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Report from Plant and Food Research.Pdf Diazinon use in New Zealand horticulture Park NM, Walker JTS, Walker GP, Shaw PW, Wallis DR October 2010 A report prepared for: ERMA New Zealand Park NM, Walker JTS Plant & Food Research, Havelock North Walker GP Plant & Food Research, Auckland Shaw PW, Wallis DR Plant & Food Research, Nelson SPTS No. 4702 PFR Client Report No. 38240 PFR Contract No. 24849 DISCLAIMER Unless agreed otherwise, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited does not give any prediction, warranty or assurance in relation to the accuracy of or fitness for any particular use or application of, any information or scientific or other result contained in this report. Neither Plant & Food Research nor any of its employees shall be liable for any cost (including legal costs), claim, liability, loss, damage, injury or the like, which may be suffered or incurred as a direct or indirect result of the reliance by any person on any information contained in this report. LIMITED PROTECTION This report may be reproduced in full, but not in part, without prior consent of the author or of the Chief Executive Officer, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. COPYRIGHT © COPYRIGHT (2010) The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, reported, or copied in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical or otherwise without written permission of the copyright owner. Information contained in this publication is confidential and is not to be disclosed in any form to any party without the prior approval in writing of the Chief Executive Officer, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. This report has been prepared by The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), which has its Head Office at 120 Mt Albert Rd, Mt Albert, Auckland. This report has been approved by: Nicola Park Researcher, Applied Entomology Date: 29 October 2010 Louise Malone Science Group Leader, Bioprotection Date: 29 October 2010 Contents Executive summary 1 1 Introduction 3 2 Methods 3 2.1 Factors considered in the assessment of diazinon use 3 2.2 Trends in pesticide use in New Zealand: 2004 survey 4 2.2.1 Diazinon products currently registered for use in New Zealand horticulture 5 2.2.2 Approved handler certification and product tracking regulations 5 2.2.3 Diazinon mode of action 9 2.2.4 Maximum residue levels on New Zealand crops 9 2.2.5 Biosecurity requirements for export crops 10 2.2.6 Pesticide resistance management 11 3 Diazinon use and alternatives in New Zealand horticultural sectors 12 3.1 Avocado 12 3.1.1 Diazinon use on avocado and alternatives 13 3.2 Turf 18 3.2.1 Diazinon use on turf and alternatives 18 3.3 Pipfruit 20 3.3.1 Diazinon use on pipfruit 20 3.4 Grapes 23 3.4.1 Diazinon use on grapes 23 3.5 Kiwifruit 23 3.5.1 Diazinon use on kiwifruit 24 3.6 Citrus 24 3.6.1 Diazinon use on citrus and alternatives 24 3.7 Berryfruit 33 3.7.1 Diazinon use on berryfruit and alternatives 33 3.8 Persimmon 36 3.8.1 Diazinon use on persimmon and alternatives 36 3.9 Tamarillo 40 3.9.1 Diazinon use on tamarillo and alternatives 40 3.10 Allium 46 3.10.1 Diazinon use on onion and alternatives 46 3.11 Feijoa 49 3.11.1 Diazinon use on feijoa and alternatives 49 3.12 Passionfruit 52 3.12.1 Diazinon use on passionfruit 52 3.13 Summerfruit 52 3.14 Carrots 53 3.15 Cereals 53 3.16 Pasture and forage crops 53 3.17 Imported seeds, nursery stock, cut flowers and foliage 53 3.18 Other crops that may use diazinon 54 4 Conclusions 56 5 References 60 6 Acknowledgements 65 7 Appendix 1 Summary of application methods and product label rates67 7.1 Products containing 800, 600 or 500 g/litre diazinon 67 7.2 Products containing 50 g/litre diazinon 71 8 Appendix 2. List of insecticides registered for the control of key pasture and forage crop insect pests (Chapman & Jackson 2010) 72 Executive summary Diazinon use in New Zealand horticulture Park NM, Walker JTS, Walker GP, Shaw PW, Wallis DR, October 2010, SPTS No. ERMA New Zealand (Environmental Risk Management Authority) is undertaking a reassessment programme on already approved hazardous substances for which there is evidence that the risks may not be adequately managed by the existing controls.. The information in this report will be available for inclusion in the ERMA New Zealand reassessment application of diazinon (CASRN 333-41-5) being prepared by ERMA New Zealand for public consultation. Sectors that are potential users of diazinon were identified from product label registrations and from results of the survey reported in Trends in Pesticide Use in New Zealand: 2004 (Manktelow et al. 2005). Scientific and technical experts working on each of the crops were contacted to assess current use patterns, likely impacts of deregistration, alternative pest control methods and any other crops to which diazinon might be applied. A national literature search was used to assist in identifying and validating issues and likely solutions. In compiling this report, difficulties were encountered in obtaining information to the required detail, particularly for smaller sectors where there are few published data. As there were many sectors to assess, the information provided here is in places only a short summary of the likely issues and impacts surrounding the reviewed active ingredient. The outcomes of the current ERMA reassessments of dichlorvos, acephate and methamidophos will also affect the use of diazinon, particularly on minor crops where there are few, if any, registered alternatives. Diazinon is a key insecticide across a range of fresh vegetable, fruit and flower crops such as avocado, citrus, pipfruit, passionfruit, carrots, cereal crops, turf and cut flower crops. Its broad- spectrum action and short-residual is an advantage in glasshouse vegetable crops and it is a key pest management tool for many fruit crops. Some export-focussed fruit crops have developed alternatives, where possible, to meet nil detectable diazinon requirements in export markets. Diazinon is also not widely used in process vegetable production. However, diazinon is widely used on pasture and turf and diazinon prills are central to the management of pests in tuber crops such as carrot. In many cases, there are no readily available alternatives. Consideration must be given, particularly for minor crops whose growers are unable to fund the necessary label claim development for any potential alternative, to identifying a pathway to provide the required efficacy, crop safety and residue data to support a label claim. Sufficient time is needed to develop the technical knowledge and funding to enable the identification and development of alternative control measures. For further information please contact: Nicola Park or Jim Walker The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd Plant & Food Research Hawke’s Bay Private Bag 1401 Havelock North Hastings 4157 ©The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (2010) Page 1 This report is confidential to ERMA New Zealand Diazinon use in New Zealand horticulture NEW ZEALAND Tel: +64-6-975 8880 Fax: +64-6-975 8881 Email [email protected] Email [email protected] 1 Introduction ERMA New Zealand (Environmental Risk Management Authority) is undertaking a reassessment programme on already approved hazardous substances for which there is evidence that the risks may not be adequately managed by the existing controls. Following public submissions, an initial list of 20 substances for reassessment was developed in 2007. In 2009, ERMA New Zealand reviewed this Chief Executive Initiated Reassessment (CEIR) list and after a consultation process released an updated list on 29 March 2010 with reassessment priorities listed for 2010–2011 (ERMA NZ 2010a). The scope of this report is to identify which horticulture sectors currently use diazinon, the likely impacts on pest management for those sectors if diazinon were no longer available, and to determine if there were other pest control options for these sectors to replace diazinon. The information in this report will be available for inclusion in the ERMA New Zealand reassessment of these substances. 2 Methods To identify the sectors likely to be using diazinon, a list was drawn up of sectors that were identified as diazinon users in the 2004 survey reported in Trends in Pesticide Use in New Zealand: 2004 (Manktelow et al. 2005). In addition, crops that were covered by the label claims of products registered for use on New Zealand horticultural crops containing the active ingredient diazinon were also included. Scientific and technical experts working on each of these crops were contacted to assess current use patterns for diazinon and to identify alternative pest control methods. They were also asked if they knew of any other crops to which diazinon might be applied. A national and international literature search was used to assist in identifying and validating issues and likely solutions. In compiling this report, difficulties were encountered in obtaining information to the required detail particularly for smaller sectors where there are few published data. Also, as there were many sectors to assess, the information provided here is only a short summary of the likely issues and impacts surrounding the reviewed active ingredient. In addition, the outcomes of the current ERMA reassessments of dichlorvos, acephate and methamidophos will also affect the use of diazinon, particularly on minor crops where there are few, if any registered alternatives.
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