Identity in Constructivism 75 3.6.2 The Role
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