1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 81

1=AFRO-ASIAN phylosector

édition princeps foundation edition DU RÉPERTOIRE DE LA LINGUASPHÈRE 1999-2000 THE LINGUASPHERE REGISTER 1999-2000 publiée en ligne et mise à jour dès novembre 2012 published online & updated from November 2012

This phylosector covers 43 sets of languages (276 outer languages, comprising 683 inner languages) spoken by communities across the northern half of the African continent and in western Asia, constituting the "Afro-Asiatic" or "Hamito-Semitic" intercontinental affinity. The component phylozones are numbered in approximate clockwise order, beginning in Northwest Africa. Zones 10= and 11= cover 2 sets (and nets) of languages spoken or formerly spoken in northern Africa, otherwise known as "Berber" and "Egyptian". Zone 12= covers one set of languages spoken over an extensive area from northwest Africa to southwest and central Asia and northeast Africa: 10=TAMAZIC 11=COPTIC 12=SEMITIC Zones 13= to 16= cover 16 sets of languages spoken in northeast Africa, formerly classified together as "Cushitic". There is now evidence to suggest that the languages of Zone 13= (formerly "North Cushitic") and =16 (formerly "West Cushitic"), and probably also Zone 15= (formerly "South Cushitic" or "Paracushitic"), are more safely treated as separate components of the Afro-Asiatic affinity, and the term "Cushitic" is here restricted to the Central and Eastern languages (in Zone 14=) of a "wider Cushitic" hypothesis: 13=BEJIC phylozone 14=CUSHITIC phylozone 15=EYASIC phylozone 16=OMOTIC phylozone Zones 17= to 19= cover 24 sets of languages spoken in parts of , , and , constituting three groupings within a wider "Chadic" affinity, which itself forms the most complex component of the Afro-Asiatic intercontinental affinity: 17=CHARIC phylozone 18=MANDARIC phylozone 19=BAUCHIC phylozone Languages in zones 11= and 12=, and also 10=, were of particular importance in the early development of writing.

 Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One

Les données supplémentaires ou améliorées sur les langues Additional or improved data on languages and et communautés traitées sous ce secteur seront accueillies communities covered by this sector will ici : ré[email protected] be welcomed here : [email protected]

COLUMN 1 & 2 COLUMN 3 COLUMNS 4 & 5 layers of reference other nomenclature and notes nation-states scale of (+ provinces) and speakers codes and reference-names

"Tamazic", "Berber" or Tamasheq+Qabaylith set of languages; part of "Afro-Asiatic" or "Hamito-Semitic" inter- Algeria; Egypt; Libya; Mali; 7 10= TAMAZIC Mauritania; Morocco; Niger; continental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 4 outer phylozone ; plus migration> France; languages) spoken by communities in the highlands, oases Israel and urban areas of Northern Africa: 10-A TAMASHEQ+ QABAYLITH Forms of the extended cover-name tamazigh or "wider" tamazight are here prefered to the exonym 'berber'.

10-A TAMASHEQ+ BERBER, tamazigh, "wider" tamazight, "tamazic", in [51=] Français: QABAYLITH set berbère 10-AA TAMASHEQ+ QABAYLITH chain 10-AAA TAMASHEQ+ QABAYLITH net 10-AAA-a Znaga tamazigh-SW., "tamazic"-SW., 'berber'-SW. Mauritania 4 10-AAA-aa znaga zenaga Mauritania (VI region) 4 page 82 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

10-AAA-b Tamasheq Tuareg, tamazigh-C., "tamazic"-C., 'berber'-C.; tamahaq, tamachek, Algeria; Mali; Niger; Nigeria; 6 tamashekin, tomachek, amazigh; tuareg, touareg community; targi Burkina Faso; also Libya person traditionally Tifinagh script; also ; script 10-AAA-ba ta-mahaq mahaq, tamasheq-N. Algeria (Oasis; Saoura); Mali 4 (Gao); also Libya (Awbari) 10-AAA-baa ta-masinin masinin, timasinin Zaouia-el-Kahla, Fort Flatters… (Oasis) 10-AAA-bab immidir tadjemout Tadjmout (Oasis; Saoura) 10-AAA-bac ahnet adrar n'ahnet Adrar n'Ahnet massif (Oasis) 10-AAA-bad ta-haggart haggart, tamanrasset, ahaggar-en, ahaggar, hoggar Ahaggar, (Oasis) Hoggar massif 10-AAA-bae ta-dghaq dghaq, tessalit, kidal Adrar-des-Iforas (Gao); Algeria (Oasis) 10-AAA-baf kel-ajjer ajjer, tassili, ghat, ganet, djanet Tassili-n'-Ajjer plateau … Djanet… (Oasis); (Awbari) Ghat 10-AAA-bb ta-majeq majeq, ta-mashekin, ta-machek, to-macheck, tamasheq-S. Mali (Gao); Niger (Niamey; 6 Tahoua; Aïr; Agadez); Burkina Faso (Dori); migration> Nigeria 10-AAA-bba ta-nslemt nslemt, ta-naslamt, timbuktu Tombouctou+ Goundam (Gao) 10-AAA-bbb ta-wllemmet-W. wllemmet-W., ta-wallammat-tan-ataram, ioullemmeden-W. Niger (Gao); (Dori) river-bend 10-AAA-bbc ta-wllemmet-E. wllemmet-E., ta-wallammat-tan-dannag, ioullemmeden-E. (Niamey); (Gao) 10-AAA-bbd ta-huwa huwa, ta-houa Tahoua (Tahoua) 10-AAA-bbe ta-yrt yrt, tayart, aïr, agadez Aïr massif (Aïr; Agadez) 10-AAA-bbf ta-nassfarwat nassfarwat, ta-magarast Niger 10-AAA-c Qabaylith+ Tashelhit Kabyle+ Shleuh, tamazigh-N., "tamazic"-N., 'berber'-N. Arabic Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia; Libya; 7 script; Latin script; recently Tifinagh script Egypt; migration> France; Israel 10-AAA-ca ta-shelhit shleuh "proper", shelhit, ta-shlhiyt, ta-chelhait, ta-chel'hit, tachilhit, ta- Morocco (Agadir; Tarfaya; 6 shilheet, ta-tshalhit, ta-soussit, susiua, shilha "proper", in [51=] Ouarzazate; Ksar-es-Souk); also Français: chleuh Algeria (Saoura) 10-AAA-caa oued-dra'a Oued-Dra valley (Agadir; Tarfaya) 10-AAA-cab jbel-bani Jbel-Bani massif (Agadir) 10-AAA-cac 'anti-atlas' Anti-Atlas mountains (Agadir; Ouarzazate) 10-AAA-cad agadir ihaham, "fishermen's" tashelhit Agadir… Ifni coast (Agadir) 10-AAA-cae sus sous Sous plain (Agadir) 10-AAA-caf 'haut-atlas'-W. Haut-Atlas-W. mountains (Ouarzazate) 10-AAA-cb ta-mazight tamazight "proper", mazight, tamazir't, beraber, 'shleuh'-C., 'shilha'-C. Morocco (Ouarzazate; Ksar-es- 6 Souk; Meknès; Fès; Taza-SW.; Oujda-S.); Algeria (Saïda; Saoura) 10-AAA-cba meknès Meknès (Meknès) 10-AAA-cbb 'moyen-atlas' Moyen-Atlas mountains (Ksar-es-Souk; Meknès; Fès; Taza-SW.) 10-AAA-cbc 'haut-atlas'-E. Haut-Atlas-E. mountains (Ksar-es-Souk) 10-AAA-cbd dadès Jebel Sahro, Sarre massif… Dadès valley (Ouarzazate) 10-AAA-cbe oranais-C. Tabelbala… Béchar (Saoura) 10-AAA-cbf ksurs Ksour mountains (Oujda-S.); Algeria (Saïda) 10-AAA-cc 'judeo'-tamazight "judeo-berber", "hebraicised berber" influence < [12=] Ivrit (Hebrew) Morocco; exodus> Israel 3 10-AAA-cca 'judeo'-tamazight-W. including Tifnit Morocco 10-AAA-ccb 'judeo'-tamazight-E. "émigré judeo-berber" Tel-Aviv exodus> Israel 10-AAA-cd ghomara ghmara, gmara, part of zenati-NW. Morocco (Tétouan) 3 10-AAA-ce senhaja rif-W., part of zenati-NW., in [51=] Français: senhaja de Srair Rif-W., Morocco (Taza; Oujda) 5 Riff-W. massif 10-AAA-cf ta-rift rift, ta-rifit, ti-rifie, rif, ruafa, rifia, rifi, rifeño, 'shleuh'-N., 'shilha'-N., Morocco (Oujda; Al Hoceima; 6 tamazight-N., part of zenati-NW., in [51=] Français: rifain, rifian Rif, Taza); Algeria (Tlemcen; Oran) Riff massif ¶the survival and linguistic status of the following communities need to be confirmed 10-AAA-cfa aït-amert amert, aït-amar Aït-Amar-ou-Said (Al Hoceima; Taza) 10-AAA-cfb aït-urrighel urrighel, aït-ouriaghel, beni-ouriaghel, beni-ouriarhel (Taza) 10-AAA-cfc ibeqqoyen Morocco 10-AAA-cfd ikebdanen Morocco 10-AAA-cfe iqrâyen Morocco 10-AAA-cff aït-saïd saïd, beni-bou-saïd (Oujda) 10-AAA-cfg temsaman Morocco 10-AAA-cfh aït-tuzin tuzin, aït-touzin Morocco 10-AAA-cfi igeznayen igzennaian Morocco 10-AAA-cfj iznacen beni-iznacen, beni-iznassen Iznassèn mountains… Moulouya valley (Oujda) 10-AAA-cfk djerada Morocco and/or Algeria 10-AAA-cfl lalla-maghnia Lalla Maghnia (Tlemcen) 10-AAA-cfm snus snous, beni-snous (Tlemcen) 3 10-AAA-cfn arzeu Arzeu (Oran) 1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 83

10-AAA-cg menasser+ metmata menacer+ metmata-W., part of zenati-NW. Algeria (El Asnam) 4 10-AAA-ch tha-qabaylith-C. kabyle, qabaylith, tha-qabayil #from [12=] 'Arabiyya: qabayil Algeria (Tizi-Ouzou; Sétif); 6 =«tribesman» Grande Kabylie massif migration> France 10-AAA-cha zwawa zouaoua, agawawa Djurdjura (Tizi-Ouzou; Sétif) 10-AAA-chb tha-qabaylith-N. Grande Kabylie-N. massif (Tizi-Ouzou) 10-AAA-ci tha-qabaylith-E. qabaylith-E., kabyle-E. Petite Kabylie region Algeria (Sétif); migration> France 6 10-AAA-cj shawiya chaouia, shawia, zenaga, aurès, in [51=] Français: zenati d'Aurès Algeria (Batna; Annaba; 5 #from [12=] 'Arabiyya: shawia = «shepherds» Aurès massif Constantine; Tébessa); Tunisia (El ); migration> France 10-AAA-cja barika Barika valley (Batna) 10-AAA-cjb batna Batna (Batna) 10-AAA-cjc aïn-beïda beïda Aïn-Beïda (Constantine) 10-AAA-cjd oued-abdi abdi Oued Abdi (Constantine; Tébessa) 10-AAA-cje aurès-W. Aurès-W. (Batna) 10-AAA-cjf aurès-E. Aurès-E. (Batna; Tébessa) 10-AAA-cjg tebéssa Tebéssa mountains (Tébessa) 10-AAA-cjh djerid Djerid region Tunisia (El Kasserine) 10-AAA-ck tugurt tougourt, touggourt, part of zenati-sahara Algeria (Oasis) 4 10-AAA-cka oued-rihr rihr, oued-righ, oued-rir', oued-ghir (Oasis) 10-AAA-ckb tugurt-A. touggourt "proper" Touggourt (Oasis) 10-AAA-ckc témacine Témacine (Oasis) 10-AAA-cl wargla+ ngusa ouargla, part of zenati-sahara Algeria (Oasis) 4 10-AAA-cla wargla ouargla "proper", ouargli Ouargla (Oasis) 10-AAA-clb ngusa ngousa, n'gouça, ngoussi Ngoussi (Oasis) 10-AAA-cm mzab mzabi, part of zenati-sahara, in [51=] Français: mzabite M'zab valley Algeria (Oasis) 4 10-AAA-cma berrian berriane Beriane (Oasis) 10-AAA-cmb ghardaïa Ghardaïa (Oasis) 10-AAA-cmc melika Melika (Oasis) 10-AAA-cmd beni-izgen izgen, beni-isguen Beni-Isguen (Oasis) 10-AAA-cn gurara gourara, part of zenati-sahara Algeria (Saoura) 4 10-AAA-cna timimun Timimoun oasis (Saoura) 10-AAA-cnb badrian Badriane (Saoura) 10-AAA-co tuat touat, tuwat, part of zenati-sahara Algeria (Saoura) 3 10-AAA-coa tementit Tementit oasis (Saoura) 10-AAA-cob tittaf Tittaf oasis (Saoura) 10-AAA-cp tidikelt tidiheit, part of zenati-sahara Algeria (Oasis) 3 10-AAA-cpa tidikelt-A. tidikelt "proper" Tidikelt desert (Oasis) 10-AAA-cpb tit Tit oasis (Oasis) 10-AAA-cq sened part of zenati-E. Tunisia () 3 10-AAA-cqa sened-A. sened "proper" (Gafsa) 10-AAA-cqb tmagurt tmagourt (Gafsa) 10-AAA-cr ta-mezret metmata-E., part of zenati-E. Tunisia (Gabès; Médenine) 4 10-AAA-cra zrawa zraoua, zaoua, zawa, zeraoua Zarawah (Gabès) 10-AAA-crb taujjurt taoujjout, taujjut Taoujout (Gabès) 10-AAA-crc tamezret-A. temzret, temezret, tamazrat, tamezret Tamazrat (Gabès) 10-AAA-crd shanini chnini Shanini (Médenine) 10-AAA-cre duiret douiret (Gabès or Médenine) 10-AAA-cs jerba djerba, part of zenati-E. Djerba-S. island Tunisia (Djerba) 3 10-AAA-ct zuara zuwarah, zwara, zuraa, part of zenati-E. Zuwarah Libya (Az-Zawiyah) 3 10-AAA-cu nefusi part of zenati-E. Libya (Gharyan-N.) 3 10-AAA-cua jebel-nefusa nefusa, nefousa, nefousi, nefusi "proper" Jebel Nefusa, Nafusah (Gharyan-N.) 10-AAA-cub jemmari (Gharyan-N.) 10-AAA-cuc fossato fassato Fasatah (Gharyan-N.) 10-AAA-cv ghudamis ghadamès, part of zenati-E. Ghadamès. Libya (Gharyan-N.); also Algeria; 3 Tunisia 10-AAA-cva ayt-waziten (Gharyan-N.)… 10-AAA-cvb elt-ulid (Gharyan-N.)… 10-AAA-d Sokna+ Siwa tamazigh-E., "tamazic"-E., 'berber'-E., 'oasis-berber' Libya (Sabhah-N.; Banghazi); 4 Egypt 10-AAA-da sokna sawknah Awknah oasis… Libya (Sabhah-N.) 3 10-AAA-db wajili awjilah, augila, aoudjila, audjelah, aujila Awjilah oasis Libya (Banghazi) 3 10-AAA-dc siwa siwah, siouwa Siwah oasis Egypt (As-Sahra Al-Gharbiyah) page 84 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

11= COPTIC covers the "Egyptian" or "Coptic" set, part of the "Afro-Asiatic" Egypt 2* or "Hamito-Semitic" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set phylozone (= 1 outer language formerly and perhaps still spoken by communities in Northeast Africa, along the River Nile; still in liturgical use: 11-A 'COPTIC'

11-A 'COPTIC' set EGYPTIAN 11-AA 'COPTIC' chain 11-AAA 'COPTIC' net 11-AAA-a 'Coptic' "christian egyptian"; "copt" community, in [12=] 'Arabiyya: qobt Egypt 2* #name from [56=] Helleniki: Aiguptos= «Egypt a late form of "ancient Egyptian", strongly influence < [56=] Helleniki; in general use until progressively submerged from 7th century by [12=] 'Arabiyya (Arabic); extinct as spoken language from c.16th century; written by Christians in Egypt (Coptic church, from c. 3rd century until modern times), successively in the "Akhimic" and the "Sahidic" ("Thebean") idioms, until submerged < "Bohayric Coptic" from 11th century Egyptian written from c.–3000 in Hieroglyphic script; from c.–1600 progressively supplemented and replaced by cursive Hieratic script; from c.–700 to +500 in Demotic script; written from c.200 in Coptic (Egyptian modified Greek) script 11-AAA-aa 'bohairic-coptic' in [51=] Français: bohayrique, boheirique Nile:Western Delta Egypt (Lower Egypt; Upper Egypt) 2* southwards #name from [12=] 'Arabiyya: al-Buhayrah = «maritime province» written in Memphitic, Alexandrian variety of Coptic script 11-AAA-aaa 'coptic'-L. "liturgical coptic" surviving as liturgical language of Coptic Church (Lower Egypt; Upper Egypt) 11-AAA-aab zeniyah* "revived spoken coptic" ¶reportedly in spoken use among some (Lower Egypt…) 2* Coptic Christians (to be confirmed)

1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 85

12= SEMITIC covers the "Semitic" or 'Aramita+ Amarinya set, part of the Afghanistan; Algeria; Bahrein; 8 "Afro-Asiatic" or "Hamito-Semitic" intercontinental affinity; Chad; Comores; Cyprus; Djibouti; phylozone comprising 1 set of languages (= 24 outer languages) spoken Egypt; ; Ethiopia; ; ; Israel; Jordan; Kenya; Kuwait; by communities in Northern and Northeastern Africa and Lebanon; Libya; Malta; Moldova; Western Asia, from the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Morocco; Oman; Palestine; Qatar; to the Black Sea and the Indian Ocean: Russia; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Somalia; ; Syria; Tajikistan; 12-A 'ARAMITA+ AMARINYA Tanzania; Tunisia; Turkey; Uganda; Ukraine, United Arab including 1 arterial language: 'Arabiyya Mashriqi with Emirates; Uzbekistan; Western 'Arabiyya Maghribi (Eastern Arabic with Western Arabic) Sahara; Yemen; plus worldwide migrations, including France; For certain reference-names in zone 12=, especially in the Sweden… Arabic net [12=-AAC], diacritics have been used as follows: subscript dot / ţ, ḍ, ş/ for velarised emphatic consonants; / ħ / for the voiceless pharyngeal ; and overlining as in / ā / for long vowels.

12-A 'ARAMITA+ SEMITIC, "+ " AMARINYA set 12-AA 'ARAMITA+ "semitic"-C., "aramaic+ arabic" 'ARABIYYA chain 12-AAA 'ARAMITA net ARAMAIC 12-AAA-a 'Aramita lishshana-'aramita, "aramaic", "syriac", "assyrian", "chaldean", in [51=] Palestine; Syria; Lebanon; Iran; 4 Français: araméen, syriaque, in Hebrew: 'aramiit; including modern Iraq; Turkey; Azerbaidjan.; in "neo-aramaic", "neo-syriac", "neo-chaldean" #lishshana, lishana, Christian use as far as India; Sri lishan =«language» written from c.–900 in "Aramaic" Hebraic, Lanka; China Targumic script; Samaritan script; Nabatean script; Mandaean script; Melkite, Melchite, Syro-Palestinian script; Palmyrene script; Estranguelo Syriac, Estrangelo, Estranguela, Edessene script; Neo- Edessene, Peshitta (=«simple») script; Nestorian Syriac script; Latin script 12-AAA-aa shamerit-L. "liturgical samaritan", "palestinian-samaritan aramaic", "liturgical old Palestine; Israel aramaic", in [12=] Ivrit: shomronit; bene-yisrael, shamerim, shomronim, "samaritan" jewish, kutim community Nabulus, Naplouse; Tel Aviv environs: Holon ¶liturgical language – together with [12=] Ivrit - of small Samaritan Jewish community (around 500 in 1970's); ancient spoken language of Samaritan community, replaced by [12=] 'Arabiyya from 7th century Samaritan script 12-AAA-ab surit-W. "syriac"-W., "liturgical jacobite", "jacobite syriac" Jacobite Syriac, Serto script 12-AAA-ac surit-E. "syriac-E.", "liturgical nestorian", "nestorian syriac" Nestorian Syriac script 12-AAA-ad ma'lula+ jub-'adin ma'lula, maaloula, "neo-aramaic"-W., "arabised neo-aramaic", Syria (Dimashq); Lebanon (al- 4 "maronite", "maronite christian" community #geographical names Biqa); also Palestine influence < [12=] 'Arabiyya Jabal ash-Sharqi, Anti-Lebanon mountains: Ma'lula+ Bakh'a… Jub'Adin 12-AAA-ada ma'lula Ma'lula+ Bakh'a… (Dimashq); (al-Biqa) 12-AAA-adb jub-'adin Jub-'Adin… (Dimashq); (al-Biqa) 12-AAA-ae tur-oyo t'uroyo, turyoyo, suroyo, suryoyo, syryoyo, syroyo, torani, "jacobite Turkey (Mardin: Mugla; Sirnak); 4 neo-aramaic", "neo-syriac"-W., "mesopotamian", part of "neo-aramaic"- Syria frontier; migration> Sweden E., in [51=] Français: soureth occidental; "jacobite christian", assorzi community  upper valley: Tur-'Abdin plateau bilingual < [12=] 'Arabiyya and/or [44=]Türkçe 12-AAA-af aisor aissor, lishana, khama, + urmi, "nestorian", "nestorian neo- Iran (Azarbaijan-Bakhtari…); Iraq 5 aramaic", "neo-assyrian", "neo-syriac"-E., "modern assyrian", part of (al-Mawsil; Diyala…); Syria (al- "neo-aramaic"-E., in [51=] Français: soureth occidental, in [53=] Hasakah); Turkey (Van; Hakkari); Russkiy: aysorskiy; "nestorian", "nestorian christian", 'assurai plus migration>Armenia; Russia community ¶plus migration to Russia after Perso-Russian War (1827- (Caucasus; Moskva; 28) & from 1918 bilingual < [58=]Farsi, [44=]Türki and/or [12=] St.Petersburg…); Ukraine 'Arabiyya 12-AAA-afa aisor-F. "standard" aisor Urmi model Iran; Iraq; Turkey…; 12-AAA-afb urmi "neo-assyrian"-CW., in [51=] Français: ourmien Urmia, Ourmia lake: (Azarbaijan-Bakhtari…) Urmi, Reza'iyeh>N.& S.; migration to Tabriz… Teheran… Hamadan… 12-AAA-afc van ashirat; athurai community Kurdistani mountains further dialects to (Van; Hakkari) be distinguished 12-AAA-afd khabur Khabur upper valley (migrated from Urmia lake in 1930's) (al-Hasakah) 12-AAA-afe ba'quba Al-Mawsil, Mosul… Ba'quba (migrated from region of Urmia lake (al-Mawsil; Diyala…) several centuries ago) 12-AAA-ag kald-oyo chaldean, "neo-chaldean", kaldani; including bohtan… aradhin… originally Iraq (al-Mawsil); Turkey 5 mengesh; including "uniate", "uniate christian" community (Siirt; Hakkari); Syria (al-Qamishli) linguistically closely linked to the Kurdistan Jewish community (see Nas-Didán, below) 12-AAA-aga alqosh elkoosh, 'fallani', 'fellihi', 'fillihi' al-Mawsil, Mosul originally (al-Mawsil) 12-AAA-agb tel-kepe tall-kayf, tel-kef Tel-Kef originally (al-Mawsil) 12-AAA-agc dehuk dehok, dohuk, dahuk Dihuk, Dahuk originally (al-Mawsil) 12-AAA-agd al-amadiyah , amadiyah Al-Amadiyah originally (al-Mawsil) page 86 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

12-AAA-age jezira gzira, cizre Tigris upper valley: Cizre originally (Siirt); (al-Qamishli); (al- Mawsil) 12-AAA-agf zakhu migrated from Turkey to Iraq> Khabur valley: Zakho originally (Siirt); (al-Mawsil); 12-AAA-agg nerwa nerva Nerva Zheri, Nerva Zhur originally (al-Mawsil); (Hakkari) 12-AAA-ah nash-didán judeo-aramaic, "hebraicised aramaic", "jewish aramaic", "pseudo" originally Iraq (al-Mawsil; Diyala; 4 judeo-kurdish, lishana noshan, lishanid noshan, lishana deni, lishan Irbil; as-Sulaymaniyah); Iran hudaye, lishan hozaye, lishana axni, lishana didán, lishana-shel-imrani, (Kermanshahan; Azarbaijan-e- hulani, jbeli, lakhlókhi influence < [12=] Ivrit (Hebrew) #sometimes Bakhtari; Kordestan); exodus> improperly called 'kurdit' (literally «[58=] Kurdish») in [12=] Ivrit; or Israel; {Transcaucasia}; Russia; 'judeo-kurdish' in [52=] English; linguistically closely linked to the Ukraine Chaldean Christian community (see Kald-oyo, above) 12-AAA-aha zakho-2 Zakho originally (al-Mawsil) 12-AAA-ahb atrush Atrush originally (al-Mawsil) 12-AAA-ahc al-amadiyah-2 amadiya-2, amadiyah-2 Al-'Amadiyah originally (al-Mawsil) 12-AAA-ahd kara Kara originally (al-Mawsil) 12-AAA-ahe nerwa-2 nerva Nerva Zheri, Nerva Zhur originally (al-Mawsil) 12-AAA-ahf dehuk-2 dehok, dohuk, dahuk Dihuk, Dahuk originally (al-Mawsil) 12-AAA-ahg arbil Irbil… originally (Irbil) 12-AAA-ahh rwanduz Rawanduz originally (Irbil) 12-AAA-ahi salamas salmas Urmia lake>NW.: Salmas originally (Azarbaijan-e-Bakhtari) 12-AAA-ahj batas Urmia lake>S.: Beytas originally (Azarbaijan-e-Bakhtari) 12-AAA-ahk saqiz Saqqez originally (Kordestan) 12-AAA-ahl sanandaj Sirvan valley: Sanandaj originally (Kordestan) 12-AAA-ahm kerend Zagros mountains: Kerend originally (Kermanshahan) 12-AAA-ahn sulaymaniyya* suleimaniya as-Sulaymaniyah originally (as-Sulaymaniyah); (Kordestan) 12-AAA-aho -tanure Tannurah* originally (Diyala) 12-AAA-ahp dobe originally Iraq or Iran 12-AAA-ai hartevan Turkey (Siirt) 12-AAA-aj nasoraye nasooraye, "neo-mandaean", "modern mandaean", "modern mandiac", Iran (Khuzistan); adjacent Iraq 4 sabaean, "neo-mandaean christian" community Karun valley (, Basrah) 12-AAA-aja ahwaz Ahwaz, Ahvaz (Khuzistan) 12-AAA-ajb khorramshahr Khorramshahr (Khuzistan) 12-AAB IVRIT net HEBREW {Mediterranean} 12-AAB-a Ivrit "hebrew", "hebraic", "canaanite", 'ibriit, jehudit (=«Jewish language») Israel; {worldwide diaspora} 6 from c.–1400: Cuneiform script; Phoenician script; Punic script; from c.–1200: Hebraic script 12-AAB-aa ivrit-tanachit-L. leshon-hakkodesh, ivrit-shel-hatanach, sfat-hatanach, "biblical Israel; {worldwide diaspora} hebrew", "liturgical hebrew" #leshon-hakkodesh =«sacred language» 12-AAB-ab ivrit-modernit "modern hebrew", "revived spoken hebrew" Russia; Ukraine; Slovakia; Poland; 6 Hungary, etc....; migration>A Israel 12-AAB-aba ivrit-F. "modern standard hebrew" Israel… 12-AAB-abb ivrit-ashkenazit "generalised israeli hebrew", "ashkenazi spoken hebrew" Israel… 12-AAB-abc ivrit-sefaradit "sefardic spoken hebrew" Israel… 12-AAB-abd ivrit-temanit* "yemenite-hebrew", "arabised hebrew" influence < [12=] 'Arabiyya Yemen; exodus in 1940's > Israel 12-AAC 'ARABIYYA net ARABIC, al-'arabiyya, arabiyya (from c. –1200 in North Arabian scripts: Lihyanitic; Thamudic; ); from c.+500 in Arabic scripts; also in Latin (Maltese) and Hebrew (Judeo-Arabic) scripts 12-AAC-a 'Arabiyya-A. faşīħ, fasih, "formal written arabic", ""+ "neoclassical Morocco; Mauritania; Algeria; 7 arabic" based on the written language of the Quran and the Hadith, Tunisia; Libya; Egypt; Sudan; preserved and used with little fundamental change until modern times, Saudi Arabia; Palestine; Israel; except for the generation and addition of new vocabulary Jordan; Lebanon; Syria; Iraq; {Gulf states}; Yemen; Djibouti; Somalia; Ethiopia; Chad 12-AAC-aa al-'arabiyya-L. "koranic arabic", "liturgical arabic" {Islamic world} 12-AAC-ab al-'arabiyya-F. al-fusha, "formal modern arabic", "", "neo- A Algeria; A Saudi Arabia; A arabic", "neoclassical arabic", lughatu-es-sahafa (=«language of the Bahrain; A Djibouti; A Egypt; A press») United Arab Emirates; Ethiopia; A Iraq; A Jordan; A Kuwait; A Lebanon; A Libya; A Morocco; A Oman; A Qatar; A Somalia; A Sudan; A Syria; Tanzania; A Chad; A Yemen; A {UN} 12-AAC-aba al-'arabiyya-W. "literary" maghribi, "modern western standard arabic" {Morocco to Libya} 12-AAC-abb al-'arabiyya-E. "literary" mashriqi, "modern eastern standard arabic" {Libya eastwards} 1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 87

12-AAC-b Maghribī Arabic-W., maghrebi, "western colloquial arabic", "maghribian", Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; 7 "western settled arabic" Mauritania; Senegal; Mali; Niger; migration> France 12-AAC-ba maghribī-W. maghribi "proper", maghrebi "proper", part of "settled maghribi-arabic" Morocco (Marrakech; Safi; Fès; 7 Meknès; Kenitra; Rabat; Oujda; Casablanca; el-Jadida; Tanger; Tétouan); Algeria (Tlemcen; Oran) 12-AAC-baa maghrībī-G. "general " Algeria 12-AAC-bab marrakech Marrakech… Safi (Marrakech; Safi…)

12-AAC-bac fez+ meknès Fès, Fez… Meknès (Fès; Meknès…) 12-AAC-bad rabat+ dar-el-beida Rabat… Dar-el-Beida, Casablanca (Kenitra; Rabat; Casablanca …) 12-AAC-bae tanger Tanger… (Tanger…) 12-AAC-baf tétouan Tétouan… (Tétouan…) 12-AAC-bag oujda Oujda… (Oujda…) 12-AAC-bah tlemcen Tlemcen… (Tlemcen) 12-AAC-bai ouahran Ouahran, Oran… (Oran…) 12-AAC-bb maghribī-E. part of "settled maghribi-arabic" Algeria (Tiaret; Médéa; Algiers; 7 Sétif; Constantine; Annaba); Tunisia (; ; ; Gabès; Binzert; el-; ); Libya (Tripoli) 12-AAC-bba jazā'irī-G. "general " Algeria 12-AAC-bbb cherchel Cherchel (Tiaret; Médéa…) 12-AAC-bbc al-jazā'ir "algiers popular urban arabic" Algiers, Alger (Algiers) 12-AAC-bbd bejaïa Bejaïa, Bougie (Sétif) 12-AAC-bbe jijelli Jijelli, Djidjelli (Constantine) 12-AAC-bbf 'constantine' Constantine… (Constantine; Annaba…) 12-AAC-bbg ifrīqī-G. "coastal tunisian", "general tunisian" (Nabeul; Sousse; Sfax; Gabès) 12-AAC-bbh binzert Binzert, Bizerta (Binzert) 12-AAC-bbi tunis-U. "urban tunisian" Tunis (Tunis) 12-AAC-bbj kairouan El Kairouan (el-Kairouan) 12-AAC-bbk sfax Sfax (Sfax) 12-AAC-bbl ţarābulusī "tripolitanian" Tarabulus, Tripoli (Tripoli) 12-AAC-c Malti Maltese, maltija, al-'arabiyya al-maltiya, "maltese arabic" Malta 5 12-AAC-ca malti "sicilianised" maghribi influence < [51=] Napoletano+Siciliano Malta 5 12-AAC-caa malti-F. "standard maltese" Latin script A Malta (Malta; Gozo) 12-AAC-cab valletta "port maltese" Malta island: Valetta (Malta) 12-AAC-cac zurrieq "traditional maltese"-S. Malta island: Zurrieq (Malta) 12-AAC-cad malti-E. "traditional maltese"-E. Malta-E. island: Zejtun… (Malta) 12-AAC-cae malti-C. "traditional maltese"-C. Malta-C. island: Rabat… (Malta) 12-AAC-caf malti-W. "traditional maltese"-W. Malta-W. island: Mellieha… (Malta) 12-AAC-cag gozo Gozo island (Gozo) 12-AAC-d Badawī- Şaħrāwī* Sahara-Bedouin, including " bedouin" ¶largely nomadic or semi- Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; 7 nomadic; dialects, geographical areas & communities to be confirmed Sudan; CAR; Cameroon; Niger; Mali; Senegal; Mauritania 12-AAC-da ma'qilī-N. Algeria (Tiaret; Saïda; Saoura); 6 Morocco (Oujda; Taza; Ksar-es- Souk; Kenitra; Tétouan; Settat; Marrakech; Safi) 12-AAC-daa saïda Saïda>SW. (Tiaret; Saïda) 12-AAC-dab béchar Béchar… (Saoura); (Ksar-es-Souk) 12-AAC-dac muluya Moulouya valley & environs (Oujda; Taza…) 12-AAC-dad sebou Sebou valley… Rif-W. highlands (Kenitra; Tétouan…) 12-AAC-dae oum Oum valley & coastal plain (Settat; Marrakech; Safi…) 12-AAC-db ħassāniyya ma'qili-S., klam-el-bidhan (=«speech of the whites»), 'moorish'; sulaka, Morocco (Tarfaya); Western 6 hasanya, hassani, hassaniya, mauri, 'moor' community, in [51=] Sahara; Mauritania; Senegal Français: 'maure' #community-name dstinct from [12=] Hassaniyya- (Fleuve); Mali (Gao) E. 12-AAC-dba ħassāniyya-N. Tarfaya>E. (Tarfaya) 12-AAC-dbb ħassāniyya-W. Villa Cisneros… Nouadhibou… Nouakchott>E. Western Sahara; Mauritania 12-AAC-dbc ħassāniyya-S. Saint-Louis>E. (Fleuve); (Gao) 12-AAC-dc hilālī-W. "hilalite"-W. community Algeria (Constantine; Sétif; Batna; 6 Saoura; Oasis) 12-AAC-dca 'constantine'-SW. Constantine>SW. (Constantine) 12-AAC-dcb 'tell-atlas' Tell-Atlas-C. mountains (Sétif; Batna) 12-AAC-dcc 'grand-erg' Grand-Erg desert (Saoura; Oasis) 12-AAC-dd hilālī-E. "hilalite"-E., zhbāliyya community Tunisia (Gafsa; el-Kasserine; el- 6 Kaf); Algeria (Annaba) 12-AAC-dda ksur Ksur, Ksour… (el-Kaf…) 12-AAC-ddb aurès-E. Aurès-E. mountains>E. (Annaba); (el-Kasserine) 12-AAC-ddc gafsa Gafsa… (Gafsa…) page 88 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

12-AAC-de sulaymī sulaimi, "sulaimite", including maraziqi; sulaym community Algeria (Oasis; Annaba); Tunisia 6 (Tunis; el-Kairouan; Gafsa; Gabès; Médenine); Libya (Gharyan; Fazzan; Benghazi); Egypt (Marsa Matruh) 12-AAC-dea el-kala  el-Kala hinterland (Annaba) 12-AAC-deb mejerda Mejerda, Medjerda lower valley>S. (Tunis; el-Kairouan…) 12-AAC-dec sulaymī-S. (Oasis); (Gafsa; Gabès; Médenine); (Gharyan) 12-AAC-ded sulaymī-E. including fazzani, fezzani Fezzan desert… Sahra al-Gharbiyah+ al- (Fazzan; Benghazi); (Marsa Libiyah deserts… Matruh) 12-AAC-df shuwa shua community, in [51=] Français: choa, chowa, arabe du Tchad Chad (Guéra; Moyen-Chari; 6 ; Ouaddaï; ; ); Niger; Nigeria; Cameroon 12-AAC-dfa shuwa-'chad' Chad, Tchad lake… Chad-W.; Niger-SE.; Nigeria-NE.; Cameroon-N. 12-AAC-dfb guéra+ chari (Guéra; Moyen-Chari…) 12-AAC-dfc salāmāt-W. (Salamat…) 12-AAC-dfd waddai-baţa Abéché… Batha valley (Ouaddaï; Batha) 12-AAC-dfe kanem tubu "arabic" (Kanem…) 12-AAC-dff shuwa-V. shuwa "vehicular" Chad; Niger; Nigeria; Cameroon 12-AAC-dg rizaygāt+ felaita baggara; baggaara, baqqarah communities; including salamat-E. Sudan (-S.; Kurdufan-S.&- 5 #baqqarah, baggara =«cattle-men» ¶cattle-herders ; inter-marriage < W.; also nomadic into Bahr-el- [90=] Fulfulde-speaking cattle-herding nomads from West Africa Ghazal); Chad 12-AAC-dga ta'aysha #community-name Sudan; Chad adjacent; Central African Rep. adjacent 12-AAC-dgb ħabbāniya habaniya #community-name Sudan and/or Chad 12-AAC-dgc rizaygāt rizeigat #community-name (Darfur-S.) 12-AAC-dgd felaita part of misseria-, messiriyya-humr #community-name Dar-al- Sudan (Kurdufan-W.) Humr country: el-Fula… #name inherited < [90=] Fulfulde-speaking cattle-keeping nomads from West Africa ; possible influence < [90=] Fulfulde-E. (Fellata) 12-AAC-dge 'ajaira part of misseria-humr, messiriyya-humr #community-name Dar-al- Sudan (Kurdufan-W.) Humr country 12-AAC-dgf messiriyya-zurug misseria-zurug #community-name Sudan (Kurdufan-S.) 12-AAC-dgg baggārī-V. dar-fur "vehicular arabic" Sudan (Darfur-S.); Chad adjacent; Central African Rep. adjacent 12-AAC-dh hawāzma+ sālima kurdufani-SE. Sudan (Kurdufan) 5 12-AAC-dha hawāzma #community-name Nuba hills & environs (Kurdufan) 12-AAC-dhb sālima #community-name between White Nile valley… Nuba hills (Kurdufan) 12-AAC-di kabābīsh+ hawāwīr kurdufani-N. Sudan (Kurdufan; ash-Shamaliya) 5 12-AAC-dia ħamar #community-name Dar-Hamar country (Kurdufan) 12-AAC-dib ħāmid #community-name Dar-Hamid country (Kurdufan) 12-AAC-dic kabābīsh #community-name Kagmar>N. (Kurdufan) 12-AAC-did hawāwīr #community-name ad-Dabbah>S. (Kurdufan; ash-Shamaliya) 12-AAC-die ħassāniyya-E. #community-name Nile bend: Baiyuda desert distinct from [12=] (ash-Shamaliya) Hassaniyya (North, West & South) 12-AAC-dj juhayna guhayna "proper" community Sudan (An-Nil al-Azraq) 12-AAC-dk shukrī shukriyya community Sudan (Kassala) 12-AAC-e Mashriqī Arabic-E., "eastern colloquial arabic" Libya; Egypt; Sudan; Jordan; Israel 8 & Palestine; Lebanon; Syria; Saudi Arabia; Yemen; United Arab Emirates; Oman; Kuwait; Bahrain; Qatar; Iraq; Iran; Djibouti; Somalia; Comoros 12-AAC-ea maşrī-N. "lower " Egypt ("Lower Egypt": el- 7 Qâhira…); also Libya (Cyrenaica); migration> Iraq; Jordan; Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates; Yemen 12-AAC-eaa cairene-F. "formal cairo arabic", in [51=] Français: cairote  el-Qahira, Cairo, (el-Qâhira) Caïre… 12-AAC-eab ħalebī "popular urban cairo arabic", "popular cairene", in [51=] Français: (el-Qâhira) cairote populaire  el-Qahira, Cairo, Caïre 12-AAC-eac 'delta'-E. al-Mansurah… Dumyat… Bur-Sa'id… al-Isma'iliyah… (ad-Daqahliyah; Dumyat; Bur-Sa'id; al-Isma'iliyah…) 12-AAC-ead 'delta'-C. Banha… Tanta… Kafr-ash-Shaykh… (al-Minufiyah; al-Gharbiyah; Kafr- ash-Shaykh…) 12-AAC-eae al-iskandariyya Al-Iskandariyah, Alexandria>W. (al-Iskandariyah…) 12-AAC-eaf barqī "cyrenaican arabic" Banghazi>E. transition < [12=] Maghribi & Libya (Cyrenaica: Banghazi; al- Badawi-Sahrawi Bayda; Darnah) 12-AAC-eag al-fayyūm faiyuum al-Fayyum (al-Fayyum) 12-AAC-eah banū-suwayf beni-suef, "lower nile arabic" Beni-Suef, Banu Suwayf… (Banu Suwayf) 12-AAC-eai minyā+ asyūţ #geographical names el-Minya… Asyut (Minya; Asyut) 1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 89

12-AAC-eb şa'idī "upper egyptian arabic", masri-SE. Nile upper Egyptian valley Egypt ("Upper Egypt"); Sudan 6 (ash-Shamaliya) 12-AAC-eba qinā Qina, Gina ("Upper Egypt") 12-AAC-ebb al-ba'irāt al-Ba'irat+ al-Uqsur, Luxor… Aswan ("Upper Egypt") 12-AAC-ebc wādī-alfā Wadi-Halfa (ash-Shamaliya) 12-AAC-ebd al-fayyūm faiyuum Al-Fayyum (al-Fayyum) 12-AAC-ec maşrī-SW. "egyptian oases arabic" Egypt ("Upper Egypt") 12-AAC-eca baħriyya bahariyya, bahriyaal-Wahat-al-Bahriyah oasis… ("Upper Egypt") 12-AAC-ecb farāfira Qasr-al-Farafirah oasis ("Upper Egypt") 12-AAC-ecc dākhila dakhlaal-Wahat-ad-Dakhilah oasis & highlands ("Upper Egypt") 12-AAC-ecd khārija khargaal-Kharijah oasis ("Upper Egypt") 12-AAC-ed sūdānī sudani, "sudan nile arabic"; in [51=] Français: arabe du Nil soudanais Sudan; migration> Egypt; Ethiopia 7 12-AAC-eda shayqiyya shaygiyya #community-name west of Nile river-bend (ash-Shamaliya) 12-AAC-edb rubātāb #community-name east of Nile river-bend (ash-Shamaliya) 12-AAC-edc mirāfāb #community-name Atbara downstream (ash-Shamaliya) 12-AAC-edd ja'alī ga'aliyyin #community-name Atbara upstream (ash-Shamaliya) 12-AAC-ede umm-durmān part of kawahla Umm-Durmān, Omdurman (al-Khurtum) 12-AAC-edf al-khurţūm part of kawahla al-Khurtūm, Khartoum (al-Khurtum) 12-AAC-edg kurdufān-V. part of kawahla, "kordofanic settled arabic", in [51=] Français: arabe (Kurdufan) sédentaire du #geographical name 12-AAC-edh rufa'a Blue Nile lower valley: Rufa'a… (an-Nil-al-Azraq) 12-AAC-edi sūdānī-S. "sudan-S. vehicular arabic" (a'Ali-an-Nil…) 12-AAC-ee badawī-maşrī egyptian-bedouin Egypt; also Sudan 12-AAC-eea badawī-maşrī-W. "western desert bedouin" nomadic communities, including mareoti (al-Fayyum; Marsa Matruh) transition < [12=] 'Arabiyya (Mashriqi) several varieties to be identified (Egyptian) Western Desert 12-AAC-eeb ma'aza part of "eastern desert bedouin" Jabal-Jalalah, Gebel-el-Galala (al-Bahr-al-Ahmar) highlands>S. 12-AAC-eec 'abābda part of "eastern desert bedouin" #community-name Jabal-as-Siba'i… Egypt ("Upper Egypt"); Sudan Jabal-Is… Jabal-Abadab, Red Sea west coast & highlands… Nile right- (Kassala-N.; ash-Shamaliyah-NE.) bank 12-AAC-ef badawī-sīnaī sinaï-bedouin, sinaitic arabic" #community-name Suez canal… Egypt (Sina'; Sharqiyah); Palestine Sinaï+ Negev deserts… Gaza coast (Gaza); Israel (Hanegev) 12-AAC-efa sharqāwī-W. "western" sharqiyya nomadic community west of Suez canal (Sharqiyah) 12-AAC-efb sharqāwī-E. "eastern" sharqiyya nomadic community east of Suez canal (Sina') 12-AAC-efc axrasī axarsa nomadic community (Sina') 12-AAC-efd biyyāḍī biyyadiyya community Bir-al-Abd… Rāb'a… Naghila… Khirba… (Sina') 4 12-AAC-efe dwēgrī dawagra fishing community az-Zugba peninsula… Bardawil lagoon (Sina') 3 12-AAC-eff gaţāwiyya nomadic community-name (Sina') 12-AAC-efg 'alawiyya #community-name Bir-al-Abd district: Gatya oasis (Sina') 12-AAC-efh smē'nī sama'na community Bir-al-Abd district: Gatya oasis (Sina') 4 12-AAC-efi 'gēlī 'agayla community Mediterranean coast: al-Hmesa… Naqid… Bir-al- (Sina') Kteb… 12-AAC-efj mas'ūdī masa'id nomadic community (Sina') 12-AAC-efk 'ayyādī 'ayayda semi-nomadic community (Sina') 12-AAC-efl turbānī tarabin nomadic community (Sina') 12-AAC-efm swērkī sawarkah nomadic community (Sina') 12-AAC-efn aaywī ahaywat nomadic community (Sina') 12-AAC-efo balawī bili semi-nomadic community (Sina') 12-AAC-efp malālħa #community-name Wadi-al-Arish water-course (Sina') 12-AAC-efq dullām "negev bedouin" #community-name Negev, Néguev desert Israel (Hanegev) 12-AAC-eg ħijāzī "arabian"-W., in [51=] Français: arabique occidentale Saudi Arabia; Jordan; Sudan; 6 Eritrea 12-AAC-ega riyāshāt #community-name nomadic community-name Egypt; Palestine; Jordan; Saudi Arabia; Yemen 12-AAC-egb hadarīb #community-name Red-Sea west coast Sudan; Eritrea 12-AAC-egc tanūma "coastal" tihamah community #community-name Red-Sea east coast Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-egd mţēr #community-name Hufuf>N. Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-ege naghdī Naghran 12-AAC-egf 'asīr "valley" tihamah community #community-name Asir mountains Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-egg janādla Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-egh al-madīna Madina, in [51=] Français: Médine Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-egi makka Makkah, Meccala, in [51=] Français: la Mecque Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-egj jedda Jidda, in [51=] Français: Djeddah Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-egk juhaynā #community-name Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-egl balī #community-name Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-egm mawāhib #community-name Saudi Arabia page 90 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

12-AAC-egn banu-'aţiyya #community-name Saudi Arabia; also Jordan 12-AAC-ego huwaytāt #community-name Jordan; Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-eh 'syro-palestinian' "arabian-NW.", "levantine-arabic", in [51=] Français: arabe levantin Egypt (Sina'); Palestine (Gaza); 7 Israel; Jordan; Lebanon; Syria; Cyprus 12-AAC-eha 'arāyshī al-Arish (Sina') 12-AAC-ehb gazzāwī Gaza, Gazzah (Gaza) 12-AAC-ehc badawī 'jordan' "jordanian bedouin" several idioms; transition < Badawi-Sinai Jordan 12-AAC-ehd 'transjordanian' "settled transjordanian" Jordan; Palestine; Israel 12-AAC-ehe 'ammanī Amman Jordan 12-AAC-ehf al-khalīl al-Khalil, Hebron Palestine 12-AAC-ehg jerusalem Jerusalem Israel; Palestine 12-AAC-ehh nābulus Nabulus Palestine 12-AAC-ehi jaffa Jaffa, Yafo Israel 12-AAC-ehj haifa Haifa Israel 12-AAC-ehk libnān-'maronite'-S. "christian lebanese"-S.; part of "maronite", "maronite christian" Lebanon-S. community 12-AAC-ehl libnān-druze druze "lebanese", druze "muslim" community Lebanon-S. 12-AAC-ehm ras-beirut part of beiruti #community-name Beirut Lebanon (Beirut) 12-AAC-ehn musaytbeh mousaytbeh, part of beiruti #community-name Beirut Lebanon (Beirut) 12-AAC-eho ashrafiyyeh part of beiruti #community-name Beirut Lebanon (Beirut) 12-AAC-ehp libnān-'maronite'-N. "christian lebanese"-N.; part of maronite, maronite christian community Lebanon-N. 12-AAC-ehq libnān-sunni-N. sunni "lebanese"; part of sunni, sunni muslim community Lebanon-N. 12-AAC-ehr hawran #community-name Syria-SW. 12-AAC-ehs dimishkī "damascene", in [51=] Français: damascène Damascus, Damas Syria 12-AAC-eht suriyya-C. "syrian"-C. Syria-SC. 12-AAC-ehu badawī-suriyya-NE. urfa, part of "syrian bedouin" Urfa Syria-NE.; Turkey 12-AAC-ehv badawī-suriyya-NW. part of "syrian bedouin" Syria-NW. 12-AAC-ehw anţākya Antakya, Antioch Turkey 12-AAC-ehx kormakiti ""; maronite cypriot community, part of maronite, maronite Cyprus-N. 3 christian community Kormakiti 12-AAC-ei 'syro-mesopotamian' 'shammari', "arabian"-N., najdi-N., "najdi bedouin"-N., in [51=] Syria; Jordan-E.; Saudi Arabia-N.; Français: arabique du nord Iraq-C.; Turkey (Siirt) 12-AAC-eia ħadīdīn part of pre-'anazi #community-name Syria-N. 12-AAC-eib n'aym naim, part of pre-'anazi #community-name Syria-N. 12-AAC-eic fadl fadhl, part of pre-'anazi #community-name Syria-S. 12-AAC-eid mawālī part of pre-'anazi #community-name Syria-S. 12-AAC-eie 'umūr part of 'shammari'-W. #community-name Syria 12-AAC-eif slūţ part of 'shammari'-W. #community-name Syria; Jordan 12-AAC-eig sirħān part of 'shammari'-W. #community-name Wadi-as-Sirhan Syria; Jordan 12-AAC-eih bani-sakhr banu-sakhari, bani-sakhar, part of 'shammari'-W. #community-name Jordan; Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-eii sardiyya part of 'shammari'-W. #community-name Jordan 12-AAC-eij hā'il haayil Ha'il Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-eik sīrt-S. 'shammari'-C.; part of 'shammar', 'sammar' community Iraq; Saudi Arabia; Syria 12-AAC-eil 'abda part of 'shammari'-S., part of 'shammar', 'sammar' community Saudi Arabia; Iraq 12-AAC-eim qaīm part of 'shammari'-S., al-qasim, al-qasiim #community-name transition Saudi Arabia < 'Anazi-N. 12-AAC-ein dħafir part of 'shammari'-S., dafiir #community-name transition < 'Anazi-N. Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-eio tayyī part of 'shammari'-N., diyarbekir #community-name Diyarbekir Syria; Turkey 12-AAC-eip sīrt-N. part of 'shammari'-N. Sirt Syria; Turkey (Siirt) 12-AAC-eiq mardin part of iraqi-qeltu Mardin Syria; Turkey 12-AAC-eir -NW. part of iraqi-qeltu Syria 12-AAC-eis tadmur palmyra, part of iraqi-qeltu Tadmur, Palmyra Syria 12-AAC-eit tikrīt tikriit, part of iraqi-qeltu Tikriit Iraq 12-AAC-eiu ' 'Anah Iraq 12-AAC-eiv hīt hiit Hiit Iraq 12-AAC-eiw mosul Tigris upper valley Iraq 12-AAC-ej 'anazī-NE. "arabian"-NE., in [51=] Français: arabique du nord-est Iraq; Iran (Khuzestan) 6 12-AAC-eja khuzistanī Kaaruun middle & upper valley… Zagros western slopes (Khuzestan) 12-AAC-ejb shaţţ -al-'arab Kaaruun lower valley… Shatt-al-Arab delta (Khuzestan) 12-AAC-ejc bassora basra-SE. Basra Iraq (Basra) 12-AAC-ejd dijlah Dijlah, Tigris lower valley Iraq (Maysaan) 12-AAC-eje furāt al-Furat, Euphrates lower valley Iraq (Dhi-Qaar; al-Muthanna; al- Qaadisiyah; Baabil) 12-AAC-ejf baghdādī including "muslim" baghdadi… "christian" baghdadi… "jewish" Iraq (Baghdaad) baghdadi  12-AAC-ejg kawāwila kawaawila "gipsy", romani-arabic #community-name =«from Kabul» Iraq (Khuzistan) 1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 91

12-AAC-ek kuwaytī+ qaarī "arabian"-E., in [51=] Français: arabique orientale Persian Gulf west Iraq; Kuwait; Saudi Arabia; coast Bahrain; Qatar; migration> Egypt 12-AAC-eka zubairi zubair+ fau Zubair… Fau Iraq 12-AAC-ekb kuwaytī kuwaiti, including bani-khalid… sha'a Kuwait 12-AAC-ekc hasāwi Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-ekd baţrainī bahraini, 'arab-baharnah; bahrein sunni community Bahrein 12-AAC-eke qaţari-N. Qatar 12-AAC-ekf qaţari-S. Qatar 12-AAC-ekg abu-dhabī "trucial-coast-arabic" Abu-Dhabi United Arab Emirates 12-AAC-ekh buraimī Al-Buraymi United Arab Emirates-E.; Oman-N. 12-AAC-el 'anazī-N. "arabian"-CN., najdi-C., "central najdi bedouin" Saudi Arabia; Jordan; Syria.; Iraq 6 12-AAC-ela sba'a #community-name Syria 12-AAC-elb ħsana hasana #community-name Syria 12-AAC-elc fid'ān #community-name Syria; Iraq 12-AAC-eld wild-'alī #community-name Saudi Arabia; Syria; Iraq 12-AAC-ele rwala #community-name Saudi Arabia; Iraq; Jordan 12-AAC-elf 'amārāt #community-name Iraq 12-AAC-elg sharārāt #community-name Saudi Arabia; Jordan 12-AAC-elh bani-wahb #community-name Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-eli wild-sulaymān #community-name Sulayman Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-elj hutaym #community-name Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-em 'anazī-C. arabian-C., najdi-S., najdi-S. bedouin, in [51=] Français: arabique Saudi Arabia; Bahrein; United Arab 6 central Emirates 12-AAC-ema arb #community-name Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-emb muţayr mutair #community-name Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-emc 'awāzim #community-name Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-emd bani-khālid #community-name Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-eme bani-hājir #community-name Hajar Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-emf baarnah shi'I-bahraini #community-name Bahrein 12-AAC-emg 'ijmān 'ajman #community-name 'Ajman United Arab Emirates 12-AAC-emh sbay' #community-name Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-emi hufūf hofuf al-Hufuf Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-emj riyādh riyadh Riyadh Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-emk 'utayba 'utaiba #community-name Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-eml dawāsir #community-name Wadi-al-Dawasir valley Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-emm gāhtān qahtan #community-name Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-emn banu-yāim yaim, yam #community-name Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-emo āl-murra #community-name Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-emp manāsīr #community-name Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates 12-AAC-emq shiu al-shihuh #community-name United Arab Emirates 12-AAC-emr sudair #community-name Sudair Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-ems bīshah #community-name Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-emt najrān #community-name Najran… Najran desert Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-emu rashāyda #community-name Saudi Arabia 12-AAC-en omanī "settled-arabian"-SE., hadar, hadari, hadari omani, "settled" omani, in Oman 6 [51=] Français: arabique sédentaire du sud-est 12-AAC-ena sharqiyya #community-name Oman 12-AAC-enb masqaţī Masqat, Muscat port Oman 12-AAC-enc batina #community-name Oman 12-AAC-end hajar-W. #community-name Oman 12-AAC-ene jabal-akhar banu-kharus Jabal-al-Akhadar mountains Oman 12-AAC-eo omanī-badawī "bedouin-arabian"-SE., omani bedouin, in [51=] Français: arabique Oman bédouin du sud-est 12-AAC-eoa janabah #community-name Oman-C. 12-AAC-eob dufār dhofar, zufar Dhufar massif Oman-W 12-AAC-ep yemenī "arabian"-SW., "yemenite arabic", in [51=] Français: arabique du sud- Yemen 6 ouest 12-AAC-epa mahra-bedawī Yemen 12-AAC-epb hadramī "settled" hadramawti Hadramawt region Yemen 12-AAC-epc hadramī-bedawī hadramawti 2, hadramawti bedouin Hadramawt region Yemen 12-AAC-epd dathīna Dathina massif Yemen 12-AAC-epe musaymir Misaymir massif Yemen 12-AAC-epf mukalla+ shuqra' #geographical names Mukalla… Shuqra' Yemen 12-AAC-epg 'adanī adeni Aden Yemen page 92 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

12-AAC-eph tihāmī-S. hujariyah, hojeria Tihaama coastal plain, Mukha Yemen 12-AAC-epi tihāmī-SC. Tihaama coastal plain, Zabid Yemen 12-AAC-epj tihāmī-NC. Tihaama coastal plain, Hudaydah Yemen 12-AAC-epk tihāmī-N. Tihaama coastal plain, Luhayyah Yemen 12-AAC-epl hujariyya-S. hojeria-S., ta'iz #community-name Ta'izz mountains Yemen 12-AAC-epm hujariyya-C. hojeria-C. #community-name Tariifah massif Yemen 12-AAC-epn hujariyya-N. hojeria-N. #community-name Manaakhah mountain Yemen 12-AAC-epo awd #community-name Ibb-Qa'tabah… Yemen plateaux-SW. Yemen 12-AAC-epp 'ammar #community-name Yemen plateaux-SE. Yemen 12-AAC-epq dhamaar-yariim #community-name Yemen plateaux-CS. Yemen 12-AAC-epr san'ānī san'a'i, "yemeni-N. vehicular" San'aa Yemen 12-AAC-eps wadi-al-jawf Yemen-NE. plateaux Yemen 12-AAC-ept arhab #community-name Yemen-NE. plateaux Yemen 12-AAC-epu husayn #community-name Yemen-NE. plains Yemen 12-AAC-epv dahm #community-name Yemen-NE. plains Yemen 12-AAC-epw sa'da #community-name Yemen plateaux Yemen 12-AAC-epx jibla #community-name Yemen 12-AAC-epy el-odein #community-name Yemen 12-AAC-eq 'perso-arabic' fars, 'anazi-E., "persianised arabic", in [51=] Français: arabe persisé Iran 5 influence < [58=] Farsi Persian Gulf east coast 12-AAC-er zanjī "african coastal arabic", in [51=] Français: arabe maritime africain Djibouti; Somalia; Ethiopia 6 (Ogaden); Kenya (Coast); Tanzania (Zanzibar); Comores 12-AAC-era jibutī djibouti Jibuti, Djibouti Djibouti 12-AAC-erb somalia-N. "somalian-N. maritime arabic" #geographical name Somalia 12-AAC-erc somalia-C. "somalian-C. inland arabic" #geographical name Somalia; (Ogaden) 12-AAC-erd somalia-S. "somalian-S. maritime arabic" #geographical name Somalia 12-AAC-ere kenyanī "kenyan maritime arabic" (Coast) 12-AAC-erf zanzibarī zanzibari, "zanzibar arabic" Zanzibar island (Zanzibar) 12-AAC-erg komorī "comorian arabic"; in [51=] Français: arabe comorien Comores Comores islands 12-AAC-f 'Arabo-Creole' "african arabic creoles" Chad; Sudan; Uganda; Kenya 6 12-AAC-fa babaliya babalia, bubalia, " creole" Chad-S. 5 12-AAC-fb juba juba "arabic", " creole" Juba environs, White-Nile Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal; 5 upper valley (Equatoria) 12-AAC-fc ki-nubi nubi, noubi, "east-african arabic creole" Uganda (Kampala); Kenya 4 (Nairobi) 12-AAC-fca nubi-kampala Kampala (Kampala) 12-AAC-fcb nubi-kibera Nairobi-Kibera (Nairobi) 12-AAC-g 'Judeo-Arabic' "hebraicised arabic", in [51=] Français: arabe hébraïcisé influence < Morocco; Tunisia; Libya; Iraq; 5 [12=] Ivrit (Hebrew) Hebraic script migration> Israel; France; Italy 12-AAC-ga 'judeo-moroccan' in [51=] Français: judéo-marocain Morocco; migration> Israel 5 12-AAC-gaa fès Fès, Fez Morocco 12-AAC-gab dar-el-beida Casablanca, Dar-el-Beida Morocco 12-AAC-gac 'judeo-moroccan'-E. Tel-Aviv migration> Israel 12-AAC-gb 'judeo-tunisian' in [51=] Français: judéo-tunisien Tunis Tunisia; migration> France; Israel… 12-AAC-gc yudī "judeo-libyan" Libya; migration> Italy 12-AAC-gd yahudī yahudic, "judeo-iraqi" Iraq; migration> Israel 5 12-AAC-h Jugarī "central-asian arabic", "turko-persianised arabic", in [51=] Français: Afghanistan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan 4 arabe turco-persisé #use of name jugari to be confirmed 12-AAC-ha jugarī influence < [58=] Farsi (Persian) and [44=]Türkçe Afghanistan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan 4 12-AAC-haa balkh balkh "arabic" Balkh region Afghanistan-N. 3 12-AAC-hab bukhara bukhara "arabic" Bukhara… Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; also 3 Afghanistan 12-AAC-hac kaska-darya uzbek "arabic", kashka-darya "arabic" Kashka-Darya ; influenced Uzbekistan 2* also by [42=] Oghuz ¶spoken by elderly villagers in 1940's; perhaps extinct 12-AAC-i Jakatī* jat; jati; jatu, kayani, musali; jakati semi-nomadic community Moldova; Ukraine; Russia; 5 ¶apparently originating in Afghanistan, Pakistan or India, but all Afghanistan; Uzbekistan; information on this community and their language remains to be Tadjikistan confirmed #name perhaps related to that of [59=] Jad-gali (Jat) in Pakistan 12-AAC-ia jakatī-W. "european jakati" Moldova; Ukraine; Russia (Europe) 12-AAC-ib jakatī-E. "asian jakati" Russia (Asia); Afghanistan; Uzbekistan; Tadjikistan 1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 93

12-AB MAHRI+ SQATRI SOUTH-ARABIAN, "meso-semitic", in [51=] Français: sudarabique chain from c.–750: epigraphic South Arabian scripts (Minean; Sabaean; Qatabanian; Awsanite; Harani) 12-ABA MAHRI+ JIBBALI net 12-ABA-a Mahri+ Jibbali mahri+ shahari, mahri+ shehri Oman; Yemen; migration> Kuwait 4 12-ABA-aa mahri mehri Oman; Yemen; migration> Kuwait 4 12-ABA-aaa mahra mahra community Mahra Oman; Yemen 12-ABA-aab biljaf biljaf, bil-haf community Oman 12-ABA-aac nagdi Oman 12-ABA-aad bait-kathir #community-name submerged < [12=] 'Arabiyya Oman 0 12-ABA-ab arsusi harsuusi Oman-C. 2 12-ABA-aba harsusi harsuusi, harusi, harasis, harsusi community Oman-C. 12-ABA-abb aforit afar community Oman-C. 12-ABA-ac bautahari botahari, bathari, bathara Batahirah region Oman; Yemen 12-ABA-ad jibbali jibbaali, gablet Oman 12-ABA-ada shehri shahari, shauri, sahri, shawri, shero, shahara, shehri community, Oman jibbali-E. 12-ABA-adb qarawi kharawi, grawi, qara, qarawi community Oman 12-ABA-adc ahkali ahklo, ehkili, ehkali, hakili, ahkali, ash community Oman 12-ABA-add bajahama bajahama, barahama community Oman 12-ABA-ade shaikin shaikin community Oman 12-ABA-adf hallaniyi hallanyi, kuria-muria, khuryan-muryan Khuryan-Muryan islands: Oman Hallanyi island 12-ABA-ae habyot hobyot, jibbali-W. Oman; Yemen 12-ABB SQATRI net SOCOTRAN, "insular south-arabian", in [51=] Français: sudarabique insulaire 12-ABB-a Sqatri Latin script Yemen (Socotra) 4 12-ABB-aa sqatri skatri, soqotri, sokotri, socotri Yemen (Socotra) 4 12-ABB-aaa socotra Suqutra, Socotra, Socotora island (Socotra) 12-ABB-aab abd-el-kuri Abd-el-kuri, Abd-el-kouri island (Socotra) 12-AC AMARINYA+ GE'EZ ETHIO-SEMITIC, "ethiopian semitic", "ethiopian", in [51=] Français: chain sémitique éthiopien 12-ACA GE'EZ+ TIGRE net 12-ACA-a Ge'ez Ethiopic from c.250: South Arabian script pre-Ethiopic script Ethiopia 3* Ethiopic script 12-ACA-aa ge'ez giiz, lisane-ge'ez, lisane-sehuf, "ethiopic", "classical ethiopian", in [51=] Ethiopia (Tigre…) Français: guèze, ghèze, ghez, éthiopique; including "liturgical" ge'ez… "archival" ge'ez… qine, "modern poetic" ge'ez # ge'ez =«free»; lisane- ge'ez =«language of the free»; lisane-sehuf =«literary language» Aksum empire… ¶flourished from c.350; translation of Bible and liturgy of Ethiopian church from c.450; still in liturgical and poetic use (Qine poetry) 12-ACA-b Tigre Ethiopic script Ethiopia; Eritrea; Sudan 5 12-ACA-ba tigre tigré, khasa Ethiopia (Tigre); Eritrea-N.; Sudan 5 (Kassala) 12-ACA-baa khasa khasa "proper", xasa, khasy, el hasa (Tigre); Eritrea-N.; (Kasssala) 12-ACA-bab habaab (Tigre) 12-ACA-bac mensa mansa (Tigre) 12-ACA-bad mesewa masawa, massawa; massaoua, massaua, messawa Mesewa Eritrea 12-ACA-bae lobot lobot community, part of beni-'aamir, beni-amir, beni-amer community Eritrea 12-ACA-baf dahlak Dahlak archipelago Eritrea 12-ACA-c Tigray Tigrinya Ethiopic script Eritrea; Ethiopia; migration> Israel 6 12-ACA-ca tigray habesha, in [12=] Amarinya: tigrinya, tigrinja, tigrinia A Eritrea; Ethiopia (Tigre; Gonder). 6 12-ACA-caa khamasen tigray-N., hamasen Eritrea-C. 12-ACA-cab tigray-S. (Tigre; also Gonder) 12-ACB AMARINYA+ "WIDER"-AMHARIC ARGOBBINYA net 12-ACB-a Amarinya amaharinya, amharic, abyssinian, "modern ethiopian", lisane-nigus Ethiopia; migration> Israel 7 from c.1400: Ethiopic script #lisane-nigus (=«language of the king») 12-ACB-aa amarinya-F. "formal standard amharic" A Ethiopia 7 12-ACB-ab amarinya-G. "general spoken amharic" Ethiopia (Shewa, Gonder, Gojam, Welega, Wello, Harerge, Arusi, Gemu Gofa); also Sudan 12-ACB-aba addis-ababa Addis-Ababa, Addis-Abéba (Shewa) 12-ACB-abb gonder Gonder (Gonder) 12-ACB-abc gojjam Derbre-Marqos (Gojam) 12-ACB-abd welega-W. wellegga-W. (Welega); Sudan adjacent 12-ACB-abe welega-N. wellegga-N. (Welega) page 94 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

12-ACB-abf wello (Wello) 12-ACB-abg shewa-NE. Menz (Shewa) 12-ACB-abh shewa-E. (Shewa) 12-ACB-abi ahmar Ahmar-C. mountains (Harerge) 12-ACB-abj arusi Arusi mountains (Arusi) 12-ACB-abk boneya Shamo-S. lake: Boneya (Gemu Gofa) 12-ACB-b Argobbinya argobba Ethiopia (Shewa, Harerge) 3 12-ACB-ba ankober argobbinya-N. Ankober-N. massif (Shewa) 3 12-ACB-bb argobbinya-S. argobbinya-harar Harar, Harer massif-SW. (Harerge) 0 12-ACC GESINAN+ SILTI net HARARI 12-ACC-a GESINAN  Ethiopia (Harerge) 4 12-ACC-aa ge-sinan harari, harer, adare, adari, in [12=] Amarinya: aderinya Harar ville Ethiopia (Harerge) 4 12-ACC-b Silti+ Zway gurage-E. Gurage mountains Ethiopia (Shewa) 5 12-ACC-ba zway ziway, gelilla, laqi community Ziway lake: Gelilla island Ethiopia (Shewa) 12-ACC-bb walane wolane, weleni Ethiopia (Shewa) 12-ACC-bc silti selti, gurage-E. "standard" Silti #gurage is otherwise a cover-term for Ethiopia (Shewa) 5 languages of the [12=] Gura+ Gogot net Ethiopic script 12-ACC-bca silti-A. silti "proper", (Shewa) 12-ACC-bcb inneqor enneqor (Shewa) 12-ACC-bcc urbareg (Shewa) 12-ACC-bd mesmes Ethiopia (Shewa) 12-ACD GAFAT net X 12-ACD-a Gafat formerly Ethiopia (Gojam) 0 12-ACD-aa gafat in [12=] Amarinya: gafatinya Blue Nile upper right-bank ¶extinct Ethiopia (Gojam) 0 12-ACE GURA+ GOGOT net "WIDER"-GURAGE #the term gurage is also applied to Silti (Gurage- E.) in the adjacent [12=] Gesinan+Silti net 12-ACE-a Gogot+ Soddo gurage-N. Gurage mountains Ethiopia (Shewa) 5 12-ACE-aa soddo Ethiopia (Shewa) 12-ACE-aaa soddo-A. Sodo (Shewa) 12-ACE-aab aymallel aymellel, gelilla 2 #distinct from [12=] Zway /Gelilla (Shewa) 12-ACE-ab gogot Ethiopia (Shewa) 12-ACE-aba gogot-A. goggot (Shewa) 12-ACE-abb dobi Dobi (Shewa) 12-ACE-ac kistane kestane Kistana Ethiopia (Shewa) 12-ACE-ad muxir muher, muxer transition < [12=] Gurage-C. Ethiopia (Shewa) 12-ACE-b Gura+ Innamor gurage-C. Gurage mountains Ethiopic script Ethiopia (Shewa) 5 12-ACE-ba misqan mesqan, masqan, maskan Ethiopia (Shewa) 12-ACE-bb gura guragie, gouraghie, gurague, gurage "proper", guraage-C. "standard" Ethiopia (Shewa) 5 12-ACE-bba gura-A. Welqite (Shewa) 12-ACE-bbb izha ezha, eza (Shewa) 12-ACE-bbc gumer gwemara Gumer (Shewa) 12-ACE-bbd chaha caha, cheha (Shewa) 12-ACE-bbe muher muxer (Shewa) 12-ACE-bc innamor ennemor, ennamor Innamora Ethiopia (Shewa) 12-ACE-bca innamor-A. innamor "proper" (Shewa) 12-ACE-bcb ener enor, inor (Shewa) 12-ACE-bcc meger (Shewa) 12-ACE-bd geto gieta, gyeto, gyeta Geto Ethiopia (Shewa) 12-ACE-c Indiagegn gurage-SW. Gurage mountains Ethiopia (Shewa) 5 12-ACE-ca indiagegn indageny, indiagegne, endegen, indagen, endagany, enedegeny Ethiopia (Shewa) 5

1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 95

13= BEJIC covers the Beja, Bedauye or "North Cushitic" set within the Egypt; Eritrea; Sudan 6 "Afro-Asiatic" or "Hamito-Semitic" intercontinental affinity (and phylozone part of the former "wider Cushitic" hypothesis within that intercontinental affinity); comprising 1 set (= 1 outer-language) spoken by nomadic communities in Northeast Africa, inland from the Red Sea coast: 13-A BEDAUYE

13-A BEDAUYE set BEJA, "cushitic"-N. 13-AA BEDAUYE chain 13-AAA BEDAUYE net 13-AAA-a Bedauye Sudan (Kassala); Eritrea.; also 6* Egypt 13-AAA-aa ti-bedauye ti-bedaauye, ti-bedawye, tu-bedawie, to-bedawye, bedja, bedawiye, Sudan (Kassala); Eritrea-W.; also 6* bedawi, bedwi, bedya, beja, "wider" hadareb bilingual < [12=] Egypt-SE. 'Arabiyya and/or [12=] Tigre 13-AAA-aaa 'ababde bedauye-N. ¶Bedauye-speaking in early 19th cent ; now submerged < (Kassala); also Egypt 0* [12=] 'Arabiyya 13-AAA-aab bishari bisariab, bisharin-umm-ali, bisharin community, bedauye-CN. (Kassala) 4 13-AAA-aac halenga halanga (Kassala) 13-AAA-aad arteiga (Kassala) 13-AAA-aae amarar bedauye-CS.; part of beni-'aamir, beni-amir, beni-amer community ; (Kassala); Eritrea-W. partially submerged < [12=] Tigre 13-AAA-aaf hadareb hadaareb, hadareb community #the term hadareb is also applied to all Eritrea-W.; also (Kassala) Bedauye-speakers in Eritrea 13-AAA-aag hadendiwa hadendoa, hadendowa community, bedauye-SW. (Kassala-S.) 4 page 96 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

14= CUSHITIC covers the "Central & East Cushitic" grouping, within the Djibouti; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Kenya; 7 "Afro-Asiatic" or "Hamito-Semitic" intercontinental affinity (and Somalia phylozone part of the former "wider Cushitic" hypothesis within that inter- continental affinity); comprising 7 sets of languages (= 25 outer languages) spoken by communities in Northeast and East Africa, from the southeastern Sahara through the Horn of Africa to the East African coast: 14-A BILIN+ AWNGI 14-B SAHO+ 'AFAR 14-C SIDAAMO+ BURJI 14-D WAZE+ TSAMAKULA 14-E YAAKU 14-F BORENA+ DIRASHAT 14-G SOOMAALI+ DASENACH

14-A BILIN+ AWNGI set AGAW, "highland cushitic"-N., "cushitic"-C. 14-AA BILIN+ KEMANTENAY chain 14-AAA BILIN net agaw-N. 14-AAA-a Bilin Keren environs Eritrea (Keren); also Ethiopia 5 (Tigre) 14-AAA-aa bilin bileyn, bilayn, bilein, bilen, belen, balen, beleni, bileno, bogo, bogos, Eritrea (Keren); also Ethiopia 5 agaw-N., in [12=] Amarinya: bileninya (Tigre) 14-AAA-aaa senhit tarqe, tarqeqwer, bet-tarqe (Keren) 14-AAA-aab halhal taqwer; bet-taqwe community Halhal (Keren) 14-AAB KEMANTENAY+ agaw-W. KWARA net 14-AAB-a Kemantenay+ Kwara Tana lake… Aykel>N. Ethiopia 4 14-AAB-aa kemantenay+ Kwara qimanteney, qimant, kimant, kimanta, kemant, kamant, kemanat, Ethiopia (Gonder) 4 kimanteney, qemant, chemant, 'agaw'-W., in [12=] Amarinya: kimantinya 14-AAB-aaa ci'elga (Gonder) 14-AAB-aab karkar (Gonder) 14-AAB-ab dembiya dämbiya, dembya Dembiya ¶ Ethiopia (Gonder) 0 14-AAB-ac kwara quara, qwera, quarasa, quarina, koura, kara, falashi, falasha, felasha, Ethiopia (Gonder); migration> 0* yihudi, 'kayla'; black jewish, jews of falasha community ¶perhaps Israel extinct 14-AAB-aca tana Tana lake>N. (Gonder) 14-AAB-acb kwara-addis Addis Ababa ¶émigré community (Shewa) 14-AAC XAMTANGA+ XAMIR agaw-E. net 14-AAC-a Xamtanga+ Xamir Ethiopia 3 14-AAC-aa xamtanga xamtinga, hamtonga, khamtanga Wello-NW. mountains Ethiopia (Wello; Tigre) 3 14-AAC-ab xamta hamta, khamta ¶extinct formerly Ethiopia (Tigre) 0 14-AAC-ac xamir khamir, khamit, kamir, chamir, xamin, chamin, khamara, hamara, formerly Ethiopia 0 hamra ¶extinct 14-AAC-aca waag xamir-N. Ethiopia 14-AAC-acb soqota xamir-S. Ethiopia 14-AAC-ad abergelle-agaw chiracha-agaw, tcheratz-agaw, lasta-agaw Abergelle, Avergelle formerly Ethiopia (Tigre) 0 ¶extinct 14-AB AWNGI+ KUNFEL agaw-S. chain 14-ABA AWNGI+ KUNFEL net 14-ABA-a Awngi+ Kunfel Ethiopia (Gojam; Gonder); Eritrea 4 14-ABA-aa awngi awawar, agau, agaw, awi, awiya, agew, agow, agaw-S. ¶spoken by Ethiopia (Gojam; Gonder); Eritrea 4 scattered agricultural communities bilingual < [12=] Amarinya and/or [12=] Tigray 14-ABA-aaa dangla Dangla, Dangila (Gojam) 14-ABA-aab damot (Gojam) 14-ABA-aac metekkel Ethiopia and/or Eritrea 14-ABA-aad agew-midir #agew-midir=«Agaw country» (Gojam) 14-ABA-ab kunfel kunfäl, kunfal, kumfel, kwallanyoc, kwollanyoch Tana lake>W. (Gonder) 14-B SAHO+ 'AFAR set "lowland cushitic"-N.; part of "cushitic"-E. 14-BA SAHO+ 'AFAR chain 14-BAA SAHO+ 'AFAR net 14-BAA-a Saho Eritrea; Ethiopia (Tigre) 5 14-BAA-aa saho sao, shaho, shoho, shiho Eritrea; (Tigre) 5 14-BAA-aaa assaorta 'assaorta Eritrea 14-BAA-aab miniferi Eritrea; (Tigre) 14-BAA-aac irob agame (Tigre) 14-BAA-aad hazu hadu ; transitional dialect to [14=] 'Afar (Tigre) 1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 97

14-BAA-b 'Afar Danakil plain… Red Sea coast Ethiopia; Eritrea; Djibouti 5 14-BAA-ba 'afar-af 'afar, qafar, adal, in [12=] 'Arabiyya: danakil, denkel #'afar-af =«mouth Ethiopia (Tigre; Wello; Harerge; 5 of afar» Shewa); Eritrea; Djibouti 14-BAA-baa afar-NW. Danakil plain (Tigre, Wello) 14-BAA-bab afar-NE. Red Sea coast: Djibouti… Amarti Eritrea; Djibouti 14-BAA-bac ba'adu baadu, afar-SW. (Wello, Shewa) 14-BAA-bad aussa afar-S. Aussa (Wello. Harerge) 14-C SIDAAMO+ BURJI "highland cushitic"-C.; part of "cushitic"-E. set 14-CA SIDAAMO+ HADIYYA chain 14-CAA HADIYYA+ LIBIDO net 14-CAA-a Hadiyya+ Libido Ethiopia 6 14-CAA-aa hadiyya hadiya, hadia, hadya, adiye, adea, 'gudeilla', 'gudella' Ethiopia (Shewa) 6 14-CAA-aaa leemo Omo valley (Shewa) 14-CAA-aab shashago (Shewa) 14-CAA-aac soro (Shewa) 14-CAA-ab libido Ziway lake>W. Ethiopia (Shewa) 5 14-CAA-aba libido-A. (Shewa) 14-CAA-abb maroqo maroko (Shewa) 14-CAB KEMBAATA+ ALABA net 14-CAB-a Kembaata+ Alaba Omo valley… Zway lake Ethiopia 6 14-CAB-aa timbara+ qebena Omo left-bank Ethiopia (Shewa) 14-CAB-aaa timbara timbaro, timbaaro, tambaro (Shewa) 14-CAB-aab qebena qabena, kebena, k'abena (Shewa) 14-CAB-ab kembaata kambatta, kabata, kembatta, kembata, kemata, kambara, donga, in Ethiopia (Shewa) 6 [12=] Amarinya: kembatinya 14-CAB-ac alaba halaba, allaaba west of Shala lake Ethiopia (Shewa) 4 14-CAC SIDAAMO net 14-CAC-a Sidaamo Abaya lake>NE. Ethiopia 6 14-CAC-aa sidaamo-'afo sidaamo, sidamo, sidama, sidamo-k'ale, in [12=] Amarinya: sidaminya Ethiopia (Sidamo) 6 #sidaamo-'afo =«mouth of sidamo» 14-CAC-aaa sidaamo-N. (Sidamo) 14-CAC-aab sidaamo-SW. (Sidamo) 14-CAC-aac sidaamo-E. (Sidamo) 14-CAD GEDE-INKE net deresa 14-CAD-a GEDE-INKE Abaya lake Ethiopia 5 14-CAD-aa gede-inke-afa'o gede, gede-inke, gede'o, geddeo, deresa, derasa, darasa, darassa, Ethiopia (Sidamo) 5 derasanya #gede-inke-afa'o =«mouth of gede-inke» 14-CAD-aaa gede'o-N. (Sidamo) 14-CAD-aab gede'o-S. (Sidamo)

14-CB BURJI chain DAASHE 14-CBA BURJI net 14-CBA-a Burji Ethiopia; migration> Kenya 4 14-CBA-aa burji daashe, daash, dashe, bambala, bambara, bembala Ethiopia (Sidamo); also Kenya 4 14-CBA-aaa burji-A. in [12=] Amarinya: burjinya Burji (Sidamo) 14-CBA-aab hagere-maryam Hagere-Maryam escarpment (Sidamo) 14-CBA-aac burji-marsabit Turkana, Rudolf lake>E. migration> Kenya 14-D WAZE+ werize+ tsamai, dullay, "highland cushitic"-CS., 'werizoid'; part of TSAMAKULA set "cushitic"-E. 14-DA WAZE+ TSAMAKULA chain 14-DAA WAZE+ TSAMAKULA net 14-DAA-a Waze+ Beze werize, ala Shamo+ Stefanie lakes… Dullay valley Ethiopia 5 14-DAA-aa go-waze waze, go-wase, goraze, orase, werize "proper", warase, warazi, Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 5 werize"proper" 14-DAA-ab go-beze beze, do-base, ko-pase, d'oopace, d'opaasunte Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 4 14-DAA-aba mashili "upper" mashile, michile, mashelle, masholle, mosiye, musiye (Gemu Gofa) distinct from neighbouring [14=] Mashile ("lower" Mashile) 14-DAA-abb bussa-E. Bussa (Gemu Gofa) 14-DAA-abc lohu (Gemu Gofa) 14-DAA-ac harso innxarsi Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3 page 98 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

14-DAA-ad go-lango lango, we-lango, gollango, kollanko Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3 14-DAA-ae go-rose rose, o-rase, gorrose, korrose Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3 14-DAA-af dihina tihina, tihinte Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3 14-DAA-ag gaba kaapo, kaapa Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3 14-DAA-ah gergere k'ark'arte Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3 14-DAA-ai ko-kawwate kawwate, pa-ko-kawwa-diko, pa-ko-gawwada, gawata, gauwada, Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 4 kawwada, kawwad'a 14-DAA-aia dalpena dalpeene (Gemu Gofa) 14-DAA-aib isharkuta (Gemu Gofa) 14-DAA-b Tsamakula tsamai Stefanie-N. lake Ethiopia 3 14-DAA-ba go-tsamakula tsamakula, ba-go-tsamakula, ba-go-s'aamakkulo, tsamakko, tsamay, Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3 tsamako, ts'amay, s'amai, tamaha, tamaka 14-DAA-baa dume (Gemu Gofa) 14-DAA-bab kuwile kuile, kule, cule (Gemu Gofa) 14-E YAAKU set MUKOGODO, "highland cushitic"-S.; part of "cushitic"-E. 14-EA YAAKU chain 14-EAA YAAKU net 14-EAA-a Yaaku Balingo+ Hannington-E. lakes Kenya (Rift) 1 14-EAA-aa yaaku yaakua, siegu, sieku, mukogodo, mokogodo, mogogodo, mukoquodo, Kenya (Rift) 1 part of 'dorobo', 'n-dorobo' 14-F BORENA+ "lowland cushitic"-S.; part of "cushitic"-E. DIRASHAT set 14-FA DIRASHAT+ KARATTI chain 14-FAA DIRASHAT+ konsoid, shamo; part of 'oromoid' KARATTI net 14-FAA-a Shamo konso+ gidole Shamo-S. lake Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 4 14-FAA-aa mosiya musiya, bussa-W. Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3 14-FAA-ab kap-dirashat dirashat, dirashta, dirasha, diraasha, diraytat, dirayta, jirati, gardula, Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3 gardulla, ghidole, gidole, in [12=] Amarinya: gidolinya Gidole environs 14-FAA-ac mashile "lower" mashile, musile distinct from neighbouring [14=] Go-beze Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) (dialect: Mashili or "upper" Mashile) 14-FAA-ad gato Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 14-FAA-ae turo duro Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 14-FAA-af afa-karatti karatti, af-kareti, karate, kareti, konso, conso, gato, in [12=] Amarinya: Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 4 komso Kareti country: Ciamo lake>S., Sagan valley 14-FB BORENA+ TULEMA OROMO, 'galla' #the indigenous cover-name oromoo, oromo chain (=«people») is accepted by most but not all constituent communities; the (Amharic) exonym 'galla' is considered derogatory 14-FBA BORENA+ TULEMA part of 'oromoid' net 14-FBA-a Borena+ Tulema afan-oromoo, oromo, 'galla', in [12=] Amarinya: 'gallinya' Ethiopic Ethiopia; Kenya 7 script #afan-oromoo =«mouth of Oromo» 14-FBA-aa tulema oromo-C. Ethiopia (Shewa; Welega) 6 14-FBA-aaa tulema-A. tulama, shoa, shewa (Shewa; Welega) 14-FBA-aab kereyu Kereyu (Shewa) 14-FBA-aac selale salale Selale (Shewa; Welega) 14-FBA-ab mecha oromo-W. Ethiopia (Ilubabor; Kefa; Welega) 6 14-FBA-aba mecha-A. maca, macc'a, maccha (Ilubabor; Kefa) 14-FBA-abb wellegga wallaga, wollega (Welega) 14-FBA-ac raya part of oromo-N. Ethiopia (Tigre; Wello) 14-FBA-ad wello wallo, wollo, part of oromo-N. Ethiopia (Wello) 14-FBA-ae qottu harar, harer, argetta-sinan, oromo-E. Ethiopia (Harer) 6 14-FBA-aea qottu-A. quottu, qwottu, kwottu, ittu (Harer) 14-FBA-aeb nole (Harer) 14-FBA-aec jarso Jarso (Harer) 14-FBA-aed ala Ala (Harer) 14-FBA-aee babile Babile (Harer) 14-FBA-aef ania (Harer) 14-FBA-af arusi afan-arsi, arussi, arsi, part of oromo-CS. Ethiopia (Arusi) 14-FBA-ag guji part of oromo-CS. Ethiopia (Sidamo) 14-FBA-aga guji-A. gujji (Sidamo) 14-FBA-agb jemjem Jemjem (Sidamo) 1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 99

14-FBA-ah borena afan-borena, part of oromo-S. Chew Bahir, Stefanie lake… Djilbabo Ethiopia (Sidamo); Kenya (Eastern; 5 plain… Highlands of Kenya foothills the linguistic status of the North Eastern); also Somalia following communities needs to be confirmed (Upper Juba) 14-FBA-aha borena-A. boran, borana, boraan, booran (Sidamo); (Eastern) 5 14-FBA-ahb garre garreh, gurreh, gari Dawa valley: Mandera district… (North Eastern); (Sidamo); (Upper 4 Juba) 14-FBA-ahc gabra gebra, gabbra Marsabit district (Eastern) 4 14-FBA-ahd sakuye saguye Moyale district (Eastern) 3 14-FBA-ahe ajuran ajuuraan-NW., ujuuraan-NW., ajuran-NW. Moyale… Wajir districts (Eastern) 4 14-FBA-ai orma part of oromo-S. Kenya (Eastern; North Eastern; 4 Coast); Ethiopia (Sidamo) 14-FBA-aia orma-A. wardey, wardai, uardai, warday, wardei, including barareta, bararetta (Eastern; North Eastern; Coast); Tana River… Garissa districts also (Sidamo) 14-FBA-aib munyo korokoro Tana mid-valley (North Eastern; Coast) 14-FBA-aic waat, wata, wata-bala, 'boni', 'wa-boni', 'bon', langulo, 'ariangulao', (Coast) 'ariangulu', ogoda, part of 'sanye', 'wa-sanya' 14-G SOMALI+ omo-tana, "lowland cushitic"-E.; part of "cushitic"-E. DASENACH set 14-GA SOMALI+ DASENACH chain 14-GAA BAYSO net 14-GAA-a Bayso Abaya lacustrine island Ethiopia (Sidamo) 2 14-GAA-aa bayso baiso Ethiopia (Sidamo) 2 14-GAB ARBORE net 14-GAB-a Arbore Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 4 14-GAB-aa oho-arbore irbore, harpore, erbore, arbora, marile Stefanie-N. lake Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 4 14-GAC DASENACH net 14-GAC-a Dasenach Omo lower valley… Turkana-N., Rudolf-N. lake Ethiopia; Kenya; Sudan 4 14-GAC-aa af-dasenach dathanik, dathanaik, dathanaic, daasenach, daasenech, geleb, geleba, Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa); Kenya 4 galab, gelab, gheleba, gallab, galuba, gelubba, dama, marille, merile, (Rift); Sudan merille, morille, reshiat, rusia, russia, 'shangilla', in [12=] Amarinya: gelebinya #af-dasenach =«mouth of dasenach» the linguistic status and location of the following communities need to be confirmed 14-GAC-aaa inkabelo inkabelo community Ethiopia… 14-GAC-aab inkoria inkoria community Ethiopia… 14-GAC-aac naritch naarich, naritch community Ethiopia… 14-GAC-aad elele elele community Ethiopia… 14-GAC-aae randal randal community Ethiopia… 14-GAC-aaf oro oro community Ethiopia… 14-GAC-aag koro koro community Ethiopia… 14-GAC-aah rele rele community Ethiopia… 14-GAD GURU-PAWA net EL-MOLO 14-GAD-a Guru-Pawa Turkana, Rudolf lake: El Molo bay: lacustrine islands Kenya (Eastern) 1 14-GAD-aa guru-pawa el-molo, guru-paua, fura-pawa, dehes, hereng, part of 'dorobo', 'n- Kenya (Eastern) 1 dorobo' #guru-pawa =«lake-community» 14-GAE RENDILLE net 14-GAE-a Rendille Turkana, Rudolf lake… Marsabit Kenya (Eastern) 4 14-GAE-aa afi-rendille rendille, rendile, randile Kenya (Eastern) 4 14-GAE-aaa rudolf Turkana, Rudolf lake>SE. (Eastern) 14-GAE-aab marsabit Marsabit (Eastern) 14-GAE-aac arial ariaal, rendille-S. (Eastern) 14-GAF AWEERA net 14-GAF-a Aweera Lamu… Juba, Jubba lower valley Kenya (Coast; North Eastern); 3 Somalia (Lower Jubba) 14-GAF-aa aweera aweer, 'boni' 2, waata 2, wata 2, wata-bala 2, ogoda 2, part of 'sanye', Kenya (Coast; North Eastern); 3 'wa-sanya' Somalia (Lower Jubba) 14-GAF-aaa lamu Lamu hinterland Kenya (Coast; North Eastern) 14-GAF-aab juba jubba Juba, Jubba lower valley Somalia (Lower Jubba) page 100 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

14-GAG SOOMAALI+ "WIDER"-SOMALI, somali #af- =«mouth», used to distinguish DABARRE net language-names, as distinct from the sometimes differing coverage of similar ethnic and lineage names 14-GAG-a Soomaali including sab (linguistically but not ethnically) Horn of Africa Somalia (including 7 peninsula: Djibouti coast… Ngangerabeli plain Arabic script; Somalia/Somaliland); Djibouti; Osmania script; Latin script Ethiopia; Kenya; migration> Yemen; United Arab Emirates; Wales 14-GAG-aa af-soomaali-G. soomaali, af-somali, somali, af-maxaad-tiri, "common" somali, in [12=] A Somalia; Djibouti; Ethiopia; Amarinya: somalinya Kenya 14-GAG-aaa soomaali-F. "standard" somali Somalia… 14-GAG-aab soomaali-V. "vehicular" somali Somalia… 14-GAG-ab af-'iise af-ciise, 'iise, issa, isa, ise Zeila coast… Ahmar foothills (Diredawa) Djibouti; Somalia/Somaliland (Hargeisa); Ethiopia (Harerge) 14-GAG-ac af-geedabuursi geedabuursi, af-gedabursi, gadabursi Durdur valley… Borama Somalia/Somaliland (Hargeisa); environs Ethiopia (Harerge) 14-GAG-ad af-isaaq isaaq, af-isaq, isxaaq, issaag, is'hak, ishak, ishaak Berbera coast… Somalia/Somaliland (Hargeisa); Ogaden desert Ethiopia (Harerge) 14-GAG-ae af-daarood daarood, darod, darot Somalia/Somaliland (Burao); Somalia (Migiurtinia; Mudugh); Ethiopia (Harerge; Sidamo); Kenya (North Eastern) 14-GAG-aea af-majeerteen majerten, mijertein Migiurtina, Mijertein region (Migiurtina) 14-GAG-aeb af-warsangeli Las Khoreh & hinterland (Burao) 14-GAG-aec af-dolbohaante dolbohante, dolbohanta Dooxo Nugaaleed, Nogal upper basin (Burao); (Harerge) 14-GAG-aed af-ogadeen ogaden, sab-ogaden, ogaden-harti, part of sab Ogaden plain (Harerge) 14-GAG-aee af-degodiya digodiya, hawiyya-SW. (Sidamo); (Northeastern) 14-GAG-af af-hawiyya hawiyya-NE., hawiya-NE., habar-gidir, habar-gedir Galka'yo>SE.… Somalia (Mudugh) Obbia coast 14-GAG-ag af-benaadir benadir Somalia (Benadir; Mudugh; Hiran) 5* 14-GAG-aga af-benaadir-A. "coastal" somali Benadir region (Benadir; Mudugh) 14-GAG-agb af-abgaal part of hawiyya-SE. between El Dere… Harardera (Mudugh) 14-GAG-agc af-gaaljaal part of hawiyya-SE. Shabeelle, Shebelle middle right-bank: Balcad, (Benadir; Hiran) Balad… Bulo Burti opposite bank 14-GAG-ah af-ashraaf muqdisho, mogadisho, "urban" somali Muqdisho, Mogadisho Somalia (Benadir) 14-GAG-ai af-ajuraan ajuraan-SE., ajuran-SE., ujuuraan-SE. Juba, Genale middle left- Somalia (Upper Juba) bank: opposite Weregta 14-GAG-aj af-digil part of sab Shabeelle, Shebelle lower valley… Dinsor Somalia (Benadir; Upper Juba) 14-GAG-ak af-maay af-maay-tiri, af-may, af-maymay, af-rahanwein, rehamwein, Somalia (Lower Juba; Upper Juba) 5 rahanween, rahanweyn, part of sab Shabeelle, Shebelle valley… Juba, Genale valley 14-GAG-al af-tunni part of sab Shabeelle, Shebelle lower valley… Juba, Genale middle Somalia (Lower Juba) 4 valley 14-GAG-am af-jiddu juba-somali Shabeelle, Shebelle lower valley… Juba, Genale Somalia (Lower Juba) 4 middlevalley 14-GAG-an af-helledi "hunter's" somali; helleda community Bur Hakkaba>N. Somalia (Upper Juba) 14-GAG-b Dabarre+ Iroole Somalia (Lower Juba) 4 14-GAG-ba af-dabarre dabare, dabarre clan Dinsor>S.… Bohol Madagoi valley Somalia (Upper Juba; also Benadir) 14-GAG-bb af-iroole irole, iroole clan inland from Brava: Shabeelle, Shebelle lower right- Somalia (Lower Juba) bank 14-GAG-c Garre+ Boon Somalia (Upper Juba; Benadir; 4 Hiran) 14-GAG-ca af-boon boon, boni Juba middle valley Somalia (Upper Juba) 2 14-GAG-cb af-garre garre, garreh Shabeelle middle & lower valley Somalia (Benadir; Hiran) 4