EU project number 613678

Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens

Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens

Deliverable 1.3. PART 8 - Other interesting findings: -pests listed in one or several of the Alert Lists which are also important for other fruit crops grown in the EU -pests of interest for other crops identified during the study

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Pests listed in one or several of the Alert Lists which are also important for other fruit crops grown in the EU Information was extracted from the datasheets prepared for the Alert list. Please refer to the datasheets for more information (e.g. on Distribution, full host range, etc).

Pest (taxonomic group) Hosts/damage Alert List Aegorhinus superciliosus A. superciliosus is mentioned as the most important pest of (Coleoptera: raspberry and blueberry in the South of Chile. It is also a pest on Vaccinium Curculionidae) currant, hazelnut, fruit crops, berries, gooseberries. Amyelois transitella A. transitella is a serious pest of some nut crops (e.g. almonds, Grapevine (: Pyralidae) pistachios, walnut) Orange- mandarine Archips argyrospilus In the past, heavy damage in the USA and Canada, with serious Apple (Lepidoptera: ) outbreaks mostly on Rosaceae (especially apple and with Orange- 40% fruit losses in some cases) mandarine sphaleropa This species also damage Diospyrus kaki and pear in Grapevine (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Orange- mandarine Vaccinium Carpophilus davidsoni Polyphagous. Belongs to most serious pests of stone fruit in South Grapevine (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) (peaches, nectarines and apricots). Raising problem in almond production. The host range of the Genus Carpophilus is broadening and it became a significant pest of new crops like cherries and strawberries Coscinoptycha improbana In New Zealand, it has become a pest of soft fruit in , Orange- (Lepidoptera: affecting commercial peach production, and infests a range of soft mandarine ) fruit and nuts year-round, including , peach, plum, pear Cotinis nitida (Coleoptera: Adults of C. nitida cause injuries to many fruits, including grape, Grapevine Scarabaidae) peach, raspberry, blackberry, apple, pear, quince, plum, prune, apricot and nectarine It is a cause of rejection of fruit at export for avocado. It is Apple (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) considered as a pest of kiwi. In the past it was considered as a Orange- pest of a wide variety of fruit crops, such as pome and stone fruit, mandarine kiwi, citrus, grape, berry crops. Vaccinium Deudorix isocrates Punica granatum (Zalom et al., 2009) is the main host. D. isocrates Orange- (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and D. epijarbas are important pests of pomegranate in East Asia, mandarine especially in the Indian peninsula; they may cause loss of entire crops. Dichocrocis punctiferalis Polyphagous. D. punctiferalis is one of the most important Apple (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) pests of peaches in South China Grapevine Orange- mandarine Eotetranychus Polyphagous. In New Zealand, it is a serious pest of avocado Orange- sexmaculatus (Acarida: mandarine Tetranychidae) Erthesina fullo (: E. fullo is recorded as a major pest of pear in China. Orange- Pentatomidae) mandarine Euzophera pyriella Important insect pests in Xinjiang fragrant pear orchards with crop Apple (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) losses reaching 90%, may cause death of trees Leptoglossus zonatus In the USA, L. zonatus is considered an emerging pest on various Orange- (Hemiptera: Coreidae) other of crops such as peach, pomegranate, watermelon mandarine Lobiopa insularis L. insularis is considered an important pests of strawberry in Brazil, Orange- (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) with damage reaching 20%. mandarine Lygocoris communis It has been an important pest of and in Nova Scotia Apple

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(Heteroptera: Lygus lineolaris Apples, peaches and other fruits can develop dimpling (catfacing) Apple (Heteroptera: Miridae) around the feeding sites. Damage has also been recorded in other crops, such as blackberry, raspberry, pear Naupactus xanthographus N. xanthographus attacks deciduous fruit trees, like peach Grapevine (Coleoptera: Curculionidae pyrusana moderately important pest of pear, cranberries in the Western US Apple (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) states and Paracoccus marginatus Its importance has recently increased; it causes damage also on Orange- (Hemiptera: avocado, citrus, mango, cherry, and pomegranate. mandarine Pseudococcidae) Phlyctinus callosus Adults of P. callosus cause also damage to fruit on nectarine, pear, Apple (Coleoptera: plum and peach Grapevine Curculionidae) Vaccinium Platynota flavedana On strawberry, it causes weakening of plants. Peach orchards in Apple (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Indiana had damage rates above 2%. Orange- mandarine Platynota stultana Damages by this species is also reported from other economic Grapevine (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) important crops like Actinidia deliciosa, Pyrus, persica, , Rubus chrysopteris Of quarantine importance on kiwi Grapevine (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Orange- mandarine Pseudococcus maritimus Since the 1970s P. maritimus has become an increasingly severe Apple (Hemiptera: pest of pear and apple in the USA Grapevine Pseudococcidae) Orange- mandarine Rhynchites heros Also attacks pear, peach, plum, loquat and other fruits Apple (Coleoptera: Attelabidae) Thaumatotibia leucotreta Polyphagous, incl. peach, avocado Grapevine (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Orange- mandarine Tortrix excessana T. excessana is a pest of strawberry, walnut, stonefruit in New Apple (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Zealand. Vaccinium Zaprionus indianus Highly polyphagous. High damage of fig (Ficus carica) Grapevine (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Orange- mandarine

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Pests of interest for other crops identified during the study During the elaboration of the Alert lists, some polyphagous pests were identified, which were not important for the fruit species selected for the Alert List, but more important on other plants. They are listed below. Pest (taxonomic Distribution Hosts Basic information group) Acalymma North America Host: Cucurbitaceae (major); Zea mays, Major pest of cucurbits (at least in trivittatum to Central Solanum lycopersicum, S. tuberosum, California and ) and vector of (Coleoptera: America Phaseolus vulgaris, Helianthus annuus, several viruses (Wild cucumber Chrysomelidae) Morus, sylvestris, Prunus persica, mosaic, Squash mosaic, Broad bean P. armeniaca. mottle). Larvae feed on roots, causing serious damage (stunting and death of young plants), and adults on leaves or fruit. Adults also feed on leaves, stems and blossoms of various plants. Amphipyra North America Malus (major), Acer, Quercus, Juglans, Larvae also feed on leaves and on pyramidoides Rubus, , Vaccinium, Prunus developing fruit on various species (Lepidoptera: such as cherry, apple and other fruit ) trees. (CABI CPC considers that Amphipyra pyramoides is a synonym of A. pyramidea, which widespread in Europe) Costelytra New Zealand Polyphagous including grasses, Prunus, Larvae feed on roots of grasses and zealandica Vitis, Vaccinium, Actinidia fruit trees, and adults feed on leaves. (Coleoptera: A damaging pest of pastures. Scarabaeidae) nu soybean, sunflower, potato, Helianthus, Highly polyphagous, mostly on (Lepidoptera: Brassica, Nicotiana tabacum, but also herbaceous plants such as. Major Noctuidae) Vaccinium corymbosum, Cucurbita pepo, defoliator of herbaceous plants in artichoke, Solanum lycopersicum South America, and emerged as major soybean pest in in recent years. Larvae feed on foliage. Scirtothrips Asia, Africa Outbreaks on Vaccinium plants in mangiferae Spain (not established), which was (Thysanoptera: the first record on Vaccinium. Thripidae) Otherwise polyphagous on other species, and causing damage to mango (leaves), and cotton (leaves, flower buds). Chileulia stalactitis South America , Cotoneaster, Prunus Polyphagous, incl. native species and (Lepidoptera: (Argentina, cerasus, Prunus domestica, Thuja, Citrus introduced crops such as Prunus, Tortricidae) Chile) sinensis, Prosopis tamarugo, Vitis vinifera, Thuja, Citrus. Chileulia Austrocedrus chilensis, Citrus paradisi, stalactitis feeds on foliage, mature Prunus armeniaca, Libocedrus chilensis fruit and developing fruit. It is considered a secondary pest of Vitis in Chile. Damage caused to Prunus is considered more significant than that caused by Proeulia spp. Amorbia cuneana North America Hosts: americana (main host). Causes occasional damage in citrus, (Lepidoptera: Also Arctostaphylos, Laurus nobilis, Abies but is mostly a pest of avocado in Tortricidae) concolor, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Prunus California, occasionally causing ilicifolia, Pyracantha, Ulmus americana, severe fruit damage. Larva feeds on Vitis, Rubus (new host) leaves and fruit (peel of young or maturing fruit and under the calyx). Aulacophora Korea Rep., Host: Cucurbitaceae Destructive pest of melon in China. femoralis China, Adults feed on seedling and young (Coleoptera: Myanmar, leaves of host plants. Chrysomelidae) Vietnam

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Cnephasia New Zealand Hosts: Actinidia. Also Crataegus, Important pest of kiwi (feeding on jactatana Diospyros, Eucalyptus, , Vitis. leaves and superficially on fruits). (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Dictyoploca Korea Rep., Hosts: Juglans, Salix, Fagus, Quercus, Important forest pest causing japonica China, Japan Populus tremula, Betula, Diospyros, outbreaks in China. In 2006, more (Lepidoptera: Russia Malus, Pyrus. than 140000 ha of walnut trees were Saturniidae) (probably Far- defoliated, resulting in huge economic East only) losses. Also important for medical reasons.

Plautia stali / P. Asia, Congo, Hosts: Reproduces on Chamaecyparis P. crossota stali is one of the most crossota stali Gambia, obtusa and Cryptomeria japonica. Feeds devastating pests of fruit crops in (Hemiptera: Russia (East), on various plants, incl. Morus, Syringa, Japan, and infestation levels have Pentatomidae) Hawaii Crataegus, Vigna unguiculata, increased since the 1990s. It attacks Gossypium, Malus, Prunus, fruit crops when resources in forests Chrysanthemum, Helianthus annuus, are depleted. Fruit is mostly attacked Brassica, Phaseolus lunatus, Bambusa. when ripe or near ripening. Reported as minor in some other countries.

Tetranychus Asia (Japan), Polyphagous, including grape (Vitis Tetranychus pacificus is a major pest pacificus North America vinifera), melon (Cucumis melo), soybean of almonds and grapes. Damage is (Acarida: (Canada, (Glycine max), cotton (Gossypium spp.), similar to that of other mites, except Tetranychidae) USA). common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), that low populations are able to cause stone fruit (Prunus spp.) an inordinate amount of damage, suggesting that the mites inject toxins into their host plants. The damage can appear as though the tree crowns have been burnt by fire. Grape, prune and almond seem to be highly susceptible. Fruit is unlikely to be a pathway for introduction Chinavia hilaris Asia: Pakistan Highly polyphagous. Favourite hosts such Reported as a serious pest of tomato (Acrosternum North America: as black cherry and elderberry, flowering and other vegetable crops, more hilare, Nezara USA, Canada, dogwood, evergreen blackberry, damaging in Southern USA. C. hilaris hilaris) (Hemiptera: Mexico basswood and pine trees, and attacking a attacks fruit and seeds and reduce Pentatomidae) large number of important economic their quality. It also favours entry of crops, including Malus domestica (apple), pathogens. Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Asparagus officinalis (asparagus), Phaseolus (beans), (cherry), Zea mays (maize), Gossypium (cotton), Solanum melongena (aubergine), Prunus persica (peach), Pyrus communis (pear), Pisum sativum (pea), Glycine max (soybean), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Ponticulothrips Asia: Japan, Malus pumila. Significant damage recorded in diospyrosi Korea Diospyros kaki orchards in Korea (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)

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