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Pessuto Kelen M.Pdf ii UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ARTES KELEN PESSUTO O ‘ESPELHO MÁGICO’ DO CINEMA IRANIANO: UMA ANÁLISE DAS PERFORMANCES DOS “NÃO” ATORES NOS FILMES DE ARTE Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Artes, da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Artes. Área de concentração: Artes Cênicas. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Francirosy Campos Barbosa Ferreira CAMPINAS 2011 iii . . . . . . .. iv v vi Dedico essa dissertação à memória dos meus pais, Agueda e José Pessuto, que são os espelhos da minha vida. À minha sobrinha Gabriela, por existir e fazer a minha vida mais feliz. À minha orientadora e amiga Francirosy C. B. Ferreira, por tanta afeição e apoio. vii viii AGRADECIMENTOS À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), pelo financiamento desta pesquisa, que permitiu minha dedicação exclusiva e o acesso ao material. Agradeço também aos pareceristas, que acreditaram no projeto. À minha mãe Agueda Pessuto, que tanto incentivou minha carreira, que fez sacrifícios enormes para que eu me formasse, tanto no teatro, quanto na faculdade. Sempre expressou sua admiração e carinho. Muito amiga e companheira, que mesmo não estando presente entre nós, é o guia da minha vida. Espero ser um por cento do que ela foi. Nunca me esqueço que horas antes dela morrer, pediu para eu ler menos e dar mais atenção para ela, não cumpri o que pediu... No dia seguinte à sua morte ocorreu o exame para ingressar no mestrado. Passar foi uma questão de honra para mim. Eis que termino essa pesquisa e lhe agradeço, pois se não fosse esse exemplo de mulher batalhadora no qual me inspiro, não teria conseguido. À Natali Zarth, por compartilhar de seu amor pelo cinema iraniano e pela amizade de tantos anos. À Regina Polo Müller, pela confiança, amizade e pela luz que transmite a todos ao seu redor. Aos amigos Paivand e Pedram Ahmadi, por tanta ajuda e carinho ao longo de mais de dez anos. Às professoras Sylvia Caiuby Novaes e Rose Satiko Hikiji, que iluminaram meus caminhos com ensinamentos tão apaixonantes. Aos membros da minha banca de qualificação Prof. Edgar Teodoro da Cunha e Profa.Verônica Fabrini, pelas valorosas contribuições concedidas. ix Aos professores Renato Ferracini e Cassiano Sydow Quilici, pelos ensinamentos. Ao Prof. John Dawsey e a todos os amigos do NAPEDRA (Núcleo de Antropologia, Performance e Drama), por compartilharem conhecimento, dúvidas e anseios em relação à performance e, principalmente, por me aceitarem nesse grupo tão produtivo. Ao embaixador Sr. Cesário Melantônio, por acreditar no meu trabalho e por toda assessoria que prestou durante minha estadia no Irã. Aos funcionários da Embaixada do Brasil no Irã, pela hospitalidade, amizade e assistência: Manfred Rohde, Alfred Sapian, Emma, Vera, Rogério Barufaldi, Hassan Shirali, Marjaneh Najafi e Vahik. Aos amigos Arvin Ahrnazarian, Farzaneh Salemi, Mahsa, Mohammad Noruzian, Zohreh Soleimani, Golshifiteh Farahani e Bahman Ghobadi, por me receberem tão bem no Irã e pela companhia durante minha viagem. À minha amiga Shekoofeh por me ensinar elementos da sua rica cultura e essa língua tão linda e tão difícil, que é o farsi. Aos meus amigos e professores da FAAP, que sempre apoiaram meu sonho e cujos ensinamentos e trocas carrego para sempre. Saudades de vocês. Aos amigos e professores do Célia Helena e da Casa do Teatro, lugares onde fui muito feliz e com quem pude compartilhar experiências maravilhosas de faz de conta. Aos amigos companheiros de toda hora, com quem pude contar inúmeras vezes. Bianca Tomassi, pelo incentivo, pela companhia e por tanto apoio; Celso Novaes, amigo cinéfilo, obrigada pelas discussões sobre cinema, pelas dicas de informática e, sobretudo, pela x amizade; Lílian Soares, por me receber em seu cantinho e por me convidar para um evento tão significativo; Luiz Soares Paiva, pela poesia de suas palavras e por rodar Londres à procura do livro do Abbas Kiarostami; Eduardo Name Risk pela revisão; pessoal do MKO e Rafaella Garcia, por me receber em sua casa durante minha estadia em Campinas. E, principalmente, à Francirosy C. B. Ferreira, por compartilhar o bem mais precioso que existe: a sabedoria. Você é um anjo (fereshteh) que apareceu na minha vida no momento mais oportuno. Obrigada por acreditar no meu trabalho, ser amiga, companheira, conselheira. Sem você não existiria essa dissertação. A melhor orientadora que alguém poderia ter. xi xii “Arte e realidade se complementam. Sem realidade, a arte não faz sentido, sem arte, a realidade não tem significado”. Bahman Ghobadi xiii xiv RESUMO Esta dissertação analisa as performances dos “não” atores no cinema de arte iraniano, a partir das obras Close-up (Nema-ye Nazdik, 1990, Abbas Kiarostami), Salve o cinema (Salam cinema, 1995, Mohsen Makhmalbaf), Tartarugas podem voar (Lakposhtha parvaz mikonand, 2004, Bahman Ghobadi) e O espelho (Ayneh, 1997, Jafar Panahi). Com base na antropologia da performance, busca-se responder às seguintes perguntas: Quem são os “não” atores? Por que são usados esse tipo de ator em vez de atores profissionais? Quais os métodos empregados em sua direção? Qual a relação que se estabelece entre o ator e o personagem? Para tanto, utiliza-se além da bibliografia pertinente a essa disciplina, ao teatro e ao cinema, o método comparativo, com filmes do mesmo diretor, assim como de outras cinematografias. Conclui-se que não há necessidade do ator ter uma técnica pré- estabelecida, sendo que a direção proposta por esses cineastas requer o mínimo de atuação. O ator-performer vivencia as situações que lhes são impostas e, a partir disso, cria personagens, algumas vezes baseados em sua própria experiência de vida, como em uma grande brincadeira de faz de conta. Palavras-chave: Antropologia da performance, Cinema iraniano, “Não” ator, Personagens, Direção de atores xv xvi ABSTRACT This thesis analyzes the performance of the "non" actors in the Iranian art cinema, in movies Close-up (Nema-ye Nazdik, 1990, Abbas Kiarostami), Salam cinema (1995, Mohsen Makhmalbaf), Turtles can fly (Lakposhtha parvaz mikonand, 2004, Bahman Ghobadi) and The Mirror (Ayneh, 1997, Jafar Panahi). Based on the anthropology of performance, we seek to answer the following questions: Who are these “non” actors? Why they used that kind of actor instead of professional actors? What are the methods employed in its direction? and What is the relationship established between the actor and character? For this, we use the comparative method, with films from these directors, as well movies by other cinematographies. The conclusion reached is that there is no need for the actor to have a pre-established technique, because the direction proposed by these filmmakers requires minimal action. The actor-performer experience situations that are imposed for them and they create characters, sometimes based on their own experience of life, as in a grand game of make-believe. Key words: Anthropology of performance, Iranian cinema, “Non” actors, Characters, Directing actors xvii xviii LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 Quadro de Schechner: comportamento restaurado ............................... 15 Figura 2 Screenshots do documentário Grass: A Nation's Battle for Life 32 (Merian C. Cooper e Ernest B. Schoedsack, 1925) ………………… Figura 3 Screenshots do filme As mil e uma noites (Arabian nights, John 39 Rawlins, 1942) ...................................................................................... Figura 4 Sreenshots do filme Anxiety (Delhoreh, Samuel Khatchikian, 1962) .. 47 Figura 5 Screenshots do filme O sul da cidade (Farroukh Ghaffari, 1958) ........ 48 Figura 6 Mohammad Ali Fardin, Nasser Malek-Motti e Behrouz Vosoughi ..... 52 Figura 7 Screenshots do filme The House is Black (Farugh Farrokhzad, 1964) 56 Figura 8 Screenshots de A vaca (Gaav, Dariush Mehrjui, 1969) ........................ 57 Figura 9 Screenshots de Gheisar (Massoud Kimiai, 1969) ................................ 60 Figura 10 Novos ídolos iranianos .......................................................................... 74 Figura 11 Screenshots do filme A Candle in the Wind (Sham'i dar baad, Pouran 75 Derakhshandeh, 2004) ……………………………………………… Figura 12 Cartazes dos filmes Yek Bamo do hava (Ramin Gal Sarkhi, 2010), 77 Ezdevaj Dar Vaghte Ezafeh (Said Soheili, 2009), Khabe Leila (Mehrdad Mir Falah, 2010) e The Kingdom of Solomon (Molke Soleiman, Shahriar Bahrani, 2010)........................................................ Figura 13 O comportamento restaurado em Close-up........................................... 114 Figura 14 Screenshots do filme Bellissima (Luchino Visconti, 1951)................... 122 Figura 15 Screenshots do filme Salve o cinema (Salam cinema, Mohsen 122 Makhmalbaf, 1995) ............................................................................... Figura 16 Screenshots dos bastidores de Salve o cinema (Salam cinema, 123 Mohsen Makhmalbaf, 1995).................................................................. Figura 17 Screenshots de Andréa Beltrão e Gisele Alves em Jogo de cena 127 (Eduardo Coutinho, 2007) .................................................................... Figura 18 Os espelhos em Salve o cinema (Salam cinema, Mohsen 129 Makhmalbaf, 1995) ............................................................................... Figura 19 O comportamento restaurado em Salve o cinema (Salam cinema, 131 Mohsen Makhmalbaf, 1995) ................................................................. Figura 20 O comportamento restaurado em
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