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Dissertation / Doctoral Thesis DISSERTATION / DOCTORAL THESIS Titel der Dissertation / Title of the Doctoral Thesis Christian-Muslim Relations in the Context of the Video “The Innocence of Muslims” in Egypt, Israel Jordan, Lebanon, and the Palestinian Territories (September 2012) verfasst von / submitted by Anna Hager, MA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2016 / Vienna, 2016 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 792 397 385 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt / Dissertationsgebiet: Orientalistik, field of study as it appears on the student record sheet: Fachbereich: Arabistik Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stephan Procházka Univ.-Prof. Dr. Wolfram Reiss 2 Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 9 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 10 Transliteration ........................................................................................................................ 10 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 11 The Video “The Innocence of Muslims” .............................................................................. 11 The Context of September 2012 ............................................................................................ 12 Christians in the Arab World ............................................................................................... 13 Research Gap .......................................................................................................................... 16 Subject of the Ph.D. Thesis and Methodology ..................................................................... 17 Content .................................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 1 The Content and Background of “The Innocence of Muslims” ...................... 20 1.1 The Video “The Innocence of Muslims” ........................................................................ 20 1.2 The Background according to Western and Arab Media ............................................ 26 Summary of Section 1.2 .......................................................................................................... 32 1.3 “The Innocence of Muslims:” a Cliché of Anti-Islam Apologetics .............................. 32 Conclusion to Chapter 1 .......................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 2 Egypt: An Averted Sectarian War? ................................................................... 38 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 38 2.1.1 The Churches ................................................................................................................. 46 2.1.1.1 The Coptic Orthodox Church ................................................................................... 46 Summary of Section 2.1.1.1: Dissociating Christians in Egypt ............................................. 58 2.1.1.2 The Coptic Catholic Church ..................................................................................... 62 Summary of Section 2.1.1.2 .................................................................................................... 64 2.1.1.3 The Evangelical Church ............................................................................................ 64 2.1.1.4 The Episcopal Church ............................................................................................... 66 2.1.1.5 The Non-Official Evangelical Churches ................................................................... 67 Summary of Section 2.1.1 ....................................................................................................... 68 2.1.2 Islamic Institutions ........................................................................................................ 68 2.1.2.1 The Muftī of the Republic .......................................................................................... 70 Summary of Section 2.1.2.1 .................................................................................................... 73 3 2.1.2.2 Al-Azhar ...................................................................................................................... 73 2.1.2.3 The Sufi Council in Egypt ......................................................................................... 78 Summary of Section 2.1.2 ....................................................................................................... 79 2.1.2.4 Niqābat al-Ashrāf ........................................................................................................ 79 2.2 The State ............................................................................................................................ 80 2.2.1 President Mursī: A Silent “Muslim” President .......................................................... 80 2.2.2 The Government ............................................................................................................ 81 2.2.3 The Shura Council ........................................................................................................ 84 Summary of Section 2.2 .......................................................................................................... 85 2.3.1 Islamist and Salafi Reactions: Preventing Backlashes Against Christians .............. 85 2.3.1.1 The Muslim Brotherhood and the Freedom and Justice Party ............................. 86 Summary of Section 2.3.1.1 .................................................................................................... 90 2.3.1.2 The Nur Party and al-Daʿwa al-Salafiyya ................................................................ 90 Summary of Section 2.3.1.2 .................................................................................................... 97 2.3.1.3 Al-Gamāʿa al-Islāmiyya and the Building and Development Party ....................... 98 Summary of Section 2.3.1.3 .................................................................................................... 99 2.3.1.4 Salafi-Jihadi Reactions .............................................................................................. 99 Summary of Section 2.3.1 ....................................................................................................... 99 2.3.2 Islamic Preachers ........................................................................................................ 100 2.3.3 Coptic Organizations .................................................................................................. 102 2.3.3.2 Reactions of the Coptic Activists ............................................................................. 105 2.3.3.3 Father Fīlūbātir Gamīl ʿAzīz .................................................................................. 107 2.3.3.4 Gamāl Asʿad: Countering the Conspiracy against the Copts .............................. 108 2.3.3.5 The Coptic Lay Council of Asyūṭ ............................................................................ 109 2.3.3.6 Other Coptic Organizations’ Reactions ................................................................. 109 Summary of Section 2.3.3 ..................................................................................................... 111 2.3.4 Political Parties and Organizations ........................................................................... 111 2.3.4.1 Political Parties ......................................................................................................... 112 2.3.4.2 Organizations ............................................................................................................ 117 2.3.4.3 The April 6 Movement and the Loyalty of Egypt’s Copts .................................... 118 2.4 Protests and Joint Christian-Muslim Reactions .......................................................... 119 2.4.1 The Storming of the US Embassy .............................................................................. 119 2.4.1.2 The Issue of Coptic Participation in the Protest on 11 September ...................... 123 2.4.2 The Protests of Friday 14 September and Friday 21 September ............................ 124 Summary of Section 2.4.2 ..................................................................................................... 127 4 2.4.3 Conferences .................................................................................................................. 128 Summary of Section 2.4.3 ..................................................................................................... 132 2.4.4 Visits ............................................................................................................................. 132 2.4.5 Bayt al-ʿĀʾila ................................................................................................................ 133 Summary of Section 2.4 ........................................................................................................ 134 5. Creating a Sectarian
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