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La Discapacidad Visual En El Cine Iraní

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La Discapacidad Visual En El Cine Iraní UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN TESIS DOCTORAL La discapacidad visual en el cine iraní MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Zahra Razi Directora Isabel Martín Sánchez . Madrid Ed. electrónica 2019 © Zahra Razi, 2019 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Ciencias de la Información Departamento de Periodismo y Comunicación global TESIS DOCTORAL La discapacidad visual en el cine iraní MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR Autora: Zahra Razi Directora: Dra. Isabel Martín Sánchez Madrid, 2018 I Agradecimientos En primer lugar quiero agradecer de manera destacada a mi directora, Dra. Isabel Martín Sánchez, la confianza que ha mostrado en esta investigación desde el principio, el apoyo constante durante el desarrollo de la tesis y el intenso trabajo en los últimos meses para concluir este trabajo de investigación. Le agradezco la confianza, apoyo y dedicación de tiempo a mis profesores: Dra. María Antonia Paz, Dr. Francisco García García, Dr. Bernardino Herrera León, Dr. Joaquín Aguirre Romero, Dr. Vicente Baca Lagos y Dr. Emilio Carlos García por haber compartido conmigo sus conocimientos y sobre todo su amistad. Además, quiero agradecer a la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, la posibilidad que me ofreció de realizar, entre 2012 y 2014, el Máster en Comunicación Social, cuyo trabajo final es el embrión de esta tesis doctoral en 2018, que me abrió la puerta a una realidad social, hasta entonces conocida pero no explorada, como es el mundo de la discapacidad visual en el cine iraní. A Ana Crespo, por ser parte de mi vida académica, gracias por su apoyo, comprensión y sobre todo amistad y dedicación de tiempo. A Karina por haber sido una excelente compañera de tesis y amiga, por haberme tenido la paciencia necesaria y por motivarme a seguir adelante en los momentos de desesperación. A mis padres por ser parte importante de mi vida personal y representar la unidad familiar. A mi esposo por acompañarme y darme la fortaleza para seguir mis sueños y a mi querida hija Parnia, por llenar mi vida de alegrías y amor cuando más lo necesitaba. II ÍNDICE Resumen ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 1.1 Presentación del objeto del estudio y su contexto ---------------------------------------- 13 1.2 Hipótesis de partida ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13 1.3 Estado de la cuestión ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 1.4 La presencia de la discapacidad en el cine iraní --------------------------------------------- 20 1.5 Justificación del presente estudio -------------------------------------------------------------- 29 1.6 Objetivos ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30 1.6.1 Objetivo general-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 1.6.2 Objetivos Específicos -------------------------------------------------------------------------30 2. METODOLOGÍA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 2.1 Objeto del estudio -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 2.2 Preguntas de la investigación: ------------------------------------------------------------------ 32 2.3 Objeto de análisis:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 2.4 Enfoque Social ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 2.4.1 Papel fílmico ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34 2.4.2 Protagonistas ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 2.4.3 Rol ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 2.4.4 Carga social/Carga familiar ------------------------------------------------------------------ 36 2.4.5 Inclusión y exclusión social ------------------------------------------------------------------ 37 2.4.6 Heroización ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 2.4.7 El concepto de Estigma ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 2.4.8 Discriminación --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 2.4.9 La representación social ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 2.4.10 Estereotipo ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 41 2.4.11 Sobreprotección ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 43 2.5 Enfoque metafórico espiritual ------------------------------------------------------------------ 43 2.5.1 El símbolo en la representación de discapacidad visual ---------------------------------- 43 2.5.2 Filosofía islámica ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 44 2.5.3 ¿Qué es sufismo? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 44 2.5.4 ¿Qué es símbolo? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 48 2.5.5 Simbología de ojo ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 50 2.5.6 El simbolismo de ojo en el sufismo --------------------------------------------------------- 51 2.5.7 La manifestación del color en la representación de ceguera ----------------------------- 63 3. MARCO TEORICO ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 3.1 Definir la discapacidad -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 III 3.2 Teoría social de la discapacidad --------------------------------------------------------------- 67 3.3 Los modelos de la discapacidad---------------------------------------------------------------- 69 3.4 La discapacidad visual y su circunstancia ---------------------------------------------------- 72 3.5 Historia de la psicología social del ciego ----------------------------------------------------- 75 3.6 El cine y la representación de la ceguera ----------------------------------------------------- 76 3.7 El problema de ser ciego: situación real ------------------------------------------------------ 78 3.8 Tratamiento melodramático -------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 3.9 La venganza de los ciegos ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 82 3.10 El concepto de la discapacidad en Irán ------------------------------------------------------ 83 3.11 Organizaciones destacadas en relación con la discapacidad en Irán -------------------- 84 3.11.1 La Organización de Bienestar de Irán ----------------------------------------------------- 85 3.11.2 Banco de datos de personas con discapacidad ------------------------------------------- 86 3.11.3 Centro Cultural de la Discapacidad -------------------------------------------------------- 87 3.11.4 La Asociación de “Bavar” ------------------------------------------------------------------ 87 3.11.5 La Federación de Deporte de los Invidentes --------------------------------------------- 88 3.11.6 La Academia de Bastón Blanco ------------------------------------------------------------ 88 3.11.7 Las bibliotecas al servicio de los invidentes ---------------------------------------------- 89 3.12 La educación de los invidentes en Irán ------------------------------------------------------ 89 3.13 Prensa especial para los invidentes en Irán ------------------------------------------------- 92 3.14 Testimonio de dos adolescentes sobre la educación de invidentes en Irán ------------- 93 3.15 Barreras arquitectónicas y falta de adaptación de lugares públicos para el acceso de las personas con discapacidad -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96 4. ANALISIS E INTERPRETACIÓN DE LAS PELÍCULAS --------------------------- 103 4.1 El color del paraíso ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104 4.1.1 Introducción ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104 4.1.2 Negro: color de dos dimensiones ----------------------------------------------------------- 106 4.1.3 El pájaro: símbolo del alma alejada de Dios ---------------------------------------------- 107 4.1.4 La ceguera y la naturaleza: una estrecha relación ---------------------------------------- 108 4.1.5 La simbología de la luz ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 110 4.1.6 Mohammad, un viajero de luz hacia la Luz ----------------------------------------------- 113 4.1.7 Otros símbolos presentes en la película --------------------------------------------------- 114 4.1.8 Relaciones interpersonales del protagonista, Mohammad y su padre ----------------- 116 4.1.9 Mohammad, su abuela y sus hermanas ---------------------------------------------------- 117 4.1.10 El encuentro de dos ciegos: Mohammad y el maestro de carpintería ---------------- 119 4.1.11 Conclusiones --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 119 4.2 El silencio ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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